Journal articles: 'Wetlands Program'

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Benson, Catherine E., Brendan Carberry, and Tom A. Langen. "Public–Private Partnership Wetland Restorations Provide Quality Forage for Waterfowl in Northern New York." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 10, no. 2 (July 1, 2019): 323–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/092018-jfwm-080.

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Abstract The Partners for Fish and Wildlife Program and Wetlands Reserve Program are U.S. federal programs that provide financial and technical assistance to restore wetland habitats on private property, and are important tools for the conservation and management of waterfowl. This study examined whether these wetland restorations successfully restored one important component of waterfowl habitat, the availability of vegetative forage, at sites in the St. Lawrence River valley of New York. We conducted surveys at 47 restored and 18 reference wetlands to characterize the vegetation assemblage in terms of its value as forage for waterfowl. Results suggest that these public–private partnership wetland restorations develop assemblages of wetland vegetation that are similar to reference wetlands. Vegetation assemblage metrics, including estimates of species richness, the richness of species of food value, the Vegetative Forage Quality Index, and the cover of species of food value, did not differ between restored–reference wetland pairs. However, invasive species were common at sites, and we detected a negative association between the cover of invasive species and the Vegetative Forage Quality Index at both restored and reference wetlands. On the basis of these results, we conclude that Partners for Fish and Wildlife Program and Wetland Reserve Program wetland restorations provide quality forage for breeding and migratory waterfowl in this region, but that the presence of invasive vegetation at sites has the potential to decrease the quality of vegetative forage at sites over time.

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Mustika Edi, Armanto, Wildayana Elisa, and Syakina Bella. "Dynamics, Degradation and Future Challenges of Wetlands in South Sumatra Province, Indonesia." E3S Web of Conferences 68 (2018): 04001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20186804001.

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This paperaims to analyzedynamics, degradation and future challenges of wetlands in South Sumatra Province, Indonesia. Research methods using Focus Group Discussion (FGD), research data and information are processedusing SPSS program. There are four dominant types of wetlands in South Sumatra, namely lebak swamps, tidal swamps, rivers, lakes, and peatlands. The area of lebakswamps has dominantly increased from year to year, while other wetlands have decreased extensively over the years. All species living in wetlands have decreased in number; the most dominant decline was experienced by fish, gymnosperm and fern and at least in moss and angiosperm. The main causes of wetlands degradation are weaken forcement and legal compliance of inadequate policies, reclamation and excessive drainage. Current efforts to protect the wetlands are restoration, groundwater control, fish population conservation and wetland reserves.

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Martin, J. R., R. A. Clarke, and R. L. Knight. "Ecological characteristics of a natural wetland receiving secondary effluent." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2001): 317–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0846.

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The Boot wetland treatment system is a 115-acre, hydrologically altered cypress-gum wetland in Polk County, Florida. The Poinciana Wastewater Treatment Plant No. 3 has discharged secondary effluent to the bermed Boot wetland since August 1984. Before that time this natural wetland had been affected adversely by forestry, drainage, and surrounding development which contributed to dying trees and a groundcover of invasive upland plants. In accordance with the Florida Department of Environmental Protection's Wetlands Application Rule (Chapter 62-611, F.A.C.), a routine biological and water quality monitoring program has been in effect since October 1990. Components of the biological monitoring program include surveys of canopy and subcanopy, herbaceous and shrub groundcover species, benthic macroinvertebrates, fish, and nuisance mosquitoes. Effluent addition to the Boot wetland has resulted in continuous wetland inundation with a typical water depth of 2.5 to 3.0 feet for the past 15 years. Dominance and density of trees has steadily increased, upland invader species were eliminated, and stable plant, fish, and invertebrate communities were established. The long term biological data from this treatment wetland is compared to data from other natural treatment wetlands and a control wetland.

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Said, Laila, Fifi Swandari, and Meldasari Said. "CSR Programs of Municipal Water Utility Companies for Wetland Communities of South Kalimantan." Asia Proceedings of Social Sciences 7, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31580/apss.v7i1.1754.

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Many studies on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) analyze the effectiveness and efficiency of private companies' social funds. Only a few studies on CSR programs of municipal utility companies. The municipal utility company is unique because it has a captive market, and the Government regulates the company. These factors impact company's CSR strategy. This study qualitatively analyzed the CSR of municipal water utility companies of Bandarmasih and Intan Banjar. The Bandarmasih, which is located in the city of Banjarmasin, represents urban wetlands. The Intan Banjar, which service area includes Banjarbaru city and Banjar regency, represents rural wetlands. The analysis method was descriptive exploratory through observation, interviews, and focus group discussion. The results showed that the CSR programs had been sufficiently implemented but ineffective to fulfill the wetland community's needs. The CSR programs were sporadic and did not strategically improve the companies' image. The CSR programs were not derived from the companies' vision and mission. There was no formulated social responsibility policy. This current research contributes to designing a 'signature' CSR program under its core business competencies for community welfare. This research is among the first to focus on municipal utility companies' CSR programs concerning communities in wetland areas.

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Greenway, Margaret, and John S. Simpson. "Artificial wetlands for wastewater treatment, water reuse and wildlife in Queensland, Australia." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 10-11 (May 1, 1996): 221–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0678.

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Queensland, Australia has a subtropical-tropical climate with dry winters and wet monsoonal summers. Arid climatic conditions prevail inland with hot dry days and cold nights. The climatic conditions are conducive to high plant growth rates and hence offer great potential for constructed wetlands for water pollution control. The water (a scarce resource during the dry season and in arid regions) can also be used to irrigate crops, playing fields, parks and gardens or golf courses. The water discharged from the wetlands is also of an acceptable quality to flow into estuarine and riverine environments. Many natural wetlands are only seasonally inundated and during the dry season wildlife has to seek alternative refuges. Artificial wetlands receiving sewage effluent provide permanent wildlife habitats and improve the landscape amenity. The Queensland government's Department of Primary Industries has initiated an Artificial Wetlands for Water Pollution Research Program. Under this scheme 10 experimental pilot artificial wetlands have been established and a further 6 university research projects are being conducted on various aspects of artificial wetlands including nutrient and heavy metal uptake and bioavailability in wetland plants, sediment biogeochemistry and mass balances. One gold mine rehabilitation project has an artificial wetland to treat mine leachate. This paper presents 3 case studies which include significant results with respect to wastewater polishing and re-use.

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Levandowski, Mary. "Understanding wetland responses to climate change in the Greater Yellowstone Area." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 40 (December 15, 2017): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.2017.5573.

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Wetlands in the Greater Yellowstone Area (GYA) support a high diversity of species. Increased temperatures associated with climate change are related to increased wetland drying in the GYA, potentially affecting the species using wetlands. The National Park Service Greater Yellowstone Inventory and Monitoring Network (GRYN) started monitoring wetlands in 2006, focusing on amphibian occupancy. Adding novel surveillance techniques to GRYN’s existing, long-term monitoring program offers an opportunity to observe more species. This may help us better understand how wetland species diversity may be affected by climate change and provide additional information to managers. In 2017, I outfitted four permanent wetlands with equipment collecting photographs, acoustic recordings, and ultrasonic recordings for approximately five days in June/July. When the equipment was deployed, I collected environmental DNA (eDNA) samples. Data from wildlife cameras, acoustic recorders, ultrasonic recorders, and eDNA for cataloging the biological diversity of wetlands is still being analyzed. Acoustic data and eDNA samples require additional processing; however, preliminary data is available for photographic data and ultrasonic data. Cameras detected elk at all sites, whereas bat detection varied by site. Featured photo by Neal Herbert on Flickr. https://flic.kr/p/2gv8cSh

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Xiao, Jun Sheng, Yu Gang Dai, and Tao Xu. "The Model Used to Pretect Wetlands Based on Zigbee Technology." Applied Mechanics and Materials 397-400 (September 2013): 1621–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.397-400.1621.

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In this paper, by researching the wireless sensor network, combination of the zigbee wireless communications protocol features,using the Wireless sensor technology to establish the Tibetan wetland protection program. Combine the characteristics of Tibetan areas about wetlands, finally work out a reasonable set of Tibetan wetland model. The model data is obtained through a variety of sensor nodes, using wireless transmit data to Host computer. Host computer use the Socket communication protocol sent to the server. After Server processing ,displayed by Web form.The model have tested int wetlands, and also got a series of data results,and the resul display a number of environmental problems.

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Battaglia, Michael J., Sarah Banks, Amir Behnamian, Laura Bourgeau-Chavez, Brian Brisco, Jennifer Corcoran, Zhaohua Chen, et al. "Multi-Source EO for Dynamic Wetland Mapping and Monitoring in the Great Lakes Basin." Remote Sensing 13, no. 4 (February 8, 2021): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13040599.

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Wetland managers, citizens and government leaders are observing rapid changes in coastal wetlands and associated habitats around the Great Lakes Basin due to human activity and climate variability. SAR and optical satellite sensors offer cost effective management tools that can be used to monitor wetlands over time, covering large areas like the Great Lakes and providing information to those making management and policy decisions. In this paper we describe ongoing efforts to monitor dynamic changes in wetland vegetation, surface water extent, and water level change. Included are assessments of simulated Radarsat Constellation Mission data to determine feasibility of continued monitoring into the future. Results show that integration of data from multiple sensors is most effective for monitoring coastal wetlands in the Great Lakes region. While products developed using methods described in this article provide valuable management tools, more effort is needed to reach the goal of establishing a dynamic, near-real-time, remote sensing-based monitoring program for the basin.

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Suir, Glenn M., Douglas A. Wilcox, and Molly Reif. "Classification of Typha-dominated wetlands using airborne hyperspectral imagery along Lake Ontario, USA." Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management 24, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 140–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.14321/aehm.024.02.18.

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Abstract Shoreline wetlands along Lake Ontario are valuable, multi-functional resources that have historically provided large numbers of important ecosystem goods and services. However, alterations to the lake’s natural hydrologic regime have impacted traditional meadow marsh in the wetlands, resulting in competition and colonization by dense and aggressive Typha angustifolia and Typha x glauca (Cattails). The shift to a Typha-dominated landscape resulted in an array of negative impacts, including increased Typha density, substantial decreases in plant species richness and diversity, and altered habitat and changes in associated ecosystem services. Successful long-term adaptive management of these wetland resources requires timely and accurate monitoring. Historically, wetland landscapes have been surveyed and mapped using field-based surveys and/or photointerpretation. However, given their resource- and cost-intensive nature, these methods are often prohibitively time- and labor-consuming or geographically limited. Other remote sensing applications can provide more rapid and efficient assessments when evaluating wetland change trajectories or analyzing direct and indirect impacts across larger spatial and temporal scales. The primary goal of this study was to develop and describe methodology using U.S. Army Corps of Engineers National Coastal Mapping Program hyperspectral imagery, light detection and ranging data, and high-spatial resolution true-color imagery to provide updated wetland classifications for Lake Ontario coastal wetlands. This study used existing field-collected vegetation survey data (Great Lakes Coastal Wetland Monitoring Program), ancillary imagery, and existing classification information as training data for a supervised classification approach. These data were used along with a generalized wetland schema (classes based on physical and biological gradients: elevation, Typha, meadow marsh, mixed emergent, upland vegetation) to generate wetland classification data with Kappa values near 0.85. Ultimately, these data and methods provide helpful knowledge elements that will allow for more efficient inventorying and monitoring of Great Lake resources, forecasting of resource condition and stability, and adaptive management strategies.

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Giamboro, Wrego Seno, Puji Pratiknyo, Ardian Novianto, and Lisna Tri Utami. "Analisa Persebaran Wetland Berdasarkan Metode Geolistrik di Kecamatan Pandak, Kab. Bantul, DIY." Jurnal Mineral, Energi, dan Lingkungan 4, no. 2 (January 13, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.31315/jmel.v4i2.3030.

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ABSTRAKWetland merupakan tanah lunak tersaturasi air yang berada di dekat permukaan yang menjadi permasalahan dalam pembangunan di sekitar daerah penelitian di Desa Gilangharjo, Kab. Bantul, DIY. Oleh karena itu dilakukan pengukuran metode geolistrik untuk mengetahui persebaran kedalaman wetland di sekitar daerah penelitian sebagai bahan kajian pendukung dalam program pembangunan desa. Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan pengukuran metode geolistrik sounding sebanyak lima titik sounding, kemudian data lapangan diproses menggunakan pemodelan inversi 1 Dimensi (1D) untuk mendapatkan kurva model 1D resistivitas batuan. Berdasarkan kurva model 1D resistivitas batuan didapatkan nilai resistivitas wetland berkisar antara 5.66 - 29.6 ohm.m dan kedalaman wetland berkisar antara 0.592 - 2.25 meter yang meningkat ke arah tenggara. kata kunci : Wet soils, resistivitas, geolistrik sounding ABSTRACTWetlands is a soft water saturated rocks in near surface which becomes a problems of developement in surrounding area of Gilangharjo Village, Bantul District, DIY. Therefore, the research with using geoelectrical methods has been conducted to delineating spreading of wetlands depth in surrounding research areas as a supporting data for village developing programs. In this research is conducted sounding geoelectrical methods measurements as much five sounding points, then the field data is processes with using 1D inversion modelling to get 1D resistivity models curve of rocks. Based on 1D resistivity models curve of rocks is obtained wetlands resistivity value is between 5.66 - 29.6 ohm.m and the depth of wetlands is between 0.592 - 2.25 meters which increase to southwest. keywords : Wet soils, resistivity, sounding geoelectric.

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Meng, Wei Qing, Bei Bei Hu, and Zhong Liang Wang. "Coastal Wetland Degradation and its Restoration Planning Incorporating Landscape and Ecological Processes in Tianjin, Northern China." Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (June 2014): 4123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.4123.

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Coastal wetlands are the main natural ecosystem type and provide important ecosystem services. During the past thirty years, wetlands had experienced increasing pressures from occupation and degradation with coastal economic activities in Tianjin. A large amount of natural wetland had been changed into artificial wetland, and rivers had been seriously polluted. Using remote-sensing images, the recent history of the dynamics for the shoreline changes and reclamation were described. The area of reclamation land increased from 52.32 km2 in 2004 to 312.78 km2 in 2010. Following the investigation, 232 species wetland plants were found and they are belongs to 46 families and 135 genera. The community is mainly composed of herbs, and no big trees were founded as high salt content in soil and groundwater. The coastal wetland vegetation succession rules were summarized based on investigation and a wetland protection and restoration program was put forward based on the vegetation succession sequence and the landscape context. The planning includ two wetland protection sites, two wetland restoration sites, one wetland park and one wetland education site to reconstruct the ecological integrity in Tianjin coastal region.

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Poe, Gregory L. "Property Tax Distortions and Participation in Federal Easement Programs: An Exploratory Analysis of the Wetlands Reserve Program." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 27, no. 1 (April 1998): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500001751.

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Higher propety taxes and uncertainty about post-easement tax levels may create a disincentive for landowners to participate in federal easement programs such as the Wetlands Reserve Program, and thus may distort participation levels in a manner inconsistent with the environmental benefits associated with individual parcels. Support for this hypothesis is provided in an exploratory analysis of state level participation in the Wetlands Reserve Program. If such distortions prove to be policy relevant, then either they should be accounted for in the bid acceptance process of future federal easement programs, or individual states and localities should correct property tax differentials and post-easement tax uncertainty.

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Reiter, Matthew E., Nathan K. Elliott, Dennis Jongsomjit, Gregory H. Golet, and Mark D. Reynolds. "Impact of extreme drought and incentive programs on flooded agriculture and wetlands in California’s Central Valley." PeerJ 6 (June 29, 2018): e5147. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5147.

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BackgroundBetween 2013 and 2015, a large part of the western United States, including the Central Valley of California, sustained an extreme drought. The Central Valley is recognized as a region of hemispheric importance for waterbirds, which use flooded agriculture and wetlands as habitat. Thus, the impact of drought on the distribution of surface water needed to be assessed to understand the effects on waterbird habitat availability.MethodsWe used remote sensing data to quantify the impact of the recent extreme drought on the timing and extent of waterbird habitat during the non-breeding season (July–May) by examining open water in agriculture (rice, corn, and other crops) and managed wetlands across the Central Valley. We assessed the influence of habitat incentive programs, particularly The Nature Conservancy’s BirdReturns and The Natural Resources Conservation Service’s Waterbird Habitat Enhancement Program (WHEP), at offsetting habitat loss related to drought.ResultsOverall, we found statistically significant declines in open water in post-harvest agriculture (45–80% declines) and in managed wetlands (39–60% declines) during the 2013–2015 drought compared to non-drought years during the period of 2000–2011. Crops associated with the San Joaquin Basin, specifically corn, as well as wetlands in that part of the Central Valley exhibited larger reductions in open water than rice and wetlands in the Sacramento Valley. Semi-permanent wetlands on protected lands had significantly lower (39–49%) open water in the drought years than those on non-protected lands while seasonal wetlands on protected lands had higher amounts of open water. A large fraction of the daily open water in rice during certain times of the year, particularly in the fall for BirdReturns (61%) and the winter for WHEP (100%), may have been provided through incentive programs which underscores the contribution of these programs. However, further assessment is needed to know how much the incentive programs directly offset the impact of drought in post-harvest rice by influencing water management or simply supplemented funding for activities that might have been done regardless.DiscussionOur landscape analysis documents the significant impacts of the recent extreme drought on freshwater wetland habitats in the Central Valley, the benefits of incentive programs, and the value of using satellite data to track surface water and waterbird habitats. More research is needed to understand subsequent impacts on the freshwater dependent species that rely on these systems and how incentive programs can most strategically support vulnerable species during future extreme drought.

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Wachenheim, Cheryl Joy, David C. Roberts, Nana Sakyibea Addo, and John Devney. "Farmer Preferences for a Working Wetlands Program." Wetlands 38, no. 5 (July 3, 2018): 1005–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13157-018-1052-3.

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Schwartz, Larry N., Peter M. Wallace, Paula M. Gale, Willard F. Smith, James T. Wittig, and Stephanie L. McCarty. "Orange County Florida Eastern Service Area Reclaimed Water Wetlands Reuse System." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 4 (February 1, 1994): 273–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0208.

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As part of an integrated multiple reuse program reclaimed water is discharged to a system of natural and created wetlands before ultimate discharge to a river. A research plan bas been required to determine the long-term effects of reclaimed wastewater on the wetlands, their waste recycling efficiency and the impact on downstream waters. This paper presents results from three years of this monitoring and research program which show the wetlands reuse system to function well, with no adverse impacts on wetlands or receiving waters.

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Carriker, Roy R. "Wetlands and Environmental Legislation Issues." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 26, no. 1 (July 1994): 80–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800019180.

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AbstractThe federal government program for wetlands regulation is administered by the United States Army Corps of Engineers pursuant to Section 404 of the Clean Water Act. Proposals for amending and/or reforming the Section 404 program are included in Congressional deliberations regarding Clean Water Act reauthorization. Specific issues of public policy include the definition of “waters of the United States”, criteria for delineation of jurisdictional wetlands, definition of activities exempt from regulation, mitigation and classification of wetlands, and issues of property rights.

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Wang, Hua, Walter Keithly, and Rex Caffey. "Factors Influencing Landowners’ Decisions for Income-Generating Activities on Private Coastal Wetland in Louisiana." Resources 8, no. 2 (June 4, 2019): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources8020105.

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The coastal zone of Louisiana contains more than 3 million wetland acres and has the highest acreage of salt marsh of any state. However, Louisiana accounts for 80 percent of the nation’s coastal land loss. The loss of Louisiana’s coastal wetlands results in changes in economic and ecological benefits on local communities. The purpose of the study is to investigate the factors that motivate private coastal landowners to participate in income-generating activities and the level of income derived from their coastal wetland parcels and to gauge their opinion of potential policy instruments for coastal wetlands stewardship. A double-hurdle model was applied to econometrically identify the determinants on the participation and level of participation in income-generating activities using data collected from a sample of coastal wetland owners. The results based on the estimated parameters and marginal effects revealed that decisions to participate and the level of participation are related to physical characteristics of the wetland and socioeconomic characteristics of the landowner. For example, the type of wetland is the primary factor influencing the decision to participate and the level of participation. In addition, understanding the landowner’s attitude toward wetland restoration program provides the opportunity for policymakers to better evaluate current and potential policies for coastal management in Louisiana.

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Parks, P. J., and R. A. Kramer. "A Policy Simulation of the Wetlands Reserve Program." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 28, no. 2 (March 1995): 223–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jeem.1995.1015.

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Stokeld, Danielle, Andrew J. Hamer, Rodney van der Ree, Vincent Pettigrove, and Graeme Gillespie. "Factors influencing occurrence of a freshwater turtle in an urban landscape: a resilient species?" Wildlife Research 41, no. 2 (2014): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr13205.

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Context Species vary broadly in their ability to adapt to urbanisation. Freshwater turtles are vulnerable to the loss and degradation of terrestrial and aquatic habitat in urban environments. There have been few publications investigating impacts of urbanisation on freshwater turtles in Australia. Aims We investigated the effects of urbanisation on the distribution and abundance of the eastern long-necked turtle (Chelodina longicollis) in greater Melbourne. Methods We examined occurrence and relative abundance of C. longicollis at 55 wetlands across an urban–rural gradient in relation to site- and landscape-level factors. Occupancy was modelled using the program PRESENCE, and incorporated landscape and habitat covariates. A negative binomial regression model was used to examine the influence of landscape and habitat factors on relative abundance by using WinBUGS. Key results C. longicollis occupied 85% of the 55 wetlands we surveyed, and we found no evidence that wetland occupancy was influenced by the variables we measured. However, relative abundance was highest at wetlands with low water conductivity and heavy metal pollution, and in wetlands furthest from rivers. Conclusions C. longicollis appears to be resilient to urbanisation and is likely to persist in urban landscapes, possibly because of the creation of new wetlands in Australian cities. However, long-term studies focussed on demographic parameters, or survivorship, may elucidate as yet undetected effects of urbanisation. Although no specific management recommendations may be necessary for C. longicollis in urban areas at this time, this species may be in decline in non-urban areas as a result of climatic changes and wetland drying. Implications Our findings suggest that caution is required before drawing generalised conclusions on the impacts of urbanisation on turtles, as the effects are likely to be species-specific, dependent on specific ecology and life-history requirements. Further studies are required to ascertain these relationships for a wider array of species and over longer time spans.

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Maddock, Max. "Teacher training using wetlands." Australian Journal of Environmental Education 2 (June 1986): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0814062600004390.

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AbstractEnvironmental Education for student teachers requires careful design and operation to achieve desired ends. Initiatives taken in the Newcastle region have culminated in a teacher training program utilising local field studies centres with a variety of teaching experiences in mind. This article describes these experiences and notes the condition effecting the viability and vitality of such an approach to teacher training in environmental education.

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De Steven, Diane, and Joel M. Gramling. "Diverse Characteristics of Wetlands Restored under the Wetlands Reserve Program in the Southeastern United States." Wetlands 32, no. 4 (May 23, 2012): 593–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13157-012-0303-y.

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White, G. C., I. C. Smalls, and P. A. Bek. "Carcoar Wetland – A Wetland System for River Nutrient Removal." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 4 (February 1, 1994): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0183.

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During December, 1991 the NSW Department of Water Resources commenced construction of an artificial wetland at the upstream end of Carcoar Dam near Blayney in central western NSW. The principal function of the wetland is to reduce nutrient inputs, especially phosphorus, from the Belubula River into Carcoar storage and consequently lower the incidence of blue-green algal blooms which occur most summers. The wetland is a multi-faceted project involving substantial research and community involvement. Construction of the wetland weir and levees was completed during April, 1992. Stage one of the wetland planting program ran from October to December, 1992 with stage two scheduled for the same period in 1993. The wetland will not be operational until December, 1993. However, even at this early point in the project, significant experience has been gained in design, construction, planting and establishment of comprehensive community involvement programs for large constructed wetlands on the flood plain. This paper outlines the background to the wetland, the design of the wetland system and its construction primarily as a nutrient removal mechanism in the Belubula River. The paper also outlines the direction of research undertaken and the role and nature of community involvement in various aspects of the project.

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Farrell, Aaron C., and Ronald B. Scheckenberger. "An Assessment of Long-Term Monitoring Data for Constructed Wetlands for Urban Highway Runoff Control." Water Quality Research Journal 38, no. 2 (May 1, 2003): 283–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2003.020.

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Abstract Constructed wetlands have gained acceptance as a means of treating stormwater runoff from urban developments. Much of the available data regarding the performance of these facilities is based upon monitoring conducted over the course of less than two years, and as such inherently assumes that the period of analysis represents the “typical” or “design” conditions under which these facilities are intended to operate. While this information has provided guidance regarding the mechanisms by which wetlands provide quality treatment of urban runoff, it does not fully reflect the variability of conditions under which the facilities operate over the fullness of time, which is of particular concern to designers and operators. The construction of the Dartnall Road Interchange, as part of Hamilton's Lincoln Alexander Parkway, required a monitoring program—which included five years of water quality sampling—as a condition of approval by the Department of Fisheries and Oceans. This paper reports on the quantitative and qualitative wetland water quality monitoring data (sediment, nutrients, metals) obtained over the course of a total seven-year program, and provides information regarding the operating conditions and estimates on contaminant removal efficiencies from the facilities.

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Messaros, Roy C. "Application of the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Water Budget Manual to Finderne Farms Wetland Mitigation and Assessment of Project Performance." Journal of Ecosystems 2013 (October 1, 2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/983438.

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The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, NY District’s wetland mitigation proposal for Finderne Farms in Bridgewater, NJ, was approved in August 2005 by the state regulatory agency. The design goal was to provide mitigation for wetlands impacted by the Green Brook Flood Control project at a ratio of 2 : 1. As part of the design process in 2001, the available historical hydrologic data was evaluated. At that time, the NJ Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP) Water Budget Manual was not available as a tool for accessing an acceptable design hydroperiod. Construction of the Finderne mitigation site was completed in July 2006. A six-year postconstruction monitoring program has determined that certain areas at the site have not achieved the established wetland success criteria. In 2012, there was a 28% survival of planted woody vegetation and a 74% cover of invasive species within Creation Area 1, a palustrine forested wetland. With the advent of the Water Budget Manual, a reevaluation of the historical hydrologic data was performed. Based on this analysis, the hydroperiod and soil moisture conditions are not representative of sustainable wetlands. Adaptive management measures are currently being developed and evaluated to improve the hydrology, hydric soil conditions, and survival of target vegetation at the Finderne site.

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Forshay, Ken, Hem Nalini Morzaria–Luna, Brack Hale, and Katie Predick. "Landowner Satisfaction with the Wetlands Reserve Program in Wisconsin." Environmental Management 36, no. 2 (June 28, 2005): 248–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-004-0093-y.

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Ernst, Julie (Athman). "A Formative Evaluation of the Prairie Science Class." Journal of Interpretation Research 10, no. 1 (April 2005): 9–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109258720501000102.

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The Prairie Science Class is a formal partnership between the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Prairie Wetlands Learning Center and the Fergus Falls Independent School District 544. Its mission is to use the local prairie wetlands ecosystem as an integrating and motivating context to engage fifth-grade students in science, math, and writing through real world, field-based learning experiences. A formative program evaluation was conducted during the first year of its implementation to document program outcomes and areas for program improvement. A variety of quantitative and qualitative evaluation tools were used. The results of this evaluation suggest positive cognitive and affective outcomes, including concept attainment and skill development in science and writing; perceived learning in math; perceived skill growth in problem solving, technology, and working and communicating with others; and positive influences on students’ motivation toward learning, attitudes toward the prairie wetlands environment, and stewardship ethic.

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Mayo, Aloyce W., and Hesborne S. Ogombe. "Removal of orgRemoval of Organic Material in Free Water Surface Gravel Bed Filtersanic material in free water surface gravel bed filters." Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology 36, no. 2 (December 31, 2017): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.52339/tjet.v36i2.479.

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The removal of organic material in free surface gravel bed filters was investigatedand modelled. Two pilot wetland units of 7.5m x 1.5m x 0.7m were constructedadjacent to the University of Dar es Salaam waste stabilization ponds to receivemaximum organic and hydraulic loading rates of less than 185 kg/ha/d and 110l/m 2 /d, respectively. These units received wastewater of domestic characteristicsfrom primary stabilization pond. The entire depth of 0.7 m of the wetland unitswere packed with gravel of size 8 ~ 25 mm and porosity of 35%. Samples werecollected from the influent and effluent of wetland units and were tested forchemical oxygen demand (COD), temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and otherparameters useful for testing of the model. A semi-empirical model representingthe major processes taking place in the wetland units was developed byincorporating suspended biomass, biofilm biomass, and sedimentation andfiltration components. The model was optimized using computer program. Themodel was successfully developed and showed that biofilm of gravel mediacontributed significantly to COD removal in wetlands.

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Mushet, David M., and Cali L. Roth. "Modeling the Supporting Ecosystem Services of Depressional Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes." Wetlands 40, no. 5 (April 17, 2020): 1061–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13157-020-01297-2.

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Abstract We explored how a geographic information system modeling approach could be used to quantify supporting ecosystem services related to the type, abundance, and distribution of landscape components. Specifically, we use the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs model to quantify habitats that support amphibians and birds, floral resources that support pollinators, native-plant communities that support regional biodiversity, and above- and below-ground carbon stores in the Des Moines Lobe ecoregion of the U.S. We quantified services under two scenarios, one that represented the 2012 Des Moines Lobe landscape, and one that simulated the conversion to crop production of wetlands and surrounding uplands conserved under the USDA Agricultural Conservation Easement Program (ACEP). While ACEP easements only covered 0.35% of the ecoregion, preserved wetlands and grasslands provided for 19,020 ha of amphibian habitat, 21,462 ha of grassland-bird habitat, 18,798 ha of high-quality native wetland plants, and 27,882 ha of floral resources for pollinators. Additionally, ACEP protected lands stored 257,722 t of carbon that, if released, would result in costs in excess of 45-million USD. An integrated approach using results from a GIS-based model in combination with process-based model quantifications will facilitate more informed decisions related to ecosystem service tradeoffs.

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Rochwulaningsih, Yety, Noor Naelil Masruroh, Fanada Sholihah, Sutejo K. Widodo, and Susilo Budiyanto. "Managing Socio-Economic Problems of the Wetland Environment in South Kalimantan." E3S Web of Conferences 202 (2020): 03025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020203025.

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This study examines various problems occurring in wetland clearing and uses in South Kalimantan. In the beginning, the wetland clearing aimed to expand the food crop area in order to implement government policies to meet the food needs. However, it has changed into the capitalist media and transmigration purposes. This study uses a historical perspective composing from heuristic to historiography with an ecological approach. Based on the findings, the land clearing was integrated with the transmigration program which had been started since the 1960s. The argument that can be developed in this study is that wetland-use expansion causes two basic problems in environmental management, namely the large volume of standing water and the relatively high acidity level. This expansion referred to the settlement developed around the wetlands which increasingly could not be controlled by the government. However, ideally, the existing situation had to show that wetland clearing has shifted should balance social, environmental, and economic values, of which the implementation to regulate self-productivity that actually has been running for generations.

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van Rees, Charles B., Paul R. Chang, Jillian Cosgrove, David W. DesRochers, Hugo K. W. Gee, Jennifer L. Gutscher-Chutz, Aaron Nadig, et al. "Estimation of Vital Rates for the Hawaiian Gallinule, a Cryptic, Endangered Waterbird." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 9, no. 1 (February 8, 2018): 117–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/102017-jfwm-084.

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Abstract Vital rates describe the demographic traits of organisms and are an essential resource for wildlife managers to assess local resource conditions and to set objectives for and evaluate management actions. Endangered waterbirds on the Hawaiian Islands have been managed intensively at state and federal refuges since the 1970s, but with little quantitative research on their life history. Information on the vital rates of these taxa is needed to assess the efficacy of different management strategies and to target parts of the life cycle that may be limiting their recovery. Here, we present the most comprehensive data to date on the vital rates (reproduction and survival) of the Hawaiian gallinule Gallinula galeata sandvicensis, a behaviorally cryptic, endangered subspecies of wetland bird endemic to the Hawaiian Islands that is now found only on Kaua‘i and O‘ahu. We review unpublished reproduction data for 252 nests observed between 1979 and 2014 and assess a database of 1,620 sightings of 423 individually color-banded birds between 2004 and 2017. From the resighting data, we estimated annual apparent survival at two managed wetlands on O‘ahu using Cormack–Jolly–Seber models in program MARK. We found that Hawaiian gallinules have smaller mean clutch sizes than do other species in the genus Gallinula and that clutch sizes on Kaua‘i are larger than those on O‘ahu. The longest-lived bird in our dataset was recovered dead at age 7 y and 8 mo, and the youngest confirmed age at first breeding was 1 y and 11 mo. In 4 y of monitoring 14 wetland sites, we confirmed three interwetland movements on O‘ahu. In our pooled dataset, we found no statistically significant differences between managed and unmanaged wetlands in clutch size or reproductive success, but we acknowledge that there were limited data from unmanaged wetlands. Our best supported survival models estimated an overall annual apparent survival of 0.663 (95% CI = 0.572–0.759); detection varied across wetlands and study years. First-year survival is a key missing component in our understanding of the demography of Hawaiian gallinules. These data provide the foundation for quantitative management and assessment of extinction risk of this endangered subspecies.

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O'Neal, Benjamin J., Edward J. Heske, and Joshua D. Stafford. "Waterbird Response to Wetlands Restored Through the Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program." Journal of Wildlife Management 72, no. 3 (April 2008): 654–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2193/2007-165.

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Lewis, Katharine E., Christopher T. Rota, and James T. Anderson. "A comparison of wetland characteristics between Agricultural Conservation Easement Program and public lands wetlands in West Virginia, USA." Ecology and Evolution 10, no. 6 (March 2020): 3017–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.6118.

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Loveland, Thomas R. "Toward a national fuels mapping strategy: Lessons from selected mapping programs." International Journal of Wildland Fire 10, no. 4 (2001): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf01030.

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This paper was presented at the conference ‘Integrating spatial technologies and ecological principles for a new age in fire management’, Boise, Idaho, USA, June 1999 The establishment of a robust national fuels mapping program must be based on pertinent lessons from relevant national mapping programs. Many large-area mapping programs are under way in numerous Federal agencies. Each of these programs follows unique strategies to achieve mapping goals and objectives. Implementation approaches range from highly centralized programs that use tightly integrated standards and dedicated staff, to dispersed programs that permit considerable flexibility. One model facilitates national consistency, while the other allows accommodation of locally relevant conditions and issues. An examination of the programmatic strategies of four national vegetation and land cover mapping initiatives can identify the unique approaches, accomplishments, and lessons of each that should be considered in the design of a national fuel mapping program. The first three programs are the U.S. Geological Survey Gap Analysis Program, the U.S. Geological Survey National Land Cover Characterization Program, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Survey National Wetlands Inventory. A fourth program, the interagency Multiresolution Land Characterization Program, offers insights in the use of partnerships to accomplish mapping goals. Collectively, the programs provide lessons, guiding principles, and other basic concepts that can be used to design a successful national fuels mapping initiative.

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Nungesser, M. K., and M. J. Chimney. "Evaluation of phosphorus retention in a South Florida treatment wetland." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2001): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0816.

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The Everglades Construction Project of the South Florida Water Management District (District) will employ large constructed wetlands known as Stormwater Treatment Areas (STAs) to reduce phosphorus concentrations in runoff entering the Everglades. The District built and operated a prototype STA, the 1,545 ha Everglades Nutrient Removal Project (ENRP), to determine the efficacy of subtropical wetlands for improving regional water quality with a focus on reducing total phosphorus (TP). In five years of operation, the ENRP has consistently exceeded its performance goals of TP outflow concentrations <50 μg P/L and a 75% TP load reduction. Since August 1994, the ENRP has retained 70.3 metric tons of TP that otherwise would have entered the Everglades. When corrected for surface area and inflow TP load, TP removal efficiency was highest in the inflow buffer cell and decreased generally in a downstream fashion through the wetland. High TP removal efficiency in treatment cell 4 was attributed to superior performance of its submerged aquatic vegetation community relative to the emergent and floating macrophyte community in the other cells. Controlled experiments in the District's STA Optimization Research Program will help clarify what effect vegetation and operational conditions may have on nutrient removal in the STAs.

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Wachenheim, Cheryl Joy, Siew Hoon Lim, David C. Roberts, and John Devney. "Landowner valuation of a working wetlands program in the Prairie Pothole Region." Agricultural Economics 50, no. 4 (June 13, 2019): 465–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/agec.12503.

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Lanclos, Jason, Brett Borne, and Michael Poff. "PROGRESSION OF BARRIER ISLAND RESTORATION IN LOUISIANA." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36 (December 30, 2018): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36.risk.24.

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Over the last several decades restoration efforts in coastal Louisiana have evolved from efforts known mostly to State and Parish officials and academic community to national recognition in the wake of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita and the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. Consolidated efforts of coastal restoration developed in the early years through the Coastal Wetlands Planning, Protection, and Restoration Act (CWPPRA). Additional funding and organizational efforts include State funding; the Coastal Impact Assessment Program (CIAP); and most recently from programs resulting from Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill penalties.

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Meniconi, Maria de Fátima Guadalupe, Irene Terezinha Gabardo, Silvana Maria Barbanti, and Nelson Luna Caicedo. "Chemical Characterization of Environmental Samples after Oil Spill in Iguassu River, Parana, Brazil, July/2000." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2003, no. 1 (April 1, 2003): 579–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2003-1-579.

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ABSTRACT On July 16, 2000, a rupture of a pipeline occurred in the Scraper area of the PETROBRAS refinery located in Araucaria, in the state of Parana, south of Brazil. This resulted in the spill of approximately 4,000m3 (1,060,000 gallons) of a crude oil (Cusiana − 41°API). The spilled oil spread over part of the refinery area, affecting the wetlands that are crossed by the Arroio Saldanha creek before discharging into the Barigui River, which is a tributary of Iguassu River. This entire area crossed by the creek is referred to as Point Zero (PO). This paper presents the chemical data of 2 monitoring programs: the Barigui, Iguassu and Arroio Saldanha Rivers, and the groundwater of Point Zero. The programs were carried out in 2 phases: for 3 months immediately after the spill and 1 year later. They included the analyses of BTEX, TPH, PAH, n-alkanes, UCM and biomarkers for the water and sediment samples. The rivers program encompassed 13 stations along Barigui and Iguassu Rivers and 1 station at Arroio Saldanha Creek. The results in water and sediments demonstrated the efficiency of the recovering of the spilled oil from the water. That suggested that the impact of the spill on the Barigui and Iguassu Rivers was of a short duration after the spill. On the other hand, the hydrocarbon concentration data for Arroio Saldanha Creek during the 3 months after the spill revealed high levels of hydrocarbon contamination, which corroborated the visual inspection. The groundwater monitoring program in the terrestrial area of Point Zero was initiated shortly after the spill. The groundwater program included about 80 monitoring wells (piezometers) installed, along the Arroio Saldanha Creek and in the wetlands crossed by the creek. It could be observed that BTEX and TPH groundwater concentrations decreased significantly after one year.

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Millette, D., F. Falkiewicz, E. Zamberlan, F. J. P. de Campos Carvalho, A. C. B. Neto, N. O. L. Caicedo, David Motta Marques, and M. Linhares. "Development of a Soil, Surface-Water, and Groundwater Remediation Program for the Accidental Crude-Oil Spill that Occurred on July 16, 2000 at the Petrobras Refinery Refinaria Presidente GetúLio Vargas-Repar, Araucária, Brazil – PR." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2003, no. 1 (April 1, 2003): 403–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2003-1-403.

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ABSTRACT On July 16, 2000, a crude oil spill occurred at the PETROBRAS refinery Refinaria Presidente Getúlio Vargas-REPAR, located in Araucária, PR, Brazil. A significant quantity of oil was retained within an area known as Ponto 0, between the spill site and Rio Barigüi, contaminating the hanks of a small stream (Arroio Saldanha), the soil adjacent to the stream, and the soil of four small wetlands, over a distance of 2 km. This paper presents an overview of the remediation program for Ponto 0, and draws preliminary conclusions regarding the efficacy of different remediation technologies. The major remediation technologies are: 1) injection and recovery trenches for free-product recovery in the sector adjacent to the spill site; 2) in situ bioremediation along the floodplain of Arroio Saldanha; and 3) a treatment wetland near the discharge of Arroio Saldanha into Rio Barigüi. The trenches appear to have removed most of the free product from the sector adjacent to the spill site. There is preliminary evidence, based on soil monitoring data, for the efficacy of in situ bioremediation, but further data will be required before a firm conclusion can be drawn. The treatment wetland was successful in restoring wetland vegetation (an essential component of this technology), and appears to be capable of removing hydrocarbons from groundwater. Data of the groundwater monitoring program indicates a general decline in TPH concentrations, over the October 2000, August 2001 and April 2002 sampling campaigns. BTEX concentrations are generally below the method detection limit.

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McNair, Sheila A., and Patricia Chow-Fraser. "Change in biomass of benthic and planktonic algae along a disturbance gradient for 24 Great Lakes coastal wetlands." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 60, no. 6 (June 1, 2003): 676–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f03-054.

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We quantified the chlorophyll a content of planktonic algae and benthic algae in periphyton on acrylic rods and in epiphyton growing on macrophytes in 24 coastal wetlands in all five Laurentian Great Lakes. Sites were selected to represent a wide range of environmental conditions ranging from nutrient-poor, clear-water marshes with abundant macrophytes to nutrient-enriched, turbid systems devoid of aquatic vegetation. Water quality and species and percent cover of submergent macrophytes were measured in each wetland. Principal components analysis (PCA) showed that total phosphorus, turbidity, and suspended solids, variables associated with human-induced degradation, were most strongly correlated with PC axis 1 (PC1), accounting for 69% of the total variation. The PC1 site score was significantly related to both periphyton and phytoplankton biomass, respectively accounting for 54 and 70% of the total variation in periphyton and phytoplankton data, whereas PC1 only accounted for 18% of the variation in epiphyton biomass. Periphytic and epiphytic biomass were negatively correlated with percent cover and species richness of submergent macrophytes, but phytoplankton biomass was not. We conclude that periphytic and planktonic chlorophyll a biomass are good indicators of human-induced water-quality degradation and recommend that both benthic and planktonic algal biomass should be routinely monitored as part of an effective wetland management program.

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Zhang, Wentai, David C. Weindorf, and Yuanda Zhu. "Soil Change Influenced by Wetlands Reserve Program in Louisiana, USA: A Chronosequence Approach." Soil Horizons 53, no. 6 (2012): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sh12-07-0022.

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KAMINSKI, MATTHEW R., GUY A. BALDASSARRE, and AARON T. PEARSE. "Waterbird Responses to Hydrological Management of Wetlands Reserve Program Habitats in New York." Wildlife Society Bulletin 34, no. 4 (November 2006): 921–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2193/0091-7648(2006)34[921:wrthmo]2.0.co;2.

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Cachelin, Adrienne, Karen Paisley, and Angela Blanchard. "Using the Significant Life Experience Framework to Inform Program Evaluation: The Nature Conservancy's Wings & Water Wetlands Education Program." Journal of Environmental Education 40, no. 2 (January 2009): 2–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/joee.40.2.2-14.

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Goforth, G. F. "Surmounting the engineering challenges of Everglades restoration." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2001): 295–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0843.

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The South Florida Water Management District, in partnership with other agencies and stakeholders, is undertaking one of the world's largest ecosystem restoration programs. The foundation of the nutrient control program for the Everglades is a set of six large constructed wetlands, referred to as Stormwater Treatment Areas (STAs). The initial treatment goal is to reduce phosphorus entering the Everglades to 50 parts per billion. The STAs comprise almost 17,000 hectares, with a capital cost of approximately $700 million. Approximately 4,720 hectares are currently operational, another 2,600 hectares are in the start-up phase, and construction is just getting under way on the remaining areas. Throughout the design process, engineers and scientists collaborated to capture the best available information on wetland treatment systems, and to develop the most appropriate design criteria. Some of the more challenging issues included characterizing stormwater inflows and phosphorus loads, determining appropriate nutrient removal performance characteristics, and estimating hydraulic design parameters relating to densely vegetated systems. The design process combined in-house staff with engineering consultants, construction contractors, external review groups and independent peer-review. This paper summarizes major design aspects and key assumptions, and sets the stage for addressing future challenges associated with achieving long-term water quality goals of Everglades restoration.

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Nasruddin, R. Kumalawati, Syaharuddin, A. Yuliarti, and I. Rajiani. "Community Participation in the Village Climate Program to Anticipate Future Climate Change in Wetlands." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 499 (June 17, 2020): 012024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/499/1/012024.

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García de Bullen, Pura, Ranjna Jindal, and Kraichat Tantrakarnapa. "Modeling of Cadmium Removal from Domestic Wastewater in Constructed Wetlands Using STELLA Simulation Program." Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste 15, no. 2 (April 2011): 114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)hz.1944-8376.0000083.

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Fleming, K. Sarah, Richard M. Kaminski, Michael L. Schummer, Kevin D. Nelms, Gary N. Ervin, and Todd E. Tietjen. "Species richness and density of wintering ducks on wetlands reserve program easements in Mississippi." Wildlife Society Bulletin 39, no. 2 (April 14, 2015): 310–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wsb.542.

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Waddle, J. Hardin, Brad M. Glorioso, and Stephen P. Faulkner. "A Quantitative Assessment of the Conservation Benefits of the Wetlands Reserve Program to Amphibians." Restoration Ecology 21, no. 2 (July 5, 2012): 200–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100x.2012.00881.x.

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Boutilier, Leah, Rob Jamieson, Robert Gordon, and Craig Lake. "ModelingE.colifate and transport in treatment wetlands using the water quality analysis and simulation program." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A 46, no. 7 (June 2011): 680–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2011.571576.

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Fleming, K. Sarah, Richard M. Kaminski, Todd E. Tietjen, Michael L. Schummer, Gary N. Ervin, and Kevin D. Nelms. "Vegetative Forage Quality and Moist-soil Management on Wetlands Reserve Program Lands in Mississippi." Wetlands 32, no. 5 (July 25, 2012): 919–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13157-012-0325-5.

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Coveney, M. F., E. F. Lowe, and L. E. Battoe. "Performance of a recirculating wetland filter designed to remove particulate phosphorus for restoration of Lake Apopka (Florida, USA)." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2001): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0819.

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Operation of a 14-km2 wetland filter for removal of total phosphorus (TP) from lake water is part of the restoration program for hypereutrophic Lake Apopka, Florida. This system differs from most treatment wetlands because 1) water is recirculated back to the lake, and 2) the goal is removal of particulate phosphorus (P), the dominant form of P in Lake Apopka. The operational plan for the wetland is maximization of the rate rather than the efficiency of P removal. The St. Johns River Water Management District operated a 2-km2 pilot-scale wetland to examine the capacity of a wetland system to remove suspended solids and particulate nutrients from Lake Apopka. TP in the inflow from Lake Apopka ranged from about 0.12 to 0.23 mg l-1, and hydraulic loading rate (HLR) varied from 6.5 to 42 m yr-1. The performance of the pilot-scale wetland supported earlier predictions. Mass removal efficiencies for TP varied between about 30% and 67%. A first-order, area-based model indicated a rate constant for TP removal of 55 m yr-1. We compared actual removal of P with model predictions and used modeled performance to examine .optimal operational conditions. Correspondence between observed and modeled outflow TP was not good with constant variable values. Monte Carlo techniques used to introduce realistic stochastic variability improved the fit. The model was used to project a maximal rate of P removal of about 4 g P m-2 yr-1 at P loading 10-15 g P m-2 yr-1 (HLR 60-90 m yr-1). Data from the pilot wetland indicated that actual rates of P removal may prove to be higher. Further operation of the wetland at high hydraulic and P loading rates is necessary to verify or modify the application of the model.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Wetlands Program'

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