Journal articles: 'Wet adhesive'

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PELTON, ROBERT, DONG YANG, and EMIL GUSTAFSSON. "On increasing wet-web strength with adhesive polymers." February 2020 19, no. 2 (March 1, 2020): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj19.2.63.

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Fiber-fiber adhesion, called “bonding” in the old paper physics literature, is a critical component of the overall strength of dry paper. With freshly formed very wet pulp fiber webs, all evidence suggests there are no fiber-fiber crossings with significant adhesive joint strength. With water removal, a point will be reached where fiber-fiber adhesion starts to contribute to the overall wet-web strength. The literature reveals very few examples of polymers that increase fiber-fiber joint strength in freshly formed webs. Here, we summarize the literature and explain why it is so difficult to promote fiber-fiber wet adhesion with polymers. Nevertheless, ongoing research in areas as diverse as tissue engineering scaffolds and biomimetic adhe-sives gives clues to future developments. Advances in paper machine engineering have lessened the importance of wet-web strength. By contrast, a critical issue in many of the evolving nanocellulose technologies is the strength of objects first formed by aqueous processing, the green strength—the strength of wet bodies before drying. For exam-ple, 3-D printed nanocellulose objects and ultralow density cellulosic aerogels can be destroyed by capillary forces during drying. There is a need for adhesives that strengthen freshly formed, wet lignocellulosic joints.

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Bogue, Robert. "Recent innovations in adhesive technology." Assembly Automation 35, no. 3 (August 3, 2015): 201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aa-10-2014-081.

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Purpose – This paper aims to provide an insight into recent innovations in adhesive technology by considering a selection of commercial developments and academic research activities. Design/methodology/approach – Following an introduction, this paper first discusses a selection of commercially developed adhesives used in the healthcare, photovoltaics and aerospace industries. It then considers biomimetic adhesive research, specifically dry adhesives which mimic the principles of gecko adhesion and wet adhesives based on the chemistry which underpins mussel adhesion. Finally, brief concluding comments are drawn. Findings – This shows that new adhesives continue to be developed to meet a growing range of industrial requirements, and a major research effort into biologically inspired adhesion mechanisms is poised to yield new families of high-performance adhesives. Originality/value – This provides details of recent commercial and academic developments in adhesive technology.

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Luo, Jing, Ying Zhou, Yi Zhang, Qiang Gao, and Jianzhang Li. "An Eco-Effective Soybean Meal-Based Adhesive Enhanced with Diglycidyl Resorcinol Ether." Polymers 12, no. 4 (April 20, 2020): 954. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12040954.

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Soybean meal-based adhesive is a good wood adhesive mainly due to its renewable, degradable, and environmentally friendly features. To improve the enhancement efficiency for adhesives, diglycidyl resorcinol ether (DRE) containing a benzene ring and flexible chain structure was used as an efficient cross-linker to enhance the adhesive in the study. The physicochemical properties of adhesives, the dry shear strength, and wet shear strength of plywood were measured. Results suggested that DRE reacted with the functional groups of soybean meal adhesive and formed a cross-linking network during hot press process in a ring-opening reaction through a covalent bond. As expected, compared to adhesive control, the soybean meal adhesive with 4 wt% DRE incorporation showed a significant increment in wet shear strength by 227.8% and in dry shear strength by 82.7%. In short, soybean meal adhesive enhanced with DRE showed considerable potential as a wood adhesive for industrial applications.

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Tam, Lik-ho, and Denvid Lau. "Molecular simulation of adhesion property recovery in the cellulose/phenolic adhesive interface: the role of water molecules." MRS Proceedings 1793 (2015): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2015.826.

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ABSTRACTCellulose is one of the most abundant substances in the world, and the major constituent in the wood structure. Phenolic adhesive is largely used in the wood manufacture for gluing the wood panels together. The cellulose/phenolic adhesive interface is a representative of the interface between the wood panels and adhesives in the wood products. As the wood panels and adhesive are sensitive to environmental humidity, the interfacial adhesion of such interface when subjected to a humid environment can be a major factor in the durability of final products. Here, the role of water molecules on the adhesion property of cellulose/phenolic adhesive interface is investigated by molecular dynamics simulations. The simulation results reveal that the adhesion energy between cellulose and phenolic adhesive can be reduced by 86.5% with saturated moisture ingress. Meanwhile, it is demonstrated that the adhesion energy can be recovered after the interface experiences further dry conditioning. The hydrogen bonds between the cellulose and phenolic adhesive are found to account for the strong interfacial adhesion, which can be interrupted in the presence of water molecules and recovered after further dry conditioning. The adhesion property between the wood panels and adhesives is mainly determined by water molecules absorbed at the bilayer interface, which should be considered in a wet condition.

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Stark, Alyssa Y., and Christopher T. Mitchell. "Stick or Slip: Adhesive Performance of Geckos and Gecko-Inspired Synthetics in Wet Environments." Integrative and Comparative Biology 59, no. 1 (April 27, 2019): 214–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icz008.

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Abstract The gecko adhesive system has inspired hundreds of synthetic mimics principally focused on replicating the strong, reversible, and versatile properties of the natural system. For geckos native to the tropics, versatility includes the need to remain attached to substrates that become wet from high humidity and frequent rain. Paradoxically, van der Waals forces, the principal mechanism responsible for gecko adhesion, reduce to zero when two contacting surfaces separate even slightly by entrapped water layers. A series of laboratory studies show that instead of slipping, geckos maintain and even improve their adhesive performance in many wet conditions (i.e., on wet hydrophobic substrates, on humid substrates held at low temperatures). The mechanism for this is not fully clarified, and likely ranges in scale from the chemical and material properties of the gecko’s contact structures called setae (e.g., setae soften and change surface confirmation when exposed to water), to their locomotor biomechanics and decision-making behavior when encountering water on a substrate in their natural environment (e.g., some geckos tend to run faster and stop more frequently on misted substrates than dry). Current work has also focused on applying results from the natural system to gecko-inspired synthetic adhesives, improving their performance in wet conditions. Gecko-inspired synthetic adhesives have also provided a unique opportunity to test hypotheses about the natural system in semi-natural conditions replicated in the laboratory. Despite many detailed studies focused on the role of water and humidity on gecko and gecko-inspired synthetic adhesion, there remains several outstanding questions: (1) what, if any, role does capillary or capillary-like adhesion play on overall adhesive performance of geckos and gecko-inspired synthetics, (2) how do chemical and material changes at the surface and in the bulk of gecko setae and synthetic fibrils change when exposed to water, and what does this mean for adhesive performance, and (3) how much water do geckos encounter in their native environment, and what is their corresponding behavioral response? This review will detail what we know about gecko adhesion in wet environments, and outline the necessary next steps in biological and synthetic system investigations.

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So, Christopher R., Elizabeth Yates, Luis Estrella, Ashley Schenck, Catherine Yip, and Kathryn J. Wahl. "Wet Adhesive Nanomaterials Inspired by the Barnacle Adhesive." Biophysical Journal 114, no. 3 (February 2018): 192a—193a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2017.11.1075.

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Karpiesiuk, Jacek, and Tadeusz Chyzy. "The effects of various parameters on the strengths of adhesives layer in a lightweight floor system." Open Engineering 10, no. 1 (June 10, 2020): 443–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2020-0057.

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AbstractThe article presents the results of shear and tensile strength of deformable cement adhesives, reinforced by fiberglass mesh with a different weight in a lightweight floor system without screeds. The substrate under adhesive was EPS and XPS thermal insulation. Tests were carried out in dry, wet conditions as well as during freezing and thawing. On their basis, it can be concluded that the larger contact surface of the EPS thermal insulation with the deformable adhesive C2S1 increases the adhesive’s tensile strength. This surface is not important using C2S2 adhesives or when the substrate is made from rough insulation XPS. It was generally found that the higher weight of the fibreglass mesh in deformable cement adhesives has a more favorable effect on their shear strength. Water absorption does not significantly affect the adhesion of terracotta, and in some configurations of components in this system increases it. The adhesive with the symbol C2S2 compared to C2S1 has a higher tensile and shear strength using the same materials. Frost conditions do not allow for long-term use of this type of floor construction in snow and ice protection systems. This experimental research shows that an economical solution with optimal strength consists of XPS insulation, 205 g/m2 mesh, C2S1 adhesive.

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Fan, Dong Bin, Te Fu Qin, and Fu Xiang Chu. "A New Interior Plywood Adhesive Based on Oil -Tea Cake." Advanced Materials Research 194-196 (February 2011): 2183–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.194-196.2183.

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The oil-tea cake, as the major byproduct of tea oil production, was used with phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin to prepare a mixed interior plywood panel adhesive (TC-PF adhesive). The optimum formulation of this adhesive and the optimum hot-press conditions for making plywood panels were investigated in this work. The results showed that wet shear strength value of TC-PF adhesives increased when the addition level of PF resin increased. TC-PF adhesive with 50% PF resin addition had a relatively low cost, and moreover pass the bonding strength requirement of China Industry Standard for interior plywood panels. Hot-press temperature and hot-press time had obvious influence on bonding performances of plywood panels. When the hot-press temperature was in the range of 140°C-160°C, the wet shear strength value of panels bonded with the adhesives passed the China Industry Standard requirement. At 3-5min of hot-press time, the plywood panels had satisfactory wet shear strength.

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Shirtcliffe, Neil J., Glen McHale, and Michael I. Newton. "Wet Adhesion and Adhesive Locomotion of Snails on Anti-Adhesive Non-Wetting Surfaces." PLoS ONE 7, no. 5 (May 31, 2012): e36983. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0036983.

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Yi, Hoon, Sung Ho Lee, Minho Seong, Moon Kyu Kwak, and Hoon Eui Jeong. "Bioinspired reversible hydrogel adhesives for wet and underwater surfaces." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 6, no. 48 (2018): 8064–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8tb02598c.

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Xu, Yecheng, Yantao Xu, Wenjie Zhu, Wei Zhang, Qiang Gao, and Jianzhang Li. "Improve the Performance of Soy Protein-Based Adhesives by a Polyurethane Elastomer." Polymers 10, no. 9 (September 13, 2018): 1016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10091016.

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The purpose of this study was to improve the performance of soy protein isolate (SPI) adhesives using a polyurethane elastomer. Triglycidylamine (TGA), SPI, thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer (TPU), and γ-(2,3-epoxypropoxy) propyltrimethoxysilane (KH-560) were used to develop a novel SPI-based adhesive. The residual rate, functional groups, thermal stability, and fracture surface micrographs of the cured adhesives were characterized. Three-ply plywood was fabricated, and the dry/wet shear strength was determined. The experimental results suggested that introducing 2% TGA improved the residual rate of the SPI/TGA adhesive by 4.1% because of the chemical cross-linking reaction between epoxy groups and protein molecules. Incorporating 7% TPU into the SPI/TGA adhesive, the residual rate of the adhesive increased by 5.2% and the dry/wet shear strength of plywood bonded by SPI/TGA/TPU adhesive increased by 10.7%/67.7%, respectively, compared with that of SPI/TGA adhesive. When using KH-560 and TPU together, the residual rate of the adhesive improved by 0.9% compared with that of SPI/TGA/TPU adhesive. The dry and wet shear strength of the plywood bonded by the SPI/TGA/TPU/KG-560 adhesive further increased by 23.2% and 23.6% respectively when compared with that of SPI/TGA/TPU adhesive. TPU physically combined with the SPI/TGA adhesive to form a interpenetration network and KH-560 acted as a bridge to connect TPU and SPI/TGA to form a joined crosslinking network, which improved the thermo stability/toughness of the adhesive and created a uniform ductile fracture section of the adhesive.

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Zhang, Jieyu, Yi Zhang, Jianzhang Li, and Qiang Gao. "Development of a High-Performance Adhesive with a Microphase, Separation Crosslinking Structure Using Wheat Flour and a Hydroxymethyl Melamine Prepolymer." Polymers 11, no. 5 (May 15, 2019): 893. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11050893.

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The objective of this study is to use wheat flour (WF) and hydroxymethyl melamine prepolymer (HMP) to develop a low cost, highly water-resistant, starch-based bio-adhesive for plywood fabrication. Three-layer plywood was fabricated using the resultant adhesive, and the wet shear strength of the plywood samples was measured under various conditions. After determining that water resistance was significantly improved with the addition of HMP, we evaluated the physical characteristics of the starch-based adhesive and functional groups and analyzed the thermal stability and fracture surface of the cured adhesive samples. Results showed that by adding 20 wt.% HMP into WF adhesive, the sedimentation volume in the resultant adhesive decreased by 11.3%, indicating that the increase of crosslinking in the structure of the adhesives increased the bond strength, and the wet shear strength of the resultant plywood in 63 °C water improved by 375% when compared with the WF adhesive. After increasing the addition of HMP to 40 wt.%, the wet shear strength of the resultant plywood in 100 °C water changed from 0 MPa to 0.71 MPa, which meets the exterior use plywood requirement. This water resistance and bond strength improvement resulted from (1) HMP reacting with functions in WF and forming a crosslinking structure to prevent moisture intrusion; and (2) HMP self-crosslinking and combining with crosslinked WF to form a microphase separation crosslinking structure, which improved both the crosslinking density and the toughness of the adhesive, and subsequently, the adhesive’s bond performance. In addition, the microphase separation crosslinking structure had better thermostability and created a compact ductile fracture surface, which further improved the bond performance of the adhesive. Thus, using a prepolymer to form a microphase separation crosslinking structure within the adhesive improves the rigidity, toughness, and water resistance of the material in a practical and cost-effective manner.

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Bai, Yue, Xiaorong Liu, Sheldon Q. Shi, and Jianzhang Li. "A Tough and Mildew-Proof Soybean-Based Adhesive Inspired by Mussel and Algae." Polymers 12, no. 4 (March 31, 2020): 756. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12040756.

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Despite the recent advances in protein-based adhesives, achieving strong adhesion and mold resistance in wet environment is challenging. Herein, a facile fabrication technology of preparing tough bio-adhesive by incorporating soybean meal and blood meal is presented. Inspired by the marine mussel byssi and brown algae, metal coordination was introduced into a loosely bound protein system to construct multiple chemical cross-linking networks. Mixed alkali-modified blood meal (mBM) was mixed with soybean meal, then 1,6-hexane dioldiglycidyl ether (HDE) and zinc ion were introduced to fabricate soybean meal and blood meal-based adhesives. The attained adhesives exhibited good thermal stability, water resistance (the wet shear strength is 1.1 MPa), and mold resistance, with appropriate solid content (34.3%) and relatively low moisture uptake (11.9%). These outstanding performances would be attributed to the reaction of 1,6-hexane dioldiglycidyl ether with protein to form a preliminary cross-linking network; subsequently, the coordination of zinc ions with amino or carboxyl strengthened and toughened the adhesive. Finally, the calcium ions gelled the adhesives, providing cohesion force and making the network structure more compact. This study realized the value-added utilization of protein co-products and developed a new eco-friendly bio-based adhesive.

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Clerc, Gaspard, Thomas Lüthi, Peter Niemz, and Jan Willem G. Van de Kuilen. "Reaction kinetics investigation in relation to the influence of humidity on fatigue behavior of wood lap joints." Holzforschung 74, no. 9 (September 25, 2020): 865–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2019-0136.

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AbstractIt is generally assumed that the properties of wood against fatigue are good, but little is known about the properties of adhesively bonded wood, which represents today most of the wood-based products. Lap-shear samples glued with three common wood adhesives [two ductile one-component polyurethane (1C-PUR) systems and one brittle phenol resorcinol formaldehyde (PRF) adhesive] were tested under cyclical loads at three different climates [20°C, 35% − 50% − 85% relative humidity (RH)]. For the analysis of data, an empirical model based on reaction kinetics was developed. In addition, a probabilistic model was used to estimate the endurance limit and the expected run-out lifetime. Both models were combined to accurately model fatigue at high and low relative stress intensity. It was shown that ductile 1C-PUR adhesives perform better than the brittle adhesive system under dry climates (35%–50% RH). However, for higher RH, the brittle PRF adhesive showed better performance, most probably due to a better wood-adhesive adhesion in wet climate. An average endurance limit for tensile shear stresses between 20% and 48% of the mean tensile shear strength (TSS) was estimated for the tested adhesives. It was shown that the model parameters could be linked to fundamental physical constants through the reaction kinetics approach; however, further research is needed to correlate these parameters to specimen-specific quantities.

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Nagpal, R., N. Manuja, and IK Pandit. "Effect of Ethanol Wet Bonding Technique on the Durability of Resin- Dentin Bond with Contemporary Adhesive Systems." Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 39, no. 2 (January 1, 2015): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/jcpd.39.2.p14u4x3q14272452.

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Objective: To evaluate the effect of ethanol wet bonding technique on the immediate and long term bond strength of simplified etch and rinse adhesive systems to dentin. Study Design: 96 extracted human permanent molars were ground to expose the flat dentin surface. The teeth were divided into four groups (n=24) according to the adhesives used, either Tetric N Bond or Solobond M and bonding techniques i.e. water wet bonding or ethanol wet bonding (EWB). Composite cylinder was bonded to each specimen using the respective adhesive technique. Ten samples from each group were then tested immediately for shear bond strength evaluation and two samples for SEM analysis. The remaining samples (12) were tested after 6 month storage in distilled water. Results: Upon immediate testing, there was no significant difference in the mean shear bond strength of the groups regardless of the bonding technique or adhesive used. The bond strength fell dramatically in the water wet bonded specimens after 6 months water storage, while the bond strength of both the adhesives was maintained when EWB technique was used. SEM observation revealed good interfacial adaptation in EWB groups even after six months. Conclusion: For both simplified etch and rinse adhesives used, ethanol wet bonding technique led to significant preservation of the resin dentin bond over 6 months.

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Chen, Yupeng, Jingxin Meng, Zhen Gu, Xizi Wan, Lei Jiang, and Shutao Wang. "Bioinspired Multiscale Wet Adhesive Surfaces: Structures and Controlled Adhesion." Advanced Functional Materials 30, no. 5 (November 14, 2019): 1905287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201905287.

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Oh, Dongyeop X., Sangsik Kim, Dohoon Lee, and Dong Soo Hwang. "Tunicate-mimetic nanofibrous hydrogel adhesive with improved wet adhesion." Acta Biomaterialia 20 (July 2015): 104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2015.03.031.

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Kulkarni, Girish, and Vinay K. Mishra. "Enamel Wetness Effects on Microshear Bond Strength of Different Bonding Agents (Adhesive Systems): An in vitro Comparative Evaluation Study." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 17, no. 5 (2016): 399–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1862.

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ABSTRACT Aims The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of enamel wetness on microshear bond strength using different adhesive systems. Objectives To evaluate microshear bond strength of three bonding agents on dry enamel; to evaluate microshear bond strength of three bonding agents on wet enamel; and to compare microshear bond strength of three different bonding agents on dry and wet enamel. Materials and methods Sixty extracted noncarious human premolars were selected for this study. Flat enamel surfaces of approximately 3 mm were obtained by grinding the buccal surfaces of premolars with water-cooled diamond disks. This study evaluated one etch-and-rinse adhesive system (Single Bond 2) and two self-etching adhesive systems (Clearfil SE Bond and Xeno-V). The specimens were divided into two groups (n = 30). Group I (dry) was air-dried for 30 seconds and in group II (wet) surfaces were blotted with absorbent paper to remove excess water. These groups were further divided into six subgroups (n = 10) according to the adhesives used. The resin composite, Filtek Z 250, was bonded to flat enamel surfaces that had been treated with one of the adhesives, following the manufacturer's instructions. After being stored in water at 37°C for 24 hours, bonded specimens were stressed in universal testing machine (Fig. 3) at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. The data were evaluated with one-way and two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), t-test, and Tukey's Multiple Post hoc tests (α = 0.05). Results The two-way ANOVA and Tukey's Multiple Post hoc tests showed significant differences among adhesive systems, but wetness did not influence microshear bond strength (p = 0.1762). The one-way ANOVA and t-test showed that the all-in-one adhesive (Xeno-V) was the only material influenced by the presence of water on the enamel surface. Xeno-V showed significantly higher microshear bond strength when the enamel was kept wet. Single Bond 2 adhesive showed significantly higher microshear bond strength as compared with Xeno-V adhesive but no significant difference when compared with Clearfil SE Bond adhesive in dry enamel. Single Bond 2 adhesive showed no significant difference in microshear bond strength as compared with self-etching adhesive systems (Clearfil SE Bond and Xeno-V), when the enamel was kept wet. Conclusion From the findings of the results, it was concluded that self-etching adhesives were not negatively affected by the presence of water on the enamel surface. Clinical significance The all-in-one adhesive showed different behavior depending on whether the enamel surface was dry or wet. So the enamel surface should not be desiccated, when self-etching adhesives are used. How to cite this article Kulkarni G, Mishra VK. Enamel Wetness Effects on Microshear Bond Strength of Different Bonding Agents (Adhesive Systems): An in vitro Comparative Evaluation Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(5):399-407.

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Xu, Xiaoyun, Wenfeng Hu, Qinfei Ke, Honggang Liu, Juan Li, and Yi Zhao. "Bio-adhesives from unfolded soy protein reinforced by nano-chitosan for sustainable textile industry." Textile Research Journal 90, no. 9-10 (November 7, 2019): 1094–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517519886560.

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Biodegradable adhesives from nano-chitosan-reinforced unfolded soy protein have been fabricated to potentially reduce environmental pollution and drive a sustainable textile industry. The weak adhesion strength and poor water stability of soy protein films limit their use in the textile industry. In this work, the influence of sodium-dodecyl-sulfonate on unfolding of soy protein, and the reinforcement effects of nano-chitosan on the tensile properties of unfolded soy protein adhesives were investigated. The results demonstrate that the bio-adhesives developed had 157% and 85% increments on tensile strength and water stability compared with unmodified soy protein. Also, dry and wet strength of the pulp/viscose wet-laid nonwovens were increased 43% and over 100% after adhesion, indicating that modified soy protein shows promise for use as a textile bio-adhesive for sustainable industry.

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Pradyawong, Sarocha, Guangyan Qi, Meng Zhang, Xiuzhi S. Sun, and Donghai Wang. "Effect of pH and pH-Shifting on Adhesion Performance and Properties of Lignin-Protein Adhesives." Transactions of the ASABE 64, no. 4 (2021): 1141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.14465.

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HighlightsLignin improved the wet adhesion strength of soy protein adhesives when pH shifted from 8.5 to 4.5.Lignin increased the water resistance of soy protein adhesives from 5% to 40% at pH 12.Lignin improved the thermal resistance of soy protein adhesives.pH and pH-shifting treatments led to property changes of lignin, soy protein, and lignin-soy protein.Abstract. Concerns about public health and the environment have created strong interest in developing alternative green products. The focus of this research was to study the effect of lignin on soy protein (SP) adhesives under different pH and pH-shifting treatments. Additionally, this research was designed to understand the consequence of pH and pH-shifting treatments on the adhesion performance of SP and lignin-SP (LSP) adhesives as well as the characteristics, solubility, glue line patterns, and physiochemical properties. To study the aggregation, soluble, and denatured stages of protein, the protein solutions were adjusted to pH 4.5, 8.5, and 12, respectively. In addition, the study of pH-shifting treatments was performed at pH 8.5 and 12 to unfold and denature the protein, respectively. The protein structure was then refolded by adjusting the pH to 4.5 in adhesive slurries. The adhesives presented good adhesion performance under dry conditions with wood failure in most treatments, while satisfactory wet adhesion performance was obtained at pH 4.5, 8.5 to 4.5, and 12. Shifting the pH from 8.5 to 4.5 increased the lignin-protein interaction and provided the best improvement in adhesion performance. Lignin strengthened the protein structure, increased the water resistance, and improved the thermal stability of SP adhesives. At an extremely high pH, the water resistance of SP increased from 5% to 40% with the addition of lignin. Lignin showed great potential for increasing the wet strength of SP adhesives. The SP and LSP properties and adhesion performance could be adjusted and improved by pH and pH-shifting processes. Lignin-SP interactions, water resistance, and glue line pattern proved to be significant factors contributing to adhesion performance. Keywords: Adhesive, Lignin, Lignin-protein interactions, pH, pH-Shifting, Protein.

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Yao, Xingfang, Hongli Liu, and Congcong Li. "Development of Eco-Friendly Soy Meal Adhesives Enhanced by Ethylene Glycol Diglycidyl Ether." Advances in Polymer Technology 2019 (June 9, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8697047.

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The ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (EGDE) as a viscosity reducer, plasticizing agent, and crosslinking agent was introduced into the adhesive system to improve the properties of the soy-based adhesive. The adhesive properties including viscosity, solid content, and shear adhesion of soy protein adhesive were measured. The morphology, infrared spectra, and crystallinity of the cured adhesives were evaluated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results showed that the viscosity of soybean flour (SF) adhesive was reduced by 48% and the solid content increased from 25.9% to 31.7% with the addition of 10 wt% EGDE. The wet shear strength of the plywood bonded by EGDE-modified SF adhesive was significantly improved owing to the formation of crosslinking structure in the adhesive system. The SEM, FTIR, and XRD results demonstrated that the crosslinking reaction among epoxy group of EGDE, the amino group of SF, and the hydroxyl groups of polyvinyl alcohol occurred successfully during the curing process.

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Narayanan, Amal, Ying Xu, Ali Dhinojwala, and Abraham Joy. "Advances in Photoreactive Tissue Adhesives Derived from Natural Polymers." ChemEngineering 4, no. 2 (May 9, 2020): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering4020032.

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To stop blood loss and accelerate wound healing, conventional wound closure techniques such as sutures and staples are currently used in the clinic. These tissue-piercing wound closure techniques have several disadvantages such as the potential for causing inflammation, infections, and scar formation. Surgical sealants and tissue adhesives can address some of the disadvantages of current sutures and staples. An ideal tissue adhesive will demonstrate strong interfacial adhesion and cohesive strength to wet tissue surfaces. Most reported studies rely on the liquid-to-solid transition of organic molecules by taking advantage of polymerization and crosslinking reactions for improving the cohesive strength of the adhesives. Crosslinking reactions triggered using light are commonly used for increasing tissue adhesive strength since the reactions can be controlled spatially and temporally, providing the on-demand curing of the adhesives with minimum misplacements. In this review, we describe the recent advances in the field of naturally derived tissue adhesives and sealants in which the adhesive and cohesive strengths are modulated using photochemical reactions.

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Jiang, Zhiqiang, Ya Li, Yirui Shen, Jian Yang, Zongyong Zhang, Yujing You, Zhongda Lv, and Lihui Yao. "Robust Hydrogel Adhesive with Dual Hydrogen Bond Networks." Molecules 26, no. 9 (May 4, 2021): 2688. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092688.

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Hydrogel adhesives are attractive for applications in intelligent soft materials and tissue engineering, but conventional hydrogels usually have poor adhesion. In this study, we designed a strategy to synthesize a novel adhesive with a thin hydrogel adhesive layer integrated on a tough substrate hydrogel. The adhesive layer with positive charges of ammonium groups on the polymer backbones strongly bonds to a wide range of nonporous materials’ surfaces. The substrate layer with a dual hydrogen bond system consists of (i) weak hydrogen bonds between N,N-dimethyl acrylamide (DMAA) and acrylic acid (AAc) units and (ii) strong multiple hydrogen bonds between 2-ureido-4[1H]-pyrimidinone (UPy) units. The dual hydrogen-bond network endowed the hydrogel adhesives with unique mechanical properties, e.g., toughness, highly stretchability, and insensitivity to notches. The hydrogel adhesion to four types of materials like glass, 316L stainless steel, aluminum, Al2O3 ceramic, and two biological tissues including pig skin and pig kidney was investigated. The hydrogel bonds strongly to dry solid surfaces and wet tissue, which is promising for biomedical applications.

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Barcellos, Daphne Câmara, Carlos Rocha Gomes Torres, Melissa Aline da Silva, Patrícia Maria Rangel, and Clovis Pagani. "Bond Strength of Adhesive Systems with Different Solvents to Dry and Wet Dentin." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 14, no. 1 (2013): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1261.

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ABSTRACT Aim This study evaluates bond strength between dentin and composite using adhesives with different solvents to dry and wet dentin. Materials and methods Ninety bovine incisors were used; the vestibular surfaces were worn by the exposure of an area with a diameter of 4 mm of dentin. The specimens were divided into 6 groups, according to the type of adhesive used and hydratation stals: Group SB-wet: Single Bond 2 in wet dentin, Group SBdry: Single Bond 2 in dry dentin, Group SL-wet: Solobond M in wet dentin, Group SL-dry: Solobond M in dentin dry. Group XPwet: XP Bond in wet dentin, Group XP-dry: XP Bond in dentin dry. They were cut to obtain specimens in the shape of stick with 1 × 1 mm and subjected to microtensile test in universal testing machine with a cross speed of 1mm/min. The data were analyzed with ANOVA and Tukey's tests (5%). Results ANOVA showed significant differences for surface treatment and interaction, but no difference was found for adhesive factor. The Tukey's test showed that the samples with wet dentin shown higher values of bond strength. Conclusion The adhesive did not influence in the bond strength. The groups with wet dentin showed higher values of bond strength than groups with dry dentin. How to cite this article Silva MA, Rangel PM, Barcellos DC, Pagani C, Torres CRG. Bond Strength of Adhesive Systems with Different Solvents to Dry and Wet Dentin. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(1):9-13.

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Ahmed Wakwak, Mohamed, Eslam Hassan Gabr, and Ahmed Mohamed Elmarakby. "Evaluation of Microtensile Bond Strength of Universal Self-etch Adhesive System to Wet and Dry Dentin." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 8, no. D (February 11, 2020): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2020.4109.

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BACKGROUND: The durability of dentin-resin interfaces with the universal adhesive system is a crucial characteristic with chemical interactions between the exposed collagen and the adhesive monomers, but it is still compromised with wet and dry mode. AIM: The present study evaluated the effect of dentin wetness and solvents containing of one-step self-etch adhesives on the microtensile bond strength (μTBS) of dentin at different storage times. METHODS: Occlusal dentin of 54 extracted human molars was exposed. Each adhesive agent was applied according to manufacturer instructions to wet and dry dentin surfaces. Composite resin was incrementally built up. Bond strengths to dentin were determined using the μTBS test after water storage for 24 h, 1 month, and 6 months. One-way ANOVA was used to compare between more than two non-related samples. The significance level was set at p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS: Dryness of dentin increases the μTBS with solvent-containing adhesives while decrease the μTBS with solvent-free adhesive. There was an increase in microtensile bond strength values in the case of ethanol water-based self-etch adhesive over time. No statistically significant difference was found among different storage times regarding μTBS for solvent-free adhesive, while a statistically significant difference was found among different storage times in μTBS for solvent-containing adhesives. CONCLUSION: Universal adhesive systems improve the durability and stability of dentin bond strength.

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Kuhar, Kuldeep, Muhamed Jesbeer, and Animangsu Ghatak. "Soft Gel-Filled Composite Adhesive for Dry and Wet Adhesion." ACS Applied Polymer Materials 3, no. 8 (July 16, 2021): 3755–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.1c00286.

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Dirks, Jan-Henning. "Physical principles of fluid-mediated insect attachment - Shouldn’t insects slip?" Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 5 (July 28, 2014): 1160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.5.127.

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Insects use either hairy or smooth adhesive pads to safely adhere to various kinds of surfaces. Although the two types of adhesive pads are morphologically different, they both form contact with the substrate via a thin layer of adhesive fluid. To model adhesion and friction forces generated by insect footpads often a simple “wet adhesion” model is used, in which two flat undeformable substrates are separated by a continuous layer of fluid. This review summarizes the key physical and tribological principles that determine the adhesion and friction in such a model. Interestingly, such a simple wet-adhesion model falls short in explaining several features of insect adhesion. For example, it cannot predict the observed high static friction forces of the insects, which enable them to cling to vertical smooth substrates without sliding. When taking a closer look at the “classic” attachment model, one can see that it is based on several simplifications, such as rigid surfaces or continuous layers of Newtonian fluids. Recent experiments show that these assumptions are not valid in many cases of insect adhesion. Future tribological models for insect adhesion thus need to incorporate deformable adhesive pads, non-Newtonian properties of the adhesive fluid and/or partially “dry” or solid-like contact between the pad and the substrate.

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Peterson, I. "Wet Side Story: On Adhesive Failures." Science News 147, no. 14 (April 8, 1995): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3978809.

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Abe, Tadashi, Kiyoshi Ito, Noriyuki Kozakai, and Takayoshi Kodama. "Proposition of Thin-Layer Repairing Methods Using Low-Elasticity Polymer Portland Cement Materials and Glue and Study on the Fatigue Resistance of Reinforced Concrete Slab." International Journal of Polymer Science 2018 (November 29, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6545097.

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In this repair method, two types of adhesives, such as a penetrable adhesive and a high-durability adhesive, were applied to the adhesion interface of the materials to be repaired, and then cast. The repair method was then evaluated for fatigue resistance using wheel load running tests. It was developed to ensure the long-term integrity of the repair material and RC slabs. The results of the experiments confirmed that this repair method provides significantly better fatigue resistance than the conventional construction method. Moreover, this study proposes two wet repair cycles and one dry repair cycle with reinforcement measures to improve the load-bearing performance.

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Xu, Yantao, Yecheng Xu, Yufei Han, Mingsong Chen, Wei Zhang, Qiang Gao, and Jianzhang Li. "The Effect of Enzymolysis on Performance of Soy Protein-Based Adhesive." Molecules 23, no. 11 (October 24, 2018): 2752. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23112752.

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In this study, bromelain was used to break soy protein molecules into polypeptide chains, and triglycidylamine (TGA) was added to develop a bio-adhesive. The viscosity, residual rate, functional groups, thermal behavior, and fracture surface of different adhesives were measured. A three-ply plywood was fabricated and evaluated. The results showed that using 0.1 wt% bromelain improved the soy protein isolate (SPI) content of the adhesive from 12 wt% to 18 wt%, with viscosity remaining constant, but reduced the residual rate by 9.6% and the wet shear strength of the resultant plywood by 69.8%. After the addition of 9 wt% TGA, the residual rate of the SPI/bromelain/TGA adhesive improved by 13.7%, and the wet shear strength of the resultant plywood increased by 681.3% relative to that of the SPI/bromelain adhesive. The wet shear strength was 30.2% higher than that of the SPI/TGA adhesive, which was attributed to the breakage of protein molecules into polypeptide chains. This occurrence led to (1) the formation of more interlocks with the wood surface during the curing process of the adhesive and (2) the exposure and reaction of more hydrophilic groups with TGA to produce a denser cross-linked network in the adhesive. This denser network exhibited enhanced thermal stability and created a ductile fracture surface after the enzymatic hydrolysis process.

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Zhang, Yufei, Ning Li, Zhikang Chen, Chen Ding, Qi Zheng, Jindi Xu, and Qiulu Meng. "Synthesis of High-Water-Resistance Lignin-Phenol Resin Adhesive with Furfural as a Crosslinking Agent." Polymers 12, no. 12 (November 27, 2020): 2805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12122805.

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In this study, furfural was used as a crosslinking agent to enhance the water resistance of lignin-phenol-formaldehyde (LPF) resin. The effect of the furfural content on the physicochemical properties of the adhesives was explored, and the possible synthesis mechanism of the furfural-modified lignin-phenol-formaldehyde (LPFF) resin adhesives was investigated. Compared with the LPF adhesive, the LPFF adhesive with 15% furfural content and 50% lignin substituent exhibited outstanding properties in all considered aspects; it had a high wet shear strength (1.30 MPa), moderate solid content (54.51%), and low viscosity (128 mPa∙s), which were 38.0% higher, 3.6% higher, and 37.5% lower than those of the LPF adhesive. Analyses via nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed that the furfural content improved water resistance of the lignin-based adhesive; this improvement was due to the formation of new chemical bonds between furfural and lignin to construct a dense crosslinked network structure. In addition, the decrease in viscosity and the increase in solid content enabled the adhesive to better penetrate into the wood porous structure, showing stronger adhesion. Therefore, the LPFF adhesive has superior water resistance, high strength, and good thermal stability; thus, it has a great potential for industrial applications.

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Pujari-Palmer, Michael, Roger Giró, Philip Procter, Alicja Bojan, Gerard Insley, and Håkan Engqvist. "Factors That Determine the Adhesive Strength in a Bioinspired Bone Tissue Adhesive." ChemEngineering 4, no. 1 (March 21, 2020): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering4010019.

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Phosphoserine-modified cements (PMCs) are a family of wet-field tissue adhesives that bond strongly to bone and biomaterials. The present study evaluated variations in the adhesive strength using a scatter plot, failure mode, and a regression analysis of eleven factors. All single-factor, continuous-variable correlations were poor (R2 < 0.25). The linear regression model explained 31.6% of variation in adhesive strength (R2 = 0.316 p < 0.001), with bond thickness predicting an 8.5% reduction in strength per 100 μm increase. Interestingly, PMC adhesive strength was insensitive to surface roughness (Sa 1.27–2.17 μm) and the unevenness (skew) of the adhesive bond (p > 0.167, 0.171, ANOVA). Bone glued in conditions mimicking the operating theatre (e.g., the rapid fixation and minimal fixation force in fluids) produced comparable adhesive strength in laboratory conditions (2.44 vs. 1.96 MPa, p > 0.986). The failure mode correlated strongly with the adhesive strength; low strength PMCs (<1 MPa) failed cohesively, while high strength (>2 MPa) PMCs failed adhesively. Failure occurred at the interface between the amorphous surface layer and the PMC bulk. PMC bonding is sufficient for clinical application, allowing for a wide tolerance in performance conditions while maintaining a minimal bond strength of 1.5–2 MPa to cortical bone and metal surfaces.

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Sami, Omnia M., Essam A. Naguib, Rasha H. Afifi, and Shaymaa M. Nagi. "Effect of Different Adhesion Protocols on the Shear Bond Strength of Universal Adhesive Systems to Sound and Artificial Caries-Affected Dentin." European Journal of General Dentistry 10, no. 01 (January 2021): 030–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1732776.

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Abstract Objective Bonding to different dentin substrates influences resin composite restoration outcomes. This study investigated the influence of different adhesion protocols on the shear bond strength of universal adhesive systems to sound and artificial caries-affected dentin (CAD). Materials and Methods Occlusal enamel of 80 premolars were wet grinded to obtain flat midcoronal dentin. Specimens were equally divided according to the substrate condition: sound and CAD by subjecting to pH-cycling for 14 days. Each dentin substrate was bonded with the adhesive systems used in this study: Single Bond universal adhesive or Prime&Bond universal (applied either in etch-and-rinse or self-etch adhesion protocol). Adhesive systems were utilized according to manufacturers’ instructions, then resin composite was built up. Specimens were tested for shear bond strength. The data were analyzed by three-way analysis of variance, and failure modes were determined using stereomicroscope. Results There was no statistically significant difference between the two tested adhesive systems on artificially created CAD with different adhesion protocols. On sound dentin, Single Bond universal, either in the etch-and-rinse or self-etch adhesion protocols, revealed higher statistically significant shear bond strength mean values compared with CAD. Conclusion Single Bond universal adhesive in an etch-and-rinse adhesion protocol improved only bonding to sound dentin, while no added positive effect for the etching step with Prime&Bond universal adhesive was found when bonded to both sound and CAD substrates. The influence of CAD on the performance of the universal adhesives was material-dependent.

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Liu, Hui, Shichao Zhang, Lifang Liu, Jianyong Yu, and Bin Ding. "High-performance filters from biomimetic wet-adhesive nanoarchitectured networks." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 8, no. 36 (2020): 18955–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ta06886a.

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Kaminker, Ilia, Wei Wei, Alex M. Schrader, Yeshayahu Talmon, Megan T. Valentine, Jacob N. Israelachvili, J. Herbert Waite, and Songi Han. "Simple peptide coacervates adapted for rapid pressure-sensitive wet adhesion." Soft Matter 13, no. 48 (2017): 9122–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7sm01915g.

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Single-component peptide coacervates mimicking mussel foot protein-3S were adapted for rapid pressure-sensitive wet adhesion. The coacervate upon compression exhibited orders of magnitude higher underwater adhesion at 2 N m⁻¹ than thin films of the most adhesive mussel-foot-derived peptides reported to date.

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Fabiszak, Maciej. "Wet Powder White – powder suspension applicable not only to the adhesive sides of adhesive tapes." Issues of Forensic Science 304 (2019): 96–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.34836/pk.2019.304.4.

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The article presents new possibilities of revealing fingerprints on non-absorbent surfaces by using Wet Powder White, known and used in Polish dactyloscopy. Powder suspension based on titanium dioxide has been successfully used to reveal fingerprints on the adhesive sides of non-porous tapes, as well as on the inner surfaces of rubber gloves. So far, however, the broader application of Wet Powder White has not been known in Polish dactyloscopic practice. Foreign publications quoted in the article, research conducted and the use of white suspension powder in dactyloscopic opinions dedicated to the visualization of traces unequivocally confirm the high effectiveness of Wet Powder White in revealing fingerprints on non-absorbent surfaces, especially on plastic packaging and areas that have been or could have been previously wetted or subjected to high humidity.

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Xie, Lei, Lu Gong, Jiawen Zhang, Linbo Han, Li Xiang, Jingsi Chen, Jifang Liu, Bin Yan, and Hongbo Zeng. "A wet adhesion strategy via synergistic cation–π and hydrogen bonding interactions of antifouling zwitterions and mussel-inspired binding moieties." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 38 (2019): 21944–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta08152f.

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Sugiman, Ilham Akbar, Emmy Dyah Sulistyowati, and Paryanto Dwi Setyawan. "Effect of Adhesive Layer Thickness on the Shear Strength of Adhesively Bonded Steel Joints in Wet Environment." Applied Mechanics and Materials 836 (June 2016): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.836.78.

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The paper presents the static strength of adhesively bonded steel joints aged in deionized water at a temperature of 60°C for 15 days at various adhesive thicknesses from 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm. Water uptake and the bulk adhesive tensile properties after aged in the same environment as the joints were also presented. It has been shown that water diffusion into the adhesive is non Fickian. The absorbed water in the adhesive significantly decreases the mechanical properties and it affects the static strength of the bonded steel joints. The effect of water is shown to be significant when the adhesive thickness is thicker than 0.2 mm as the static strength decreases sharply. This information is useful when designing the adhesive joints using thick adhesive layer exposed in moist environment.

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Peng, Xin, Xianfeng Xia, Xiayi Xu, Xuefeng Yang, Boguang Yang, Pengchao Zhao, Weihao Yuan, Philip Wai Yan Chiu, and Liming Bian. "Ultrafast self-gelling powder mediates robust wet adhesion to promote healing of gastrointestinal perforations." Science Advances 7, no. 23 (June 2021): eabe8739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abe8739.

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Achieving strong adhesion of bioadhesives on wet tissues remains a challenge and an acute clinical demand because of the interfering interfacial water and limited adhesive-tissue interactions. Here we report a self-gelling and adhesive polyethyleneimine and polyacrylic acid (PEI/PAA) powder, which can absorb interfacial water to form a physically cross-linked hydrogel in situ within 2 seconds due to strong physical interactions between the polymers. Furthermore, the physically cross-linked polymers can diffuse into the substrate polymeric network to enhance wet adhesion. Superficial deposition of PEI/PAA powder can effectively seal damaged porcine stomach and intestine despite excessive mechanical challenges and tissue surface irregularities. We further demonstrate PEI/PAA powder as an effective sealant to enhance the treatment outcomes of gastric perforation in a rat model. The strong wet adhesion, excellent cytocompatibility, adaptability to fit complex sites, and easy synthesis of PEI/PAA powder make it a promising bioadhesive for numerous biomedical applications.

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Brunner, M., M. Romer, and M. Schnüriger. "Timber-concrete-composite with an adhesive connector (wet on wet process)." Materials and Structures 40, no. 1 (July 13, 2006): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1617/s11527-006-9154-4.

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Wang, Zhao, Xizi Wan, and Shutao Wang. "Strong adhesion of wet conducting polymers via introducing intermediate adhesive nanolayers." Science Bulletin 65, no. 19 (October 2020): 1595–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2020.06.001.

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Cheon, Jung-Mi, Seul-Gi Lee, Jae-Hwan Chun, Dong-Jin Lee, Young-Hee Lee, and Han-Do Kim. "Preparation and properties of emulsifier-/NMP-free crosslinkable waterborne polyurethane-acrylic hybrid emulsions for footwear adhesives (II) – effect of dimethylol propionic acid (DMPA)/pentaerylthritol triacrylate (PETA) content." e-Polymers 16, no. 3 (May 1, 2016): 189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2016-0005.

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AbstractStable emulsions (solid content: 38%) of emulsifier-/N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP)-free crosslinkable waterborne polyurethane-acrylic hybrids with a fixed acrylic monomer content (20 wt.%) and different molar ratios (mole%) of dimethylol propionic acid (DMPA)/crosslinkable pentaerythritol triacrylate (PETA)(17/23, 22/17, 27/11, 32/5) were successfully prepared. This study examined the effect of mole% of DMPA/PETA on the stability and viscosity of hybrid emulsions, the tensile properties/dynamic mechanical thermal properties of hybrid film samples and the adhesive strengths of formulated adhesives for footwear at both dry and wet states. The tensile strength/modulus, storage modulus and Tgs increased with increasing PETA content. The adhesive strength at dry state increased with increasing DMPA content up to 27 mole%, and then decreased a little. However, the adhesive strength at wet state decreased with increasing DMPA content. The optimum DMPA/PETA contents were found to be 27/11 mole% to achieve high performance adhesive properties.

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Jin, Biyu, Guangfa Zhang, Jiazhang Lian, Qinghua Zhang, Xiaoli Zhan, and Fengqiu Chen. "Boron nitride nanosheet embedded bio-inspired wet adhesives with switchable adhesion and oxidation resistance." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 19 (2019): 12266–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta02827g.

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Stark, Alyssa Y., and Stephen P. Yanoviak. "Adhesion and running speed of a tropical arboreal ant ( Cephalotes atratus ) on wet substrates." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 11 (November 2018): 181540. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.181540.

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In the tropical forest canopy, wingless worker ants must cling to and run along diverse vegetative surfaces with little protection from sun, wind and rain. Ants rely in part on their tiny adhesive tarsal pads to maintain sufficient contact with substrates to prevent falls under these varied conditions. Here, we examined the effects of substrate wettability and surface water on the tarsal pad adhesive performance of a common tropical arboreal ant. Ant adhesion was consistently higher on an intermediately wetting substrate (static water contact angle ca 90°) when resisting both perpendicular (normal) force and parallel (shear) force. Normal adhesion was maintained on intermediately wetting and hydrophobic substrates following the addition of rain-mimicking water droplets, whereas shear adhesion declined on all substrate types tested after wetting. Ant running speed was slower on wet substrates. On wood substrates, normal and shear adhesion declined with increasing wetness from dry, to misted, to water-soaked. These differences probably contributed to lower ant running speed on wet wood. The results of this study provide the first quantitative assessment of tropical arboreal ant adhesive performance under substrate conditions that are commonly encountered in the rainforest canopy.

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Wang, Wei-Yen, Yu-Hsiang Kao, Tzu-Yi Yang, Yu-Lun Chueh, and Tzu-Chien Wei. "Adhesive Wet Metallization on TiO2-Coated Glass." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 168, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 042506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/abf697.

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Wang, Y., and P. Spencer. "Continuing Etching of an All-in-One Adhesive in Wet Dentin Tubules." Journal of Dental Research 84, no. 4 (April 2005): 350–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910508400411.

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Self-etch adhesives that etch and prime simultaneously are becoming more acidic. We hypothesized that the degree of acidic monomer conversion at the interface and within the tubules was high enough that the acidic reaction would be very self-limiting. Dentin surfaces prepared from extracted, unerupted human third molars were treated with Prompt L-Pop (3M ESPE). The prepared teeth were stored in normal saline, and specimens retrieved at intervals ≤ 4 wks were randomly selected for light, scanning electron microscopic and micro-Raman spectroscopic analysis. Morphologic and spectroscopic analyses indicated dentin demineralization and adhesive penetration throughout the demineralized layer and tubules. Increased dentin demineralization and loss of adhesive integrity were noted after aqueous storage. The degree of monomer conversion at the interface was consistently greater than conversion within the tubules. Fluid within the tubules may inhibit monomer conversion. The acidic characteristics of this adhesive may be retained and, thus, continue to affect/demineralize the surrounding dentin.

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Real, J. C. Del, M. Cano De Santayana, J. Abenojar, and M. A. Martinez. "Adhesive bonding of aluminium with structural acrylic adhesives: durability in wet environments." Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 20, no. 16 (January 2006): 1801–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156856106779116614.

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Prabhune, Shantanu C., and Ramesh Talreja. "Assessment of adhesively bonded joints subjected to surface damage by paint removal." Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 79, no. 4 (July 10, 2007): 360–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00022660710758231.

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PurposeTo provide a basis for making assessment of the safety of adhesively bonded joints after they have been de‐painted by a dry abrasive method or a wet chemical method.Design/methodology/approachStress analysis by a finite element method has been conducted for metal/composite and composite/composite joints in a single lap configuration. The effects of degradation of composite and adhesive, separately or combined, on the stresses in the adhesive layer bonding the two components are studied. Effects of wet and dry conditions of de‐painting are included in the study. It is assumed that in the composite these conditions affect only the laminae close to the surface from which the paint coating is removed.FindingsThe locations and values of the maximum peel and shear stresses in the adhesive are determined for both joints under different assumed conditions of degradation caused by de‐painting.Research limitations/implicationsExperimental data indicating the extent of surface damage caused by de‐painting is not available.Originality/valueExtensive literature study did not show any investigation of composite surface damage and adhesive property degradation on integrity of adhesively bonded joints. Results reported here will be of use in assessing effects of de‐painting on the structural performance of adhesively bonded joints.

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Iždinský, Ján, Ladislav Reinprecht, Ján Sedliačik, Jozef Kúdela, and Viera Kučerová. "Bonding of Selected Hardwoods with PVAc Adhesive." Applied Sciences 11, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11010067.

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The bonding of wood with assembly adhesives is crucial for manufacturing wood composites, such as solid wood panels, glulam, furniture parts, and sport and musical instruments. This work investigates 13 hardwoods—bangkirai, beech, black locust, bubinga, ipé, iroko, maçaranduba, meranti, oak, palisander, sapelli, wengé and zebrano—and analyzes the impact of their selected structural and physical characteristics (e.g., the density, cold water extract, pH value, roughness, and wettability) on the adhesion strength with the polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) adhesive Multibond SK8. The adhesion strength of the bonded hardwoods, determined by the standard EN 205, ranged in the dry state from 9.5 MPa to 17.2 MPa, from 0.6 MPa to 2.6 MPa in the wet state, and from 8.5 MPa to 19.2 MPa in the reconditioned state. The adhesion strength in the dry state of the bonded hardwoods was not influenced by their cold water extracts, pH values, or roughness parallel with the grain. On the contrary, the adhesion strength was significantly with positive tendency influenced by their higher densities, lower roughness parameters perpendicular to the grain, and lower water contact angles.

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Persson, B. N. J. "Wet adhesion with application to tree frog adhesive toe pads and tires." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 19, no. 37 (August 22, 2007): 376110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/19/37/376110.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Wet adhesive'

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