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Ławińska, Katarzyna, Remigiusz Modrzewski, and Andrzej Obraniak. "Comparison of Granulation Methods for Tannery Shavings." Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe 28, no. 5(143) (2020): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.2396.
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The work presents a comparison of methods of granulating waste – tannery shavings – from the leather industry. This waste is often used for the production of leather composites, but it creates a number of problems in transport and storage. It seems that granulation of this waste together with mineral additives needed in their further processing is a solution. However, the traditional method of granulation involving the gradual moistening of a loose deposit on a moving surface of the granulator does not give the desired results for the granulation of material with such unusual physical properties. Therefore, new methods have been proposed to eliminate the disadvantages and limitations of traditional granulation. The methods proposed differ in the way the binder liquid and mineral material are applied. They consist in soaking the shavings with binding liquid beforehand, removing excess liquid, and then granulating the wet pulp with the addition of selected fine-grained mineral material. Analysis of the results was based on a comparison of the granulometric compositions and compressive strength of the agglomerates obtained.
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Abrosimova, O. N., and M. A. Burakova. "Scaling of the Granulation Process in the Conditions of GMP Training Center and Assessment of Possible Risks." Drug development & registration 10, no. 3 (2021): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.33380/2305-2066-2021-10-3-131-137.
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Introduction. The stage of wet granulation is often used in the technology of solids. The method of wet granulation in a mixer-granulator with high shear force can be regarded as the most complicated method of its implementation from the engineering and technological point of view. The mixer-granulator has two mixers located in mutually perpendicular planes. Using an impeller, dry components are mixed, and the chopper, turning on when spraying a humidifier, ensures the formation of granules. By setting different chopper rotational speed, granules of different sizes can be obtained. This granulator has the following advantages: it provides a high product yield (≥ 99 %), takes up small workspaces, and the closed design ensures environmental protection.Aim. The aim of the research is to scale the granulation process, on the example of the solids production technology, using the wet granulation stage - in a mixer-granulator with high shear force.Materials and methods. Dry extract «N» and auxiliary substances were used as a pharmaceutical substance: lactose monohydrate, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) (MICROCEL® MC-102), potato starch, povidone (Plasdone™ K-29/32), calcium stearate. Granulate under scaling conditions was produced in a mixer-granulator with high shear force. Technological properties of dry extract «N» and granulate were determined by the methods described in National pharmacopeia XIV.Results and discussion. On the basis of experimental studies, it was found that the resulting granulate, both when obtained under laboratory conditions and under scaling conditions, has good flowability, and also has a homogeneous fractional composition. The presence of a grinder in the mixer-granulator made it possible to obtain a more uniform fractional composition of the granulate. A 10-fold increase in loading did not affect the composition of the granulate. When scaling the pelletizing process, a risk analysis was carried out, factors influencing the technological process were identified and structured. It turned out that the most important stages are mixing and the actual granulation. To obtain a homogeneous mixture, additional equipment was used - a mixer.Conclusion. As a result of scaling up the granulation process, the parameters of wet granulation in the mixer-granulator (optimal loading, impeller and grinder rotation frequency), technological properties of the resulting granulate, and risks affecting the technological process were selected. were evaluated and a causal diagram (Ishikawa diagram) was drawn.
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Sachan, Anupam Kumar. "Comparative Study of Natural and Synthetic Superdisintegrants in Orodispersible Metformin Tablet." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development 7, no. 3 (2019): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajprd.v7i3.509.
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Objective: The main objective of this study is comparative study of natural and synthetic superdisintegrants in orodispersible Metformin tablet by using direct compression method and wet granulation method.
 Method: Orodispersible Metformin tablet were prepared by wet granulation method and direct compression method by using different synthetic and natural superdisintegrants. Orodispersible tablets (ODTs) have received more interest in the pharmaceutical industry for their easy to use and self medication. ODTs overcome the problem of dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing) in the all group age of patients and advantage particularly for the paediatric and geriatric patients. Metformin hydrochloride (Hcl) is an orally administered antihyperglycemic agent, used in the management of non-insulin dependent (type-2) diabetes mellitus. Metformin orodispersible tablet is prepared by using two methods i.e. direct compression method and wet granulation method. Both methods are applied to prepare Orodispersible Metformin tablet. Orodispersible tablet of Metformin was prepared by using superdisintegrants from both natural and synthetic origin. In natural superdisintegrants we used the mucilage of Fenugreek and Lepidium sativum. In synthetic superdisintegrants we used crospovidone and sodium starch glycolate.
 Conclusion: In direct compression and wet granulation method final blend and granules were evaluated the flow properties like bulk density, tapped density, compressibility index, hausner’s ratio and angle of repose. The values of precompression parameter evaluated were found to be within the prescribed limit and indicated good flow properties. The data obtained from the post compression methods was studied. Other parameters such as wetting time, water absorption ratio were also evaluated. The formulation (F5) containing 10% crospovidone prepared by wet granulation method was found the optimize formulation.
 Keywords: Metformin Hcl, Orodispersible tablets, Superdisintegrants, Direct Compression, and Wet granulation
 Objective: The main objective of this study is comparative study of natural and synthetic superdisintegrants in orodispersible Metformin tablet by using direct compression method and wet granulation method.
 Method: Orodispersible Metformin tablet were prepared by wet granulation method and direct compression method by using different synthetic and natural superdisintegrants. Orodispersible tablets (ODTs) have received more interest in the pharmaceutical industry for their easy to use and self medication. ODTs overcome the problem of dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing) in the all group age of patients and advantage particularly for the paediatric and geriatric patients. Metformin hydrochloride (Hcl) is an orally administered antihyperglycemic agent, used in the management of non-insulin dependent (type-2) diabetes mellitus. Metformin orodispersible tablet is prepared by using two methods i.e. direct compression method and wet granulation method. Both methods are applied to prepare Orodispersible Metformin tablet. Orodispersible tablet of Metformin was prepared by using superdisintegrants from both natural and synthetic origin. In natural superdisintegrants we used the mucilage of Fenugreek and Lepidium sativum. In synthetic superdisintegrants we used crospovidone and sodium starch glycolate.
 Conclusion: In direct compression and wet granulation method final blend and granules were evaluated the flow properties like bulk density, tapped density, compressibility index, hausner’s ratio and angle of repose. The values of precompression parameter evaluated were found to be within the prescribed limit and indicated good flow properties. The data obtained from the post compression methods was studied. Other parameters such as wetting time, water absorption ratio were also evaluated. The formulation (F5) containing 10% crospovidone prepared by wet granulation method was found the optimize formulation.
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Tanaka, Ryoma, Supisara Osotprasit, Jomjai Peerapattana, Kazuhide Ashizawa, Yusuke Hattori, and Makoto Otsuka. "Complete Cocrystal Formation during Resonant Acoustic Wet Granulation: Effect of Granulation Liquids." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 1 (2021): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13010056.
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The manufacturing of solid pharmaceutical dosage forms composed of cocrystals requires numerous processes during which there is risk of dissociation into parent molecules. Resonant acoustic wet granulation (RAG) was devised in an effort to complete theophylline–citric acid (THPCIT) cocrystal formation during the granulation process, thereby reducing the number of operations. In addition, the influence of granulation liquid was investigated. A mixture of anhydrous THP (drug), anhydrous CIT (coformer), and hydroxypropyl cellulose (granulating agent) was processed by RAG with water or ethanol as a granulation liquid. The purposes were to (i) form granules using RAG as a breakthrough method; (ii) accomplish the cocrystallization during the integrated unit operation; and (iii) characterize the final solid product (i.e., tablet). The RAG procedure achieved complete cocrystal formation (>99%) and adequately sized granules (d50: >250 μm). The granulation using water (GW) facilitated formation of cocrystal hydrate which were then transformed into anhydrous cocrystal after drying, while the granulation using ethanol (GE) resulted in the formation of anhydrous cocrystal before and after drying. The dissolution of the highly dense GW tablet, which was compressed from granules including fine powder due to the dehydration, was slower than that of the GE tablet.
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Ławińska, Katarzyna, Szymon Szufa, Remigiusz Modrzewski, et al. "Obtaining Granules from Waste Tannery Shavings and Mineral Additives by Wet Pulp Granulation." Molecules 25, no. 22 (2020): 5419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25225419.
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This paper presents the results of research on the granulation process of leather industry waste, i.e., tanning shavings. It is economically justified to granulate this waste together with mineral additives that are useful in the processes of their further processing. Unfortunately, the granulation of raw, unsorted shavings does not obtain desired results due to their unusual properties. In this study, the possibilities of agglomeration of this waste were examined by a new method consisting of the production and then the granulation of wet pulp. During granulation, no additional binding liquid is added to the granulated bed. As part of this work, the specific surface of granulated shavings, the granulometric composition of the obtained agglomerates, and their strength parameters were determined. The use of a vibrating disc granulator, the addition of a water glass solution (in the pulp), dolomite, and gypsum made it possible to obtain durable, mechanically stable granules.
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Ni’matul Fauziah, Miftahul Maulidiyah, Silvia Nur Diana Putri, et al. "Review Artikel: Formulasi Tablet Menggunakan Metode Granulasi Basah." OBAT: Jurnal Riset Ilmu Farmasi dan Kesehatan 2, no. 4 (2024): 124–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.61132/obat.v2i4.535.
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Tablets are one of the most commonly used solid dosage forms of medicine in the pharmaceutical industry. The granulation process commonly used in making tablets is the wet granulation process. The operation method includes mixing the active ingredients and excipients, adding a binder liquid, forming granules, drying and sieving. The methods used in this research are literature research, journal reviews, and analysis of relevant papers carried out during the 2015-2023 period. The aim of this literature study is to determine the process, advantages, limitations and application of wet granulation in the pharmaceutical industry. Based on the results of a literature study, tablet production using the wet granulation method was proven to be an effective technique and is widely used for the production of tablet formulations.
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Antony, Ancy, Shijikumar P S, and Ronald Peter. "FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF TABLETS FROM NAVAYASA CHURNA BY WET GRANULATION METHOD." Indian Research Journal of Pharmacy and Science 5, no. 2 (2018): 1522–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/irjps.2018.5.2.16.
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Przywara, Mateusz, Klaudia Jękot, and Wiktoria Jednacz. "Evaluation of Vibratory Ball Mill Mixing as an Alternative to Wet Granulation in the Manufacturing of Sodium Naproxen Tablets with Dolomite-Based Formulations." Applied Sciences 15, no. 13 (2025): 6966. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15136966.
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The development of robust and scalable tablet manufacturing methods remains a key objective in pharmaceutical technology, especially when dealing with active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and excipients that exhibit suboptimal processing properties. This study evaluated two alternative manufacturing strategies for tablets containing sodium naproxen (20%, API), dolomite (65%, sustainable mineral filler), cellulose (7%), polyvinylpyrrolidone (5%, binder), and magnesium stearate (3%, lubricant). The direct compression method used a vibrating ball mill (SPEX SamplePrep 8000M), while the indirect method employed wet granulation using a pan granulator at different inclination angles. Physical properties of raw materials and granules were assessed, and final tablets were evaluated for mass, thickness, mechanical resistance, abrasiveness, and API content uniformity. Direct compression using vibratory mixing for 5–10 min (DT2, DT3) resulted in average tablet masses close to the target (0.260 g) and improved reproducibility compared to a reference V-type blender. Wet granulation produced tablets with the lowest abrasiveness (<1.0%) and minimal variability in dimensions and API content. The best uniformity (SD < 0.5%) was observed in batch IT2. Overall, vibratory mixing proved capable of achieving tablet quality comparable to that of wet granulation, while requiring fewer processing steps. This highlights its potential as an efficient and scalable alternative in solid dosage manufacturing.
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Rouabah, Maroua, Inès Esma Achouri, Sandrine Bourgeois, Stéphanie Briançon, and Claudia Cogné. "Experimental and Numerical Study to Enhance Granule Control and Quality Predictions in Pharmaceutical Granulations." Pharmaceutics 17, no. 3 (2025): 364. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17030364.
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Background/Objectives: The pharmaceutical industry demands stringent regulation of product characteristics and strives to ensure the reproducibility of granules manufactured via the wet granulation process. A systematic model employing the discrete element method (DEM) was developed herein to gain insights into and better control this process. Methods: The model comprehensively simulates particle behavior during granulation by considering the intrinsic properties of the powder material, the specific geometry of the granulation equipment, and various operational conditions, including impeller speed and chopper use. Notably, this approach can simulate dynamic interactions among particles and integrate complex phenomena, such as cohesion, which is crucial for predicting the formation and quality of granules. Results: To further support process optimization, an EDEMpy artificial intelligence (AI) tool was developed as a posttreatment routine to monitor and analyze agglomerate size distributions, proving essential for assessing the efficiency of the granulation process and the quality of resulting granules. The DEM model was evaluated by comparing its output with experimental data collected from a 0.5 L high-shear granulator. The model reproduced the granule growth kinetics observed experimentally, confirming the agreement between the experimental and numerical analyses. Conclusions: This underscores the model’s potential in predicting and controlling granule quality in wet granulation processes, enhancing the precision and efficiency of pharmaceutical manufacturing.
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V., B. Khot* D.A. Bhagwat J. I. D'Souza S. S. Shelake S. V. Patil. "OPTIMIZATION OF GRANULATION TECHNIQUES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF TABLET DOSAGE FORM." Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 04, no. 12 (2017): 4626–39. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1123244.
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The purpose of this study was to optimize the best granulation techniques for development of tablet dosage form. The present study explains comparative study of different wet granulation techniques including Planetary mixer granulation, Rapid mixer granulation, Fluid bed granulation with Direct compression method. Similar formulations were used to evaluate Planetary mixer granulation, Rapid mixer granulation and Fluid bed granulation method. The granules prepared by different techniques were evaluated for particle size distribution, porosity, spherisity, bulk density, flow property and compressibility, compatibility and tablet properties of Diclofenac sodium tablet. The fluid bed granulation technique had superior flow properties, compressibility, compactibility measured by Kawakita, Hekel, Walker and Leuenberger equation. The granules prepared by Fluid bed granulation showed better tablet properties (weight uniformity, hardness, friability and disintegration, drug content, dissolution) and accelerated stability study compared to other granulation techniques so finally, it was concluded that Diclofenac sodium tablets prepared by using fluid bed granulation which meets the required specification compared to other wet granulation techniques and direct compression method. Key words: Granulation technique, Flowability, compressibility, compactibility, Diclofenac sodium tablet.
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Kumar, Ashish, Stefan Radl, Krist V. Gernaey, Thomas De Beer, and Ingmar Nopens. "Particle-Scale Modeling to Understand Liquid Distribution in Twin-Screw Wet Granulation." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 7 (2021): 928. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13070928.
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Experimental characterization of solid-liquid mixing for a high shear wet granulation process in a twin-screw granulator (TSG) is very challenging. This is due to the opacity of the multiphase system and high-speed processing. In this study, discrete element method (DEM) based simulations are performed for a short quasi-two-dimensional simulation domain, incorporating models for liquid bridge formation, rupture, and the effect of the bridges on inter-particular forces. Based on the knowledge gained from these simulations, the kneading section of a twin-screw wet granulation process was simulated. The time evolution of particle flow and liquid distribution between particles, leading to the formation of agglomerates, was analyzed. The study showed that agglomeration is a rather delayed process that takes place once the free liquid on the particle surface is well distributed.
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Gohel, M. C., S. A. Mansuri, V. T. Thakkar, L. H. Baldania, and T. R. Gandhi. "FABRICATION AND EVALUATION OF LABORATORY SCALE MINIGRANULATOR USING THE CONCEPT OF DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS." INDIAN DRUGS 51, no. 08 (2014): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.53879/id.51.08.10123.
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The main objective of the present work was to design, fabricate and evaluate a laboratory scale mini granulator for applications in the research and development department. The Box and Behnken design was adopted to identify the critical parameters in the wet granulation process. The granules and tablets were characterized. The spherical granules obtained by using the fabricated mini granulator were of size 600 to 750 μ. On the other hand, the manual method (mortar and pestle) resulted in the formation of larger granules (800-950 μ). Recovery of granules by both the manual method and laboratory scale mini granulator were 71 and 90%, respectively. From the Box and Behnken design, an optimized formula was achieved with granulation time of 10 min, binder concentration 2.35 % and impeller speed 3000 rpm. Use of the mini granulator is recommended for screening of various formulations at R&D centers and also at colleges where the availability of drug is a few grams.
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Shaqarin, Tamir. "Smith predictor-based PI control of a wet granulation process." JORDANIAN JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING AND CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES (JJECI) 1, no. 1 (2018): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.48103/jjeci122018.
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The need for prediction and reference updating in feedback control of a wet granulation process is addressed. The granulation process is often modeled as a multi-input multi-output (MIMO) linear model with dead-time. Industrial implementation of granulation process poses strict constraints on the process inputs & outputs. The presence of dead-time and the physical necessity of the input-output constraints are the key challenges of the wet granulation control. These challenges motivated the use of model predictive control (MPC) for such processes. In this work, a Smith predictor-based proportional-integral (PI) controller is designed for the dead-time compensation. Accompanied with the reference updating method to handle the physical constraints. The regulation and reference tracking control problems are assessed via closed-loop simulations of the wet granulation model. The ability of the proposed control approach of dead-time compensation and coping with input/output constraints is rigorously proved. The current approach is compared to MPC of a similar granulation process and found superior in terms of output stability, performance and reference tracking.
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Dhanashree, Nale*1 Sunita Sanap2 Yuvraj Lokhande3 Kedar Shinde4 Rohan Shinde5 Nitiksha Jadhav6. "Formulation and Evaluation of Effervescent Tablets Using Natural Excipients: A Non-Aqueous Wet Granulation Approach." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 3, no. 4 (2025): 863–70. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15173394.
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Effervescent tablets and granules are special dosage forms that contain a medicine plus an effervescent base made of citric acid, tartaric acid, and sodium hydrogen carbonate. When these substances are added to water, they react to release carbon dioxide, which causes effervescence. There are many uses for these granules in daily life. Information on the different ingredients used to make effervescent granules and tablets is provided in this review. Numerous techniques, including the wet method, dry method, fusion method, hot-melt extrusion method, and non-aqueous method, can be used to create effervescent granules. Compression, dry granulation, and wet granulation are methods for creating effervescent pills
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Parveen, Sadia, Ravindra Pal Singh, Arsh Chanana, and Gulshan Rathore. "Revolutionizing Apixaban Release: Exploring Wet Granulation and Superdisintegrant Synergy for Improved Delivery Profiles." International Journal of Biochemistry Research & Review 33, no. 4 (2024): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijbcrr/2024/v33i4865.
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The aim of the present research was to formulate and evaluate immediate release tablet of apixaban. In this research study, we are formulating apixaban by wet granulation method. Previously research has been conducted based on dry granulation and direct compression methods.
 The proposed wet granulation method has several advantages in terms of feasibility and cost effectiveness. The present formulation comprises of comparative evaluation between disintegrants such as sodium starch glycolate (SSG), and croscarmellose sodium (CCS), among which CCS was found to have optimum results. Superdisintegrants, are compounds that, as their name implies, are superior to disintegrants and that facilitate or enhance the disintegration time even at low levels, usually 1-10% by weight relative to the total weight of the dosage unit. These are used to boost the potency of the solid dosage form.
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Sonia.M.Goyal, Yogeeta.S.Agrawal Rajshri.R.Dusane Monika.S.Jadhav. "A REVIEW ARTICLE ON ROLLER COMPACTION." INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES o6, no. 05 (2019): 9285–93. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2712105.
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<em>In pharmaceutical oral solid dosage forms we have been widely used for decades which are mainly depend on their convenience of administration with suitability drug delivery for its systemic effects. Granules, pellets, tablets and capsules are commonly used in pharmaceutical solid dosage forms. As the solid pharmaceutical dosage forms which mainly containing the drug substances with or without suitable diluents were prepared by either compression or molding methods that is define as tablet. Direct compression, wet granulation and dry granulation are the three basic tableting methods. If the materials have sufficient inherent binding or cohesive properties to form granules dry granulation may be used. The process of granulating without the use of liquids it may refer as a dry granulation. Slugging and roll compaction are the two dry granulation methods which are used in the pharmaceutical industry. Particles which are consolidated and dignified by passing the material between two high pressure rollers are in the roll compactor. Reduced form to the uniform granule size by milling is used by the dignified material from roller compactor. Chemically moisture or physically moisture sensitive drugs are processing for choice of method with (RC/DG) Roll compaction/dry granulation and which has no liquid binder required in the granulation. This literature review illustrates the progress and the use of RCDG in the production of directly compressible excipients, the compaction of drugs and drug formulations.</em> <strong>Keywords: <em>Roll compaction, Dry granulation, Tablets, Excipients, Herbal dry extracts, immediate release, Controlled release.</em></strong>
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Kwari, J. H., A. K. Olowosulu, and A. R. Oyi. "Evaluation of Processing Methods for Formulated Tablets of <i>Loranthus micranthus</i>." Nigerian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 19, no. 1 (2023): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njpr.v19i1.2.
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Background: Loranthus micranthus is one of the many plants that has documented evidence of safety and efficacy in the management of many ailments and widespread use in almost every part of Nigeria. It is desirable to formulate it into a suitable dosage form for use by the populace.
 Objectives: The research was aimed at formulating the aqueous leaf extract of L. micranthus into a tablet dosage form by wet granulation and direct compression methods.
 Methods: For wet granulation method, maize starch, gelatin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone and acacia were used as binders for the formulations each was used at 2, 3, 4 and 5 % w/w concentration in the tablet. The direct compression method involved the preparation of an extract containing material (ECM). Microcrystalline cellulose, pregelatnised starch, starlac and spray dried lactose were used as filler binders for the direct compression. All the formulated tablets were assessed by comparing the crushing strength-friability ratio (CSFR) and the disintegration time (DT) to select an optimum formulation that meets both mechanical and release properties.
 Results: Using wet granulation method, maize starch and gelatin (at 3 %w/w) binder concentration as well as gelatin at 2 %w/w binder concentration produced the optimal formulations. The tablets formulated by direct compression all disintegrated within 10 min and below with microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) tablets disintegrating at 7 min. In dissolution studies, all the optimized formulations released more than 70 % of the extract within 40 min with MCC releasing up to 98 % in 30 min.
 Conclusion: Direct compression of the extract containing material produced improved tablet formulations than the wet granulation method.
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Soemarie, Yulistia Budianti, Hayatus Sa'adah, Nurul Fatimah, and Tri Marga Ningsih. "UJI MUTU FISIK GRANUL EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN KEMANGI (Ocimum americanum L.) DENGAN VARIASI KONSENTRASI EXPLOTAB®." Jurnal Ilmiah Manuntung 3, no. 1 (2017): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.51352/jim.v3i1.92.
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Bad breath is usually caused by bacteria and food debris left in the mouth. Development of preparations using herbal ingredients, to overcome the problem of bad breath one of them is with utilization basil leaves (Ocimum americanum L.) which have anti bacterial activity. The method of wet granulation is a single method for use in granulation of large doses of active substances because if using direct induced method will require again the addition of a large number of fillers to make it easier forging, but cause the tablet to be not feasible as it will resulting in an increase in tablet size. The type of research conducted is an experimental study. Object the study was basil leaf extract formulated. This formulation was prepared by wet granulation method with variation Explotab® ss crusher ie 2%, 4%, 6% and 8%. Performed wet granulation on each formulation. Granul evaluated the flow time, mass density test, silent angle and fixed assay test. Based on research result the physical quality of ethanol extract granule of basil leaves (Ocimum americanum L.) with explotab® concentration variation it can be concluded that all the formula fulfill the good quality of granule characteristic, because it meets the requirements of parameters of time flow, rest angle, compressibility and density mass
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Wiendarlina, Ike Yulia, Mindiya Fatmi, Dwi Indriati, and Raraseta P. Novadin. "Preparation of Single Garlic, Red Ginger, Lemon and Apple Vinegar Combination Tablets By Wet Granulation Method." FITOFARMAKA: JURNAL ILMIAH FARMASI 13, no. 2 (2023): 130–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33751/jf.v13i2.9320.
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Garlic, red ginger, lemon, and apple cider vinegar are spices in Indonesia that can be useful for increasing the body's resistance and preventing degenerative diseases. Tablet preparations are preferred because they are practical, easy to use, and easy to carry anywhere. The aim of this research is to see the effect of differences in the concentration of internal and external disintegrants, binders, gliders, and lubricants in each formula. Tablets are made with the single active ingredients of garlic, red ginger, apple cider vinegar, and lemon. The wet granulation method was chosen because natural materials have poor flow properties, so by using the wet granulation method, the flow rate, compressibility, and binding capacity of the granules can be improved for the better so that they can be molded into tablet preparations. The research results showed that all tablet formulas met the tablet evaluation requirements. The concentration of external and internal disintegrants, binders, gliders, and anti-adherents does not make a difference in flow time or angle of repose but provides different water content values in formula 3.There is an influence of differences in the concentration of additional ingredients on the quality of the tablets produced. The greater the concentration, the better the weight uniformity, the harder the resulting tablet, and the longer the disintegration time. Tablet fragility on F2 is high than formula 1 and 3, but still meets tablet quality requirements.
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Li, Lekai, Jian Zhuang, Tianjian Tong, et al. "Effect of Wet Granulation on Tribological Behaviors of Cu-Based Friction Materials." Materials 16, no. 3 (2023): 1075. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16031075.
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Because of the excellent thermal conduction, corrosion resistance, and tribological properties, copper-based friction materials (CBFMs) were widely used in airplanes, high-speed trains, and wind power generation. With operating speed continuously increasing, CBFMs are suffering more complicated and extreme working conditions, which would cause abnormal abrasion. This paper presents an experiment to investigate how the tribological behaviors of CBFMs are regulated by granulation technology. Samples were prepared by the method of granulation and cool-pressed sinter. The tribological properties of specimens with different granule sizes were studied. The results showed that granulation could improve the tribological properties of CBFMs. The friction coefficient (COF) increased first and then decreased with increasing granule size. Specimen fabricated with 5–8 mm granules obtained the lowest COF, which was reduced by 22.49% than that made of powders. Moreover, the wear rate decreased first and then increased as granule size increased. The wear rate of samples prepared by granules 3–5 mm was lower than that of all of the other samples. This is because the structured samples prepared by wet granulation can promote the formation of secondary plateaus, which are beneficial for enhancing tribological properties. This makes granulation a promising method for enhancing the tribological performances of CBFMs.
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Huynh, Duyen Thi My, Huynh Thien Hai, Tran Huu Loc, Minh-Ngoc T Le, and Phuoc-Vinh Nguyen. "Formulation Optimization and Preparation of Amlodipine and Telmisartan Double-layer Tablets (5/40Mg) using Wet Granulation Method." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY TECHNOLOGY 14, no. 02 (2024): 810–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.25258/ijddt.14.2.32.
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The two-layer tablet of amlodipine and telmisartan is an effective strategy to manage hypertension disease through a combination of various treatment mechanisms. However, the spray-drying method is currently used to prepare telmisartan tablets due to its extremely low solubility, which requires sophisticated equipment. In this study, wet granulation was applied to fabricate this two-layer tablet. Furthermore, design of experiments were deployed to design and optimize the formulation in order to obtain an in-vitro equivalence with the reference drug. As a result, a formulation of the two-layer table using the wet granulation method was successfully developed and optimized. The obtained tablet showed an in-vitro equivalence with the reference drug (with f2 superior to 50 for both amlodipine and telmisartan). Furthermore, the obtained tablet also met a set of in-house standards, including appearance, identification, assay, and dissolution rate. This study provided not a novel but effective and simple method of fabrication for amlodipine-telmisartan tablets using wet granulation. Furthermore, the obtained results also highlighted the significant contribution of a well-established design of experiments in the development of a complex tablet formulation.
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Emori, Hisatoshi, Yoko Sakuraba, Koji Takahashi, Toshiaki Nishihata, and Tadanori Mayumi. "Prospective Validation of High-Shear Wet Granulation Process by Wet Granule Sieving Method. II. Utility of Wet Granule Sieving Method." Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy 23, no. 2 (1997): 203–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03639049709149794.
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Dewi Rahmawati, Marthy Meliana, Yani Ambari, et al. "Review Artikel : Pembuatan Tablet Dengan Metode Granulasi Kering." Jurnal Sains Farmasi Dan Kesehatan 2, no. 1 (2024): 42–48. https://doi.org/10.62379/jfkes.v2i1.1205.
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Dry granulation is a method that is carried out by making granules mechanically without the help of a binder. This method has several advantages, including using less equipment, being suitable for active ingredients that are not resistant to heat and humidity and speeding up the tablet disintegration time. The aim of this research is to find out how to make tablet preparations using the dry granulation method. The method used is by reviewing journals from Google Scholar, Pubmed, etc. from 2012-2024. The result of this research is to get the best formulation with various kinds of tests, then we can compare dry granulation and wet granulation, we can optimize the existing formulas.
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Gore, Mr Kailas B., Miss Nandini patil, and Dr Megha T. Salve. "Formulation and evaluation of sustain release metformin tablets by wet granulation method for Enhanced Patient Compliance." International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews 6, no. 5 (2025): 12983–90. https://doi.org/10.55248/gengpi.6.0525.1911.
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Song, Yinqiang, Tuo Zhou, Ruiqi Bai, Man Zhang, and Hairui Yang. "Review of CFD-DEM Modeling of Wet Fluidized Bed Granulation and Coating Processes." Processes 11, no. 2 (2023): 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11020382.
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Wet fluidized bed granulation and coating processes have been widely used in the pharmaceutical and food industries. The complex gas–solid flow coupled with heat and mass transfer in such processes made it hard to form complete control over the apparatuses. To serve better design, scaling-up, and optimization of granulators and coaters, the underlying micro-scale mechanisms must be clarified. Computational fluid dynamics coupled with the discrete element method (CFD-DEM) provides a useful tool to study in-depth the gas-solid hydrodynamics of the granulation and coating processes. This review firstly introduced the fundamental theory of CFD-DEM from governing equations, force calculation, and coupling schemes. Then the application of CFD-DEM in simulating wet fluidized bed granulation and coating was presented. Specifically, the research focus and the role of CFD-DEM in resolving issues were discussed. Finally, the outlook on the development of CFD-DEM in the context of granulation and coating was given.
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Shikata, F., S. Kimura, Y. Hattori, and M. Otsuka. "Real-time monitoring of granule properties during high shear wet granulation by near-infrared spectroscopy with a chemometrics approach." RSC Advances 7, no. 61 (2017): 38307–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra05252a.
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Khan, Amjad. "Prediction of quality attributes (mechanical strength, disintegration behavior and drug release) of tablets on the basis of characteristics of granules prepared by high shear wet granulation." PLOS ONE 16, no. 12 (2021): e0261051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261051.
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High shear wet granulation is commonly applied technique for commercial manufacturing of tablets. Granulation process for tablets manufacturing is generally optimized by hit and trial which involves preparation of granules under different processing parameters, compression of granules and evaluation of the resultant tablets; and adjustment is made in granulation process on the basis of characteristics of tablets. Objective of the study was to optimize the process of high shear wet granulation and prediction of characteristics of tablets on the basis of properties of granules. Atenolol granules were prepared by high shear wet granulation method, using aqueous solution of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP k-30) as binder. Concentration of binder solution and granulation time were taken as process variables, both studied at three levels. Different combinations of process variables were determined by Design Expert software. Granules were evaluated for different parameters on the basis of SeDeM-ODT (Sediment Delivery Model-Oro Dispersible Tablets) expert system. Granules from all the trials were compressed using round (10.5 mm) flat faced punches at compression weight of 250 mg/tablet. Tablets were evaluated of different quality control parameters as per USP. Results showed that both the process variables had positive effect on mechanical strength of tablets and negative effect on disintegration and dissolution rate. Granule prepared with highest level of binder concentration (15%) and highest granulation time (60 sec) resulted in tablets with highest crushing strength (11.8 kg), specific crushing strength (0.328 kg/mm2), tensile strength (0.208 kg/mm2), lowest value of friability (0.19%) and highest disintegration time (10.9 min), as predicted from granules characteristics on the basis of SeDeM-ODT expert system. Drug release from Trial-13 (processed under highest level of both process parameters) was also lower than rest of the trials. It is concluded from the study that quality characteristics of tablets can be predicted from granules characteristics using SeDeM-ODT expert system. Furthermore, SeDeM-ODT expert system can also be used for optimization of the process of high shear wet granulation.
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Shrestha, Sarmila, Dharma Prasad Khanal, and Panna Thapa. "Development and Evaluation of Alprazolam Controlled Release tablets." Journal of Manmohan Memorial Institute of Health Sciences 1, no. 1 (2014): 8–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jmmihs.v1i1.9896.
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Twenty three different tablet formulations of alprazolam were prepared using Polymer like hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC K4M, HPMC K15M and HPMC K100M) in the concentration of 5 – 50 % of total weight of tablets and combination of HPMC K15M and HPMC K100M with ethyl cellulose (EC) was formulated by using wet granulation method. Drug formulation containing 1.0 mg, 1.5 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg and 15 mg alprazolam per tablet maintaining constant HPMC K15M concentration was also developed.The in-vitro dissolution studies of the formulated and marketed product in USP type II apparatus showed that the drug release is dependent upon the drug: polymer ratio; also molecular weight of the polymer and solubility of loaded drug. With increasing concentration and molecular weight of polymer, drug release was found to be decreased. When formulating the tablets the method used whether direct compression or wet granulations also affect the release of the drug from matrix. Wet granulation method by using 40 % HPMC K15M in combination with 5 % EC was found to be most suitable controlled release alprazolam tablet as drug release was found to be appreciable in this formulation. When loading dose of alprazolam was increased, drug release was found to be tremendously decreased because of the poor solubility of alprazolam in water. When one-way ANOVA was applied for various formulated and marketed tablets it was found that there is no significant difference (p > 0.05) in drug release rate among formulation similarly model independent methods was also applied such as similarity and dissimilarity factor and found that there is no significant difference between these formulations.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jmmihs.v1i1.9896 Journal of Manmohan Memorial Institute of Health Sciences Vol.1(1) 2011; 8-23
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Bhatt, Rajesh, Aditya Sharma, Prevesh Kumar, Sukirti Upadhyay, and Prashant Upadhyay. "Formulation and evaluation of immediate release tablet of zopiclone using wet granulation method." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 9, no. 2-s (2019): 132–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i2-s.2473.
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Zopiclone, a cyclopyrolone, is a non-benzodiazepine derivative used as a hypnotic agent in the treatment of short term insomnia. The main objective of the present investigation was to formulate a pharmaceutically active stable and bioequivalent immediate release (IR) tablets of zopiclone using wet granulation method. The prepared formulations were evaluated using various physical parameters, equipment, dissolution study and drug release profile. The basic approach used in development of zopiclone IR tablets was that the use of superdisintegrants as like Corn starch (maize) and Sodium starch glycolate which provide instant disintegration after administration. In-vitro dissolution testing study was carried out for 1 hours using 0.1N HCl in a dissolution apparatus for evaluation of Drug release. On the basis of the dissolution profile, F3 gives a better result and were found 100 % release in just 20 minutes and also found that as the polymer ratio were increases the drug release rate also increased from the formulation. Keywords: Hypnotic agent, immediate release, Wet granulation Method, Non-benzodiazepine derivative, Superdisintegrants, Zopiclone
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Tran, Bao Ngoc, Hiep Tuan Tran, Giang Thi Le, et al. "Solidifying Fenofibrate Nanocrystal Suspension: A Scalable Approach via Granulation Method." Journal of Nanomaterials 2023 (December 26, 2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/1672030.
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The pharmaceutical industry has highlighted particle-size reduction via preparing aqueous suspensions containing nano- or submicron drug particles. Owing to the risk of agglomeration and complications during the manufacturing of solid dosage forms, the problems associated with the solidification of nanosuspensions need to be addressed. Herein, the nanocrystallized suspension of fenofibrate (Feno) was prepared using the wet-milling technique, and then two solidification methods, mixing (liquid mixing) and granulation (dry powder blending and wet massing) methods, were investigated. The solidification process involved the adsorption of Feno as a very thin layer on the high-surface-area Florite® to prevent drug accumulation. The critical quality attributes, particle size and dissolution rate, were performed. Infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and scanning electron microscopy were also used to monitor the existence and physical state of drug molecules in the carrier. The final solidified powders and tablets containing Feno nanocrystals improved the dissolution profile (>90% in 15 min), in which the physical properties of Feno were maintained during solidification and tableting. In general, the granulation method is more advantageous than the mixing method in terms of maintaining amorphous proportion and dissolution rate. These results implied a potential approach for manufacturing solid dosage forms from nanoscale products.
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Pavithran, P.1* Vasanthan A. 2. Senthilkumar K. L. 3. "Improvement Of The Product Robustness Of Allopurinol With Minor Changes." International Journal in Pharmaceutical Sciences 2, no. 5 (2024): 1740–45. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11388241.
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The purpose of this research work is to improve the robustness of allopurinol with minor changes. These studies aimed to develop a allopurinol tablet formulation by wet granulation method. The studies of the tablets are pre-compression parameters like angle of repose, bulk density, taped density, Carr’s index, and Hausner ratio, and post compression parameters like appearance, thickness, hardness test, friability test, weight variation test, disintegration test, and stability studies. Finally, all parameters are within the limit. Allopurinol tablets containing higher concentration of povidone K-30 appears to be the best formulation. Hence, it may be summarized that the tablets prepared by wet granulation method might be a perfect and effective formulation to prevent the treatment of gout.
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Zhao, Jie, Geng Tian, and Haibin Qu. "Pharmaceutical Application of Process Understanding and Optimization Techniques: A Review on the Continuous Twin-Screw Wet Granulation." Biomedicines 11, no. 7 (2023): 1923. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11071923.
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Twin-screw wet granulation (TSWG) is a method of continuous pharmaceutical manufacturing and a potential alternative method to batch granulation processes. It has attracted more and more interest nowadays due to its high efficiency, robustness, and applications. To improve both the product quality and process efficiency, the process understanding is critical. This article reviews the recent work in process understanding and optimization for TSWG. Various aspects of the progress in TSWG like process model construction, process monitoring method development, and the strategy of process control for TSWG have been thoroughly analyzed and discussed. The process modeling technique including the empirical model, the mechanistic model, and the hybrid model in the TSWG process are presented to increase the knowledge of the granulation process, and the influence of process parameters involved in granulation process on granule properties by experimental study are highlighted. The study analyzed several process monitoring tools and the associated technologies used to monitor granule attributes. In addition, control strategies based on process analytical technology (PAT) are presented as a reference to enhance product quality and ensure the applicability and capability of continuous manufacturing (CM) processes. Furthermore, this article aims to review the current research progress in an effort to make recommendations for further research in process understanding and development of TSWG.
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Durrani, M. J., R. F. Whitaker, and P. A. Manji. "A Novel Wet Granulation Method for Carbopol® Resin. I. Extragranular Addition." Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy 23, no. 12 (1997): 1201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03639049709146157.
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Bimlendra, Kumar Singh, Kumar Deepak, Parween Rukhshar, et al. "A Review on Sustained Release Tablets of Theophylline." Pharmaceutical and Chemical Journal 12, no. 3 (2025): 14–20. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15606975.
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The aim of present work was to develop theophylline sustained release tablets which could improve patient compliance towards the effective management of asthma The polymers, HPMC (Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose) K4M, HPMC K100M, Eudragit, Chitosan in blending and granulation stage of processing and evaluate their physico-chemical properties. The precompression limits of the powder blends used for the preparation of sustained-release tablets were in an acceptable range of pharmacopeial specification with excellent flow and good compressibility. Wet granulation method prepared tablets using different grades of polymers HPMC K100, HPMC K4M, Eudragit, Chitosan. The active ingredient, release retardants, diluents, fraction of polymer are mixed to make wet mass for granulation. The in- vitro release was prolonged to 12 hours using HPMC K4M, HPMC K100M, Chitosan, Eudragit. F9 formulation prolonged the theophylline release in 12 hours. The effect of polymer on drug release was studied.
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Almutairy, Bjad K., El-Sayed Khafagy, Ahmed Alalaiwe, et al. "Enhancing the Poor Flow and Tableting Problems of High Drug-Loading Formulation of Canagliflozin Using Continuous Green Granulation Process and Design-of-Experiment Approach." Pharmaceuticals 13, no. 12 (2020): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph13120473.
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Maximization of drug-loading can significantly reduce the size of dosage form and consequently decrease the cost of manufacture. In this research, two challenges were addressed: poor flow and tableting problems of high-drug loading (>70%) formulation of canagliflozin (CNG), by adopting the moisture-activated dry granulation (MADG) process. In this method, heating and drying steps were omitted so, called green granulation process. A 32 full-factorial design was performed for optimization of key process variables, namely the granulation fluid level (X1) and the wet massing time (X2). Granulation of CNG was carried out in the presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone, and the prepared granules were compressed into tablets. Regression analysis demonstrated the significant (p ≤ 0.05) effect of X1 and X2 on properties of granules and corresponding tablets, with pronounced impact of X1. Additionally, marked improvement of granules’ properties and tableting of CNG were observed. Furthermore, the optimized process conditions that produced good flow properties of granules and acceptable tablets were high level of granulation fluid (3.41% w/w) and short wet massing time (1.0 min). Finally, the MADG process gives the opportunity to ameliorate the poor flow and tableting problems of CNG with lower amounts of excipients, which are important for successful development of uniform dosage unit.
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Sahu, Sonal, Rohit Dangi, Rohit Patidar, ,. Rukhsaar, Jagdish Rathi, and Vivek Asati. "Formulation and evaluation of sustain released matrix tablet of atenolol." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 9, no. 1 (2019): 183–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i1.2281.
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Oral route is one of the most popular routes of drug delivery due to its ease of administration, patient compliance, least sterility constraints and flexible design of dosage form. The aim of present investigation was to develop matrix tablets of atenolol using different polymers. Atenolol matrix tablets were prepared by direct compression and wet granulation method using different polymers. All the formulations were evaluated for weight variation, thickness, hardness, friability and dissolution. Tablets of atenolol were prepared utilizing natural polymer chitosan. The formulation F-2 contained chitosan which might have sustained the release since it is also known for its polymeric sustaining effect. The formulation F-2 gave 89.57±0.24% of the drug release in 12 hrs of study.
 Keywords: Atenolol, Sustained release Matrix tablets, Direct compression, Wet granulation method.
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Dhanraj, Patil*1 Ashwini Pandav2 Nilesh Chougule3. "FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF CLOVE BASED CHEWABLE TABLET FOR TOOTHACHE MANAGEMENT." International Journal in Pharmaceutical Sciences 2, no. 8 (2024): 2913–20. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13293039.
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Clove, with its rich medicinal properties, has genereted significant attention in pharmaceutical formulations. This study presents the development of a clove-formulated chewable tablet using the wet granulation method, aimed to enhancing patient compliance and bioavailability. The formulation process involved the selection of excipients conducive to chewable tablet characteristics and the optimization of clove extract concentration to achieve desired therapeutic effects. Physicochemical properties, such as hardness, friability, disintegration time, and dissolution profile, were evaluated to ensure the tablet's robustness and efficacy. Results indicate that the wet granulation method offers a promising approach for the development of clove-based chewable tablets with improved taste masking, enhanced stability, and optimized drug release profile. This research contributes to the advancement of herbal medicine formulations, offering a convenient and effective dosage form for clove-based therapeutics.
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ABDULLAHI, ABBA KHALID, ADENIJI KEHINDE OLOWOSULU, and TERYILA SUZANNE ALLAGH. "Preparation and Evaluation of Metronidazole Tablets Produced with Different Binders Using Wet Granulation Method." Malaysian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 22, no. 1 (2024): 87–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.21315/mjps2024.22.1.6.
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In tablet formulation, binders are essential for ensuring proper powder mix, granulation and overall tablet quality. Variations in binder quality and concentration can impact drug bioavailability, strength and manufacturing processes. The inconsistency in bioavailability and therapeutic response of metronidazole from different manufacturers highlights the importance of binder selection in tablet formulation. This study evaluates the impact of different binding agents on tablet quality. The optimum binder concentration for each of the binders was assessed to obtain suitable concentration that was used to prepare metronidazole tablets. Metronidazole tablets were formulated with four different binder vis, acacia, gelatine, PVP, maize starch at 3% concentration using wet granulation method after which the tablet properties were evaluated. Metronidazole powder exhibited poor flow indices, as indicated by angle of repose: 39.92 ± 1.85, Carr’s compressibility index (CI): 20.13 ± 0.28 and Hausner’s ratio (Hr): 1.26 ± 0.01, whereas its granules exhibited good flow properties. The crushing strength (CS), friability (FR), disintegration time (DT) (CSFR/DT) ratio for batches showed values in 3% binder concentration, indicating higher strength as compared to other concentrations. There was a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the CSFR/DT ratio for gelatine (2.22) in formulation F2 compared to maize starch in Formulation F4. The formulated tablets with the various binders have met with the British Pharmacopeial criteria of 80% drug release from uncoated immediate-release tablets. Amongst the four binders, gelatine was found to be the best in the formulation of robust metronidazole tablets by wet granulation method at an optimised concentration of 3% w/w. Tablets produced with gelatin exhibited greater mechanical strength than those produced with other binders, while also demonstrating a slightly longer DT. Metronidazole tablets produced with gelatine have met the British Pharmacopeial requirements including an acceptable in-vitro drug release profile.
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Sanskar, Biradar*1 Tushar Gaikwad2. "Formulation and Evaluation of Multi Nutrition Herbal Tablet." International Journal of Scientific Research and Technology 2, no. 4 (2025): 244–49. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15199306.
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This study employs the wet granulation method to develop and evaluate a multi-nutrition, herbal tablet consisting of Tulsi, Cinnamon, Clove and Ginger. The objective is to assess the tablet's quality through various factors, including thickness, hardness, weight variation, and friability. These potent herbs are incorporated due to their nutritional and therapeutic properties. The ingredients are effectively transformed into a tablet form for easy consumption using the wet granulation technique. Analyzing the tablet's physical properties provides valuable insights into its effectiveness and user acceptance. The findings of this research could offer benefits for dietary supplementation and health by improving our understanding of the formulation and quality assessment of multi-nutrient herbal tablets.
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Rybachuk, V.D. "THE STUDY OF THE KINETIC OF NATURAL ZEOLITE GRANULES GROWTH AT DIFFERENT WAYS OF GRANULATION." Annals of Mechnikov Institute, no. 4 (December 2, 2016): 88–96. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.192326.
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Introduction. Active substances and excipients used in the manufacture of medicines in tablet form, in most cases, have poor technological properties. This fact determines the need for prior granulation of mass before compression. Granulators of various sizes and designs, running on different modes, made the formation, growth and consolidation of the powder particles that lead to obtain pellets of different shapes and sizes. From the literature it is known that granulation leads to two forms of granules: isodiametric and nonisodiametric. The first group of particles forms has globular shape with a smooth surface and the proportion in which the length, thickness and height are about the same. They are usually made by fluidized bed granulation, spray drying, pelletizing and granulation in dragee pan. Granules of nonisodiametric form in which length is several times the width and height are made mostly by extrusion and compacting. The geometrical parameters of obtained granules are affected by the properties of raw materials, the granulation modes, type and amount of added humidifier and so on. The shape and size of granules, from a technological point of view, are the key factors that contribute, except organoleptic characteristics of the product, its technological properties such as particle size distribution, bulk volume, the ability of the material to shrinkage, porosity, fluidity, mechanical strength and so on. Properly selected for specific conditions granulation method is able to provide the finished product with the specified technological parameters depending on the needs. The aim of this work was to study the effect of granulation method and its conditions on the kinetics of growth of the natural zeolite granules and some quality characteristics of obtained granules. Material & methods. As objects of study served the natural zeolite pellets produced using 3%, 5%, 7% and 10% potato starch paste and solution of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Natural zeolite granules were prepared by wet granulation using a laboratory rotary granulator NG-12, laboratory extruder, laboratory high-speed mixer-granulator and laboratory dragee pan NSD A-0.25. Microstructure and form of granules were established by electron microscope REM-106. Fractional composition and average grain size was determined using a standard set of sieves with the diameter of the holes 2.0; 1.0; 0.5 and 0.25 mm. Porosity determined on the basis of tapped density and the real density, which were defined on the device Pharma Test PTF PT-TD200, Germany by the method. Form factor calculated as the ratio of the share of grains in its width. The hardness of the granules was assessed by their ability to withstand compression. Results & discussion. The resulting granules have heterogeneous porous surface. Granules obtained using rotary granulator and extruder have elongated form of particles with form factor 1,6-1,7 and 2,5-2,8 respectively. Granules obtained in high speed mixer-granulator and dragee pan have nearly round shape with form factor 1.1-1.2. The size of the granules is affected by the concentration of the humidifier and the way of granulation. The increasing of concentrations of potato starch paste from 3% to 10%, lead to an increase of the average size of granules according to the method in average 3-5 times, the last was proved by the increase of fractions with a larger particle size. The largest average size of granules was obtained in the laboratory dragee pan, and the smallest - in the high-speed mixer-granulator. When using PVP solution of different concentrations the average grain size varied depending on the method of granulation within 120-1464 µm. The highest binding capacity showed PVP solutions, as evidenced by higher values of grain size at the same concentrations of humidifiers. Increased concentrations of both humidifiers more than 10% is inappropriate, because results in large particle size of granules. Study of influence of quantities of added humidifier on grain size showed that the granulation process is absent in mixtures containing humidifying substance in quantities of 15-20%. The best concentration of humidifier should be 25-30%, which give granules with an average size of 450-1350 µm, and a further increase of its content results in a viscous mass that is difficult granulated and undesirable. Experimental data of granule porosity indicates that increasing the concentration of binders increases porosity within 50-70%. The influence of granulation mode on porosity of both substances is different. The data of hardness of granules showed that this parameter is in inverse proportion to their porosity. Pellets made with using PVP solution demonstrated greater mechanical strength compared to granules containing starch potato paste. Conclusion. The influence of type and concentration of the humidifier and the method of granulation on the kinetics of growth of the natural zeolite granules were studied and its influence of these variables on the size, porosity and mechanical strength of the pellets were proven. The optimum concentration of potato starch paste and solution of polyvinylpyrrolidone as binders for granulation of natural zeolite at level 5-10% and optimal content of humidifier in the total mass at level 25-30% were established. The results of experimental studies used in the development of technology and composition of tablets containing natural zeolite as the main active component.
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Koyanagi, Keita, Akinori Ueno, Yusuke Hattori, Tetsuo Sasaki, Tomoaki Sakamoto, and Makoto Otsuka. "Analysis of granulation mechanism in a high-shear wet granulation method using near-infrared spectroscopy and stirring power consumption." Colloid and Polymer Science 298, no. 8 (2020): 977–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00396-020-04655-y.
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Роїк, О. М., and О. П. Голодюк. "Technology for obtaining a highly soluble dispersion of atorvastatin to increase bioavailability." Farmatsevtychnyi zhurnal, no. 4 (August 26, 2024): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.32352/0367-3057.4.24.05.
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The technology of formation of solid dispersed systems (SDS) is a technological approach that allows to increase the rate of release and bioavailability of poorly soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) that belong to class II and IV of the biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS). Atorvastatin calcium is a class II/IV drug according to BCS, which exhibits low bioavailability due to insufficient dissolution. The aim of the work was to conduct a literature and patent search for promising technologies for obtaining highly soluble SDS for effective use in order to increase the solubility of class II and IV APIs, and to propose methods for obtaining highly soluble SDS based on hydrophilic carriers in combination with the API atorvastatin calcium. The objects of research were atorvastatin calcium (API), macrogol (polyethylene glycol 4000, in the form of a finely dispersed powder). To significantly increase the solubility of Class II and IV APIs, thermogranulation/melt granulation methods were used in a high-speed mixer-granulator with a high shear force, equipped with a heating jacket. The main aspects of promising methods of obtaining highly soluble solid dispersion systems based on hydrophilic carriers in combination with the API atorvastatin calcium have been analyzed. It has been established that thermogranulation/melt granulation can be successfully used to increase the solubility of APIs with a hydrophilic carrier with a melting point of 40–60 °C. When using this method, API solubility is increased due to the formation of a highly soluble dispersion in a high-speed mixer-granulator with a high shear force in combination with a heating jacket, consisting of a hydrophilic carrier and calcium atorvastatin particles and excipients, which, in turn, reduces the risk of degradation of atorvastatin calcium in comparison with wet granulation method. This method makes it possible to obtain, depending on the physical characteristics of hydrophilic carriers, a dosage form with an increased level of dissolution, as well as to increase the shelf life of the medicinal product. It has been established that the use of the thermogranulation/melt granulation method, namely, the technology of centrifugal formation of a highly soluble dispersion based on a hydrophilic carrier with API particles and excipients can become the basis for the development of novel dosage forms, which in turn will lead to an increase in the solubility of class II and IV APIs. Such methods of obtaining can be promising, innovative and economically feasible for the development of modern domestic medicinal products.
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Cheiya, Ingwe Violenneofita, Rolan Rusli, and Nurul Fitriani. "Pemanfaatan Limbah Pati Kulit Pisang (Musa paradisiaca) sebagai Bahan Pengikat Granul Parasetamol dengan Metode Granulasi Basah." Jurnal Sains dan Kesehatan 5, no. 1 (2023): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.25026/jsk.v5i1.1606.
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Starch is a carbohydrate that can be used as a binder in pharmaceutical preparations. Paracetamol has poor flowability and compactibility with its crystalline form, it is necessary to make granules by wet granulation method with starch as a binder. This study used banana peel waste (Musa paradisiaca) as a source of starch. Three granule formulations (F1, F2, and F3) were prepared using the wet granulation method with banana peel waste starch as a binder with concentrations of 5% (F1), 8% (F2), and 10% (F3) w/v. The results showed that the granule quality test included testing of moisture content, flow rate, angle of repose, and compressibility index, with the results of the granule moisture content test being 3.52%, granule flow rate 4.8 seconds, angle of repose 37.7°, and index compressibility of 10% meets the parameters of a good granule preparation.
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Dan, Ashley, Haresh Vaswani, Alice Šimonová, et al. "End-point determination of heterogeneous formulations using inline torque measurements for a high-shear wet granulation process." International Journal of Pharmaceutics: X 6 (June 12, 2023): 100188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpx.2023.100188.
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In this study, the torque profiles of heterogeneous granulation formulations with varying powder properties in terms of particle size, solubility, deformability, and wettability, were studied, and the feasibility of identifying the end-point of the granulation process for each formulation based on the torque profiles was evaluated. Dynamic median particle size (d<sub>50</sub>) and porosity were correlated to the torque measurements to understand the relationship between torque and granule properties, and to validate distinction between different granulation stages based on the torque profiles made in previous studies. Generally, the torque curves obtained from the different granulation runs in this experimental design could be categorized into two different types of torque profiles. The primary factor influencing the likelihood of producing each profile was the binder type used in the formulation. A lower viscosity, higher solubility binder resulted in a type 1 profile. Other contributing factors that affected the torque profiles include API type and impeller speed. Material properties such as the deformability and solubility of the blend formulation and the binder were identified as important factors affecting both granule growth and the type of torque profiles observed. By correlating dynamic granule properties with torque values, it was possible to determine the granulation end-point based on a pre-determined target median particle size (d<sub>50</sub>) range which corresponded to specific markers identified in the torque profiles. In type 1 torque profiles, the end-point markers corresponded to the plateau phase, whereas in type 2 torque profiles the markers were indicated by the inflection point where the slope gradient changes. Additionally, we proposed an alternative method of identification by using the first derivative of the torque values, which facilitates an easier identification of the system approaching the end-point. Overall, this study identified the effects of different variations in formulation parameters on torque profiles and granule properties and implemented an improved method of identification of granulation end-point that is not dependent on the different types of torque profiles observed.
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Pingale, Prashant L. "FORMULATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND IN-VITRO DISSOLUTION STUDIES OF METADOXINE TABLETS PREPARED BY VARIOUS GRANULATION METHODS." Journal of Medical pharmaceutical and allied sciences 10, no. 2 (2021): 2712–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jmpas.v10i2.1066.
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Pharmaceutical tablets are robust, flat, or biconvex dishes, according to the Indian Pharmacopoeia. Depending on a range of medicinal substances, they vary in shape and differ greatly in size and weight. In the era of increasing health awareness and strict standards set by regulatory authorities such as the US FDA, WHO, and globalization, it has become mandatory for the producer to launch a product cost-effectively. In the tablet dosage form, two classes of drugs are administered orally. Narrow extensions of the parietal peritoneum that suspend the diaphragm's liver are the right and left coronary ligaments. To produce an effective and reliable product, the drug must have a fine particle size and a large surface area. The tablet coating takes place inside a perforated rotating drum in a controlled atmosphere. Tablets are lifted and turned into the center of the drum from the sides. To make the tablet surface easier to swallow, every tablet surface is exposed to an even amount of deposited/sprayed coating. The purpose of the present investigation is to formulate a tablet of Metadoxine, which improves cognitive impairment and the main psychological symptoms due to occasional or prolonged alcohol abuse, such as aggressiveness, agitation, mood, and behavioral disturbances. The tablets were prepared using direct compression, dry granulation, and wet granulation method and a comparison of the same with an innovator’s product. Keywords: Tablets, Metadoxine, Dry granulation, direct compression, wet granulation.
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Maulana, Irvan, Arry Yanuar, Sutriyo Sutriyo, and Alhadi Bustamam. "Evaluation And Selection Of Optimal Deep Learning Architecture For Predicting The Endpoint In High Shear Wet Granulation For Antacid Tablet Production." Eduvest - Journal of Universal Studies 4, no. 5 (2024): 4429–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.59188/eduvest.v4i5.1274.
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Objective: The purpose of this research was to evaluate and select the best architecture among native convolutional neural network (CNN), MobileNetV2, ResNet50V2, and EfficientNetB0 for predicting the endpoint of the high shear wet granulation process, with accuracy as the main evaluation metric. Methods: The dataset was captured from an industrial camera using static image analysis and was manually labeled as “NOT READY” and “READY” according to the traditional endpoint method based on the mixer’s ampere point in the granulator. The dataset contained a total of 180 images, which were split between training and validation sets. Native CNN and TensorFlow Keras application programming interface (API) were utilized with MobileNetV2, EfficientNetB0, and ResNet50V2 as base feature encoders. Hyperparameters, such as final Fully Connected (FC) layer width, dropout rate, and learning rate, were optimized for binary classification using Keras hyper tuning. Results: The best was the native CNN, it was also the fastest among the three other models, taking only 20-30 ms per step for inference during runtime, though it requires 9000 ms time for training, the longest time among the models. It achieved an accuracy of 98%, and a validation accuracy of 97%. Conclusion: The system was able to determine when a wet granulation process has reached its endpoint based on live images from a camera after being trained on previously labeled data. The native CNN was the best model, offering the fastest runtime performance and the highest accuracy.
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Swapnali, Kawade. "Formulation and Evaluation of Nutraceutical Tablet Using Clove Drugs by Wet Granulation Method." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 12 (2021): 1626–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.39517.
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Abstract: The objective of present study was to formulate and evaluate the nutraceutical tablets with different combination of herbal drugs. Material and Method: The nutraceutical tablet containing lactose and mannitol as diluent and containing natural drugs like clove and cinnamon which was prepared by direct compression method. The compressed formulations were subject to several evaluation parameters like appearance, thickness, weight variation, hardness and friability. Results: The results of all evaluation parameters of nutraceutical tablet were within the acceptable limit. Pre-compression studies of nutraceutical tablet show satisfactory results. The thickness, hardness, weight variation, and friability of nutraceutical tablet were found to in acceptable range. The in-vitro drug release of eugenol from optimised nutraceutical formulation was found to be 90.23%. Significant results were obtained from present study. Discussion: The finding of current investigation clearly found that the health promotion of the body could be done by nutraceuticals. Keywords: Direct compression, Nutraceutical, Eugenol, In-vitro drug release
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Ghareeb, M. "Preparation and characterization of orodispersible tablets of Meclizine Hydrochloride by wet granulation method." African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 7, no. 28 (2013): 1969–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajpp12.1269.
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Ponomarenko, T. O., D. I. Dmytrievsky, I. O. Kryklyva, and V. I. Hrytsenko. "Substantiation of the composition and technology for obtaining combined sustained-release tablets for the treatment of hypertension." News of Pharmacy 105, no. 1 (2023): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24959/nphj.23.101.
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Aim. To develop the composition and technology for obtaining the combined drug of indapamide with enalapril of the prolonged action. Materials and methods. Indapamide and enalapril maleate substances as active components, and polyvinylpyrrolidone, calcium stearate, lactose monohydrate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose as excipients were used. The pharmaco-technological studies were conducted according to the methods of the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine (SPhU). Results and discussion. The pharmaco-technological properties of tablet mixtures and the quality of finished tablets were compared using direct pressing and preliminary wet granulation. Conclusions. It has been found that the use of the method of pre-granulation of the tablet mixture allows obtaining a finished product that fully meets the requirements of the SPhU.
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Waleed, Shahad Qutaiba. "Effect of HPMC Concentration and Liquid Addition Method on granules properties using High-Shear Wet Granulator." Reaktor 24, no. 3 (2025): 102–8. https://doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.24.3.102-108.
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Enhancing the physical properties of medicinal powders is largely dependent on the granulation process. This study investigates how the concentration of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and the liquid addition technique (pouring versus syringe) interact to affect the distribution of granule sizes and its porosity in a high-shear mixer setup. Both a 5% HPMC solution and distilled water (0% HPMC) were used to granulate calcium carbonate powder. The results showed that while excessive liquid addition using the pouring method led to uneven growth and agglomeration, an increase in binder viscosity improved granule homogeneity. On the other hand, the syringe method provided more uniform granules, showing its effectiveness in achieving controlled nucleation and growth. The impact of these parameters on granule characteristics was further supported by the design of response surface plots and models made easier by statistical analysis using Design-Expert software. The study's findings provide important information for improving wet granulation methods in the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals, especially with regards to guaranteeing the stability and uniformity of the final product.