Relevant bibliographies by topics / Wetlands in urban areas

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Academic literature on the topic 'Wetlands in urban areas'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 24 April 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Wetlands in urban areas"

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Husband, Danielle M., and Nancy E. McIntyre. "Urban Areas Create Refugia for Odonates in a Semi-Arid Region." Insects 12, no. 5 (May 11, 2021): 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12050431.

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In western Texas, most wetlands are fed from precipitation runoff, making them sensitive to drought regimes, anthropogenic land-use activities in their surrounding watersheds, and the interactive effect between these two factors. We surveyed adult odonates in 133 wetlands (49 in grassland settings, 56 in cropland, and 28 in urban areas) in western Texas from 2003–2020; 33 species were recorded. Most species were widespread generalists, but urban wetlands had the highest species richness, as well as the most unique species of any of the three wetland types. Non-metric, multidimensional scaling ordination revealed that the odonate community in urban wetlands was distinctly different in composition than the odonates in non-urban wetlands. Urban wetlands were smaller in surface area than the other wetland types, but because they were fed from more consistently available urban runoff rather than seasonal precipitation, they had longer hydroperiods, particularly during a multi-year drought when wetlands in other land-cover contexts were dry. This anthropogenically enhanced water supply was associated with higher odonate richness despite presumably impaired water quality, indicating that consistent and prolonged presence of water in this semi-arid region was more important than the presence of native land cover within which the wetland existed. Compared to wetlands in the regional grassland landscape matrix, wetlands in agricultural and urban areas differed in hydroperiod, and presumably also in water quality; these effects translated to differences in the regional odonate assemblage by surrounding land-use type, with the highest richness at urban playas. Odonates in human environments may thus benefit through the creation of a more reliably available wetland habitat in an otherwise dry region.
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Hutto, David, and Kyle Barrett. "Do urban open spaces provide refugia for frogs in urban environments?" PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (January 22, 2021): e0244932. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244932.

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Urbanization is among the largest threats to wildlife populations through factors such as fragmentation, isolation, and habitat destruction. Urban open spaces, such as parks and golf courses, have the potential to provide wildlife with suitable habitat within an urbanized matrix. These refugia may be particularly important for amphibians, which represent one of the most endangered and least vagile vertebrate groups on earth. During the spring and summer of 2018, we conducted surveys to determine the presence of anurans at 51 wetland sites within the Piedmont ecoregion of South Carolina. Nearly one-third of these wetlands were located within urban open spaces, one-third in low development areas, and one-third in highly developed areas. Impervious surface and total road length surrounding the wetlands were measured at two scales, a core habitat scale (300 m) and average maximum migration scale (750 m), and we measured several within-wetland habitat variables. Urban Open Space wetlands had levels of surrounding impervious surface similar to High Urbanization wetlands at the larger scale and were intermediate between Low and High Urbanization wetlands at the smaller scale. The total length of road segments occurring within buffers (at both scales) surrounding our study wetlands was higher for Urban Open Space compared to Low and High Urbanization sites. Among the within-wetland variables measured, Low Urbanization sites had higher canopy cover and were more likely to have a terrestrial buffer zone relative to the other categories. Species richness decreased significantly as total road length increased among all wetlands. Wetland category was not a significant driver explaining species richness, but β-diversity was more variable among Urban Open Space wetlands than either Low or High Urbanization wetlands. Urban Open Space wetlands did not appear to increase suitability for anurans relative to High Urbanization wetlands. Urban Open Space wetlands had higher variability in species composition, which was perhaps attributable to the diversity among sites represented in the Urban Open Space category.
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Kabiri, Stella, Molly Allen, Juduth Toma Okuonzia, Beatrice Akello, Rebecca Ssabaganzi, and Drake Mubiru. "Detecting wetland encroachment and urban agriculture land classification in Uganda using hyper-temporal remote sensing." AAS Open Research 3 (February 16, 2022): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/aasopenres.13040.2.

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Background: Urbanization is an important indicator of economic growth and social change but is associated with environmental degradation, which threatens the sustainable growth of African cities. One of the most vulnerable ecosystems in urban areas are wetlands. In Uganda, wetlands cover an area of 11% of the country’s land area. Half of the wetland areas in Ugandan cities have been converted to industrial and residential areas, and urban agriculture. There is limited information on the extent of wetland conversion or utilization for urban agriculture. The objective of this study was to investigate the extent of wetlands lost in two Ugandan cities, Wakiso and Kampala, in the last 30 years. Secondly, we extracted crop agriculture in the wetlands of Kampala and Wakiso from hyper-temporal satellite image analysis in an attempt to produce a spatial detail of wetland encroachment maps of urban agriculture using a reproducible mapmaking method. Methods: Using a field survey and free remote sensing data from Landsat TM 1986 and Landsat ETM 2016 we classified the rate of wetland loss and encroachment between the years 1986 and 2016. We used MODIS NDVI 16-day composites at a 500-meter spatial resolution to broaden the analysis to distinguish distinctive crops and crop mixtures in the encroached wetlands for urban agriculture using the ISODATA clustering algorithm. Results: Over 30 years, 72,828 ha (73%) of the Wakiso-Kampala wetlands have been lost meanwhile agriculture areas have doubled. Of this 16,488 ha (23%) were converted from wetlands. All cultivated agriculture in Kampala was in the wetlands while in Wakiso, 73% of crop agriculture was in the wetlands. The major crops grown in these urban wetlands were banana (20%), sugarcane (22%), maize (17%), Eucalyptus trees (12%), sweet potatoes (10%), while ornamental nurseries, pine trees, vegetables, and passion fruits were each at 5%.
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Brinkmann, Katja, Ellen Hoffmann, and Andreas Buerkert. "Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Urban Wetlands in an Indian Megacity over the Past 50 Years." Remote Sensing 12, no. 4 (February 17, 2020): 662. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12040662.

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Asian megacities have attracted much scientific attention in the context of global urbanization, but few quantitative studies analyze wetland transformation in the rural–urban interface. With its rampant growth and transformation from a tree-lined “Garden City” to a busy megalopolis with often-blocked highways and large built-up areas, Bengaluru (Karnataka, S-India) is a good example for assessing how urbanization has led to the acute degradation of wetlands. We therefore investigated long-term land cover and wetland changes from 1965 to 2018 based on an object-based classification of multi-temporal Corona and Landsat images. To quantify and compare the dynamics of open water surfaces and vegetation, we defined the potential wetland areas (PWA) along the rural–urban gradient and linked our analyses to an index describing the degree of urbanization (survey stratification index (SSI)). During the five decades studied, built-up areas in the Bengaluru Urban district increased ten-fold, with the highest growth rate from 2014 to 2018 (+ 8% annual change). Patches of lake wetlands were highly dynamic in space and time, partly reflecting highly variable annual rainfall patterns ranging from 501 mm in 1965 to 1374 mm in 2005 and monsoon-driven alterations in the hydrologic regime. While water bodies and flooded areas shrunk from 64 km2 in 1965 to 55 km2 in 2018, in 1965, the total rural wetland area with an SSI > 0.5 was twice as high as in 2018. The rural–urban land cover pattern within potential wetland areas changed drastically during this period. This is reflected, for example, by a four-fold increase in the wetland area with an SSI of 0.3, as compared to a decline by 43% in wetland area with an SSI of 0.8. While, in urban areas, wetlands were mostly lost to construction, in areas with a rural character, open water bodies were mainly transformed into green space. The detected changes in urban wetlands were likely accompanied by ecological regime changes, triggering deteriorations in ecosystem services (ESS) which merit further research.
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Sinthumule, Ndidzulafhi Innocent, and Khathutshelo Hildah Netshisaulu. "Wetland Resource Use and Conservation Attitudes of Rural vs. Urban Dwellers: A Comparative Analysis in Thohoyandou, Limpopo Province, South Africa." Water 14, no. 8 (April 15, 2022): 1290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14081290.

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Although wetlands provide a variety of goods and services to people and ecosystems, they are the most threatened ecosystem in the world because they are easily degraded. Thus, efforts to protect the remaining wetlands are critical if this resource is to continue providing environmental, cultural, and economic goods and services. Central to the conservation and management of wetlands is understanding the attitudes of the people bordering wetlands. This study aimed to analyse wetland resource use and conservation attitudes of urban vs. rural dwellers of Thohoyandou, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Interview-administered questionnaires and observation were the methods used for data collection. Systematic random sampling was used to obtain a sample of 282 in urban and 312 households in rural areas. Descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentages) were used to summarize the data. Chi-square (χ2) tests were applied using Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, Washington, WA, USA) in order to determine whether responses occurred with equal probability. Differences were considered to be significant at p ≤ 0.05. The study found that wetlands are more important in the lives and livelihoods of people in rural areas (92.9%) compared with urban areas (26.6%) of Thohoyandou. Human land use activities in wetlands (especially cultivation and infrastructural development) have degraded and destroyed wetlands—particularly those located in urban areas. The attitudes of respondents were generally positive both in urban and rural areas regarding the need for conservation and rehabilitation/restoration of wetlands. The study concluded that positive attitudes alone are insufficient to save and protect the wetlands. The responsible authorities should implement existing legislation to complement the positive attitudes of people and, importantly, they should work with communities towards the conservation of wetlands.
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Kabiri, Stella, Molly Allen, Juduth Toma Okuonzia, Beatrice Akello, Rebecca Ssabaganzi, and Drake Mubiru. "Detecting level of wetland encroachment for urban agriculture in Uganda using hyper-temporal remote sensing." AAS Open Research 3 (May 12, 2020): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/aasopenres.13040.1.

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Background: Urbanization is an important indicator of economic growth and social change but is associated with environmental degradation. In Uganda, wetlands cover an area of 11% of the country’s land area, of which half have been converted to industry and residential areas, and urban agriculture. Here, we investigate the extent of wetlands lost in two Ugandan cities, Wakiso and Kampala, in a period of 30 years. Secondly, we demonstrate a simple methodology to monitor agriculture on encroached wetlands. Methods: Using a field survey and free remote sensing data from Landsat TM 1986 and Landsat ETM 2016 we classified the rate of wetland loss and encroachment from 1986 to 2016. Using MODIS NDVI 16-day composites at 500-meter spatial resolution, we generated distinctive crops and crop mixtures in the encroached wetlands for urban agriculture using the ISODATA clustering algorithm. Results: Over 30 years, 72,828 ha (73%) of the Wakiso-Kampala wetlands have been lost. Agriculture areas have doubled, of which 16,488 ha (23%) were reclaimed from wetlands. All cultivated agriculture in Kampala was in the wetlands while in Wakiso, 73% of crop agriculture was in the wetlands. Major crops grown in these urban wetlands were banana (20%), sugarcane (22%), maize (17%), Eucalyptus trees (12%), sweet potatoes (10%). Conclusions: The Kampala-Wakiso wetlands have been disappearing at a rate of 2500 ha annually for the last 30 years. At this rate, there will be no wetlands left by 2029. Policy recommendations should promote wetland reclamation programs so as to restore and reconstruct lost and fragmented wetlands; should mandate food security and poverty eradication to convene with ministries regulating wetlands to merge conflicting policies; and should develop polices that are inclusive of challenges faced by the urban poor while at the same time minimize the pressures on urban environments.
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Rojas Quezada, Carolina, and Felipe Jorquera. "Urban Fabrics to Eco-Friendly Blue–Green for Urban Wetland Development." Sustainability 13, no. 24 (December 13, 2021): 13745. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132413745.

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In an urbanized world, the sustainability of cities will depend on their form and urban structure. In this sense, fabrics that are compact, dense, green, and suitable for non-motorized transport methods are more environmentally efficient. For the purpose of contributing new tools to the design, urban planning, and sustainability of nature in residential areas, this study characterizes the urban fabrics of six urban wetlands in the Latin American city of Concepción (Chile), which is known for its blue–green spaces. In a wetland city, we model urban patterns through spatial relationship using a statistical regression model (OLS—ordinary least squares) with the urban variables of density, distance, population, housing, highways, green areas, and building permits. Concepción shows predominantly low- to medium-density fabrics, and it is not integrated with the urban wetlands. In fact, it was observed that the residential areas do not take advantage of the blue–green spaces and that the urban fabrics do not favor proximity, with a transportation network that promotes the use of cars, leading to the wetlands being inaccessible and fragmented. However, as they are still surrounded by open spaces with abundant vegetation, there are highly feasible opportunities for the future development of blue–green infrastructure.
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Zhang, Yuchao, Steven Loiselle, Yimo Zhang, Qian Wang, Xia Sun, Minqi Hu, Qiao Chu, and Yuanyuan Jing. "Comparing Wetland Ecosystems Service Provision under Different Management Approaches: Two Cases Study of Tianfu Wetland and Nansha Wetland in China." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 4, 2021): 8710. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13168710.

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The largest blue-green infrastructures in industrialized, urbanized and developed regions in China are often multiuse wetlands, located just outside growing urban centers. These areas have multiple development pressures while providing environmental, economic, and social benefits to the local and regional populations. Given the limited information available about the tradeoffs in ecosystem services with respect to competing wetland uses, wetland managers and provincial decision makers face challenges in regulating the use of these important landscapes. In the present study, measurements made by citizen scientists were used to support a comparative study of water quality and wetland functions in two large multiuse wetlands, comparing areas of natural wetland vegetation, tourism-based wetland management and wetland agriculture. The study sites, the Nansha and Tianfu wetlands, are located in two of the most urbanized areas of China: the lower Yangtze River and Pearl River catchments, respectively. Our results indicated that the capacity of wetlands to mitigate water quality is closely related to the quality of the surrounding waters and hydrological conditions. Agricultural areas in both wetlands provided the lowest sediment and nutrient retention. The results show that the delivery of supporting ecosystem services is strongly influenced by the location and use of the wetland. Furthermore, we show that citizen scientist-acquired data can provide fundamental information on quantifying these ecosystem services, providing needed information to wetland park managers and provincial wetland administrators.
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Penfound, Elissa, and Eric Vaz. "Analysis of Wetland Landcover Change in Great Lakes Urban Areas Using Self-Organizing Maps." Remote Sensing 13, no. 24 (December 7, 2021): 4960. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13244960.

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Wetland loss and subsequent reduction of wetland ecosystem services in the Great Lakes region has been driven, in part, by changing landcover and increasing urbanization. With landcover change data, digital elevation models (DEM), and self-organizing maps (SOM), this study explores changing landcover and the flood mitigation attributes of wetland areas over a 15-year period in Toronto and Chicago. The results of this analysis show that (1) in the city of Toronto SOM clusters, the landcover change correlations with wetland volume and wetland area range between −0.1 to −0.5, indicating that a more intense landcover change tends to be correlated with small shallow wetlands, (2) in the city of Chicago SOM clusters, the landcover change correlations with wetland area range between −0.1 to −0.7, the landcover change correlations with wetland volume per area range between −0.1 to 0.8, and the landcover change correlations with elevation range between −0.2 to −0.6, indicating that more intense landcover change tends to be correlated with spatially small wetlands that have a relatively high water-storage capacity per area and are located at lower elevations. In both cities, the smallest SOM clusters represent wetland areas where increased landcover change is correlated with wetland areas that have high flood mitigation potential. This study aims to offer a new perspective on changing urban landscapes and urban wetland ecosystem services in Toronto and Chicago.
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Maas, Carly M., William P. Anderson, and Kristan Cockerill. "Managing Stormwater by Accident: A Conceptual Study." Water 13, no. 11 (May 26, 2021): 1492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13111492.

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Stormwater-driven road salt is a chronic and acute issue for streams in cold, urban environments. One promising approach for reducing the impact of road salt contamination in streams and adjacent aquifers is to allow “accidental wetlands” to flourish in urban areas. These wetlands form naturally as a byproduct of human activities. In this study, we quantified the ability of an accidental wetland in northwestern North Carolina, USA, to reduce the timing and peak concentration of road salt in a stream. Monitoring suggests that flow and transport processes through the wetland reduce peak concentrations and delay their arrival at the adjacent stream. We expand these findings with numerical simulations that model multiple meltwater and summer storm event scenarios. The model output demonstrates that small accidental wetland systems can reduce peak salinities by 94% and delay the arrival of saltwater pulses by 45 days. Our findings indicate that accidental wetlands improve stream water quality and they may also reduce peak temperatures during temperature surges in urban streams. Furthermore, because they find their own niche, accidental wetlands may be more effective than some intentionally constructed wetlands, and provide opportunities to explore managing stormwater by letting nature take its course.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Wetlands in urban areas"

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Maulan, Suhardi. "A Perceptual Study of Wetlands: Implications for Wetland Restoration in the Urban Area in Malaysia." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26966.

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The restoration of natural wetlands is a wonderful, noble and pragmatic idea, but such efforts often meet resistance from certain segments of society. One reason for this is that the public perceives the environment in different ways than do the experts, such as landscape architects and land managers. This dissertation analyzes peopleâ s preferences for wetlands in comparison to those of landscape architects. It specifically studies the conflict about the wetland restoration program in the Malaysiaâ s Kelana Jaya Municipal Park. This dissertation is based on data obtained from a preference survey using photo questionnaires that polled both the publicâ s and landscape architectsâ group preferences for wetlands. The data was analyzed using the Content Identifying Method (CIM) to determine group preferences for wetlands and factors that influence these preferences. Park managers from several local authorities also were interviewed to determine their expectations of public preferences and attitudes toward wetland restoration and public participation. The public and landscape architects have significantly differed in stated preferences for wetlands. The public strongly prefers park-like landscapes that demonstrate human influences and provide the potential for human involvement; in contrast, landscape architects prefer natural wetlands that are visually pleasing, with well-defined spaces, visual coherence, and visual complexity. In addition, park managers did not accurately predict the publicâ s view of wetlands. Their prediction was similar to landscape architectsâ preferences. Attitudes toward wetland activities and safety, knowledge about wetland benefits, the motivation to use urban natural open spaces, and familiarity with nature significantly affected the publicâ s preferences. Further, the motivation to use urban natural open spaces was the best predictor of publicâ s preferences. The primary implications of this dissertation are that environmental education should be a core activity in changing peopleâ s perceptions of natural wetlands and that opinions of local people should be incorporated in many aspect of wetlands restoration, planning, design, and policymaking, especially in Malaysia.
Ph. D.
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Cutbill, Linda Beverley. "Urban stormwater treatment by artificial wetlands." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.266138.

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Balderas-Guzmán, Celina. "Strategies for systemic urban constructed wetlands." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/80907.

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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning; and, (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2013.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 121-128).
As a result of ubiquitous impermeable surfaces, conventional water management and stormwater infrastructure, and the resultant degradation of natural hydrologic networks, most American urban areas have suffered severely compromised hydrological function and health, particularly related to stormwater and its storage, treatment, and flow. Negative externalities exist at multiple scales: increased disaster vulnerability, climate change, poor water quality, habitat loss, etc. Because upgrading conventional single-purpose infrastructure has become an increasingly cost-prohibitive option, urban areas are finding that reincorporating natural systems can be more effective. In the last 20 years, constructed wetlands have arisen as a promising multi-purpose solution to stormwater problems. Constructed wetlands are artificial systems designed to mimic natural wetlands by using the same physical, biological, and chemical processes to treat water. They are relatively large, but their size gives them high ecological potential and numerous other benefits, such as flooding protection and recreational spaces, while having low life-cycle costs. Since the effectiveness of constructed wetlands comes from mimicking natural wetlands, then the analogy to nature should be extended as far as possible. In nature, wetlands are a system connected to a regional hydrologic network. Therefore, constructed wetlands distributed systemically throughout a watershed have potential to deliver more networked benefits than the current practice of dispersed and disconnected wetlands for individual sites. Yet little research exists examining the implications of urban constructed wetlands in design and planning terms, at multiple scales. In fact, few urban constructed wetland projects for stormwater exist in the first place. This thesis proposes a framework for understanding the potential of systemic constructed wetlands as landscape infrastructure in urban areas. Based on an understanding of science, engineering, and urbanism, this thesis identifies the urban zones of greatest potential for stormwater constructed wetlands and suggests the benefits that could arise out of an urban constructed wetland system, beyond simply water treatment.
by Celina Balderas-Guzmán.
S.M.
M.C.P.
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Wang, Chih-Yu. "Floating wetlands for urban stormwater treatment." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/52036.

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A floating treatment wetland (FTW) is an ecological approach which seeks to reduce point and nonpoint source pollution by installing substrate rooted plants grown on floating mats in open waters. While relatively novel, FTW use is increasing. A review of literature identified several research gaps, including: (1) assessments of the treatment performance of FTWs; (2) evaluations of FTWs in the U.S., particularly within wet ponds that receive urban runoff; and (3) plant temporal nutrient distribution, plant growth rate, and the long-term persistence of the FTWs in temperate regions with periodic ice encasement. An assessment model, i-FTW model, was developed, and its parameter s fitted based on data from 14 published FTW studies in the first research topic. The estimated median FTW apparent uptake velocity with 95% confidence interval were 0.048 (0.018 - 0.059) and 0.027 (0.016 - 0.040) m/day for total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN), respectively. The i-FTW model provided a more accurate prediction in nutrient removal than two common performance metrics: removal rate (mg/m2/day) and removal efficiency (%). In the second research topic, the results of a mesocosm experiment indicated that FTWs with 61% coverage, planted with pickerelweed (Pontederia cordata L.) or softstem bulrush (Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani), significantly improved TP and TN removal efficiency of the control treatment by 8.2% and 18.2%, respectively. The pickerelweed exhibited significantly higher phosphorus and nitrogen removal than the softstem bulrush when water temperatures were greater than 25 deg C. Field observations in the third research topic found that pickerelweed demonstrated higher phosphorus removal performance (7.58 mg/plant) than softstem bulrush (1.62 mg/plant). Based on the observed seasonal changes in phosphorus distribution, harvest of above-ground vegetation is recommended to be conducted twice a year in June and September. Planted perennial macrophytes successfully adapted to stresses of the low dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations (minimum: 1.2 mg/L), ice encasement, and relatively low nutrient concentrations in the water (median: 0.15 mg/L TP and 1.15 mg/L TN). Systematic observation of wildlife activities indicated eight classes of organisms inhabiting, foraging, breeding, nursing, or resting in the FTWs. Recommendations for FTW design and suggestions for further research are made based upon these findings.
Ph. D.
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Al-Isawi, R. H. "Urban wastewater treatment with mature constructed wetlands." Thesis, University of Salford, 2016. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/41423/.

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Despite the global acceptance for the application of vertical-flow constructed wetlands (VF CWs) as sustainable and cost-efficient technology in treating various types of wastewater, including urban wastewater, continuous loading of wetlands over time can lead to performance inefficiency and generate operational problems especially when high shock loads, such as petroleum hydrocarbon spills, are subjected to the system. Contamination with petroleum hydrocarbon compounds results in changing the structure, function and ecosystem service values of wetlands, which can eventually lead to clogging of the wetland substrate and affect the life time of the system. Sound knowledge of long-term performance in mature vertical-flow constructed wetlands linked with hydrocarbon treatment processes is needed to make guided judgments about the probable effects of a given suite of impacts and revise the management plans accordingly. A study was conducted to compare the impact of different design (aggregate size) and operational (contact time, rest time and chemical oxygen demand (COD) loading) variables on the long-term and seasonal performance of vertical-flow constructed wetland filters operated in tidal flow between June 2011 and March 2016. Ten different vertical-flow wetland systems were planted with Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. (Common Reed). Approximately 130 and 975 grams of diesel fuel (equivalent to 20 and 150 grams/litre, respectively) were each poured into four wetland filters on 26/09/2013 and 26/09/2014 respectively. Overall findings showed that the mature wetland system improved the water quality except for ortho-phosphate-phosphorus (PO₄-P), which reduced less over time. Findings also indicated that the wetland filter with the highest chemical oxygen demand (COD) loading but no diesel contamination performed the best in terms of COD and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) removal. Filters contaminated by diesel performed worse in terms of COD and BOD but considerably better regarding nitrate-nitrogen removal. The removal efficiencies dropped for those filters impacted by the diesel spills. Seasonal analysis for water quality from different wetlands showed clear seasonal outflow concentration trends (low in summer) for COD, and nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃-N) while effluent BOD showed high treatment performance in winter. No clear seasonal trend for ammonia-nitrogen (NH₄-N), PO₄-P or suspended solids (SS) was noted. Serious clogging phenomena, impacting negatively on the treatment performance and the hydraulic conductivity, were not observed. The simulation model confirms the experimental findings that notable wetland clogging restricting the operation did not occur. Moreover, results showed that small aggregate diameter, low inflow COD load, and high contact and rest time were most efficient in reducing SS accumulation within the wetland filter bed. With regard to the treatment performance of the hydrocarbon contaminants, results indicated that all wetland systems had a relatively good performance in treating petroleum hydrocarbon compounds and the evaluation showed that all the hydrocarbon components were highly degraded and their concentrations were reduced in all treated effluents of wetland filters with time. This indicates that VF CW zones provide appropriate conditions for high treatment capacity of diesel compounds spilled with urban wastewater by a combination of processes taking place in the wetland filters, thus minimizing hydrocarbon compounds within the filter. A new experimental artificial ponds system, including: ponds with wastewater; ponds with wastewater and reeds; and ponds with wastewater, reeds and aeration, was operated in parallel with the mature experimental vertical-flow constructed wetland system, for the period between July 2015 and October 2015, to compare performance, design and operation variables between the two treatment technologies in the treatment of urban wastewater. Findings showed that highest COD and SS removals were observed for wetlands in comparison to ponds. Moreover, mature wetlands were better in removing NH₄-N and PO₄-P than ponds unless the ponds were aerated. Both systems were linked with medium to high levels of BOD removal. The aerated pond system demonstrated better treatment performance in terms of NH₄-N and PO₄-P. The NO₃-N concentration increased in the aerated ponds reflecting the high oxygen availability. Due to increasing water scarcity and droughts, which are key concerns worldwide, there is considerable interest in recycling various wastewater streams, such as treated urban wastewater, for irrigation in the agricultural sector. Recycling of effluents from various wetland filters (with/without diesel contamination) was assessed for the irrigation of chilli plants (De Cayenne; Capsicum annuum (Linnaeus) Longum Group ‘De Cayenne’) grown in a greenhouse environment. Concerning chilli fruit numbers, findings showed that the highest fruit yields for all wetland filters were associated with those that received inflow wastewater with a high loading rate, reflecting the high nutrient availability in treated wastewater, which is of obvious importance for yield production. Findings also indicated that wetlands without hydrocarbon contamination, with small aggregate size, low contact time, and low inflow loading rate provided high marketable yields (expressed in economic return). In comparison, chillies irrigated by filters with hydrocarbon contamination, small aggregate size, high contact time and high loading rate also resulted in high marketable yields of chillies, which pointed out the role of high contact time and high inflow load for better diesel degradation rates. The overall outcome of this research could considerably contribute to optimization of the design and development of long-term operation variables for constructed wetland technology particularly in petroleum industry applications. Statistically validated long-term data interpretation can particularly help the wetland modelling community and wetland managers to define, with insight into long-term and seasonal factors, removal processes for individual water quality parameters to maximize wetlands treatment performance.
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Khosh, Khooee Saba. "Routes Splitting Urban Areas." Thesis, KTH, Urbana och regionala studier, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-47855.

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Since automobiles are detachable elements of contemporary urban life, studying the interactions imposed by them to urban forms is helpful to develop urban areas. The isolated neighborhoods locating along highways are the common picture that easily can be found in most of developed cities. The more advanced traffic networks a city possesses the more detached neighborhoods can be detected in it. The main question trying to be answered in this study is how to reattach these separated areas together and how to create a peaceful coexistence between highways and their neighborhoods. In order to find an answer, a municipality named Upplands Väsby (in the north of Stockholm) has been studied and analyzed. This real sample with internal connectivity problems was supposed to provide a ground to analyze the outcome of proposed interventions. This process resulted in obtaining a general policy in approaching this issue and some flexible interventions proper for this specific site of study. Finally, the study implies on the possibility of reattaching isolated area over high-speed roads. It also brought up some suggestions for improvement of mobile passenger’s perception of the road and surrounding areas while facilitating the pedestrian’s movement through the site.
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Dantas, Mendes Lipe Renato. "Long term assessment of created wetlands functioning within agricultural areas." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Sektionen för ekonomi och teknik (SET), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-17139.

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The polluted agricultural wastewater, after reaching marine recipients, can cause eutrophication. This problem can be tackled and mitigated by using constructed wetlands as water treatment systems. The fact that constructed wetlands work through long periods of time has led many scientists to evaluate how long they can still treat their influents effectively. The development and growth of vegetation and the accumulation of nutrients on the soils in a wetland are expected to occur. These processes change the wetland efficiency to remove pollutants. In this study, a set of wetlands constructed to treat agricultural wastewater were analyzed in different periods to assess if there is a difference in removal efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus. This assessment was performed by analyzing the retention rate, k and k20 values, which are variables that quantify the nutrients removal, in different periods of each employed wetland. Some of the observations demonstrated differences when comparing different periods of the wetlands. The nitrogen removal presented better performance in one of the employed wetlands when this was older. Another employed wetland has not shown a clear difference between different periods. In the wetlands with high vegetation densities, the nitrogen removal was more stable over consecutive years. The occurrence of oscillations in nitrogen removal was observed more often in the wetlands with the highest vegetation densities over consecutive years. The phosphorus removal presented no clear differences between different periods. The results suggest that the removal of nitrogen improves after wetland creation due to the growth of vegetation. In addition, they suggest that wetlands with high vegetation densities tend to oscillate the nitrogen removal more or less often according to the density of the vegetation due to the balance between denitrification and decomposition. Further, the results suggest that the removal of phosphorus remains unchanged over longer periods than the periods considered in this study (four to six years) due to the deposition of organic matter on the soils.
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Chow, Siu-hang. "Vibrant green spine and constructed wetland in Tuen Mun River." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B38317540.

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Thesis (M. L. A.)--University of Hong Kong, 2007.
Title proper from title frame. Includes special report study entitled: Constructed wetland for wildlife, drainage and sewage treatment. Also available in printed format.
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Roberts, Sarah Marie. "Three-dimensional radiation flux source areas in urban areas." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28541.

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Outdoor physical scale modeling is a potentially powerful compromise between the more common numerical and observational techniques to understand urban climates, because it incorporates the experimental control of physical and numerical modeling but is subject to the real complexities associated with natural environmental forcing. An outdoor physical model of simple concrete “buildings” was constructed to simulate an “urban” array in three different configurations. Observations of both facet surface temperatures and of radiation fluxes within and above the urban canopy layer investigate the impact of surface-sensor-sun relations on measured radiation flux source areas. Field measurements from the scale model were complemented by analyses using two numerical models. The combined results guide development of a protocol to guide the optimal siting of radiation sensors in measurement projects of the urban surface energy balance. The siting protocol considers both the influence of surface structure and orientation on radiation source areas and on the streamwise dimensions of the equivalent turbulent flux source area ‘seen’ by turbulence sensors. Observed thermal patterns from the scale model compare well with those at similar full-scale urban sites. Measurements of the spatial variation in radiation fluxes reveal that measurement heights above approximately 2.5 times the mean building height generate uniform flux density patterns. An agreement index used to quantify the strength of correspondence between what a sensor ‘sees’ of an urban surface and the actual surface morphology demonstrates that measurement locations near a street intersection give results closest to those sought to represent the local scale. Relations derived to describe the measurement height at which the radiation flux source area of a radiation sensor encompasses the source area of a turbulent flux sensor, reveal the common practice of co-locating tower-based radiation and turbulence flux sensors is often not sufficient to ensure their overlap. To match radiation flux source areas to the streamwise extent of turbulence flux source areas, it is recommended that radiation flux sensors be sited so as to contain the location of the maximum turbulent flux source weight. This suggests that radiation sensor(s) should be about two- to three times higher in elevation than the turbulence sensor(s).
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Radwan, Magdy Mohamed. "Noise propagation in urban areas." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289837.

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Books on the topic "Wetlands in urban areas"

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S, Smith Daniel, and Hellmund Paul Cawood, eds. Ecology of greenways: Design and function of linear conservation areas. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993.

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Kusler, Jon A. Urban wetlands. S.l: s.n, 1988.

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Iowa. Dept. of Agriculture and Land Stewardship. Iowa wetlands and riparian areas conservation plan. Des Moines, IA: The Dept., 1999.

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Daly, Gerald P. Intensification in urban areas. [Ottawa]: CMHC, 1998.

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Moore, Peter D. Agricultural and urban areas. New York, NY: Facts On File, 2006.

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Bellear, Lisa. Dreaming in urban areas. St. Lucia, Qld: University of Queensland Press, 1996.

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de Graaf-van Dinther, Rutger, ed. Climate Resilient Urban Areas. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57537-3.

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Canada, Statistics. Urban areas =: Régions urbaines. Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services, 1992.

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Roed, Jorn. Reclamation Of Urban Areas. Roskilde, Denmark: Riso National Laboratory, 1986.

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Arizona. Department of Environmental Quality. Streambank stabilization management measures. Phoenix, AZ: Arizonia Dept. of Environmental Quality, 2005.

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Book chapters on the topic "Wetlands in urban areas"

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Aguilar, J. A. Pascual, V. Andreu, P. Vázquez, and Y. Picó. "Presence of Illicit Drugs in Surface Waters of Protected Natural Wetlands Connected to Traditional Irrigation Systems and Urban Areas." In Management of Water Resources in Protected Areas, 277–83. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16330-2_32.

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Joshi, Deepa, Sadika Haque, Kamrun Nahar, Shahinur Tania, Jasber Singh, and Tina Wallace. "Public Lives, Private Water: Female Ready-Made Garment Factory Workers in Peri-Urban Bangladesh." In Water Security, Conflict and Cooperation in Peri-Urban South Asia, 67–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79035-6_4.

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AbstractIn Dhaka city and its fringe peri-urban sprawls water for domestic use is an increasingly contested commodity. The location of our research, Gazipur district, bordering the growing city of Dhaka, is the heartland of Bangladesh’s Ready Made Garments (RMG) industry, which has spread unplanned in former wetlands and agrarian belts. However, unlike Dhaka, the almost fully industrialized peri-urban areas bordering the city, like many other such areas globally, function in an institutional vacuum. There are no formal institutional arrangements for water supply or sanitation. In the absence of regulations for mining groundwater for industrial use and weakly enforced norms for effluent discharge, the expansion of the RMG industry and other industries has had a disproportionate environmental impact. In this complex and challenging context, we apply a political economy lens to draw attention to the paradoxical situation of the increasingly “public” lives of poor Bangladeshi women working in large numbers in the RMG industry in situations of increasingly “private” and appropriated water sources in this institutionally liminal peri-urban space. Our findings show that poorly paid work for women in Bangladesh’s RMG industry does not translate to women’s empowerment because, among others, a persisting masculinity and the lack of reliable, appropriate and affordable WASH services make women’s domestic water work responsibilities obligatory and onerous.
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Mkulama, Abel K., Austin Tibu, and Kenneth Wiyo. "A Hydrological Assessment of Wetlands in Lilongwe Peri-urban Areas: A Case of Njewa Catchment, Lilongwe, Malawi." In Climate Impacts on Agricultural and Natural Resource Sustainability in Africa, 115–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37537-9_6.

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Hwang, Lanshing, and Ben A. LePage. "Floating Islands—An Alternative to Urban Wetlands." In Wetlands, 237–50. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0551-7_14.

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Rogerson, Robert. "Artificial Urban Wetlands." In The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Urban and Regional Futures, 1–6. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51812-7_193-1.

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Rogerson, Robert. "Artificial Urban Wetlands." In The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Urban and Regional Futures, 1–6. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51812-7_193-1.

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Gillespie, Josephine. "Wetlands: Protecting the World’s ‘Ugly’ Places." In Protected Areas, 87–105. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40502-1_5.

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Mela, Alfredo. "Urban Areas." In Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research, 6826–28. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_3122.

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Pincetl, Stephanie, Guido Franco, Nancy B. Grimm, Terri S. Hogue, Sara Hughes, Eric Pardyjak, Alicia M. Kinoshita, Patrick Jantz, and Monica Gilchrist. "Urban Areas." In Assessment of Climate Change in the Southwest United States, 267–96. Washington, DC: Island Press/Center for Resource Economics, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-484-0_13.

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Xue, Zhenshan, Zhongsheng Zhang, Caifeng Cheng, and Tingting Zhang. "Cooling Effects of Urban and Peri-Urban Wetlands: Remote Sensing." In Wetlands and Habitats, 115–24. Second edition. | Boca Raton: CRC Press, [2020] | Revised: CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429445507-16.

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Conference papers on the topic "Wetlands in urban areas"

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FAVACHO CURTY, ADRIANA. "THE CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS MAKE THE CONNECTIONS OF THE URBAN AREAS AND NATURAL LANDSCAPE, PRESERVING THE RIPARIAN ZONES." In 38th IAHR World Congress. The International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research (IAHR), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/38wc092019-1017.

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Kaprielian, Gabriel. "Design as Play: Sea-Level Rise Planning Board Game." In 2018 ACSA International Conference. ACSA Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.intl.2018.39.

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The waterfront along the San Francisco Bay is facing a growing threat from sea-level rise. Over the years, the Bay Area has seen a large portion of the historic wetlands filled or leveled off for residential, commercial, and industrial land uses. According to current sea level rise projections, water will once again reclaim the bay lands that have been filled. The issues presented by sea level rise along the urban edge of the San Francisco Bay involve a complex series of challenges including: regional versus local governance, built versus natural environment, vulnerable local and regional infrastructure, diverging interests with diverse stakeholders, and population growth. With each possible future scenario come multiple outcomes with winners and losers. How can the best policy and design be selected and tested? How will distinct communities learn about different options and strategies for adaptation and be empowered to act? By creating and playing a sea level rise adaptation “game,” student were able to explore these different scenarios and inform future urban planning and design decisions.
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Lei, Dongxue, and Andong Lu. "A Study of Chinese Traditional Wetland Island Settlement Combining Morphological and Narrative Analyses." In 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.5895.

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A Study of Chinese Traditional Wetland Island Settlement Combining Morphological and Narrative Analyses Dongxue Lei¹, Andong Lu² School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Nanjing UniversityHankou Road 22#, Gulou District, Nanjing, ChinaE-mail: dxlei@outlook.com, andonglu@gmail.com Keywords (3-5): wetland island settlement, morphology, townscape, cognitive map Conference topics and scale: Tools of analysis in urban morphology The Lixiahe region, a low-lying wetland located to the eastern side of the Huaiyang section of the Grand Canal, is characterized by a complex hydrological environment and has changed slowly in the urbanization process. The historical town of Shagou, a representative case of island settlements in this region, has a recorded history of continuous morphological change over six hundred years. Regarding Shagou as a cultural-geographical entity, this article aims at combining morphological analysis and narrative-based cognitive mapping to revel the characteristic townscape that strongly depends on cultural-geographic complexity. Based on survey work, this article will first define distinguishable plan elements that underpins the spatial form of Shagou: 1) natural context; 2) streets system; 3) plots system, and then investigate diachronically different phases of the formation of its spatial structure. On the other hand, based on archiving and data analysis of the oral history study, this article will generate a narrative cognitive map, in terms of paths, nodes, landmarks and areas. In conjunction with fieldwork and documentary record, this study testifies that the method derived from the plan analysis developed by Conzon is applicable to the study of wetland island settlement form in China and that narrative spatial analysis provides important supplemental spatial information. A careful combination of these methods might be used for understanding culturally embedded settlement forms in China. References (100 words) Conzen, M. R. G. (1960) Alnwick, Northumberland: A Study in Town-plan Analysis (London, George Philip). Herman, D. (ed.) (2003) Narrative theory and the cognitive sciences (Center for the Study of Language and Information Publication). Whitehand, J. W. R. and Gu, K. (2007) ‘Extending the compass of plan analysis: a Chinese exploration’, Urban Morphology, 11(2), 91-109. Whitehand, J. W. R. and Gu, K. (2007) ‘Urban conservation in China: Historical development, current practice and morphological approach’, The Town Planning Review, 78(5), 643-670.
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Annisa, Muhsinah, and Mrs Listiani. "Elementary School Teachers' Understanding of Nature of Science: A Study on Rural, Bordered, Coastal, and Urban Areas of North Kalimantan." In 1st International Conference on Social Sciences Education - "Multicultural Transformation in Education, Social Sciences and Wetland Environment" (ICSSE 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icsse-17.2018.44.

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McCarty, M., A. Ravestein, C. Streb, and D. O’Heney. "Large Scale Floating Wetlands for Urban Waterfronts." In 15th Triennial International Conference. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784482629.008.

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Miracle, David L., Catherine G. Varnes, and Michael G. Cullum. "Assessment of Wetland Creation Areas in Northeast Florida." In Wetlands Engineering and River Restoration Conference 1998. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40382(1998)128.

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Miller, Jill N., Nicholas Pansic, and Suzanne Malec. "Stream Restoration in the Urban Environment." In Wetlands Engineering and River Restoration Conference 2001. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40581(2001)86.

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Goldsmith, Wendi, Kirk R. Barrett, Marit Larson, and William Lattrell. "Urban Channel Restoration: Design and Monitoring." In Wetlands Engineering and River Restoration Conference 1998. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40382(1998)168.

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Butera, Bob, and Daniel Billman. "Urban Stream Restoration in Anchorage, Alaska." In Wetlands Engineering and River Restoration Conference 1998. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40382(1998)4.

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Wu, Xiaohui, Miklas Scholz, and Lin Rao. "Constructed Wetlands treating Urban Runoff Contaminated with Nitrogen." In 2008 2nd International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbbe.2008.405.

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Reports on the topic "Wetlands in urban areas"

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Hochmair, Hartwig, Adam Benjamin, Daniel Gann, Levente Juhasz, and Zhaohui Fu. Miami-Dade County Urban Tree Canopy Analysis. Florida International University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25148/gis.009116.

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This assessment focuses on describing urban tree canopy (UTC) within the Urban Development Boundary of Miami-Dade County, as defined by the Miami-Dade County Transportation Planning Organization (Figure 1). The area (intracoastal water areas excluded) encompasses approximately 1147 km2 (443 mi2). A combination of remote sensing and publicly available vector data was used to classify the following land cover classes: tree canopy/shrubs, grass, bare ground, wetland, water, building, street/railroad, other impervious surfaces, and cropland.
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Desiderati, Christopher. Carli Creek Regional Water Quality Project: Assessing Water Quality Improvement at an Urban Stormwater Constructed Wetland. Portland State University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/mem.78.

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Stormwater management is an ongoing challenge in the United States and the world at-large. As state and municipal agencies grapple with conflicting interests like encouraging land development, complying with permits to control stormwater discharges, “urban stream syndrome” effects, and charges to steward natural resources for the long-term, some agencies may turn to constructed wetlands (CWs) as aesthetically pleasing and functional natural analogs for attenuating pollution delivered by stormwater runoff to rivers and streams. Constructed wetlands retain pollutants via common physical, physicochemical, and biological principles such as settling, adsorption, or plant and algae uptake. The efficacy of constructed wetlands for pollutant attenuation varies depending on many factors such as flow rate, pollutant loading, maintenance practices, and design features. In 2018, the culmination of efforts by Clackamas Water Environment Services and others led to the opening of the Carli Creek Water Quality Project, a 15-acre constructed wetland adjacent to Carli Creek, a small, 3500-ft tributary of the Clackamas River in Clackamas County, OR. The combined creek and constructed wetland drain an industrialized, 438-acre, impervious catchment. The wetland consists of a linear series of a detention pond and three bioretention treatment cells, contributing a combined 1.8 acres of treatment area (a 1:243 ratio with the catchment) and 3.3 acre-feet of total runoff storage. In this study, raw pollutant concentrations in runoff were evaluated against International Stormwater BMP database benchmarks and Oregon Water Quality Criteria. Concentration and mass-based reductions were calculated for 10 specific pollutants and compared to daily precipitation totals from a nearby precipitation station. Mass-based reductions were generally higher for all pollutants, largely due to runoff volume reduction on the treatment terrace. Concentration-based reductions were highly variable, and suggested export of certain pollutants (e.g., ammonia), even when reporting on a mass-basis. Mass load reductions on the terrace for total dissolved solids, nitrate+nitrite, dissolved lead, and dissolved copper were 43.3 ± 10%, 41.9 ± 10%, 36.6 ± 13%, and 43.2 ± 16%, respectively. E. coli saw log-reductions ranging from -1.3 — 3.0 on the terrace, and -1.0 — 1.8 in the creek. Oregon Water Quality Criteria were consistently met at the two in-stream sites on Carli Creek for E. coli with one exception, and for dissolved cadmium, lead, zinc, and copper (with one exception for copper). However, dissolved total solids at the downstream Carli Creek site was above the Willamette River guidance value 100 mg/L roughly 71% of the time. The precipitation record during the study was useful for explaining certain pollutant reductions, as several mechanisms are driven by physical processes, however it was not definitive. The historic rain/snow/ice event in mid-February 2021 appeared to impact mass-based reductions for all metals. Qualitatively, precipitation seemed to have the largest effect on nutrient dynamics, specifically ammonia-nitrogen. Determining exact mechanisms of pollutant removals was outside the scope of this study. An improved flow record, more targeted storm sampling, or more comprehensive nutrient profiles could aid in answering important questions on dominant mechanisms of this new constructed wetland. This study is useful in establishing a framework and baseline for understanding this one-of-a-kind regional stormwater treatment project and pursuing further questions in the future.
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Mahan, Brent L. Valuing Urban Wetlands: A Property Pricing Approach,. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada326734.

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Bailey, Michael, Patrick Farrell, Theresa Kuchler, and Johannes Stroebel. Social Connectedness in Urban Areas. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w26029.

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de Bellefon, Marie-Pierre, Pierre-Philippe Combes, Gilles Duranton, Laurent Gobillon, and Clément Gorin. Delineating Urban Areas Using Building Density. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, November 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w26482.

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Priymachenko, Oleksiy. Environmental Management Methods for Trunk Road Adjacent Urban Areas. PІDVODNІ TEHNOLOGІЇ, June 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31493/tit1909.1802.

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Lidmo, Johannes, Ágúst Bogason, and Eeva Turunen. The legal framework and national policies for urban greenery and green values in urban areas. Nordregio, March 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/r2020:3.1403-2503.

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Treml, Vladimir D., Gregory Grossman, and Nikolai Malyshev. Purchases of Food from Private Sources in Soviet Urban Areas. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada269614.

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Kothuri, Sirisha. Exploring Pedestrian Responsive Traffic Signal Timing Strategies in Urban Areas. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.1933.

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Daniels, Jean M., Weston Brinkley, and Michael D. Paruszkiewicz. Urban forest restoration cost modeling: a Seattle natural areas case study. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/pnw-gtr-921.

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