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1
Zarekar Shivani Gulab, Raykar Sonali Dattu Zende Gauri Sampat, and Puranik Aboli K and Sanjay J. Ingle. "A review on the wet granulation technique and its modules." World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences 20, no. 2 (2024): 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjbphs.2024.20.2.0836.
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Wet granulation is a processes that involves adding a liquid to a powder to create granule of a desired size and shape. Its used in many fields, including pharmaceutical, neutraceutical and zootechnics to improve the flowbility, compressibility, and dosage of powders. Their are different technique of wet granulation. Low shear wet granulation, which is a form of wet granulation, is an important unit operation in the pharmaceutical, detergent and food industries. The granulation mechanism for wet granulation include wetting and nucleation, consolidation and growth and attrition and breakage. High shear wet granulation is considered a complicated and multivariate pharmaceutical process that is influenced by large number of variable derived from equipment, formulation, and processing. Fluid bed granulation is an important process within a drug product manufacturing framework since it sets the properties of the intermediate product the make the final drug product.
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V., B. Khot* D.A. Bhagwat J. I. D'Souza S. S. Shelake S. V. Patil. "OPTIMIZATION OF GRANULATION TECHNIQUES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF TABLET DOSAGE FORM." Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 04, no. 12 (2017): 4626–39. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1123244.
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The purpose of this study was to optimize the best granulation techniques for development of tablet dosage form. The present study explains comparative study of different wet granulation techniques including Planetary mixer granulation, Rapid mixer granulation, Fluid bed granulation with Direct compression method. Similar formulations were used to evaluate Planetary mixer granulation, Rapid mixer granulation and Fluid bed granulation method. The granules prepared by different techniques were evaluated for particle size distribution, porosity, spherisity, bulk density, flow property and compressibility, compatibility and tablet properties of Diclofenac sodium tablet. The fluid bed granulation technique had superior flow properties, compressibility, compactibility measured by Kawakita, Hekel, Walker and Leuenberger equation. The granules prepared by Fluid bed granulation showed better tablet properties (weight uniformity, hardness, friability and disintegration, drug content, dissolution) and accelerated stability study compared to other granulation techniques so finally, it was concluded that Diclofenac sodium tablets prepared by using fluid bed granulation which meets the required specification compared to other wet granulation techniques and direct compression method. Key words: Granulation technique, Flowability, compressibility, compactibility, Diclofenac sodium tablet.
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Souza, Tatiane Pereira de, José Luiz Gómez-Amoza, Ramón Martínez Pacheco, and Pedro Ros Petrovick. "Development of granules from Phyllanthus niruri spray-dried extract." Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 45, no. 4 (2009): 669–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-82502009000400009.
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The aim of this study was to develop granules from Phyllanthus niruri spray-dried extract using dry and wet granulation and to assess techniques to enable the production of granules with improved technological characteristics and yields. Granules were characterized by granulometry, reological parameters, compression and hygroscopic behavior. Independent of the granulation technique, technologically developed granules presented particle diameter, bulk and tapped densities and compressibility indexes suitable for a solid dosage form. The compression behavior showed plastic and fragmentary deformation for granules produced by the dry granulation technique and predominantly plastic deformation for wet granulation. Concerning the humidity sorption, the study showed that granules absorb less humidity than the spray-dried extract. However, granules with Eudragit® E 100 were the least hygroscopic.
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Ayalasomayajula, Lakshmi Usha, E. Radha Rani, A. V. S. Ksheera Bhavani, and A. Vyasa Murty. "Effect of Granulation Methods on Drug Release Studies in Sustained Release Matrix Tablets of a Poorly Soluble Drug prepared using Synthetic Polymers." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 10, no. 3 (2020): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v10i3.4073.
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Vomiting or emesis is the abnormal emptying of stomach and upper part of intestine through esophagus and mouth. It occurs due to stimulation of the emetic (vomiting) centre situated in the medulla oblongata. Domperidone, a D2 receptor antagonist has antiemetic and prokinetic action is used as a model drug in the present work to prepare Sustained release matrix tablets using various synthetic polymers like Eudragit and HPMC K15 M. The tablets are designed to have a pH dependent release profile in order to prevent initial drug release in the stomach to reduce the possible gastro-irritant and ulcerogenic effects of the drug. Different polymer and diluent concentrations and various compression techniques like wet granulation technique and direct compression techniques were used in order to release the contents of the tablets in a sustained manner over a certain period of time. Domperidone is BCS Class II drug and its solubility was enhanced by preparing solid dispersions using solvent evaporation technique. In the present work solid dispersions containing drug and polymer mixture in the ratio 1:1 was further formulated into tablets by incorporating various synthetic polymers in three different concentrations. The tablets were prepared using different granulating techniques. Formulation (F3) containing drug and polymers in the ratio 1:1 prepared by wet granulation technique could sustain the drug release over a period of 12h and hence considering all the post compression parameters it was optimized as the better formulation. FTIR, DSC, X-Ray Diffraction, SEM studies were performed for optimized solid dispersion mixture and also the optimized formulation.
 Keywords: Solubility enhancement, Solid dispersions, Solvent Evaporation, Wet granulation, Direct Compression.
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Patra Ch, Niranjan, Satya Prakash Singn, Hemant Kumar P, and Vimala Devi M. "A Systematic Study on Flowability and Compressibility of Asparagus racemosus root Powder for Tablet Preparation." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology 1, no. 2 (2008): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2008.1.2.3.
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The dried root of Asparagus racemosus is widely used as mild antihypertensive and tranquilizer. The objective of the present research was to study the original flowability, compressibility and compactibility of Asparagus racemosus root powder and develop its tablet formulations by wet granulation and direct compression technology. The consolidation behavior of drug and tablet formulations were studied by using Heckel and Leuenberger equation. Asparagus racemosus root powder showed very poor flowability and compactibility. Kawakita analysis revealed improved flowability for formulations prepared by direct compression and wet granulation technique. The Heckel plot showed that Asparagus racemosus powder is soft in nature and poor in die filling. Granules showed higher degree of plasticity and fragmentation than powder and direct compression formulations. The compression susceptibility parameter for compact formed by direct compression and wet granulation technique indicated that the maximum crushing strength is reached faster at lower pressures of compression as opposed to Asparagus racemosus powder. From this study, it is concluded that desired flowability, compressibility and compactibility of Asparagus racemosus root powder can be obtained by direct compression and wet granulation technique
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Saeed, Humaira, Muhammad Ramzan, and Abid Hussain. "Effect of Polymer Type, Concentration and Formulation Technique on Mucoadhesive Strength and Swelling Index of Clarithromycin Tablets." Pharmaceutical Communications 2, no. 1 (2023): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.55627/pharma.002.01.0281.
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This study aims to evaluate the effect of polymer type, concentration, and formulation technique on mucoadhesion and the Swelling Index of matrix tablets. Tablets were formulated by wet-granulation, solid dispersions, and direct compression techniques using different polymers in different concentrations (D:P 5:1, 5:2, and 5:3). Swelling Index and Mucoadhesive strength were analyzed for all the formulations (F1-15). The physicochemical parameters of the tablets were found to be within the acceptable limit. The swelling index for matrix tablets (F1-15) prepared by wet-granulations technique was found to be ranging from 33.81±2.42 - 67.36±0.77; by solid dispersions technique ranging from 34.02±1.32 - 65.09±1.08; by direct compression technique ranging from 36.82±2.02 - 68.35±1.73, after 6 hours. Mucoadhesive strength ranged from 13.673 ± 1.542 to 40.378 ± 2.345N, increasing with an increase in the polymer concentrations. The study helped to find the drug's optimum formulation with excellent bio-adhesive strength.
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SEVILLE. "Continuous Pharmaceutical Manufacture Using a Novel Wet Granulation Technique." Scientia Pharmaceutica 78, no. 3 (2010): 543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3797/scipharm.cespt.8.l03.
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Ni’matul Fauziah, Miftahul Maulidiyah, Silvia Nur Diana Putri, et al. "Review Artikel: Formulasi Tablet Menggunakan Metode Granulasi Basah." OBAT: Jurnal Riset Ilmu Farmasi dan Kesehatan 2, no. 4 (2024): 124–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.61132/obat.v2i4.535.
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Tablets are one of the most commonly used solid dosage forms of medicine in the pharmaceutical industry. The granulation process commonly used in making tablets is the wet granulation process. The operation method includes mixing the active ingredients and excipients, adding a binder liquid, forming granules, drying and sieving. The methods used in this research are literature research, journal reviews, and analysis of relevant papers carried out during the 2015-2023 period. The aim of this literature study is to determine the process, advantages, limitations and application of wet granulation in the pharmaceutical industry. Based on the results of a literature study, tablet production using the wet granulation method was proven to be an effective technique and is widely used for the production of tablet formulations.
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Ying, Looi Shu, Mahibub Muhamadsaa Kanak, Noor Shahida Binti Ajmi, Vijay Kumar Methi, Rabia Basharat, and Lean Yen Loong. "Effect of Wet Granulation Technique on Preparation and Characterization of Piroxicam Inclusion Complexation." Caribbean Journal of Science and Technology 08, no. 01 (2020): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.55434/cbi.2020.8108.
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The preparation of any pharmaceutical drug delivery system requires solubility as one of the top most requirements for active pharmaceutical ingredients. Inclusion Complexation has become popular in formulation development of water poor soluble active ingredients. In current study we have selected water poor soluble drug Piroxicam (PX) as the model active pharmaceutical ingredient. To release piroxicam drug from solid dosage forms such as tablets and capsules it requires improvement in its solubility prior to preparation of final dosage form. For large scale production and commercialization process solubility enhancement procedures must be simple, economical and reproducible at different batch size. Objective of this study is to study effect of wet granulation on the complexation of beta-cyclodextrin with Piroxicam using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray Diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscopic analysis. Inclusion Complex was prepared using beta-Cyclodextrin (BCD) by wet granulation technique. Molecular dispersion prepared was characterized by FTIR, XRD, Phase Solubility and Dissolution Studies. The result confirmed with SEM, XRD and FTIR for formation of Complexation of PX and BCD and increase in solubility was noticed with increase in concentration of complexing agent BCD. Inclusion complexation is very useful and effective strategy to adopt for further improve the solubility along with wet granulation technique. The approach to enhance the solubility becomes more practical and reproducible in industry and commercialization due to well established machines and production procedures for wet granulation technique to form inclusion complex for water poor soluble drugs.
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Kotamarthy, Lalith, Subhodh Karkala, Ashley Dan, Andrés D. Román-Ospino, and Rohit Ramachandran. "Investigating the Effects of Mixing Dynamics on Twin-Screw Granule Quality Attributes via the Development of a Physics-Based Process Map." Pharmaceutics 16, no. 4 (2024): 456. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16040456.
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Twin-screw granulation (TSG) is an emerging continuous wet granulation technique that has not been widely applied in the industry due to a poor mechanistic understanding of the process. This study focuses on improving this mechanistic understanding by analyzing the effects of the mixing dynamics on the granule quality attributes (PSD, content uniformity, and microstructure). Mixing is an important dynamic process that simultaneously occurs along with the granulation rate mechanisms during the wet granulation process. An improved mechanistic understanding was achieved by identifying and quantifying the physically relevant intermediate parameters that affect the mixing dynamics in TSG, and then their effects on the granule attributes were analyzed by investigating their effects on the granulation rate mechanisms. The fill level, granule liquid saturation, extent of nucleation, and powder wettability were found to be the key physically relevant intermediate parameters that affect the mixing inside the twin-screw granulator. An improved geometrical model for the fill level was developed and validated against existing experimental data. Finally, a process map was developed to depict the effects of mixing on the temporal and spatial evolution of the materials inside the twin-screw granulator. This process map illustrates the mechanism of nucleation and the growth of the granules based on the fundamental material properties of the primary powders (solubility and wettability), liquid binders (viscosity), and mixing dynamics present in the system. Furthermore, it was shown that the process map can be used to predict the granule product quality based on the granule growth mechanism.
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Jaida Rahma, Alya Puspita Dewi, Septia Miranti, Hendri Anugrah Wibowo, and Nabila Syifa Firdaus. "Formulasi Sediaan Tablet Dan Evaluasi Dari Jenis Zat Aktif Dengan Metode Granulasi Basah." Jurnal Sains Farmasi Dan Kesehatan 2, no. 2 (2024): 114–17. https://doi.org/10.62379/jfkes.v2i2.1791.
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This study aims to understand how the wet granulation technique can affect the physical quality and the effectiveness of active ingredient release in tablets. In this review, various types of active ingredients will be analyzed to evaluate how their chemical and physical properties, such as solubility, compressibility, and stability, influence the resulting tablet formulation. Wet granulation was chosen due to its ability to improve the flow, compressibility, and stability of the mixture of active ingredients and excipients, resulting in tablets with better quality. To achieve this objective, the study uses a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach, which gathers and analyzes relevant literature related to tablet formulations with active ingredients using wet granulation. The results of the review show that wet granulation is effective in improving the physical quality of tablet and granule preparations. Wet granulation can enhance flow, compressibility, and active ingredient release control, although it has drawbacks, such as high costs and multiple stages that require validation. Increasing the concentration of gelatin in the tablet formulation of Eugenia polyantha extract improved the physical strength and dissolution rate of the tablets. Similarly, research on acetaminophen demonstrated that wet granulation produces tablets with physical qualities that meet the required standards for tablet physical testing. Finally, this study shows that Tectona grandis leaf extract can be formulated into granules with optimal quality that meets the physical evaluation criteria. Overall, wet granulation has proven to be effective in improving the quality and release of active ingredients in tablets and granules, with the selection of appropriate materials and concentrations greatly affecting the final formulation results.
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Kaushal, Sahil. "Formulation and Optimization of Omeprezole Floating Tablet by Wet Granulation Technique." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 9, no. 3-S (2019): 679–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i3-s.2956.
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Omaprezole is a proton pump inhibitor, antacid drug. It is categorized as class II in BCS system of classification of drugs. Omaprazole inhibits the H(+)-K(-) ATPase in the proton pump of gastric parietal cells and highly effective inhibitor of gastric acid secretion. Floating tablet is nowadays considered as one of the best method to enhance the retention time of tablet in stomach. To get a better dissolution rate, the retention time of Omaprazole is enhanced by the floating technique. The aim of the work is to formulate the floating tablet of Omaprazole and evaluation of tablets invitro performance. The floating tablets are prepared by using two different polymers; HPMC K15, HPMC K100. Wet granulation method was used to prepare tablet. The polymers added in different ratios. The increasing concentration of polymers is responsible for enhancement of drug content and percent yield due to increase in the swallability of polymer.Invitro drug release study was performed using United State Pharmacopoeia (USP) type II dissolution test apparatus employing paddle stirrer at 50 rpm using 900ml of 0.1 N HCL buffer maintained at 37⁰C±0.5⁰C as the dissolution medium. The FTIR, DSC studies of Omaprazole floating tablet indicated the phase inversion of Omaprazole from crystalline to amorphous form. The F3 formulation show increased drug release as compare to pure drug in 24 hrs. It can be concluded that the floating tablet of Omaprazole prepared with mixture of HPMC K15 and HPMC K100 has greater retention time than pure drug and marketed formulation.
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Dolas, Ramdas T., Shalindra Sharma, and Madhuraj Sharma. "FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF GASTRORETENTIVE FLOATING TABLETS OF LAFUTIDINE." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 8, no. 5 (2018): 393–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v8i5.1898.
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The purpose of this research was to develop a novel gastroretentive drug delivery system based on wet granulation technique for sustained delivery of active agent. Quick GI transit could result in incomplete drug release from the drug delivery system above the absorption zone leading to decreased efficacy of the administered dose and thus less patient compliance. Gastroretentive floating tablets, which was designed to provide the desired sustained and complete release of drug for prolonged period of time. Gastroretentive floating tablets of lafutidine were prepared by wet granulation technique using different concentrations of Gum Kondagagu, Gum olibanum and Locust bean Gum. The optimized formulation (LF14) exhibited 99.54% drug release in 12 hrs, while the buoyancy lag time was 33 sec. In-vitro drug release kinetics was found to follow both the Zero order and the possible mechanism of lafutidine release from the optimized formulation might be attributed to super case II transport mechanism. The Optimized formulation (LF14) showed no significant change in physical appearance, drug content, floating lag time, in vitro dissolution studies after 75%±5% RH at 40±20C relative humidity for 6 months.
 Keyword: Wet granulation, Floating lag Time, Gastroretentive, Lafutidine
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Khan, Amjad. "Prediction of quality attributes (mechanical strength, disintegration behavior and drug release) of tablets on the basis of characteristics of granules prepared by high shear wet granulation." PLOS ONE 16, no. 12 (2021): e0261051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261051.
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High shear wet granulation is commonly applied technique for commercial manufacturing of tablets. Granulation process for tablets manufacturing is generally optimized by hit and trial which involves preparation of granules under different processing parameters, compression of granules and evaluation of the resultant tablets; and adjustment is made in granulation process on the basis of characteristics of tablets. Objective of the study was to optimize the process of high shear wet granulation and prediction of characteristics of tablets on the basis of properties of granules. Atenolol granules were prepared by high shear wet granulation method, using aqueous solution of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP k-30) as binder. Concentration of binder solution and granulation time were taken as process variables, both studied at three levels. Different combinations of process variables were determined by Design Expert software. Granules were evaluated for different parameters on the basis of SeDeM-ODT (Sediment Delivery Model-Oro Dispersible Tablets) expert system. Granules from all the trials were compressed using round (10.5 mm) flat faced punches at compression weight of 250 mg/tablet. Tablets were evaluated of different quality control parameters as per USP. Results showed that both the process variables had positive effect on mechanical strength of tablets and negative effect on disintegration and dissolution rate. Granule prepared with highest level of binder concentration (15%) and highest granulation time (60 sec) resulted in tablets with highest crushing strength (11.8 kg), specific crushing strength (0.328 kg/mm2), tensile strength (0.208 kg/mm2), lowest value of friability (0.19%) and highest disintegration time (10.9 min), as predicted from granules characteristics on the basis of SeDeM-ODT expert system. Drug release from Trial-13 (processed under highest level of both process parameters) was also lower than rest of the trials. It is concluded from the study that quality characteristics of tablets can be predicted from granules characteristics using SeDeM-ODT expert system. Furthermore, SeDeM-ODT expert system can also be used for optimization of the process of high shear wet granulation.
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Choudhary, Nisha, Dipika Chavda, Vaishali Thakkar, and Tejal Gandhi. "Identification of Critical Factors Influencing the In-Vitro Dissolution o f Bicalutamide Tablets Prepared Using Madg Technique." Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 21, no. 1 (2022): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.18579/jopcr/v21i1.ms21.81.
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This study was aimed to utilize the Moisture Activated Dry Granulation (MADG) technique to formulate Bicalutamide tablet and identify critical factors influencing its dissolution. The Bicalutamide inclusion complex was formed using the kneading method. Aeroperl 300 was selected as an adsorbent, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) K30 as a binder, Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC) and Lactose Monohydrate (LMH) in1:1 ratio as fillers. Croscarmellose sodium (CCS) and neusilin were used as disintegrating agents, as they did not affect the disintegration time when hardness and compression force increased. Box Behnken experimental design was used to optimize formulations and was evaluated for pre and post-compression parameters. The optimized formulation was compared with the marketed and wet granulation formulation. In addition, the short term stability testing of the optimized batch was performed. The optimized inclusioncomplex of hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin (HP-ß-CD) was selected based on a phase solubility study in 1:1 ratio with drug toimprove solubility. The optimized batch was prepared by MADG at granulator speed of 540rpm, using 4.30 % PVPK30, and 1.5 % Aeroperl 300. It showed a disintegration time of 208.33 sec.Percentage drug release was 95.02 % in 30 mins, and hardness 5.4 kg/cm2. The stability study results confirmed the stability of the tablets. The Bicalutamide tablet was successfully formulated using the MADG technique. The parameters affecting the in-vitro dissolution were identified and optimized, leading to better bioavailability. Keywords: Bicalutamide, Moisture Activated Dry Granulation technology (MADG), hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD), Box Behnken design (BBD), Croscarmellose sodium
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Zimmer, Łukasz, Katarzyna Świąder, Piotr Belniak, et al. "Formulation and evaluation of sulfadimidine and trimethoprim tablets using wet granulation technique." Current Issues of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences 25, no. 2 (2012): 202–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.12923/j.2084-980x/25.2/a.21.
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Sanskar, Biradar*1 Tushar Gaikwad2. "Formulation and Evaluation of Multi Nutrition Herbal Tablet." International Journal of Scientific Research and Technology 2, no. 4 (2025): 244–49. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15199306.
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This study employs the wet granulation method to develop and evaluate a multi-nutrition, herbal tablet consisting of Tulsi, Cinnamon, Clove and Ginger. The objective is to assess the tablet's quality through various factors, including thickness, hardness, weight variation, and friability. These potent herbs are incorporated due to their nutritional and therapeutic properties. The ingredients are effectively transformed into a tablet form for easy consumption using the wet granulation technique. Analyzing the tablet's physical properties provides valuable insights into its effectiveness and user acceptance. The findings of this research could offer benefits for dietary supplementation and health by improving our understanding of the formulation and quality assessment of multi-nutrient herbal tablets.
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Zhao, Jie, Geng Tian, and Haibin Qu. "Pharmaceutical Application of Process Understanding and Optimization Techniques: A Review on the Continuous Twin-Screw Wet Granulation." Biomedicines 11, no. 7 (2023): 1923. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11071923.
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Twin-screw wet granulation (TSWG) is a method of continuous pharmaceutical manufacturing and a potential alternative method to batch granulation processes. It has attracted more and more interest nowadays due to its high efficiency, robustness, and applications. To improve both the product quality and process efficiency, the process understanding is critical. This article reviews the recent work in process understanding and optimization for TSWG. Various aspects of the progress in TSWG like process model construction, process monitoring method development, and the strategy of process control for TSWG have been thoroughly analyzed and discussed. The process modeling technique including the empirical model, the mechanistic model, and the hybrid model in the TSWG process are presented to increase the knowledge of the granulation process, and the influence of process parameters involved in granulation process on granule properties by experimental study are highlighted. The study analyzed several process monitoring tools and the associated technologies used to monitor granule attributes. In addition, control strategies based on process analytical technology (PAT) are presented as a reference to enhance product quality and ensure the applicability and capability of continuous manufacturing (CM) processes. Furthermore, this article aims to review the current research progress in an effort to make recommendations for further research in process understanding and development of TSWG.
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Mhaske, Padmaja K. "Formulation and Evaluation of Sustained Release Matrix Tablet Metformin Hydrochloride." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 6 (2023): 3535–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.54350.
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Abstract: The present study outlines a systematic approach for designing and development of Metformin Hydrochloride sustained release matrix tablets. Different formulations were formulated by wet granulation technique using Xanthan gum and HPMC K100M as polymers along with other excipients The formulations were evaluated for their physicochemical properties.
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Heim, Thomas, and Frank Kern. "Influence of the Feedstock Preparation on the Properties of Highly Filled Alumina Green-Body and Sintered Parts Produced by Fused Deposition of Ceramic." Ceramics 6, no. 1 (2023): 241–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ceramics6010014.
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This paper investigates new approaches for the blending and plastification of ceramic powder with a binder to form fused deposition of ceramic (FDC) feedstock. The fabrication of highly filled ceramic filaments was accomplished using the granulation by agitation technique, followed by twin-screw extruder homogenization and single-screw extruder filament extrusion. The feedstocks are based on alumina (Al2O3) powders, which were prepared with an industrial binder through three different routes: wet granulation, melt granulation and melt granulation with a suspension. After printing cubic samples and tensile test specimens on a commercial fused deposition modelling (FDM) printer, the properties of the resulting green-body and sintered parts were investigated. The green-body mechanical values are compared with results from commercially available filaments. Mixing the binder with the alumina powder and surfactant in a suspension produces the lowest viscosity and the best elongation at break.
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Subramonian, Sivarao, Md Radzai bin Said, Omar Rostam, et al. "Top Spray Fluidized Bed Granulated Paddy Urea Fertilizer." Applied Mechanics and Materials 606 (August 2014): 137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.606.137.
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Top spray granulation process is a common technique used widely in pharmaceutical, food and special chemical modification for fertilizer manufacturing. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of studies regarding to the description of controlled parameters with dynamic correlation in targeting to produce urea granules. Thus, this research was carried out to introduce the crucial applied process parameters using top spray technique for paddy urea fertilizer production.The acquisition process parameter readings were verified by obtained yield of urea granules (UG) which featured as an optimum particle diameter size from 2 mm to 6 mm with reasonable hardness (crush strength) in range 2.0 kg/granule to 4.0 kg/granule, these criteria were required as a slow - release mechanism during soil adsorption interaction in paddy field to reduce amount of fertilizer consumption. Three significant parameters have been selected namely as air inlet temperature, the viscosity of binder solution and rate of top spraying from starch liquid binder to generate greater UG size from wet granulation interaction with smooth coalescence and consolidation growth . The data classification was screened by One-Factor-at-a-Time (OFAT) 101 method and supported by 2 levels and 3 factors (23 ) of full factorial design for clear description to vindicate the critical parameter required during urea granulation using fluidized bed granulator corresponds to low energy consumption and economical process. The obtained parameter readings and findings of UG features were useful to be applied further for detail investigation on next stage regarding to agglomeration profile and mechanism using CCD camera and PDA monitoring devices.
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Lee, Kai T., Andy Ingram, and Neil A. Rowson. "Twin screw wet granulation: The study of a continuous twin screw granulator using Positron Emission Particle Tracking (PEPT) technique." European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics 81, no. 3 (2012): 666–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.04.011.
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Kotamarthy, Lalith, Chaitanya Sampat, and Rohit Ramachandran. "Development of a Granule Growth Regime Map for Twin Screw Wet Granulation Process via Data Imputation Techniques." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 10 (2022): 2211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14102211.
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Twin screw granulation (TSG) is a continuous wet granulation technique that is used widely across different solid manufacturing industries. The TSG has been recognized to have numerous advantages due to its modular design and continuous manufacturing capabilities, including processing a wide range of formulations. However, it is still not widely employed at the commercial scale because of the lack of holistic understanding of the process. This study addresses that problem via. the mechanistic development of a regime map that considers the complex interactions between process, material, and design parameters, which together affect the final granule quality. The advantage of this regime map is that it describes a more widely applicable quantitative technique that can predict the granule growth behavior in a TSG. To develop a robust regime map, a database of various input parameters along with the resultant final granule quality attributes was created using previously published literature experiments. Missing data for several quality attributes was imputed using various data completion techniques while maintaining physical significance. Mechanistically relevant non-dimensional X and Y axis that quantify the physical phenomena occurring during the granulation were developed to improve the applicability and predictability of the regime map. The developed regime map was studied based on process outcomes and granule quality attributes to identify and create regime boundaries for different granule growth regimes. In doing so breakage-dominant growth was incorporated into the regime map, which is very important for TSG. The developed regime map was able to accurately explain the granule growth regimes for more than 90% of the studied experimental points. These experimental were generated at vastly different material, design, and process parameters across various studies in the literature, this further increases the confidence in the developed regime map.
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B., Divya* J. Sreekanth D. Satyavati. "FORMULATION AND EVALUATION PARAMETERS OF EXTENDED-RELEASE TABLETS OF ILAPRAZOLE BY USING NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC POLYMERS." Journal of Pharma Research 05, no. 12 (2016): 256–67. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6413946.
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ABSTRACT Ilaprazole is a Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI), an anti-acidic drugused in the treatment of dyspepsia, peptic and duodenal ulcer disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).Ilaprazole at oral doses of 10 mg has shown higher suppression of gastric acid secretion and more prolonged plasma half-life, and similar safety compared to 20 mg omeprazole. Elimination half-life for Ilaprazole ranged from 4.7 to 5.3 h, Administration of Ilaprazole in an extended-release dosage form would be more desirable by maintaining the plasma drug concentrations at a prolonged period of time. It will be more beneficial in maintaining nocturnal gastric pH<4. The main objective to formulate and evaluate extended-release matrix tablets of Ilaprazole by wet granulation technique by using natural polymers and synthetic polymers. The granules were evaluated by angle of repose, Bulk and Tapped density, Hausner’s ratio, Carr’s index. The tablets were subjected to Thickness, Weight variation, Drug content, Hardness, Friability and In-vitro drug release studies. The Physicochemical properties of tablets were found within the limits. In-vitro dissolution study was carried out for first 2 hrs in 0.1N Hcl and remaining 10 hrs in 6.8 PH Phosphate buffer as a dissolution medium. Based on the results F-21 (Drug: Eudragit RSPO ratio 1:2) formulation was chosen as a best among all the formulations in the point of drug release and mechanism. The release mechanisms were explored and explained with Zero order, First order, Higuchi, Peppas. Keywords: Ilaprazole, wet granulation technique, Eudragit RSPO, Zero-order Kinetics
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B. H. Al-Khedairy, Eman. "In Vitro Release Study on Capsules and Tablets Containing Enteric - Coated Granules Prepared by Wet Granulation." Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ( P-ISSN: 1683 - 3597 , E-ISSN : 2521 - 3512) 15, no. 1 (2017): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31351/vol15iss1pp49-52.
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Wet granulation method was used instead of conventional pan coating or fluidized –bed coating technique to prepare enteric-coated diclofenac sodium granules, using ethanolic solution of EudragitTM L100 as coating, binding and granulating agent .Addition of PEG400 or di-n-butyl phthalate as a plasticizer was found to improve the enteric property of the coat.
 Part of the resulted granules was filled in hard gelatin capsules (size 0), while the other part was compressed into tablets with and without disintegrant.
 The release profile of these two dosage forms in 0.1N HCl (pH 1.2)for 2 hours, and in phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) for 45 minutes as well as the release kinetic were compared with that of the enteric film coated Voltadin (R) SDI tablets.
 The results of this study show that, the prepared dosage forms have a good enteric property, with faster release of drug from encapsulated enteric-coated granules in comparison with compressed tablets.
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Afzal, Muhammad, Firoz Anwar, Md Shamim Ashraf, et al. "Formulation and evaluation of sustained release matrix tablet of rabeprazole using wet granulation technique." Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences 6, no. 3 (2014): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0975-7406.130961.
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Antil, Anita, Sukhbir Singh, Naleem Sharma, and Rahul Sharma. "Formulation Development and Evaluation of Taste Masked Anthelmintics Chewable Tablets by Using Fluid Bed Processor Technique." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (2022): 9003–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.9003ecst.
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Human helminthic infections are prevalent and have serious world health consequences. Praziquantel is frequently recommended anthelmintic therapy provided in tablet form for the oral treatment of schistosome infections. The goal of this study is to create and analyze a patient-friendly flavor masked anthelmintics chewable tablet of Praziquantel using Eudragit® EPO using a "granules coating technology" using a Fluid Bed Processor GPCG 1.1. (Top Spray). This strategy is better as compared to coating of Praziquantel granules with Eudragit EPO in Rapid Mixer Granulator. Due to its limited water solubility, the formulation disintegrates and dissolves slowly at high pH. Drug release was >98% in 60 min. The key excipient in chewable tablets incorporate flavor enhancing agent and sweetening agent. By using wet granulation process the tablet are prepared. Chewable tablets are evaluated by chemical and physical evaluation methods. Physical methods and chemical method include appearance, hardness, friability, disintegration, dissolution, drug content, dosage uniformity, accelerated stability studies, and sensory evaluation.
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Fekete, Roman, Peter Peciar, Martin Juriga, et al. "Pressure and Liquid Distribution under the Blade of a Basket Extruder of Continuous Wet Granulation of Model Material." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 8, no. 3 (2024): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8030127.
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This study explores the influence of blade design on the low-pressure extrusion process, which is relevant to techniques like spheronization. We investigate how blade geometry affects the extruded paste and final product properties. A model paste was extruded through a basket extruder with varying blade lengths to create distinct wedge gaps (20°, 26° and 32° contact angles). The theoretical analysis explored paste behavior within the gap and extrudate. A model material enabled objective comparison across blade shapes. Our findings reveal a significant impact of blade design on the pressure profile, directly influencing liquid distribution in the paste and extrudate. It also affects the required torque relative to extruder output. The findings of this study hold significant implications for continuous granulation, a technique employed in the pharmaceutical industry for producing granules with uniform size and properties. Understanding the influence of blade geometry on the extrusion process can lead to the development of optimized blade designs that enhance granulation efficiency, improve product quality, and reduce energy consumption. By tailoring blade geometry, manufacturers can achieve more consistent granule characteristics, minimize process variability, and ultimately produce pharmaceuticals with enhanced efficacy.
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Tambe, Bhavana Dnyandeo. "Formulation and Evaluation of Paracetamol Effervescent Tablet." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development 9, no. 4 (2021): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajprd.v9i4.982.
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Oral dosage forms are the most popular way of taking medication, despite having some disadvantages compared with other methods like risk of slow absorption of the medicament, which can be overcome by administering the drug in liquid form, therefore, possibly allowing the use of a lower dosage. However, instability of many drugs in liquid dosage form limits its use. Effervescent technique can be used as alternate to develop a dosage form which can accelerate drug disintegration and dissolution, is usually applied in quick release preparations. The tablet is added into a glass of water just before administration and the drug solution or dispersion is to be drunk immediately. The tablet is quickly broken apart by internal liberation of CO2 in water due to interaction between tartaric acid and citric acid with alkali metal carbonates or bicarbonates in presence of water. Due to liberation in CO2 gas, the dissolution of API in water as well as taste masking effect is enhanced Along with the development of new pharmaceutical technique, effervescent tablet are more and more extensively to adjust the behavior of drug release, such as in sustained and controlled release preparations, pulsatile drug delivery systems, and so on. In present work an attempt has been made to formulate an effervescent tablet containing immediate release of paracetamol using various acids and bases. In present work we are used different acids and bases in different concentration. The formulation of tablets was done by using wet granulation as well as dry granulation in that technique wet granulation which was found acceptable. Then formulated tablets were evaluated for hardness, friability, weight variation, and disintegration time . From study it was concluded that F5 shows the better result than the F1, F2, and F3 & F4.
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Draksiene, Gailute, Brigita Venclovaite, Lauryna Pudziuvelyte, Liudas Ivanauskas, Mindaugas Marksa, and Jurga Bernatoniene. "Natural Polymer Chitosan as Super Disintegrant in Fast Orally Disintegrating Meloxicam Tablets: Formulation and Evaluation." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 6 (2021): 879. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13060879.
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The aim of the present investigation was to formulate fast disintegrating tablets of meloxicam by wet granulation technique using medium molecular weight chitosan. The orally disintegrating tablets of meloxicam with chitosan showed good mechanical and disintegration properties and good dissolution rate when prepared in tablet press using 10.8 kN and 11.0 kN compression force. Chitosan is a suitable biopolymer to moderate the disintegration process in orally disintegrating tablets.
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Pawar, Sandip R., Anil S. Mahajan, Md Rageeb, Md Usman, Tanvir Y. Shaikh, and Bharat V. Jain. "Development and Evaluation of Oral Fast Disintegrating Tablets of Warfarin Prepared by Wet Granulation Technique." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research 65, no. 1 (2020): 156–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.47583/ijpsrr.2020.v65i01.023.
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Tran, Bao Ngoc, Hiep Tuan Tran, Giang Thi Le, et al. "Solidifying Fenofibrate Nanocrystal Suspension: A Scalable Approach via Granulation Method." Journal of Nanomaterials 2023 (December 26, 2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/1672030.
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The pharmaceutical industry has highlighted particle-size reduction via preparing aqueous suspensions containing nano- or submicron drug particles. Owing to the risk of agglomeration and complications during the manufacturing of solid dosage forms, the problems associated with the solidification of nanosuspensions need to be addressed. Herein, the nanocrystallized suspension of fenofibrate (Feno) was prepared using the wet-milling technique, and then two solidification methods, mixing (liquid mixing) and granulation (dry powder blending and wet massing) methods, were investigated. The solidification process involved the adsorption of Feno as a very thin layer on the high-surface-area Florite® to prevent drug accumulation. The critical quality attributes, particle size and dissolution rate, were performed. Infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and scanning electron microscopy were also used to monitor the existence and physical state of drug molecules in the carrier. The final solidified powders and tablets containing Feno nanocrystals improved the dissolution profile (>90% in 15 min), in which the physical properties of Feno were maintained during solidification and tableting. In general, the granulation method is more advantageous than the mixing method in terms of maintaining amorphous proportion and dissolution rate. These results implied a potential approach for manufacturing solid dosage forms from nanoscale products.
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Waleed, Shahad Qutaiba. "Effect of HPMC Concentration and Liquid Addition Method on granules properties using High-Shear Wet Granulator." Reaktor 24, no. 3 (2025): 102–8. https://doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.24.3.102-108.
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Enhancing the physical properties of medicinal powders is largely dependent on the granulation process. This study investigates how the concentration of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and the liquid addition technique (pouring versus syringe) interact to affect the distribution of granule sizes and its porosity in a high-shear mixer setup. Both a 5% HPMC solution and distilled water (0% HPMC) were used to granulate calcium carbonate powder. The results showed that while excessive liquid addition using the pouring method led to uneven growth and agglomeration, an increase in binder viscosity improved granule homogeneity. On the other hand, the syringe method provided more uniform granules, showing its effectiveness in achieving controlled nucleation and growth. The impact of these parameters on granule characteristics was further supported by the design of response surface plots and models made easier by statistical analysis using Design-Expert software. The study's findings provide important information for improving wet granulation methods in the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals, especially with regards to guaranteeing the stability and uniformity of the final product.
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Miyamoto, Yousuke, Shigeo Ogawa, Masaharu Miyajima, et al. "An application of the computer optimization technique to wet granulation process involving explosive growth of particles." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 149, no. 1 (1997): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-5173(96)04853-3.
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Muddu, Shashank Venkat, Lalith Kotamarthy, and Rohit Ramachandran. "A Semi-Mechanistic Prediction of Residence Time Metrics in Twin Screw Granulation." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 3 (2021): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13030393.
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This work is concerned with the semi-mechanistic prediction of residence time metrics using historical data from mono-component twin screw wet granulation processes. From the data, several key parameters such as powder throughput rate, shafts rotation speed, liquid binder feed ratio, number of kneading elements in the shafts and the stagger angle between the kneading elements were identified and physical factors were developed to translate those varying parameters into expressions affecting the key intermediate phenomena in the equipment, holdup, flow and mixing. The developed relations were then tested across datasets to evaluate the performance of the model, applying a k-fold optimization technique. The semi-mechanistic predictions were evaluated both qualitatively through the main effects plots and quantitatively through the parity plots and correlations between the tuning constants across datasets. The root mean square error (RMSE) was used as a metric to compare the degree of goodness of fit for different datasets using the developed semi-mechanistic relations. In summary this paper presents a new approach at estimating both the residence time metrics in twin screw wet granulation, mean residence time (MRT) and variance through semi-mechanistic relations, the validity of which have been tested for different datasets.
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Jangid, Vikash, Arindam Chatterjee, Saurabh Pandey, Vikash Agarwal, and Deeksha Sharma. "Formulation and Evaluation of Bi-Layer Tablet of Nebivolol and Nateglinide." Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research 12, no. 3 (2023): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.32553/jbpr.v12i3.993.
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In the present work, the Bilayered matrix type tablet were prepared by direct and wet granulation technique, in which immediate release layer ( by direct compression) contains Nebivolol and extended release layer (by wet granulation) contains Nateglinide. All the developed bilayer tablets were evaluated for weight variation, friability, thickness and hardness. The percent deviation from the average weight, friability, thickness and hardness was found to be within the prescribed official limits. Release profile of Nebivolol from formulations indicate that lower MCC (Formulations CF1 and CF3) and lactose (Formulation CF3) content displayed higher release rates as compared to formulation with higher MCC and lactose content (Formulation CF2). Also the concentration of KYRON T-314 is also found to influence the release rate of the drug. It was found that formulation containing the highest concentration of superdisintegrants (Formulation CF3) has grater release then other subsequent formulations (Formulations CF1 and CF3). Similarly, the release profile of Nateglinide from formulations indicate that lower HPMC K15M (Formulation CF3) and lactose (Formulation CF3) content displayed higher release rates as compared to formulation with individual HPMC K15M, HPMC K100M, EC (Formulations CF1 and CF2) and higher lactose content (Formulations CF1 and CF2).
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Dr. Payal N. Vaja, Dr Payal N. Vaja, and Mr Uttamkumar V. Rakholiya Mr. Uttamkumar V. Rakholiya. "Formulation and Optimization of Fast Dissolving Tablets of Omeprazole Using Design of Experiments (DoE) Approach." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Applications 10, no. 3 (2025): 1550–61. https://doi.org/10.35629/4494-100315501561.
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Objective The main objective of this study was to formulate and evaluate fast dissolving tablets of Omeprazole using direct compression and wet granulation methods and to compare their performance based on various physicochemical parameters and compare the drug release profiles of different formulations to identify the most effective formulation for rapid disintegration and maximum drug release. Method Formulations were developed using direct compression method and formulation variables such as superdisintegrant and binder concentrations were optimized using Box-Behnken Design (BBD). The tablets were evaluated for pre-compression and post-compression parameters such as hardness, friability, weight variation, wetting time, disintegration time, and in-vitro drug release. Drugexcipient compatibility was confirmed through FTIR analysis. Result The optimized formulation showed a drug release of 99.97% within 12 minutes and rapid disintegration. In contrast, wet granulation tablets had higher hardness but slower disintegration, making them less suitable for fast release. Conclusion The study concludes that the direct compression method, particularly with crospovidone superdisintegrants , is the most effective technique for formulating Omeprazole fast dissolving tablets. This formulation offers rapid disintegration and enhanced drug release, making it a suitable alternative for conventional oral dosage forms.
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D. V. R. N., Bhikshapathi, Arun Kumar Jarathi, Suresh Gande, Viswaja Medipally, and Ramesh Bomma. "Gastroretentive Floating Capsules of Risedronate Sodium: Development, Optimization, in vitro and in vivo Evaluation in Healthy Human Volunteers." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology 8, no. 2 (2015): 2835–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2015.8.2.6.
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Background and the purpose of the study: Risedronate sodium inhibits osteoclast bone resorption and modulates bone metabolism. Risedronate has a high affinity for hydroxyapatite crystals in bone and is a potent antiresorptive agent. In the present investigation efforts were made to improve the bioavailability of risedronate sodium by increasing the residence time of the drug through sustained-release matrix capsule formulation via gastroretentive mechanism. Capsules were prepared by wet granulation technique. The influence of gel forming agents, amount of risedronate and total weight of capsules on physical properties, in vitro buoyancy, drug release, FTIR, DSC, X-ray studies were investigated. The release mechanisms were explored and explained by applying zero order, first order, Higuchi and Korsmeyer equations. The selected formulations were subjected to stability study at 40 °C/75% RH, 25 °C/60% RH for the period of three months. For all formulations, kinetics of drug release from capsules followed Higuchi’s square root of time kinetic treatment heralding diffusion as predominant mechanism of drug release. Formulation containing 25 mg HPMC K4M and 75 mg HPMC K100 LV (F-8) showed zero order release profile. There was no significant change in the selected formulation, when subjected to accelerated stability conditions over a period of three months. X-ray imaging in six healthy human volunteers revealed a mean gastric retention period of 5.60 ± 0.77 hrs for the selected formulation. Stable, sustained release effervescent floating capsules of risedronate sodium could be prepared by wet granulation technique.
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Kavita, Dindawar, B. M. Supriya, and Kolageri Shivanand. "Effect of Lubricants on Properties of Conventional Tablets of Antihypertensive Drugs from Different Biopharmaceutical Classification System." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development 11, no. 5 (2023): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajprd.v11i5.1303.
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 Background: Hypertension is a long-term medical condition in which blood pressure in the arteries is elevated. Hypertension causes coronary artery disease, stroke, heartfailure; kidney diseases etc.to over come hypertension, antihypertensive drugs are used.
 Objectives: The aim of present work was to find out effectsof lubricants on properties of conventionaltablets containing antihypertensive drugs from different BCS class. Antihypertensive drugs suchas Metoprolol succinate, and Atenolol were selected which represented BCS class I, and II respectively.
 Methods: Lubricants are the essential components of all solid dosage forms. Sodium stearyl fumarate, a hydrophilic lubricant was compared with Magnesium stearate,a conventional hydrophobic lubricant. Uncoatedtabletswereprepared either by direct compression or wet granulation technique employing sodium stearyl fumarate or magnesium stearate as a lubricant at 1% or 2%, mixing time of lubricants was varied as 3 and 6mins.
 Results: Irrespective of class of drug, concentration, mixing time and processing method sodium stearyl fumarate turned out to be effective as tablet lubricant than Magnesium stearate. Both the Lubricants, when used at lower concentration and shorter mixing time resulted in superior tablets properties.Direc tcompression method gave better results than wet granulation technique. Both Sodium stearyl fumarate and Magnesium stearate (1%, 3min) were subjected to storage at400± 20C/ 75% RH for 90 days to check effect of aging and storage.
 Conclusion: According to at the end of storage period up on investigating for different tablet properties there were no significan tchanges observed.
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Abbas, Muhammad, Musharraf Abbas, Fatima Tariq, Rabiya Yasin, and Muhammad Nabeel. "Formulation and evaluation of chewable tablets of Desloratadine prepared by aqueous and non-aqueous techniques." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 10, no. 1 (2020): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v10i1.3796.
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In the modern era, chewable tablets are preferred over conventional dosage forms by pediatric, geriatric and bedridden patients due to difficulty in swallowing, lesser amount of water for swallowing medications as well as unable to tolerate the bitter taste of certain drugs. Chewable tablets of Desloratadine (DS) were formulated by aqueous and non-aqueous granulation method using water paste and Isopropyl alcohol (IPA) as a wetting agents respectively. Desloratadine is used to treat the symptoms of allergy such as sneezing, watery eyes. In the recent research, we have formulated eight trials by various concentrations of excipients. For instance; lactose, talcum, magnesium stearate, blue color, flavor, aspartame, mannitol, avicel 101 and polyvenylpyrollidine (PVP). Pre-compression and post compression parameters (thickness, hardness, friability weight variation and drug content) of the formulations were evaluated. B3 was our optimum dosage form because its Hausner’s ratio, compressibility index, bulk density, tap density, angle of repose have optimum values i.e. 1.01, 5.1%, 0.66(g/cc), 0.69(g/cc), 26.1º respectively and post-compression i.e. thickness, hardness, friability weight variation and drug content have values, 2.9mm, 3.9(kg/cm²), 0.6%, 99.5% respectively. Tablets prepared by wet granulation technique showed reasonable release profile i.e. 100% within the required time i.e. 2 hours. Moreover, organoleptic evaluation of all formulations were performed.
 Keywords: Desloratadine, chewable, magnesium stearate, aspartame, compressibility, granulation.
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Adhikari, Diwas, Sharada Pokhrel, Meenakshi Kandwal, Arti Kori, and Shivanand Patil. "Study on Synergistic Effect of Dioctyl Sodium Sulfosuccinate, Sodium Starch Glycolate and Crospovidone on Drug Release Profile of Orodispersible Tablets of Rizatriptan Benzoate." Journal of Drug Discovery and Health Sciences 1, no. 04 (2024): 244–48. https://doi.org/10.21590/jddhs.01.04.08.
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Orodispersible Tablets are expected to have disintegration rapidly within the mouth cavity. To overcome the problems of solid dosage forms and to facilitate the patients with easy swallowing tablets pharmaceutical companies have formulated Oral Disintegrating Tablets, which disintegrate in saliva, within few seconds. Rizatriptan Benzoate can be formulated as Orodispersible tablet successfully by using the wet granulation process. Crospovidone, SSG and DOSS were used in the varying concentrations during the formulation. Other excipients like Microcrystalline Cellulose, Sodium Stearyl Fumarate, Colloidal Silicon Dioxide (Aerosil), and aspartame were also used and IPA was used as the solvent in the wet granulation technique Nine different formulations were prepared. Formulation containing SSG in the intermediate concentration and Crospovidone in the higher concentration in presence of DOSS showed the least time for disintegration and highest amount of In-vitro drug release. DOSS helps to facilitate the dissolution rate of the dosage forms. Thus the Formulations containing DOSS along with the other Superdisintegrant help to increase the dissolution rate of the dosage forms. Formulation containing highest concentration of SSG, lowest concentration of Crospovidone and without the use of DOSS showed the maximum Disintegration time compared and lowest dissolution rate. SSG in concentration greater than 8% shows gelling and viscosity producing effects which results increase in DT and decreased dissolution rate.
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D, Nagasamy Venkatesh, Sankar S, S. N. Meyyanathan, K. Elango, B. Suresh, and Santhi K. "Design and Development of Prochlorperazine Maleate Sustained Release Tablets: Influence of Hydrophilic Polymers on the Release rate and In vitro Evaluation." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology 3, no. 2 (2010): 965–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2010.3.2.10.
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The objective of the present investigation was to develop and evaluate sustained release matrix tablets of prochlorperazine maleate employing different types and levels of hydrophilic matrix agents namely hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), carbopol and combination of these polymers by wet granulation technique. Prior to compression process, the prepared granules were evaluated for its flow and compression characteristics. The in vitro dissolution of the newly formulated sustained release tablets were compared with standard formulation. The excipients used in this study did not alter the physicochemical properties of the drug, as indicated by the thermal analysis using differential scanning calorimetry technique. The flow and compression characteristics of the prepared granules significantly improved by virtue of granulation process. Also, the prepared matrix tablets showed good mechanical properties in terms of hardness and friability. HPMC based tablet formulations alone showed high release retarding efficiency as compared to carbopol, carbopol and HPMC combinations. The studies indicated that the drug release can be modulated by varying concentrations of polymers. Mathematical analysis of the release kinetics indicated the nature of the drug release from the matrix tablets followed quasi-fickian obeying first order kinetics.
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Madgulkar, Ashwini R., Mangesh R. Bhalekar, Aishwarya Deepak Vaidya, Pauroosh Kaushal, and R. P. Mudalwadkar. "Development of Hot Melt Coating Technique for Taste Masking of Chloroquine Phosphate Tablets." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 9, no. 4-s (2019): 562–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i4-s.3213.
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In the present study to mask the unpleasant taste of chloroquine phosphate, hot melt coating technique was used as a taste masking tool. Hot melt coating is a solvent free technology grants rapid, additionally economical coating process with reduced risk of dissolving drug during process and provide uniform application rate of coating agent. Precirol ATO 5 was used as hot melt coating material for taste masking. Tablets were prepared by wet granulation method and coated using hot melt coating technique. Coated tablets exhibited good uniformity of drug content. Amount of drug release from all batches were evaluated. Taste evaluation of hot melt coated tablets was done by using electronic tongue.PrecirolATO5 was found to be a better taste masking agent when used by hot melt coating technique.
 Keywords: Precirol ATO 5, Hot melt coating, taste masking.
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NK, Shinde, and Mane DV. "Development and Evaluation of Antifungal Drug Product by Solid Dispersion Technique using Drug Coating and Seal Coating Approach (Itraconazole Capsules 100 mg)." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY TECHNOLOGY 14, no. 04 (2024): 1116–23. https://doi.org/10.25258/ijddt.14.4.28.
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A very important stage in developing and preserving the quality of any pharmaceutical drug product is validation. Drug product validation creates the written proof that offers a high level of certainty that a manufacturing process will reliably provide a product with predefined standards and quality features. Studying the process performance certification of the drug product Itraconazole Capsules 100 mg Immediate Release Capsule dosage form was the primary goal of my research. The research conducted here guarantees that the production process is appropriate for the intended use and that the final product continuously satisfies predefined requirements and quality standards. Sifting, dry mixing, wet granulation, drying, sizing, blending, lubrication, capsule filling, packing, and analysis of in-process tests and final product are only a few of the processes in the production process that are covered in depth. This study used developmental research to identify Critical Process Parameters (CPPs) that were involved in sifting, dry mixing, wet granulation, drying, sizing, blending, and capsule filling. The CPPs were then assessed during the process validation study. All of the critical quality attributes (also known as critical control parameters) were monitored during this process, including blend uniformity (BU), water content, blend physical characteristics, capsule physical parameters, description, water content (final product), dissolution, dosage unit uniformity, assay, degradation products, and microbiological examination. Following discussion and analysis of the analytical data, it may be said that this manufacturing process can reliably produce a product that satisfies its predefined specifications and quality features. As a result, the medicinal product's manufacturing method has been verified and is suitable for regular production of 100 mg Itraconazole Capsules.
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Ansari, K. Kareemuddin, and Neeraj Sharma. "Formulation and evaluation of orodispersible tablets of lornoxicam." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 8, no. 6 (2018): 225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v8i6.2058.
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Orodispersible tablets (ODTs), also known as fast melt, quick melts, fast disintegrating have the unique property of disintegrating in the mouth in seconds without chewing and the need of water. The purpose of this investigation was to develop mouth dissolving tablets of Lornoxicam using KYRON T-314 (Polacrillin Potassium) as a novel superdisintegrant. Mouth dissolving tablets of lornoxicam were prepared by wet granulation technique using KYRON T-314 as superdisintegrant and menthol as subliming agent. The present study demonstrated potentials for rapid absorption, improved bioavailability, effective therapy and patient compliance.
 Keywords: KYRON T-314, Mouth dissolving tablet, Lornoxicam, Subliming agent, Superdisintegrant
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Shahidulla, SM, and Tayyaba Jeelani. "Formulation and In-Vitro Evaluation of Taste Masked Fast Disintegrating Tablets of Labetalol Hydrochloride by Wet Granulation Technique." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 9, no. 4-A (2019): 442–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i4-a.3506.
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Labetalol Hydrochloride is a β-blocker generally indicated for the treatment of hypertension, and it is extensively metabolized due to the hepatic metabolism. In the present work, an attempt was made to mask the taste by Solid Dispersion technique, with a formulation into Fast Disintegrating dosage form, using superdisintegrants such as Cross carmellose sodium (CCS), crospovidone (CP) and sodium starch glycolate (SSG). The complexes of Labetalol hydrochloride with HP-β-CD (1:3 ratio) were prepared by Co-precipitation method. Using the drug HP-β-CD complex, Fast Disintegrating tablets were prepared by Wet granulation Technique and evaluated for hardness, friability, weight variation, thickness, disintegrating time (DT), In-vitro dispersion time and dissolution rate. The results of Direct compression optimized formulation WG9 (Sodium Starch Glycolate 15mg and Starch paste 18mg) has shown the % Drug release of 99.97%, In-vitro Dispersion time of 16 Secs respectively.
 Keywords: Solid dispersions, fast disintegrating tablets, Labetalol, Crospovidone, Croscarmellose sodium and Sodium starch glycolate.
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Bookya, Padmaja, Ramakrishna Raparla, Ramakrishna Raparla, et al. "FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF METFORMIN HYDROCHLORIDE SUSTAINED-RELEASE ORAL MATRIX TABLETS." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, no. 3 (2018): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i3.21211.
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Objective: The aim of this investigation was to develop and optimize metformin hydrochloride matrix tablets for sustained release application. The sustained release matrix tablet of metformin hydrochloride was prepared by wet granulation technique using chitosan, xanthan gum, and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose at varying concentrations.Material and Methods: Extended release of metformin hydrochloride matrix tablets was prepared by wet granulation method. The influence of varying the polymer ratios was evaluated. The excipients used in this study did not alter physicochemical properties of the drug.Results: All the batches were evaluated for thickness, weight variation, hardness, and drug content uniformity. The in vitro drug dissolution study was carried out using USP apparatus Type II, paddle method, and the release mechanisms were explored. Mean dissolution time is used to characterize drug release rate from a dosage form and indicates the drug release is retarding efficiency of the polymer. This study revealed that as the concentration of matrix material increased, drug release from matrices decreased. This may be due to slower penetration of the dissolution medium into the matrices.Conclusion: Formulation with chitosan MS1 drug release was 86%, xanthan gum MS489%, and finally MS7 with hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose which exhibited the highest drug release retardation also had the lowest matrix concentration. Hence, lower concentration of polymers is suitable to prepare metformin hydrochloride tablets compared to higher concentrations.
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Nikita, Bhosale, Velhal Atish, Redasani Vivek Kumar, Raut Poonam, and Varda Joshi. "An Overview Onsustained Release Formulations Using Solid Dispersion as Solubility Enhancement Technique." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development 11, no. 3 (2023): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajprd.v11i3.1257.
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Biopharmaceutical classification system is important for determining the bioavailability of the drug. Drugs that dissolve slowly in water can be effectively solid-dispersed to increase their bioavailability. The bioavailability issue can be due to insufficient solubility of permeability. The poorly water-soluble medication dissolves more quickly when combined with the water-soluble carriers used to make solid dispersion. The review paper concentrates on the preparation techniques, benefits, drawbacks, and characterization of solid dispersion. Pharmaceuticals with sustained release have recently emerged as a very practical tool in medical practise, providing patients with a variety of real and perceived benefits. By minimising fluctuations in Using the therapeutic dose of the medicine in the body, sustained release is another promising reduction technique side effects. The major methods for creating tablets with a sustained release matrix are wet granulation, direct compression, or dispersion. In this review paper got the information about various polymers and different methods which are used for the formulate the sustained release tablet.
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Maity, Siddhartha, and Biswanath Sa. "Development and Evaluation of Ca+ 2 Ion Cross-Linked Carboxymethyl Xanthan Gum Tablet Prepared by Wet Granulation Technique." AAPS PharmSciTech 15, no. 4 (2014): 920–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1208/s12249-014-0123-x.
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Herman Yosef Limpat Wihastyoko, Ellenora Resti Mustikaningrat, Dorothea Respa Kusumaningrat, Gisella Sekar Wruhastanti, and Yohana Joni. "USING OF NEGATIVE WOUND PRESSURE THERAPY (NPWT): A CASE SERIES OF WOUND DISRUPTION AS A COMPLICATION OF A CAESAREAN SECTION." Jurnal Rekonstruksi dan Estetik 9, no. 1 (2024): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jre.v9i1.53349.
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Highlights: Surgical site infection during caesarean section can cause complications, thereby increasing maternal mortality and morbidity, especially in groups at risk. VAC therapy can stimulate granulation tissue formation so that primary wound junctions occur. VAC shows its ability to close wounds entirely within 3-4 weeks. Abstract: Introduction: Wound disruption following caesarean sections is a common issue that can increase maternal mortality and morbidity. Several factors have been identified, including maternal, procedural, and antibiotic factors. The re-suturing method, primer, and secondary suture often fail, causing recurrent and delayed healing. Case Illustration: CASE 1: A 26-year-old woman, 7 days post-caesarean section, presented with a wet wound and yellowish serous fluid. Three weeks later, wound dehiscence occurred despite re-debridement and re-suturing. Subsequent installation of VAC resulted in granulation tissue and re-epithelialization. CASE 2: A 32-year-old woman, 14 days post-caesarean section, complained of weakness and pus in the surgical wound. Upon examination, a red-yellowish fluid was found, indicating wound dehiscence. Re-debridement and VAC installation led to the formation of granulation tissue and re-epithelialization. Discussion: VAC is the new wound care technique that suctions or collects excess exudate that absorbent gauze cannot accommodate. In comparison, absorbent gauze is limited in its capacity to absorb the fluid that produced in wounds. An innovation where the use of VAC, which has a negative pressure function, can stimulate granulation tissue to form and can bind the edges of the wound so that it can close naturally. Conclusion: In instances of wound disruption following surgery, such as in the case of a caesarean section, it may be prudent to contemplate re-debridement followed by re-suturing. VAC presents itself as a viable alternative for managing wound dehiscence until the formation of granulation tissue.