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Journal articles on the topic 'Wetting-induced collapse'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 24 May 2025

Last updated: 30 May 2025

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1

Ng, C. W. W., Q. Cheng, and C. Zhou. "Thermal effects on yielding and wetting-induced collapse of recompacted and intact loess." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 55, no. 8 (2018): 1095–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2017-0332.

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Yielding and wetting-induced collapse are two important interrelated aspects of unsaturated loess behaviour. Previous studies on loess were generally conducted under a single temperature condition. The principal objective of this study is to investigate thermal effects on yielding and wetting-induced collapse of recompacted and intact loess. Isotropic compression tests were carried out to determine yield stress at different suctions (0 and 100 kPa) and temperatures (5, 23, and 50 °C). Moreover, wetting tests were conducted at various temperatures and stresses. Results of the wetting tests were

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2

Jiang, Mingjing, Haijun Hu, and Fang Liu. "Summary of collapsible behaviour of artificially structured loess in oedometer and triaxial wetting tests." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 49, no. 10 (2012): 1147–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t2012-075.

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This paper summarizes experimental studies on wetting-induced collapsibility in loess using single-oedometer, double-oedometer, and triaxial wetting tests. Artificially structural loess samples with interparticle bonding calcite (CaCO3) and a large void ratio were tested in the laboratory to avoid sampling disturbance of natural loess. The comparison between the single- and double-oedometer tests confirms that the wetting-induced deformation is independent of the sequence of wetting and loading. The conventional triaxial apparatus was enhanced for investigating the collapse deformation in resp

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3

Vrancken, Nandi, Guy Vereecke, Stef Bal, et al. "Pattern Collapse of High-Aspect-Ratio Silicon Nanostructures - A Parametric Study." Solid State Phenomena 255 (September 2016): 136–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.255.136.

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This work focuses on capillary-induced collapse of high-aspect-ratio silicon nanopillars. Modification of the surface chemistry is demonstrated to be an efficient approach for reducing capillary forces and consequently reduce pattern collapse. Special effort is spent on determination of the wetting state of chemically modified surfaces as complete structure wetting is of utmost importance in wet processing. In light of this, an ATR-FTIR based method has been developed to unambiguously distinguish between wetting and non-wetting states.

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4

Capobianco, Vittoria, Leonardo Cascini, Sabatino Cuomo, and Vito Foresta. "Wetting-induced collapse behaviour of a natural and vegetated coarse pyroclastic soil." E3S Web of Conferences 195 (2020): 03025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019503025.

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Unsaturated pyroclastic soils originated by Vesuvius volcano show a collapsible behaviour upon wetting with a significant reduction in volume and rearrangement of solid skeleton. The paper investigates the role played by vegetation on wetting-induced collapse behaviour (namely, collapsibility) of reconstituted unsaturated soil specimens through two series of wetting tests in a standard oedometer. The first series of tests was performed on bare soil specimens, as to resemble the site conditions. The second group of tests was conducted on the same soil previously vegetated for 20 weeks with pere

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5

Kamei, Takeshi, and Masao Enomoto. "Wetting-Induced Collapse Behaviour of Compacted Silty Soil." Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu, no. 505 (1994): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscej.1994.505_97.

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6

Lawton, Evert C., Richard J. Fragaszy, and Mark D. Hetherington. "Review of Wetting‐Induced Collapse in Compacted Soil." Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 118, no. 9 (1992): 1376–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9410(1992)118:9(1376).

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7

Fu, Zhong Zhi, Si Hong Liu, and Wei Xing Gu. "Evaluating the Wetting Induced Deformation of Rockfill Dams Using a Hypoplastic Constitutive Model." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 4564–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.4564.

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Evaluating the wetting induced deformation of the shell is one of the most important issues in designing a high rockfill dam. Excessive wetting deformation and the relevant stress deterioration in adjacent impervious structures may cumber the normal operation of the engineering and seriously risk the safety of the dam. In this paper, a hypoplastic creep model is incorporated into a finite element procedure to study the wetting induced deformation of a rockfill dam. Considerable lateral movement towards the upstream and an additional wetting collapse presented in the upstream shell induced by r

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8

Liu, Qiqi, Wanli Xie, Hui Yang, et al. "Intrinsic Mechanisms of Differences in Wetting-Induced Deformation of Soils on Chinese Loess Plateau: Insights into Land Stability and Sustainable Management." Land 14, no. 2 (2025): 312. https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020312.

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Wetting-induced soil deformation significantly impacts land stability and management on the Chinese Loess Plateau. This study analyzed silt soils from the Late Pleistocene (1 m depth) and Middle Pleistocene (25 m depth) to investigate compression and collapsible deformation during wetting. The compression in both soils progressed through three stages: slow deformation under low pressure, accelerated deformation under moderate pressure, and decelerated deformation under high pressure. Wetting intensified the compression in the 1 m sample but reduced it in the 25 m sample, with the deformation b

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9

Choudhury, Chinumani, and Tadikonda Venkata Bharat. "Wetting-induced collapse behavior of kaolinite: influence of fabric and inundation pressure." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 55, no. 7 (2018): 956–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2017-0297.

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Collapsible soils are known to withstand high normal stresses without undergoing a significant volume change in an air-dry state. The soil is, however, susceptible to a large volume change upon wetting. The volumetric collapse behavior of these soils is of great engineering interest to address the problem of ground subsidence. Kaolinite was found to be a collapsible soil similar to the loess soil. The collapse mechanism in kaolinite was due to changes in particle association (fabric) with the interaction with different pore fluids. Several physicochemical parameters strongly influenced the par

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10

THOREL, L., V. FERBER, B. CAICEDO, and I. M. KHOKHAR. "Physical modelling of wetting-induced collapse in embankment base." Géotechnique 61, no. 5 (2011): 409–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/geot.10.p.029.

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11

Sulaiman, Hadeel SA, Muayad A. Al-Sharrad, and Idham A. Abed. "Reduction of the Wetting Collapse of Sandy Gypseous Soil by Using Microbial-Induced Calcite Precipitation." Salud, Ciencia y Tecnología - Serie de Conferencias 3 (June 2, 2024): 817. http://dx.doi.org/10.56294/sctconf2024817.

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Microbial-induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) is a promising technology for cementing sandy soils, improving ground, repairing concrete cracks, and remediating contaminated land. The aim of this research is to implement this technology in mitigating wetting collapse of Ramadi sandy gypseous soil which has a gypsum content of about 35%. To achieve this aim, the urease-producing bacterial strain Bacillus Megaterium SI was used and treated soil specimens were prepared. The preliminary results showed a well-defined bacterium activity with a precipitated calcite of 13-16.5% by the end of the fir

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12

Ge, M., J. Pineda, and D. Sheng. "The competing effects of wetting and volume change on G₀ in compacted loess." Géotechnique Letters 13, no. 4 (2023): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jgele.22.00125.

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This paper explores the relative contributions of wetting (suction reduction) and its associated volume change on the small-strain shear stiffness, G0,in compacted loess from Xi'an, China. Results from one-dimensional compression tests with measurements of the shear wave velocity upon wetting and loading paths are presented. The experimental results show that the softening caused by wetting compete with the densification caused by plastic deformation and their effects on G0 are strongly controlled by stress level applied prior to wetting. Below the compaction stress, suction effects are domina

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13

Ge, Miaomiao, Jubert A. Pineda, Daichao Sheng, Glen J. Burton, and Ning Li. "Microstructural effects on the wetting-induced collapse in compacted loess." Computers and Geotechnics 138 (October 2021): 104359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2021.104359.

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14

Hou, Xiaokun, Sai K. Vanapalli, and Tonglu Li. "Wetting-induced collapse behavior associated with infiltration: A case study." Engineering Geology 258 (August 2019): 105146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2019.105146.

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15

Wen, Hua, Songyin Deng, Wei Zhang, Qiangong Cheng, Jiujiang Wu, and Dailin Hu. "A Simplified Approach to Estimating the Collapsible Behavior of Loess." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (December 10, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3712595.

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Due to the particularity and complexity of loess, it is challenging to estimate its collapsible behavior numerically at present. This paper aims to propose a simplified approach, which is named as the modulus reduction method, to estimate the collapsible behavior of loess. For loess upon wetting, the modulus reduction method assumes that loess collapses as a result of strength reduction due to the additional stress induced by increasing bulk density. Thus, special attention is given to the confirmation and determination approaches of bulk density and deformation modulus of loess upon wetting.

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16

Liu, Zhen, Fengyin Liu, Fuli Ma, et al. "Collapsibility, composition, and microstructure of loess in China." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 53, no. 4 (2016): 673–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2015-0285.

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The collapse potential, mineralogy, microstructure, and particle morphology of a loess from the Loess Plateau, China, were characterized by double oedometer testing, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and image analysis to elucidate the origin of its collapse behavior. Results show that the loess is highly collapsible with a maximum collapse index of 6.7% at a vertical stress of ∼200 kPa. The deposit contains both nonclay (i.e., quartz, albite, muscovite, and calcite) and clay (i.e., two chlorites) minerals. Microstructural, chemical, and

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17

Vilar, Orencio Monje, and Roger Augusto Rodrigues. "Collapse behavior of soil in a Brazilian region affected by a rising water table." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 48, no. 2 (2011): 226–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t10-065.

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Collapsible soils are usually nonsaturated, low density, and metastable-structured soils that are known to exhibit a volume reduction following an episode of moisture increase or suction reduction. This paper describes the collapsible behavior of clayey sand based on controlled soil suction tests carried out on undisturbed samples from the city of Pereira Barreto, in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Foundation settlements due to soil collapse are common in this region and occurred during the filling of the reservoir of the Três Irmãos Dam, which induced the elevation of the groundwater table in

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18

Weng, Xiaolin, Yufeng Sun, Yuwei Zhang, Haoshuang Niu, Xi Liu, and Yuelin Dong. "Physical modeling of wetting-induced collapse of shield tunneling in loess strata." Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 90 (August 2019): 208–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2019.05.004.

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19

Nachum, Shay, Mark Talesnick, and Sam Frydman. "Effect of external hydraulic head on swelling of unsaturated clay." E3S Web of Conferences 195 (2020): 03035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019503035.

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Laboratory testing of the one-dimensional swell of soil (usually unsaturated clay) is generally performed according to ASTM standard D4546. The standard procedure requires that “the specimen is inundated with test water and the one-dimensional wetting-induced swell or collapse strain is measured”. This procedure undoubtedly provides an upper limit to the swell which may be expected under field conditions, and may be relevant to cases in which low lying areas are expected to be inundated as a result of a wetting episode. However, in other cases, wetting of the soil may result from less extreme

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20

Xie, Wan-Li, Ping Li, Sai K. Vanapalli, and Jia-Ding Wang. "Prediction of the wetting-induced collapse behaviour using the soil-water characteristic curve." Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 151 (January 2018): 259–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2017.11.009.

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21

Ng, Charles Wang Wai, Hamed Sadeghi, S. K. Belal Hossen, C. F. Chiu, Eduardo E. Alonso, and Sina Baghbanrezvan. "Water retention and volumetric characteristics of intact and re-compacted loess." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 53, no. 8 (2016): 1258–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2015-0364.

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A laboratory testing program was conducted to investigate the effects of microstructure on the water retention curve (WRC) and wetting–drying induced volume change in loess. The axis translation and vapor equilibrium techniques were adopted to control suction in the range of 0–400 kPa and 4–140 MPa, respectively. Hysteresis in the WRC of loess was observed for the entire range of suction studied. Compared to re-compacted loess, intact loess exhibits a more pronounced hysteresis in the suction range below 20 kPa, which can be explained by the ink-bottle pore neck effect or constricted pores. Th

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22

Xiao, Qinghua, Shengxiang Lei, Kai Cui, et al. "Effect of the longitudinal local wetting-induced collapse on tunnel structure in loess strata." Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 122 (April 2022): 104361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2022.104361.

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23

Jiang, Mingjing, Tao Li, Colin Thornton, and Haijun Hu. "Wetting-Induced Collapse Behavior of Unsaturated and Structural Loess under Biaxial Tests Using Distinct Element Method." International Journal of Geomechanics 17, no. 1 (2017): 06016010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gm.1943-5622.0000693.

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24

Jones, G. S., C. M. Cooling, M. M. R. Williams, and M. D. Eaton. "Wetting-induced volumetric collapse of UO2 powder beds and the consequence on transient nuclear criticality excursions." Progress in Nuclear Energy 154 (December 2022): 104460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnucene.2022.104460.

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25

Rotisciani, G. M., F. Casini, A. Desideri, and G. Sciarra. "Hydromechanical behavior of an embankment during inundation." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 54, no. 3 (2017): 348–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2016-0174.

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The paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the hydromechanical response of an embankment subject to inundation. The modified Cam clay model extended to unsaturated conditions and formulated in terms of Bishop’s effective stress is used to predict the mechanical behavior of the sand–clay mixture. The model’s ability to accurately reproduce the embankment response is evaluated by comparing the numerical predictions with the results of the physical model. Time evolution and spatial distribution of the wetting-induced displacements are analyzed together with the stress paths resulting from the

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26

Coyne, Lelia M., Patricia M. Costanzo, and B. K. G. Theng. "Luminescence and ESR studies of relationships between O−-centres and structural iron in natural and synthetically hydrated kaolinites." Clay Minerals 24, no. 4 (1989): 671–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.1989.024.4.09.

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AbstractLuminescence, induced by dehydration and by wetting with hydrazine and unsymmetrically substituted hydrazine, and related ESR spectra have been observed from several kaolinites, synthetically hydrated kaolinites, and metahalloysites. The amine-wetting luminescence results suggest that intercalation, not a chemiluminescence reaction, is the luminescence trigger. Correlation between dehydration-induced luminescence and g = 2 ESR signals associated with O−-centres in several natural halloysites, and concurrent diminution of the intensity of both these signal types as a function of aging i

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27

Fatahizadeh, Marieh, and Hossein Nowamooz. "Settlement Foundations by Exploring the Collapse of Unsaturated Soils." Applied Sciences 14, no. 17 (2024): 7688. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14177688.

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Increasing extreme weather events and climate change can significantly affect soil moisture regimes, particularly soil suction, leading to additional challenges associated with unsaturated soils, including the collapse phenomenon. The collapsibility of soils poses significant engineering and geotechnical risks globally, necessitating urgent attention from engineers. This work establishes a numerical model of a shallow foundation subjected to rainfall and load using COMSOL Multiphysics. A hydromechanical model (H-M) is introduced which incorporates The Richards’ module and the Extended Basic Ba

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28

Jawad, Hala Mahmood, and Zuhair Kadhim Jahanger. "Collapse Pattern in Gypseous Soil using Particle Image Velocimetry." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1374, no. 1 (2024): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1374/1/012012.

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Abstract Gypseous soil is prevalent in arid and semi-arid areas, is from collapsible soil, which contains the mineral gypsum, and has variable properties, including moisture-induced volume changes and solubility. Construction on these soils necessitates meticulous assessment and unique designs due to the possibility of foundation damage from soil collapse. The stability and durability of structures situated on gypseous soils necessitate close collaboration with specialists and careful, methodical preparation. It had not been done to find the pattern of failure in the micromechanical behavior o

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Beber, Raniero, Alessandro Tarantino, Matteo Pedrotti, and Rebecca Lunn. "The effect of clay water content in the Jet Erosion Test." E3S Web of Conferences 92 (2019): 02016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199202016.

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The understanding of the onset of breaching induced by surface erosion is fundamental to enable definition of the level of protection afforded by embankments and provision of standards for the design of new structures and the upgrading of existing ones. Compacted embankment materials are generally partially saturated due to seasonal variation in the water content. At the onset of the overflow process embankments undergo to a wetting process due to the changes at the outer surface boundary conditions (i.e. overflow). Erosion behaviour is known to be a counterbalance between gravity forces and s

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Li, Yexin, Gang Lv, Daohan Wang, Wenxuan Su, and Zhongping Wei. "Erosion Failure of Slope in a Dump with Ground Fissure under Heavy Rain." Water 14, no. 21 (2022): 3425. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14213425.

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The dump, with the compact rock platform and high and steep loose slope that is formed during coal mining, is the most serious area of soil erosion in a surface coal mine. Ground fissures are a typical geological hazard in coal mining areas. However, the effect of ground fissures on soil erosion remains unclear. Rainfall experiments were conducted to determine the varying characteristics of wetting front, runoff and sediment production, and soil denudation rate, as well as the effects of ground fissures on these factors in a platform-slope system of a dump. Ground fissures could significantly

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31

Noor, Sarah Tahsin. "Numerical and Analytical Modeling for Predicting Drag Load Induced on Pile in Collapsible Soil because of Inundation." Open Civil Engineering Journal 11, no. 1 (2017): 664–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874149501711010664.

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Introduction:Negative skin friction that develops on the pile surface when the soil (adjacent to the pile shaft) settles but the pile is in static condition, causes an additional load (known as drag load) induced on pile. Substantial settlement of collapsible soil occurs only because of inundation. In such a case, the magnitude of drag load is influenced by several parameters, such as the collapse potential, inundation pressure, pile roughness, pile diameter, radius of wetting, depth to the neutral plane, and thickness of collapsible soil subjected to inundation.Methods:A numerical model is de

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Wemmer, Judith, Loredana Malafronte, Socrates Foschini, et al. "Fabrication of a Novel Protein Sponge with Dual-Scale Porosity and Mixed Wettability Using a Clean and Versatile Microwave-Based Process." Materials 14, no. 9 (2021): 2298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14092298.

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An open-porous protein sponge with mixed wettability is presented made entirely from whey proteins and with promising applications in biomedicine, pharmaceutical, and food industry. The fabrication relies on an additive-free, clean and scalable process consisting of foaming followed by controlled microwave-convection drying. Volumetric heating throughout the matrix induced by microwaves causes fast expansion and elongation of the foam bubbles, retards crust formation and promotes early protein denaturation. These effects counteract collapse and shrinkage typically encountered in convection dry

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Alves, Ilton, Larissa Costa, Antônio Antonino, Lícia Costa, and Silvio Ferreira. "Microstructural analysis of collapsible soil before and after collapse and with loading and unloading cycle." MATEC Web of Conferences 337 (2021): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202133701004.

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Aspects related to the volume variation of collapsible soils due to the change in water content are influenced by several factors, including the microstructure. The microstructure analysis of the soil is especially important in order to understand these aspects. This paper shows a comparative analysis of the microstructure of three samples of a collapsible Yellowish Red Sand from the district of Petrolina (northeast of Brazil), carried out by means of two techniques: Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X-Ray Computed Tomography. Three undisturbed sample were used: the first no pressure was

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Eckersley, John David. "Shear strength of stockpiled coking coal – Insights from stability analysis of two instrumented stockpiles." Australian Geomechanics Journal 58, no. 3 (2023): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.56295/agj5832.

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ACARP Report C4057 (Eckersley, 2000) describes flowslides and other stability issues in stockpiles of coking (metallurgical) coal at Australian coal operations and export terminals, and summarizes 1973 to 2000 research at James Cook University (JCU). Eckersley (2022) partly updated that work with SEEP/W transient seepage modelling of a 12m high coal stockpile constructed at Hay Point in late 1991. Eckersley (2023) summarized available laboratory strength data for saturated and unsaturated coking coal to assist in selection and critical assessment of parameters for slope stability analyses of c

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Vilar, Orencio Monje. "Discussion of “ Review of Wetting‐Induced Collapse in Compacted Soil ” by Evert C. Lawton, Richard J. Fragaszy, and Mark D. Hetherington (September, 1992, Vol. 118, No. 9)." Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 120, no. 7 (1994): 1281–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9410(1994)120:7(1281).

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Lawton, Evert C., Richard J. Fragaszy, and Mark D. Hetherington. "Closure to “ Review of Wetting‐Induced Collapse in Compacted Soil ” by Evert C. Lawton, Richard J. Fragaszy, and Mark D. Hetherington (September, 1992, Vol. 118, No. 9)." Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 120, no. 7 (1994): 1283–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9410(1994)120:7(1283).

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Sulaiman, Hadeel S., Muayad A. Al-Sharrad, and Idham A. Abed. "Biocalcification of Sandy Gypseous Soil by Bacillus Pasteurii." Salud, Ciencia y Tecnología - Serie de Conferencias 3 (June 2, 2024): 818. http://dx.doi.org/10.56294/sctconf2024818.

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Microbial-induced carbon precipitation (MICP) is one of the most recent treatment methods for soil stabilization. The present work employs this technique in improving the collapsing behavior of sandy gypseous soil with 35% gypsum content under one-dimensional loading to 100 kPa and leaching conditions. A bacterial strain, Bacillus pasteurii was used for this purpose. A set of collapse tests was performed inside a modified oedometer on specimens, prepared with 25% bacterial solution and 0, 0.25M, 0.5M, or 1M cementation solution molarities, cured to 7, 14, or 21 days. The results indicated that

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Reyssat, Etienne. "Drops and bubbles in wedges." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 748 (May 6, 2014): 641–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2014.201.

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AbstractWe investigate experimentally the spontaneous motion of drops and bubbles confined between two plates forming a narrow wedge. Such discoidal objects migrate under the gradient in interfacial energy induced by the non-homogeneous confinement. The resulting capillary driving force is balanced by viscous resistance. The viscous friction on a drop bridging parallel plates is estimated by measuring its sliding velocity under gravity. The viscous forces are the sum of two contributions, from the bulk of the liquid and from contact lines, the relative strength of which depends on the drop siz

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Jia, Jun, Xiangjun Pei, Xiaopeng Guo, et al. "Laboratory Model Tests on the Deformation and Failure of Terraced Loess Slopes Induced by Extreme Rainfall." Land 13, no. 10 (2024): 1631. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land13101631.

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Heavy rainfall is the main factor inducing the failure of loess slopes. However, the failure mechanism and mode of terraced loess slopes under heavy rainfall have not been well investigated and understood. This paper presents the experimental study on the deformation and failure of terraced loess slopes with different gradients under extreme rainfall conditions. The deformation and failure processes of the slope and the migration of the wetting front within the slope during rainfall were captured by the digital cameras installed on the top and side of the test box. In addition, the mechanical

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Aljammaz, Abdulaziz, Mohamed Sultan, Moein Izadi, et al. "Land Subsidence Induced by Rapid Urbanization in Arid Environments: A Remote Sensing-Based Investigation." Remote Sensing 13, no. 6 (2021): 1109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13061109.

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The rapid increase in the population of many of the older major cities within the countries of the Saharan-Arabian Desert is steering vast and disorganized urban expansion and in many cases introducing adverse environmental impacts such as soil erosion, rise in groundwater levels, and contamination of shallow aquifers, as well as development of deformational features including land subsidence. Using the rapidly growing city of Riyadh (1992: 467 km2; 2018: 980 km2), the capital of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia as a test site, we utilized Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) interferometric analyses of 20

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Ambord, Sarah, Michael H. Stoffel, and Rupert M. Bruckmaier. "Teat anatomy affects requirements for udder preparation in Mediterranean buffaloes." Journal of Dairy Research 77, no. 4 (2010): 468–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029910000518.

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The present study was conducted to assess the interrelation between teat anatomy and machine milking in dairy buffaloes raised in Switzerland. A 3-min pre-stimulation induced milk ejection before cluster attachment in most cases and caused an optimal milk removal during machine milking. In an additional experiment, longitudinal cross-section ultrasound was obtained before and after a 3-min pre-stimulation. Teat wall thickness, teat diameter, cisternal diameter and teat canal length were evaluated. It was observed that 3-min pre-stimulation dramatically reduced teat canal length whereas all the

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Wang, Yuanyuan, and Yanrong Li. "Wetting-induced collapse of loess: Tracing microstructural evolution." Engineering Geology, August 2024, 107673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2024.107673.

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43

"Review of wetting-induced collapse in compacted soil." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts 30, no. 2 (1993): A92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(93)90878-h.

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44

Kim, Jongchan, Junghee Park, and Hyunwook Choo. "Shear wave implications in wetting-induced collapse of sand–clay mixtures." Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 83, no. 8 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10064-024-03814-7.

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45

Yuan, Chao, Mariagiovanna Moscariello, Sabatino Cuomo, and Bruno Chareyre. "Numerical simulation of wetting-induced collapse in partially saturated granular soils." Granular Matter 21, no. 3 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10035-019-0921-7.

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46

Bahloul, Ouassila, Khelifa Abbeche, Azeddine Bahloul, and Amor Halitim. "EFFECT OF SODIUM CHLORIDE ON THE WETTING INDUCED COLLAPSE STRAIN OF SOILS." Malaysian Journal of Civil Engineering 26, no. 2 (2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/mjce.v26.15881.

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Collapsible soils are unsaturated soils which present the potential for large strains and complete change to the whole particle structure after wetting with or without loading. These soils are characterized with loose structures composed of silt to fine-sand-size particles. Collapsible soils are deposited in arid and semi-arid regions. Due to the expansion of human activities, these regions are occupied aggressively leading to the use of large quantities of water which create favorable conditions for soil collapse. The soils failure leads to severe damages and large distresses to man-made stru

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47

Farsijani, Ali, and Ahad Ouria. "Wetting-Induced Collapse Behavior of Unsaturated Soils in Disturbed State Concept Framework." International Journal of Geomechanics 22, no. 4 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gm.1943-5622.0002327.

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48

Song, Zhaoyang, Tiantian Ma, Guoqing Cai, Yan Liu, and Changfu Wei. "An effective stress-based approach to modeling the hydro-mechanical behavior of unsaturated soils." Canadian Geotechnical Journal, January 19, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2022-0234.

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A constitutive model of unsaturated soils is developed by incorporating the concept of intergranular stress into the framework of the modified Cam-Clay model. Within this context, the degree of saturation is viewed as an internal state variable, so that the soil-water retention function appears naturally as an evolution equation for the volume fraction of water. The new model not only has a neat structure but also includes fewer material parameters compared to the other models. A new volumetric-hardening law is proposed by taking into account the effect of wetting-induced pore collapse. It is

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49

Albuja-Sánchez, Jorge, Jessica Duque, Lizmary Martin, Jonathan Morales, and Mariela Anaguano-Marcillo. "DETERMINATION OF THE MATRIX SUCTION OF LOW-PLASTICITY SILTS AND ITS CORRELATION WITH THEIR COLLAPSE POTENTIAL." Proceedings of International Structural Engineering and Construction 11, no. 1 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.14455/isec.2024.11(1).gfe-02.

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Soils are usually in a partially saturated state, meaning that both air and water occupy their voids. This condition can affect the stability of structures because it is closely related to wetting deformation (collapse). A low-plasticity silt (ML) composed of 45% kaolin with a liquid limit of 36% and a plasticity index of 10% was used in this study. In this study, the soil suction matrix was determined using the filter paper method established in ASTM D5298, correlating it with the moisture content and percentage of deformation induced by wetting. It was concluded that, as the moisture content

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Das, Amiya Prakash, Jidong Zhao, and Thomas Sweijen. "Micromechanical modeling of triphasic granular media." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 122, no. 18 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2420314122.

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This paper presents pore unit assembly-discrete element model (PUA-DEM), a pore-scale hydromechanical framework that resolves interactions between mobile granular particles and multiphase fluids in unsaturated granular media. The framework uniquely integrates DEM with pore-scale hydrodynamic models to capture unsaturated flow dynamics, while leveraging a two-way coupling mechanism to ensure bidirectional fluid–grain feedback through stabilized domain partitioning. Further innovations include a dynamic pore-merging and retriangulation algorithm that enhances computational efficiency for large-s

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