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Journal articles on the topic 'Wet high intensity magnetic separator (WHIMS)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 June 2025

Last updated: 2 August 2025

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1

Alhaddad, Mohammed S., and Hussin A. M. Ahmed. "Comparing Dry and Wet High-Intensity Magnetic Separation for Iron Removal from Low-Grade Magnesite Ore." Afinidad. Journal of Chemical Engineering Theoretical and Applied Chemistry 82, no. 605 (2025): 351–58. https://doi.org/10.55815/432102.

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This paper investigates the removal of iron impurities from a low-grade Saudi magnesite ore (37.68% MgO and 1.91% Fe2O3). Both wet and dry high-intensity magnetic separation techniques were explored. In dry magnetic separation using an Outotec-induced roll magnetic, the feed size, feed rate, magnetic field, and roll speed were optimized. On the other hand, using a WHIMS laboratory wet high magnetic separator, the studied parameters were slurry flow rate, magnetic field, and pulp density. The results show that a maximum iron removal of 72.32% can be achieved using DHIMS (product with 0.71% Fe2O

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Ventura, Ricardo B., Alan K. Rêgo Rêgo Segundo, and Thiago A. M. Euzébio. "A Simple Real-Time Method for Detecting Low Performance in Wet High-Intensity Magnetic Separators (WHIMSs) Due to Coil Malfunction." Inventions 10, no. 3 (2025): 35. https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions10030035.

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Wet High-Intensity Magnetic Separators (WHIMSs) have become well established in mineral processing operations by efficiently separating particles based on their magnetic properties. While the existing literature extensively discusses WHIMS performance under varying operational conditions, there is a notable absence of attention to the degradation of coils over time and methods for its detection. In this paper, we address this gap by proposing a novel approach to detect coil degradation in WHIMSs, enabling timely maintenance interventions to maintain optimal performance. Through experimental an

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Costantine Joannes, Ismail Ibrahim, Tinesha Selvaraj, Roshaida Arbain, and Anuar Othman. "Comparative Methods on The Upgrading of Fe Goethite Iron Ore." International Journal of Nanoelectronics and Materials (IJNeaM) 17, December (2024): 155–63. https://doi.org/10.58915/ijneam.v17idecember.1620.

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Iron ore is one of the most vital supplies in the world after oil, and its demand has increased intensely in the last two decades. Goethite (α-FeO(OH)) is an iron oxyhydroxide containing ferric iron ore that exists abundantly in the earth's crust however, it consists of Fe with a low grade which makes it an unfavourable resource. Thus, Fe upgrading and economic consideration of such ore are crucial. The analysis result of the iron ore rock sample taken from Kelantan comprises 51.98% Fe, 4.01% Si, 1.99% Al, 0.0053% Mn, 0.0023% P, 0.6103% C and 0.0460% S. Yet, based on XRF and XRD results, the r

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Ozun, Savas, Semsettin Ulutas, and Sema Yurdakul. "Recovery of High-Alkali-Grade Feldspar Substitute from Phonolite Tailings." Processes 13, no. 8 (2025): 2334. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13082334.

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Phonolite is a fine-grained, shallow extrusive rock rich in alkali minerals and containing iron/titanium-bearing minerals. This rock is widely used as a construction material for building exteriors due to its excellent abrasion resistance and insulation properties. However, during the cutting process, approximately 70% of the rock is discarded as tailing. So, this study aims to repurpose tailings from a phonolite cutting and sizing plant into a high-alkali ceramic raw mineral concentrate. To enable the use of phonolite tailings in ceramic manufacturing, it is necessary to remove coloring iron/

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Ribeiro, José Pancrácio, and Claudio Henrique T. Ribeiro. "New mega-sized wet high intensity magnetic separator: a cost-effective solution to reclaim iron ore fines from tailing dams." Rem: Revista Escola de Minas 66, no. 4 (2013): 529–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0370-44672013000400019.

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Ten years of continuous research and development have led to a major improvement in the field of iron ore Wet High Intensity Magnetic Separation - WHIMS. With this cutting-edge technology, Gaustec has established a new world record in this class of Magnetic Separators, by providing a sheer feed rate of up to 1400 tph for iron ore fines. Although low-grade iron ore mines will benefit from this new technology, focused on herein is the reclaiming of low-grade iron ore tailing from ponds, having in mind its huge positive environment impact and business opportunity. Based on this newly developed te

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Ribeiro, José Pancrácio, and Cláudio Henrique Teixeira Ribeiro. "The NoBLOCK Technology A Major Breakthrough in Wet High Intensity Magnetic Separation (WHIMS)." Rem: Revista Escola de Minas 68, no. 3 (2015): 361–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0370-44672015680116.

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7

da Rocha, Rafaella Bicalho, Érica Linhares Reis, and José Pancrácio Ribeiro. "Wet High-Intensity Magnetic Separators (WHIMS) for Recovering Iron from Tailings Deposited in Dams." Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review 42, no. 1 (2019): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08827508.2019.1672061.

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8

Nirlipta, P. Nayak. "Assessment of Reuse Potential of Low-Grade Iron Ore Fines through Beneficiation Routes." i-manager's Journal on Material Science 10, no. 3 (2022): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jms.10.3.19192.

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The iron ore deposits are sedimentary in nature. In 2021, approximately 1.95 billion metric tons of crude steel were produced globally, compared to 2.6 billion metric tons of usable iron ore. Iron ore is the primary source of the iron and steel industries, which in turn are essential to maintaining a strong industrial and economic base. Globally, 86% of the total iron produced is used in steelmaking. The most important iron ore minerals include hematite, magnetite, and taconite. The other iron ore minerals include goethite, laterite, etc. Hematite and magnetite are most commonly exploited for

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9

Tripathy, Alok, Ashok Ku Sahu, Veerendra Singh, and S. K. Biswal. "Enrichment Of Low Grade Ferruginous Manganese Ore By Pilot Scale Wet High Intensity Magnetic Separation (WHIMS)." Analytical Chemistry International 1, no. 1 (2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.47204/aci.1.1.2021.1-8.

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10

Siame, Moses, Julius Kaoma, and Atsushi Shibayama. "Development of impurities removal process for low-grade Sanje iron ore using mineral processing technologies." Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences 3, no. 1 (2021): 36–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.53974/unza.jonas.3.1.460.

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In this study, the impurities removal process for low-grade Sanje iron ore was developed using Wet High-intensity magnetic separation (WHIMS) and Reverse flotation (RF). Sanje Iron Ore is the low-grade hematite ores found in Nampundwe area of Zambia from which Iron is to be extracted and used as the feed in the steelmaking process. The ore contains 34.18 mass per cent Iron grade, 31.10 mass% of Silica (SiO2) and 7.65 mass per cent Alumina (Al2O3). Magnetic Separation experiments were done using Series L Model 4 laboratory magnetic Separator (L-4 Machine) as the first stage impurity removal pro

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11

Park, Ilhwan, Yuki Kanazawa, Naoya Sato, et al. "Beneficiation of Low-Grade Rare Earth Ore from Khalzan Buregtei Deposit (Mongolia) by Magnetic Separation." Minerals 11, no. 12 (2021): 1432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11121432.

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The global demand for rare earth elements (REEs) is expected to increase significantly because of their importance in renewable energy and clean storage technologies, which are critical for drastic carbon dioxide emission reduction to achieve a carbon-neutral society. REE ore deposits around the world are scarce and those that have been identified but remain unexploited need to be developed to supply future demands. In this study, the Khalzan Buregtei deposit located in western Mongolia was studied with the aim of upgrading low-grade REE ore via magnetic separation techniques. The total REE co

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Swamy, Aspari Kumara, Suresh Nikkam, and Sharath Kumar Palthur. "Recovery of Hematite from Banded Hematite Quartzite of Southern India by Magnetic Separation and Reverse Flotation." Minerals 12, no. 9 (2022): 1095. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12091095.

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Recovery and grade are the two crucial performance parameters commonly used in mineral processing plant operations. These two parameters are interdependent. An increase in recovery would result in a decreased product grade and vice versa. The present study enumerates concentration efficiency (CE),which can be adopted exclusively for processing low-grade hematite ore by WHIMS—the reverse flotation route to produce a pellet grade concentrate. In this study, the ore’s amenability by wet high-intensity magnetic separation followed by the reverse flotation of a magnetic concentrate route is investi

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13

Sixhuta, Inga, Ashma Singh, Phathutshedzo Khangale, Reinout Meijboom, and Mpfunzeni Raphulu. "Characterization and Processing of Low-Grade Middle Group 2 Chromite Ore by Gravity Shaking Table and a Comparative SLon Magnetic Separation: A Case Study." Minerals 14, no. 12 (2024): 1201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min14121201.

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Chromite is considered a strategic mineral in the global economy. It is mainly used as an essential raw material in the production of stainless steel and other metal alloys due to its corrosion and heat resistance properties. High-grade chromite resources are gradually depleting; with the increasing chromite demand in metallurgical applications, studies have focused on exploring low-grade and alternative chromite sources. This study proposes a cost-effective processing flowsheet for the low-grade middle group 2 (MG2) chromite layer, a poorly explored chromatite seam within the South African bu

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14

Sochea, R., S. Somsak, and A. Numprasanthai. "Study On Beneficiation Of Silica Sand By Wet High-Intensity Magnetic Separators (WHIMS) And Reverse Flotation Technique For Glass Application: A Case Study From Sihanoukville, Cambodia." Warta Geologi 46, no. 3 (2020): 210–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7186/wg463202007.

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White silica sand samples were collected from Steuong Hav district area. The samples were mixed and quartered to obtain a representative sample for physical and chemical characterization. Silica (SiO2) and iron oxide (Fe2O3) content were measured by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis. The results showed silica and iron oxide content at 94.83 wt.% and 0.189 wt.% representatively. In this study, a shaking table, Wet High-Intensity Magnetic Separators (WHIMS), and reverse flotation technique was undertaken to remove mainly iron oxide. The collectors amine (named AOA) and petroleum supinate (named

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15

S, K. Nanda, Pani S, and Beura D. "Recovery of Iron values through conventional beneficiation techniques from Banded Hematite Jasper of Eastern India with special reference to mineralogical and chemical characterization." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 13, no. 38 (2020): 3960–69. https://doi.org/10.17485/IJST/v13i38.681.

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Abstract <strong>Background/Objectives:</strong> Due to soaring demand and rapid depletion of high-grade iron ores, lean grade iron ores of India like BHJ and BHQ needs to be utilized through suitable beneficiation techniques. <strong>Methods:</strong> Banded Hematite Jasper (BHJ) sample of Bonai-Keonjhar belt (BK belt), Odisha, India assayed 35.3 % Fe, 47.1% SiO2 and 0.96% Al2O3 was investigated in respect of mineralogy, liberation characteristics and chemistry to finding out its optimum beneficiation potential. In the present investigation, efforts have been made to characteri

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16

Zhang, Hanyu, Gideon Lambiv Dzemua, and Qi Liu. "Preliminary Beneficiation Studies of Quartz Samples from the Northwest Territories, Canada." Minerals 14, no. 11 (2024): 1177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min14111177.

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Three quartz-rich geologic materials—vein quartz from the Great Bear Magmatic Zone, massive quartz from the Nechalacho rare earth deposit, and quartz sands from the Chedabucto silica sand deposit along the shores of the Northern Arm of the Great Slave Lake, Northwest Territories of Canada—were evaluated for their amenability to physical beneficiation into high-purity quartz (HPQ). The samples were subjected to various treatment processes, including crushing, grinding, calcining and quenching, acid leaching, wet high-intensity magnetic separation (WHIMS), and reverse flotation. After treatment,

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17

Ur Rehman, Waheed, Amin Ur Rehman, Faridullah Khan, Amir Muhammad, and Mohammad Younas. "Studies on Beneficiation of Manganese Ore through High Intensity Magnetic Separator." Advances in Sciences and Engineering 12, no. 1 (2020): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32732/ase.2020.12.1.21.

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Upgradation techniques like wet sieving and magnetic separation were used to evaluate the beneficiation potential of manganese ore. During wet sieving, manganese content in raw ore was upgraded from 27% to a maximum value of 38% in the concentrate with a recovery of 30%. Size classification was found to have no measurable effect on manganese grade in magnetic separation. In the unsieved ground ore, manganese content of 45% was achieved with a recovery of 23% and Mn/Fe ratio of 19% at a magnetic intensity of 8500 Gauss. At the same operating conditions, SiO2 was reduced from 56% in the raw ore

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18

Saisinchai, Somsak. "Glass Sand Processing Techniques in the Rayong Area, Thailand." Advanced Materials Research 858 (November 2013): 254–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.858.254.

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This article discusses the beneficiation of glass sand at Rayong province in the eastern part of Thailand . The process consists of revolving screen, hydrocyclone, attrition scrubber, tank classifier, spiral concentrator, wet high intensity magnetic separator and closed loop water recycling system. There are 13 glass sand processing plants in this area with the overall capacity 2 million tons per year and supply glass sand to float glass and flat glass industry, glassware industry, glass packaging industry, ceramic industry and chemical industry in Thailand. Keywords: Glass sand, Revolving scr

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19

Mokgomola, T., G. Marape, A. Singh, and K. Bisaka. "Development of a physical separation pre-concentration process for the extraction of Rare Earth bearing ore." Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 124, no. 10 (2024): 567–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/695/2024.

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This paper investigated the pre-concentration amenability of sovite (carbonatite) ore to enhance the grade of rare earth elements (REE) bearing minerals by rejecting calcite, and to improve total rare earth elements (TREE) recovery using gravity and magnetic separation. A high proportion of calcite affects downstream processes like leaching due to high acid consumption. Multiple flowsheets combining gravity and magnetic separation were employed to target > 60% TREEs recovery to the final concentrate and > 60% calcite rejection to the tailings. Head analysis of the feed showed the sample'

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20

Yuan, Zhi Tao, Lei Liu, and Yue Xin Han. "Wet Pre-Concentration of Low-Grade Hematite in High-Pressure Grinding Roller." Advanced Materials Research 454 (January 2012): 363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.454.363.

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The wet pre-concentration of comminuted hematite in high-pressure grinding roller was studied, using the cylindrical ferromagnetic medium in a high gradient magnetic separator. The effects of various factors including rod diameter, rod gap and background magnetic field intensity (BMFI) on the performances of pre-concentration in different size feeds are emphatically investigated. The results showed that as the rod diameter increased, the rod gap decreased and the BMFI increased, the tailings grade and the tailings yield reduced, but the concentrates recovery raised. This variation was regardle

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21

Top, Soner, and Mehmet Yildirim. "Preparation of synthetic carnallite and amorphous silica from chromite beneficiation plant tailings." Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi 33, no. 2 (2017): 5–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gospo-2017-0016.

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Abstract In this paper, synthetic carnallite (MgCl2 ∙ KCl ∙ 6H2O) and amorphous silica (SiO2) preparation possibilities were investigated by utilizing chromite beneficiation plant tailings which contain 3.44% chromite (Cr2O3) and 30.55% magnesium oxide (MgO) by weight. Firstly, laboratory scale high intensity wet magnetic separator was applied for removing the magnetic materials such as chromite, iron (II ) and manganese (II ) minerals in the tailings. About 85.75% of chromite, 91.22% of MnO and 64.71% of Fe2O3 were removed by single stage magnetic separation. After the magnetic separation, hy

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22

Degodya, Е., N. Sedinkina, О. Shavakuleva, and N. Gmyzina. "Improvement of the technology for processing siderite ore from the Bakal deposit." Transbaikal State University Journal 27, no. 4 (2021): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/2227-9245-2021-27-4-6-12.

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The Urals is one of the unique iron ore provinces of the world, including all the variety of iron ores. Siderite ores are represented by the Bakal group of deposits, in which siderite in mineralogical terms is not a chemically pure iron carbonate, but has an isomorphic admixture of magnesium and calcium, forming sideroplesite and pistomesite. The main iron ore mineral of the siderite ore of this deposit is an isomorphic mixture of iron, magnesium and manganese carbonates, which occur in different quantitative ratios. A scheme for ore dressing is proposed, which includes crushing to a size of 1

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Bulatov, K. V., G. I. Gazaleeva, N. A. Sopina, and A. A. Mushketov. "Elaboration and implementation technology of concentration of Magnitogorsk steel-works slime tailings." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 77, no. 5 (2021): 602–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2021-5-602-609.

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The problems of processing iron ore tailings of wet concentration plants and wastes with high content of iron, contaminated by oil products are actual from both points of view of ecology and economy. One of the reasons restraining solving the problem is absence of technologies ensuring to involve such wastes into industrial turnover. In the process` of the research, composition and opening degree of ore and non-metallic minerals of concentration slime tailing of Magnitogorsk steel-works (MMK) were studied and technology of their concentration was elaborated. Taking into consideration the conta

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Gupta, Tushar, Ahmad Nawab, and Rick Honaker. "Removal of Iron from Pyrite-Rich Coal Refuse by Calcination and Magnetic Separation for Hydrometallurgical Extraction of Rare Earth Elements." Minerals 13, no. 3 (2023): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13030327.

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In the metallurgical extraction of rare earth elements (REEs), the ratio of contaminant ions to REEs in the leachate dictates the cost and operational efficiency of the downstream processes. The current study investigated the potential iron contamination removal from the feed to the hydrometallurgical process by calcination followed by magnetic separation. The 2.20 specific gravity sink fraction of Baker coal seam coarse refuse was pulverized to finer than 180 μm, calcined at various temperatures, and separated into magnetic and non-magnetic fractions using a wet high-intensity magnetic separa

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Pangestu, Dimas, Franto Franto, and Janiar Pitulima. "Evaluasi Kinerja Alat Pengolahan Wet Belt Low Intensity Magnetic Separator (WBLIMS) Untuk Meningkatkan Kadar dan Recovery Sn di TB Primer Batubesi PT Timah Tbk Kabupaten Belitung Timur." MINERAL 8, no. 2 (2024): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33019/mineral.v8i2.5020.

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Primary TB Batubesi Site a subsidiary of PT Timah Tbk, processes primary tin feed stockpile and SHP of oxide clay type using various tools, including the Wet Belt Low Intensity Magnetic Separator (WBLIMS). Currently, WBLIMS can only produce tin concentrate with a grade of 0.5-2% and a recovery of 5-8%, falling below the company's target of 8% grade and 15% recovery (XRF Test). This research conducted eight experiments with variations in feed types and rates. The WBLIMS feed from the stockpile has a Sn content of 0.62%, resulting in a tin concentrate with 1.21% Sn and a recovery of 7.05%. On th

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Moses, C. Siame, Haga Kazutoshi, and Shibayama Atsushi. "Treatment of Low-Grade Iron Ore Using Two Stage Wet High-Intensity Magnetic Separation Technique." October 2, 2017. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1132859.

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This study investigates the removal of silica, alumina and phosphorus as impurities from Sanje iron ore using wet high-intensity magnetic separation (WHIMS). Sanje iron ore contains low-grade hematite ore found in Nampundwe area of Zambia from which iron is to be used as the feed in the steelmaking process. The chemical composition analysis using X-ray Florence spectrometer showed that Sanje low-grade ore contains 48.90 mass% of hematite (Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) with 34.18 mass% as an iron grade. The ore also contains silica (SiO<sub>2</sub>) and alumina (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) of 3

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Moses, C. Siame, Haga Kazutoshi, and Shibayama Atsushi. "Treatment of Low-Grade Iron Ore Using Two Stage Wet High-Intensity Magnetic Separation Technique." International Journal of Chemical, Materials and Biomolecular Sciences 10.0, no. 11 (2017). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1314536.

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This study investigates the removal of silica, alumina and phosphorus as impurities from Sanje iron ore using wet high-intensity magnetic separation (WHIMS). Sanje iron ore contains low-grade hematite ore found in Nampundwe area of Zambia from which iron is to be used as the feed in the steelmaking process. The chemical composition analysis using X-ray Florence spectrometer showed that Sanje low-grade ore contains 48.90 mass% of hematite (Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) with 34.18 mass% as an iron grade. The ore also contains silica (SiO<sub>2</sub>) and alumina (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) of 3

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Laraba, Mohammed, Roula Abdelmalek, Juan Maria Menendez-Aguado, and Rodrigo Alvarez Garcia. "Wet High Intensity Magnetic Separation (WHIMS) of Algerian Kaolin: a Potential Application." Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration, June 19, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42461-022-00617-w.

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ÖZYURT, Mehmet, Yakup CEBECİ, and Levent ERGÜN. "RECOVERY OF CHROMITE FROM ENRICHMENT PLANT TAILING." Bilimsel Madencilik Dergisi, December 23, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30797/madencilik.1213633.

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In this study, experimental studies have performed to recover chromite from Eskiköy-Sivas chromite concentrator which is owned Bilfer Madencilik ve Turizm A.Ş. Mineralogical and liberation measurement studies were performed, and it was decided to grind the feed to 100% finer than 300 µm. Gravity concentration and wet high intensity magnetic separation (WHIMS) tests were performed. After grinding to -300 µm, -38 µm fraction which cannot be recovered efficiently was removed. The studies were conducted on 300+100 µm and -100+38 µm fractions. After the beneficiation tests, it was determined

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Fawzy, Mona, Mustafa Bayoumi, Hassan Shahin, et al. "Economic heavy minerals in the stream sediments of wadi Shaàb, southern coast of the Red Sea, Egypt; characterization and upgrading for investigation of their potential recovery." Bulletin Of The Mineral Research and Exploration, April 23, 2024, 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.1472786.

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The southern coast of the Red Sea is one of the most promising areas for the occurrence of economic minerals. Therefore, studying the characterization and evaluation of these minerals in the Wadi Shaàb Quaternary sediments and investigating their ability to concentrate and physically separate using economical and ecofriendly techniques is the main goal of this work. The results showed that the representative sample contains an average of 0.06% ilmenite, 0.08% zircon, 0.07% rutile, 0.07% leucoxene, 0.008% cassiterite, 0.004% xenotime, 0.0004% monazite, 0.022% almandine garnet, and 0.46% magneti

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Cardenia, Chiara, Efthymios Balomenos, and Dimitrios Panias. "IRON RECOVERY FROM BAUXITE RESIDUE THROUGH REDUCTIVE ROASTING AND WET MAGNETIC SEPARATION." September 7, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40831-018-0181-5.

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The scope of this work is to develop and optimize a reductive roasting process followed by wet magnetic separation for iron recovery from bauxite residue (BR). The aim of the roasting process is the transformation of the non-magnetic iron phases found in BR (namely hematite and goethite), to magnetic ones such as magnetite, wüstite and metallic iron. The magnetic iron phases in the roasting residue can be fractionated in a second stage through wet magnetic separation, forming a valuable iron concentrate and leaving a non-magnetic residue containing rare earth elements (REEs) among other c

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Wijewardhana, T. Dilmi U., and Amila Sandaruwan Ratnayake. "Applicability of carbothermic reduction for upgrading Sri Lankan ilmenite ores: towards converting ilmenite into synthetic rutile by mechanical activation." Bulletin of the National Research Centre 45, no. 1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s42269-021-00608-9.

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Abstract Background Ilmenite and rutile are naturally occurring titanium-bearing heavy minerals. Sri Lanka consists of ilmenite and rutile in placer deposits mainly along the northeast coast. The commercial value of rutile is higher than ilmenite. Therefore, the current study focuses to upgrade Sri Lankan ilmenite ores using commercially available activated carbon as a reducing agent. Ilmenite fraction was initially separated from raw beach sand using an industrial-scale magnetic separator (Wet high-intensity magnetic separator: sixteen pole model). The mixtures of ilmenite and activated carbo

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