Relevant bibliographies by topics / WFP

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'WFP'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 April 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "WFP"

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Luy, Federico L. Iniguez, and James Nienhuis. "048 Effects of Inbreeding in a “Wisconsin Fast Plants” Brassica rapa Population." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 396E—396. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.396e.

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Wisconsin Fast Plants (WFP) are small, rapid-cycling Brassica rapa populations that were developed by Paul Williams in the Dept. of Plant Pathology at the Univ. of Wisconsin, to facilitate classroom demonstration of biological principals. WFP exist as heterogenous populations, which have been selected for expression of different mutant phenotypes. Because of self-incompatibility mechanisms, it has been difficult to develop inbred lines of WFP via self-feritilization. Our objective was to inbreed a WFP population through full-sib mating. Genetic diversity was calculated for eight individuals from each of eight different WFF population, using 69 polymorphic RAPD (molecular marker) bands. The eight different WPF populatons were randomly mated (via chain crossing) for two generations. Six cycles of full-sib mating were initiated on 130 random families. After six cycles of full-sib mating, 79 families remain. The loss of families, during the process of inbreeding, may have been due to selection or drift. However, the expectation is that genetic variance will increase. The 79 inbred families express an array of different WFP phenotypes, e.g., anthocyanin pigmentation, yellow cotyledon, plant height, and seed color at different combinations in different inbred lines.
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Hou, Siyu, Yu Liu, Xu Zhao, Martin Tillotson, Wei Guo, and Yiping Li. "Blue and Green Water Footprint Assessment for China—A Multi-Region Input–Output Approach." Sustainability 10, no. 8 (August 9, 2018): 2822. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10082822.

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Research on blue and green water footprints (WF) for China has typically been carried out based on bottom-up and top-down approach using a single-region input–output table. However, this research typically lacks detail on the sectoral interrelationships which exist between China and its trading partners in other countries/regions of the world. Here, a multi-region input–output approach using the WIOD database was applied to quantify the blue and green WF for China in 2009. The quantification was conducted from both production (WFP) and consumption (WFC) perspectives. The results show that the total WFP for China in 2009 was 1152.2 km3, second only to India. At 1070.9 km3, China had the largest WFC volume in the world. The internal WF was 953.5 km3, taking the substantial share for both the WFC and WFP. Overall, China’s trade resulted in a net export of 53.5 km3 virtual water. In contrast, the agricultural sector resulted in a net import of 70.6 km3 virtual water to China, with United States, Brazil, and Canada acting as major suppliers. This study suggests that quantifying the WF of China at global level through a MRIO framework is a necessary step towards achieving sustainability for China’s water management.
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Nawaz, Asad, Ibrahim Khalifa, Noman Walayat, Jose M. Lorenzo, Sana Irshad, Abdullah, Shakeel Ahmed, Mario Juan Simirgiotis, Madad Ali, and Enpeng Li. "Whole Fish Powder Snacks: Evaluation of Structural, Textural, Pasting, and Water Distribution Properties." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (May 26, 2021): 6010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116010.

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Global fisheries production has increased up to ~200 MT, which has resulted in the intensive generation of waste or byproducts (~20 MT), which is creating serious problems for environmental management with zero income. This study proposes an idea of using whole fish (red and white meat, skin, bones, and fins but not scales) for human food (snack food) with the aim of zero waste generation. Whole fish powder (WFP) was prepared by a novel method (using freeze-drying as well as stone ball milling) and fortified in baked snacks at four levels (0, 5, 10, and 15% w/w of 100 g of formulation). The results revealed that the addition of WFP decreased expansion and color parameters compared to control. Hardness was significantly (p < 0.05) increased with the addition of WFP, which was attributed to the mineral content of WFP. Pasting properties determined by rapid visco analyzer (RVA) were dramatically decreased with the addition of 10–15% WFP, suggesting the weak interaction of starch and protein, which was also evidenced by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Low field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) analysis revealed that the amount of free water was increased when 10–15% WFP was added in snacks while bound water was highest in control and 5% WFP samples, respectively. The microstructural analysis by SEM showed that the protein network was increased in those samples incorporated with WFP compared to control that had more starch granules. The results suggest the feasibility of adding 5% WFP for proper structure, texture, pasting properties, and water distribution in order to reduce fish waste.
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Franco, Bruna Maria Remonato, Ana Paula Oliveira Souza, and Carla Forte Maiolino Molento. "Welfare-friendly Products: availability, labeling and opinion of retailers in Curitiba, Southern Brazil,." Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural 56, no. 1 (March 2018): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1234-56781806-94790560101.

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Abstract: The market for welfare-friendly products (WFP) is increasing worldwide; however, there is a lack of information on this topic in Brazil. We investigated availability, product information and opinion of retailers about WFP in Curitiba, Southern Brazil. We visited 36 strategically located retailers, conducting product evaluation and interviews with managers. The availability of WFP, mostly eggs and chicken meat, was low; no other type of meat was available as WFP. Labeling was deficient, with little information about animal rearing systems. Labeling of regular products displaying images of happy animals was observed and may be a relevant confusing effect. Few certification seals for WFP were also observed, on organic products and free-range chickens. Welfare-friendly products costed 1.7 to 2.5 times more than regular products and great price variability was observed among retailers. Most retailers seemed not aware of the subject and considered that there is low availability of WFP to be offered in the markets. Low availability of WFP and poor label information of both regular and welfare-friendly products are barriers to better understand and meet the demand for higher welfare products. It is our perception that these are constraints for consumers to develop and perform ethical choices related to purchasing behavior.
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Omelyanovskiy, Vitaly Vladimirovich, Tatiana Pavlovna Bezdenezhnykh, Timur Giidovich Alkhasov, and Darya Valeryevna Lukyantseva. "Iinternational experience in health workforce planning." Medical Technologies. Assessment and Choice (Медицинские технологии. Оценка и выбор), no. 3 (37) (November 20, 2019): 32–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31556/2219-0678.2019.37.3.032-045.

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It has been globally recognized that effective management of human resources for health HRH is a key element in ensuring the quality of care. Health workforce planning (WFP) plays an important role in achieving the Millennium Development Goals in the field of health. Global communities and international organizations, such as the UN and WHO, have been developing various tools and programs to support the implementation processes of joint WFP to be adopted and used by governments around the globe. The main tool of WFP is modeling. A number of models have been developed to support WFP decision making. Such projects as The National Health Workforce Accounts (NHWA) and the European Joint Action Health Workforce Planning and Forecasting (JAHWPF and SEPEN) serve primarily to obtain reliable and comprehensive data for WFP and involve countries in joint activities in this direction, as well as to form homogeneous terminology and methodological approaches. This review describes a theoretical approach to the WFP and offers the implementation path based on the international practice.
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Yin, Xiao Fei, Yu Feng Wu, and Tie Yong Zuo. "Quantification of Pb, Cd and Hg in Waste Rare Earth Phosphors from Abandoned Fluorescent Lamps and Cathode Ray Tubes by ICP-OES." Materials Science Forum 847 (March 2016): 272–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.847.272.

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A fast and simple method to allow routine analysis of waste phosphors was developed and fully validated. Pb, Hg in waste fluorescent lamps phosphors (WFP) and Pb, Cd in waste CRT phosphors (WCP) were quantified by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Analytical conditions, including choice of analytical spectral lines, sample dissolution methods and many other standards, were studied. Wavelengths of 220.353, 228.802, and 184.886 nm were selected as analytical lines for determination of Pb, Cd, and Hg respectively. Studies showed that, Nitric acid could be used for dissolving Cd and Hg, and alkali fusion method for Pb. Detection limits of Pb, Cd, and Hg found were 1.8, 0.3 and 3mg/kg respectively. The proposed method was used in determination of target elements in waste rare earth phosphors, giving values of recovery in the ranges of 96.5%-104%, 98.5%-105% for Pb, Hg in WFP, and 98%-104.5%, 98%-104.5% for Pb, Cd in WCP respectively, and values of RSD less than 8%. Also, influences by dilution factor, coexisting elements and HNO3 Concentration etc. were discussed in the paper.
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Kracht, Uwe. "Historical dictionary of the international food agencies FAO, WFP, WFC, IFAD." Food Policy 21, no. 3 (July 1996): 338–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-9192(96)81816-1.

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Medina-Garrido, José Aurelio, José María Biedma-Ferrer, and Jaime Sánchez-Ortiz. "I Can’t Go to Work Tomorrow! Work-Family Policies, Well-Being and Absenteeism." Sustainability 12, no. 14 (July 8, 2020): 5519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12145519.

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Among the main causes of absenteeism are health problems, emotional problems, and inadequate work-family policies (WFP). This paper analyses the impact of the existence and accessibility of WFP on work absenteeism, by considering the mediating role of the well-being, which includes emotional as well as physical or health problems, that is generated by these policies. We differentiate between the existence of the WFP and its accessibility, as the mere existence of the WFP in an organisation is not enough. Additionally, workers must be able to access these policies easily and without retaliation of any kind. The model includes the hierarchy and the gender as moderating variables. To test the proposed hypotheses, a structural equation model based on the partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) approach is applied to a sample of employees in the service sector in Spain. On the one hand, the findings show that the existence of WFP has no direct effect on absenteeism; however, accessibility to these policies does have a direct effect on absenteeism. On the other hand, both the existence and accessibility of WFP have positive direct effects on emotional well-being. In addition, emotional well-being is positively related to physical well-being which, in turn, promotes a reduction in absenteeism. Finally, significant differences in the relationship between the existence of WFP and emotional well-being confirm the special difficulty of female managers in reconciling family life and work life.
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Suharyo, Ade. "PERAN PBB DALAM UPAYA PENYELESAIAN ISU BENCANA KELAPARAN DI MADAGASKAR." Jurnal PIR : Power in International Relations 6, no. 2 (February 17, 2022): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.22303/pir.6.2.2022.175-190.

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<p>Penelitian ini berfokus pada upaya yang dilakukan organisasi internasional terhadap isu bencana kelaparan di Madagaskar. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah ingin mengukur sejauh mana kontribusi yang dilakukan PBB dalam memberikan memberantas kelaparan pada masyarakat di Madagaskar. Pada penelitian kali ini, penulis menggunakan metode kualitatif. Hasil dari penelitian ini yaitu peran organisasi internasional mempunyai pengaruh cukup penting bagi masyarakat yang sedang mengalami penderitaan. Mengingat misi WFP dan FAO adalah memberantas kelaparan, maka kedua organisasi tersebut memiliki kewajiban untuk menyelesaikan persoalan ini. WFP dan FAO memiliki sedikit tantangan baru pada misi kali ini, lantaran kelaparan karena iklim merupakan pertama kali dalam sejarah manusia. Kini WFP sedang berusaha mencapai target mereka yang di dapat dari hasil donasi masyarakat global. Jika nominal yang mereka targetkan sudah terpenuhi, maka WFP akan langsung mendistribusikan bantuan tersebut ke masyarakat Madagaskar. Menurut WFP target nominal tersebut dinilai cukup membantu sebagian masyarakat Madagaskar untuk terbebas dari kelaparan hingga tahun 2022.</p>
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Rucha, Kingsford M., and Amina Nassor Abdallah. "Effect of Supplier Relationship Management on Humanitarian Supply Chain Performance at the World Food Programme in Somalia." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 16 (June 30, 2017): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n16p250.

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The study sought to unfold the relationship between Supplier Relationship Management on supply chain in humanitarian organizations which is often difficult because of the multi-groups involved (military, government, Non-governmental Organizations). In humanitarian organizations the “customer” is the donor or supplier of goods. The study was conducted at the World Food Programme (WFP) which started operating in Somalia in 1967 and focusing on rural agricultural development and school feeding projects. At the onset of WFP operations, the conflict escalated and the humanitarian needs expanded as well. Today the WFP Somalia goal is to address basic food needs, strengthen coping mechanisms and support the efforts to achieve food security of vulnerable Somalis. The organization has its regional office in charge of operations and supply chain in Nairobi as well as the Somalia liaison office. There are rare studies focusing on supply chain relationship among humanitarian organizations particularly on the challenges of getting supplies on time due financial and other supply chain constraints. This is the gap this study sought to address. In order to achieve the objectives, the population of the study was the WFP employees (senior and the supply chain staff) in both the regional and the liaison office and the WFP food suppliers based in Nairobi. The sample comprised of 87 WFP employees and 7 personnel from the WFP food supplier family. Data was collected from 63 respondents who filled and returned the questionnaires representing a response rate rate of 72%. Multiple regression analysis was used to analyse the data collected in order to meet the objectives of the study. The results revealed that WFP continuously trains employees from the supply chain department and has mechanisms for ensuring suppliers conform to quality standards. It was also found that ICT is used in the execution and management of purchase orders. On WFP humanitarian supply chain performance, results indicated that WFP Somalia delivers defect free food supplies to beneficiaries by working closely with the internal staff and the logistics operators. The study recommends that WFP’s management should begin rewarding suppliers who share information for effective supply chain management. The organization should not only have multiple supply tiers but should also be well vast with each tiers risk profile to enable the organization mitigate any unforeseen events that may affect delivery of supplies especially during emergencies.
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More sources

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "WFP"

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Kim, Christina Sujin, and Javed Singha. "WFP supply chain capacity in Ethiopia : an analysis of its sufficiency, constraints & impact." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/61178.

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Thesis (M. Eng. in Logistics)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2010.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 66-67).
The WFP's transport of food aid to Ethiopia's landlocked population is constrained by supply chain bottlenecks at the port, and limited availability of trucks for inland transport. How can the WFP supply chain be optimized to effectively operate within the given constraints? First, we assess Ethiopia's current food transport capacity - a critical factor for the WFP's ability to deliver humanitarian food aid. Specifically, we review the current and forecasted movement of goods, gather and analyze information on transport capacity versus demand, and address the impact of government policies and regulations on the road transport sector. As a result, our research helps the WFP in analyzing quantitative and qualitative factors used in selecting routes and mitigating port bottleneck issues. The results of our study may be used by the WFP and other humanitarian organizations which aid distressed populations.
by Christina Sujin Kim and Javed Singha.
M.Eng.in Logistics
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Krkoš, Radko. "Tvorba síťového ovladače pro rodinu operačních systémů Windows." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-219334.

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This thesis describes the approach in designing and implementing a driver marking network traffic for quality of service provision. In the beginning distinct technologies usable for the driver development are discussed and compared to each other while the most suiting candidate is chosen for driver development. Next the thesis discusses the design of the driver according to specification and depicts a list of more specific requirements affecting the driver design itself. The focus point in design is the least possible impact on network traffic performance and the running system itself. In addition to the driver an application programming interface usable from user mode is designed and so the system as a whole ensures the marking of network traffic entirely. In the end the created driver architecture is described and the application programming interface is described in terms of use.
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RADULY, EVA. "A critical discourse analysis of Twitter messages of three international humanitarian organisations about Refugees - UNHCR, UNICEF, WFP." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21547.

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Sufran, Mansor. "COMPARISON OF STRENGTH, DUCTILITY AND STIFFNESS OF FREE FLANGE AND WELDED FLANGE PLATE CONNECTION." OpenSIUC, 2019. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2632.

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Steel structures have been in use in high-rise structures since its more economical as compared to the use of concrete. The steel frames constructed fall under ordinary moment-resisting structures or special moment-resisting structures. Since the occurrence of Northridge earthquake in 1994 and Kobe earthquake in 1995, a lot of research has been done on causes of structural failure as well as remedies to the faults previously present in the building before the occurrence of the earthquake.
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Malaver, Gina, and Colin Regnier. "Structuring strategic decisions through the analytic hierarchy process : a case study in the selection of warehouse location for WFP in Ethiopia." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/53539.

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Thesis (M. Eng. in Logistics)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2009.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 96-99).
Humanitarian logistic organizations struggle to make strategic and tactical decisions due to their lack of resources, the unpredictability of humanitarian events and the lack of readily available information; the existing tools that assist optimal decision making require large amounts of precise information. As a consequence of all these challenges, most of the work in humanitarian logistics concentrates on the operational level that can only offer short term benefits. Alternatively, optimal strategic decisions maximize the resources of humanitarian organizations making them more flexible and effective in the long term; this directly impacts the ability to help the millions of people in need. This thesis presents a model that assists the largest humanitarian organization in the world, The World Food Programme, to make optimal strategic decisions. The model uses the Analytic Hierarchy Process, a multiple attribute decision tool that provides structure to decisions where there is limited availability of quantitative information. This methodology uses a framework that determines and prioritizes multiple criteria by using qualitative data and it scores each alternative based on these criteria. The optimal alternative will be the one that has the highest weighted score. This model solves the challenges that The World Food Programme, as any other humanitarian organization face when making complex strategic decisions. The model, not only works with easily acquired information but, it is also flexible in order to consider the ever-changing dynamics in the humanitarian field.
(cont.) The application of this model focuses on the optimization of warehouse locations for the World Food Programme in the Somali region of Ethiopia. However, this model can easily be scaled in order to be used in any other decision making process in the humanitarian field.
by Gina Malaver [and] Colin Regnier.
M.Eng.in Logistics
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Molapo, Seipati Petronella. "Community vulnerability to food insecurity : a case study of World Food Programme (WFP) Food Aid Programme in the southern lowlands of Lesotho." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2342.

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Thesis (MA (Public and Development Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.
Chronic food insecurity continues to be a major problem for rural poor households in Lesotho. This condition is caused by a number of factors including poverty, landlessness, and extreme land degradation, reduced remittances due to retrenchments from South African mines, closures of some of textile industries, the effects of HIV/AIDS and a significant decline in farming practices due to erratic weather patterns and conditions. All these factors have led to an increase in vulnerability levels. This is magnified by the rapid erosion of traditional coping mechanisms, a situation that has consequently left communities unable to respond to any form of disaster. The primary aim of this research was to investigate the community vulnerability to food insecurity in the Southern Lowlands and review the World Food Programme (WFP) food aid programme in the same area. The research addressed the questions such as the causes of food insecurity in the Southern Lowlands; and social protection initiatives that are being implemented by WFP to address food insecurity. The research revealed that WFP has been distributing food aid to the vulnerable households in the Southern Lowlands since 2002. These households belong to categories such as households hosting orphans and vulnerable children, chronically ill persons and physically disabled persons; female-headed households; elderly-headed households; child-headed households; and expectant and nursing mothers. In addition to these categories, WFP implemented food for work activities in which vulnerable households with able-bodied persons worked in to receive food aid. The research found evidence of chronic livelihood failure in the Southern Lowlands. This failure renders it increasingly difficult for households vulnerable to food insecurity to develop and maintain sustainable livelihoods. In particular, the research revealed that, a large proportion of households (53%) are at risk of food insecurity in the Southern Lowlands; the majority of vulnerable households did not hold any cereal stocks remaining from the immediate post harvest period; chronic illness, unemployment and erratic weather patterns are causes of food insecurity in the Southern Lowlands. As means of coping strategies, most households adopt various strategies such as switching expenditure patterns; reducing number of meals per day; kingship support; selling of livestock; and searching for casual labour opportunities. Food aid has improved the livelihoods and quality of life of the beneficiaries especially the chronically ill people. While some food for work activities such as building of toilets and water taps have been very helpful, others such as tree planting were not embraced by some of the beneficiaries and finally food aid promotes dependency among its beneficiaries and nursing mothers intentionally starve their children in order to stay in the programme. The two significant challenges in the distribution of food aid were found to be food pipeline break and the beneficiary selection criteria. The findings therefore generate the conclusion that although there seems to be an improvement in food access by households benefiting from the food aid programme, there is no evidence that those households will continue to access food in the absence of food aid. In essence, the absence of social food security foundation, executed in tandem with food aid interventionist measures, does not realistically augur well for the future. This conclusion comes from the finding that food for work activities which are more likely to generate income for the vulnerable households are not sustainable because the discussions further revealed that these activities have been imposed on the beneficiaries, without the coownership corollary that partners the communities with food aid agencies such as WFP. It is therefore recommended that development agents should not determine the developmental projects/programmes within the communities. The process should be interactive and should not be done in isolation but in mutual social learning and capacity building process as both parties (development agents and the beneficiaries) learn from each other and manage to develop a reciprocal relationship and partnership that will eventually reap sustainable outcome. It is therefore concluded that, the food aid programmes failed to offer sustainable social safety nets to the beneficiaries. The research hypothesis that there is no clear exit strategy in the implementation of the food security interventions and that there are no sustainability and continuity measures that were put into place by WFP remains valid.
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Skjöldevald, Maja. "Small scale farmers’ access to and participation in markets : The case of the P4P program in western Kenya." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-77185.

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The purpose of this thesis is to understand how small scale farmers navigate the market to access and participate in the formal maize market to improve their revenue, utilising the case of the P4P program inKenya. The empirical material was collected during fieldwork in Kenya. Qualitative methods were found to be the most suitable for this thesis. The methods that was utilised were a case study strategy, semi structured interviews, focus groups, observations and analysis of secondary sources. In this study different approaches about farmers’ organisations (FO) and small scale farmers’ access to and participation in markets have been utilised to create an analytical context. The study found that food markets in developing countries are lacking in infrastructure, market information and bank credit. The dynamics of the Kenyan market are even more complicated due to its two different marketing channels. Using collective action has the farmers overcome many of these limitations. One change is in the farmers’ mind set from viewing agriculture as a hobby to a business. The farmers have been criticised for defaulting on their contracts, whereas WFP has been criticised delays in payments. Some FO:s have been more successful than others which are a reflection of the barriers within the P4P program itself.
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Sandberg, Richard. "A survey of optimization methods for solving the inverse shortest path routing problem." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Optimeringslära, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-59536.

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Ruttningen av trafik i IP-nätverk sker ofta med hjälp av bågvikter som bestämmer vilken väg trafiken tar (kortastevägruttning). Problemet här är att avgöra ifall det existerar en uppsättning vikter givet ett önskat ruttningsschema. Den hör rapporten undersöker prestandan hos ett antal modeller och optimeringsprogram avsedda att lösa denna typ av problem som ofta kallas inversa kortastevägruttningsproblemet. Undersökningen visar att det existerar en stor skillnad mellan modellerna och optimeringsprogrammen och att modellen baserad på cykelbaser löst med CPLEXdualopt lösaren är snabbast.
The routing of traffic in IP networks is often done with a set of weights that determinewhich way the traffic will go (shortest path routing). The problem here is todetermine if there exists a set of weights for a desired routing pattern. This thesis willinvestigate the performance of a number of different models and solvers for solvingthis type of problem which is usually called the inverse shortest path routing (ISPR)problem. The models tested are the same as described in [1]. The different solversused are mainly the linear CPLEX solvers but also a few multi commodity networksolvers. The tests showed that there is a big performance difference between the models andsolvers and that the cycle bases model solved with the CPLEX dualopt solver wasthe fastest overall.
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Silva, Zoraia Moura da. "Estudo de caso:sociabilidade entre os beneficiados pelo Programa de Alimentação do Trabalhador em uma empresa no município Rio Grande da Serra." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6135/tde-26102012-110920/.

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INTRODUÇÃO: O ato de se alimentar é complexo, sofrendo influência de diversos fatores. O Programa de Alimentação do Trabalhador (PAT) foi criado pela Lei 6.321, de 14/4/1976. Considerando a importância da sociabilidade ao se alimentar, é factível afirmar que estudos que analisam a sociabilidade em Políticas Públicas que atuam na alimentação são importantes para o delineamento dos programas. OBJETIVOS: Verificar se existe uma relação entre o ato de se alimentar no trabalho e a sociabilidade entre os beneficiados de uma empresa que faz parte do PAT na modalidade autogestão. METODOLOGIA: Foi realizado um estudo de caso exploratório em uma empresa cadastrada no PAT na modalidade de autogestão, localizada no município Rio Grande da Serra. Como instrumento para a coleta dos dados, optou-se por análise documental, entrevista aberta com a nutricionista, bem como entrevista estruturada com os trabalhadores. RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO: Para a análise dos dados, realizou-se uma triangulação dos resultados. Aceitaram participar da entrevista 294 trabalhadores, compondo 54 por cento dos 543 trabalhadores daquela fábrica. Os cargos ocupados eram na grande maioria operacionais, incluindo operador de máquina de produção (64,3 por cento ) e prensista (10,1 por cento ). Suas funções requererem força física, e isso se refletiu no gênero dos participantes: 234 homens (79,6 por cento ) e 60 mulheres (20,4 por cento ). A maior concentração das idades para os homens (56,6 por cento ) é a faixa mais jovem (19 a 29 anos). Do total, 56 por cento consideraram as refeições servidas muito boas, e 40 por cento , boas. Dos entrevistados, 52 por cento referiram permanecer apenas entre 15 e 30 minutos no refeitório, 44,9 por cento até 15 minutos e apenas 3,1 por cento permaneciam entre 30 minutos e 1 hora. Esse dado é preocupante, pois indica uma pequena permanência da maioria deles no local, o que pode revelar uma má escolha dos horários nas refeições pela empresa, o que impossibilitaria o estabelecimento de relações mais profundas entre as pessoas. Questionados sobre quem era(m) sua(s) companhia(s) na hora da refeição, 85,7 por cento afirmaram estarem com colegas do mesmo setor, 9,2 por cento colegas de outro setor, 3,1 por cento sozinhos. 48 por cento dos colaboradores afirmaram ter uma relação muito boa com seus colegas de trabalho, 50 por cento referiram uma boa relação. Sobre o que acham do refeitório: 44,90 por cento consideravam bom, e 22,45 por cento muito bom, pois o ambiente era bom para se descontrair e descansar (29,9 por cento ), havia boa limpeza e higiene (23,9 por cento ), alimentação era boa e saudável (11,8 por cento ). Os que não gostavam do local alegaram barulho insuportável (1,5 por cento ), refeitório com odor desagradável (1,5 por cento ) e falta de uma televisão (1,5 por cento ). CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados obtidos com as entrevistas e análise documental demonstraram que a presença do PAT na empresa pode ter contribuído para uma maior sociabilidade entre os beneficiados
INTRODUCTION: The act of eating is complex and it is influenced by many factors. The Worker Food Program (WFP) was established by the 6321 Act on 4/14/1976. Considering the importance of sociability when eating, it is feasible to say that studies examining sociability in Public Policies which concern eating are important for the design of the programs. OBJECTIVES: To determine if there is a relation between eating at work and socializing among the beneficiaries of a company that is part of the WFP in the selfmanagement mode. METHODS: We conducted an explanatory case study in a company registered at the WFP in the form of self-management, located in the Rio Grande da Serra County. As an instrument for data collection, we chose to do document analyses, open interviews with the dietitians as well as structured interviews with the workers. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The analysis of the data was performed by screening of the results. 294 workers agreed to participate in the interviews, making up 54 per cent of a total of 543 workers in that factory. The job positions were overwhelmingly operational in nature, including machine operator (64.3 per cent ) and press operator (10.1 per cent ). Their duties require physical strength and this reflected in the participant gender: 234 were men (79.6 per cent ) and 60 were women (20.4 per cent ). The largest age groups for men (56.6 per cent ) was of young adults (19-29 years of age). 56 per cent thought the meals which were served at work were very good and 40 per cent thought they were only good. 52 per cent of respondents reported spending just 15 to 30 minutes in the cafeteria, 44.9 per cent up to 15 minutes and only 3.1 per cent spent between 30 minutes and 1 hour in the cafeteria. These findings are particularly worrisome because they indicates that the workers did not stay very long in the cafeteria, which may reveal a poor meal schedule choice by the companies, which would consequently make it impossible to establish deeper relationships with co-workers . When asked who they shared their meal time with, 85.7 per cent said they shared it with peers that worked in the same sector, 9.2 per cent said they shared it with people from other sectors, 3.1 per cent said they spent it alone. 48 per cent of the respondents reported having a very good relationship with their coworkers, 50 per cent reported a only good relationship. When asked about what they thought of the cafeteria: 44.90 per cent thought it was only good and 22,45 per cent thought it was very good, for different reasons: because the environment was good to relax and rest (29.9 per cent ) because it was clean and wholesome (23.9 per cent ), because the food was good and healthy (11.8 per cent ). Those who disliked the cafeteria claimed it was due to: unbearable noise (1.5 per cent ), unpleasant odors (1.5 per cent ) and lack of a television (1.5 per cent ). CONCLUSION: The results of interviews and document analyses showed that the WFP in a specific company may have contributed to greater sociability among the beneficiaries
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Garcés, Valenzuela Manuel Antonio. "Análisis Técnico de la Huella Hídrica como Indicador de Sustentabilidad del Uso del Agua en la Producción del Concentrado de Cobre en División El Teniente de Codelco." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2011. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/104068.

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El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar, desde una perspectiva técnica, el potencial uso de la Huella Hídrica (WFP, por su sigla en inglés), como un indicador de sustentabilidad en la minería del cobre en Chile, aplicado a la producción de concentrado de cobre en la División El Teniente (DET) de Codelco. La WFP es un indicador que determina la cantidad de agua consumida por un producto a lo largo de su cadena de suministro y posteriormente, mide los diferentes impactos asociados a estos consumos. Este indicador tiene tres componentes, dependiendo del origen del agua consumida y las alteraciones con que el agua es devuelta al sistema: la WFP Verde, la WFP Azul y la WFP Gris. Para aplicar este indicador, se usó la metodología propuesta por el Water Footprint Manual 2009 (HOEKSTRA, et al., 2009 a), a los procesos de producción del concentrado de cobre de la DET. Se desarrolló, además, un esquema simplificado de los procesos de la DET y su manejo de agua, se realizó un cálculo preliminar sobre la WFP del concentrado de cobre de la DET para los años 2008, 2009 y 2010, y se analizaron los resultados obtenidos. La WFP del concentrado de cobre varió entre los 40 y los 61 m3agua/tonelada de concentrado de cobre, dependiendo de los límites geográficos definidos. Del análisis realizado, se desprende que las principales contribuciones a la WFP del concentrado de cobre en la DET fueron: el agua con alto contenido de sulfato descargada al estero Carén (WFP Gris), el agua trasvasijada de cuenca hacia el tranque Carén (WFP Azul) y el agua evaporada (WFP Azul). En la aplicación de la metodología de la WFP en la DET se encontraron las siguientes limitaciones: las variaciones de su valor aplicado a la DET están influenciadas por la cantidad de lluvia caída, más que por cambios en el manejo de agua de la División,su metodología no es precisa en cuanto al criterio para delimitar los límites geográficos del sistema, su cálculo no considera la calidad de agua de las fuentes, aunque esto se podría considerar en la etapa de evaluación de impactos de la WFP, y las normas ambientales que rijan el sistema en estudio determinan el valor de la WFP Gris. Además, se determinó que su valor está influido por la ley del mineral, lo cual es una ventaja con respecto al make up, desde un punto de vista del uso sustentable de recursos. Se concluye que la WFP es una herramienta adecuada como indicador de consumo de agua. Sin embargo, se deben realizar nuevos estudios para adecuar la metodología de la WFP, referidos a definición de límites geográficos, consideración de calidad de agua de las fuentes y estandarización en la aplicación de diferentes normas ambientales. Además, se debe desarrollar por parte de la DET y la minería en general, sistemas de manejo de datos de consumo y gestión de agua, con el fin de mejorar el uso de este indicador en la industria minera, permitiendo una contribución al desarrollo sustentable del país.
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Books on the topic "WFP"

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Talbot, Ross B. Historical dictionary of the international food agencies: FAO, WFP, WFC, IFAD. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press, 1994.

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Talbot, Ross B. The four world food agencies in Rome: FAO, WFP, WFC, IFAD. Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1990.

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Zambia, WFP. WFP Zambia, United Nations World Food Programme. Lusaka, Zambia: United Nations World Food Programme, 2004.

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Programme, World Food. WFP in Myanmar: Looking forward 2013-2017. [Burma]: World Food Programme, 2012.

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Hayes, John Leslie. UN WFP logistics capacity assessment: Somalia Country Office. Nairobi: UN WFP, 2001.

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Cammack, Diana Rose. Food security and gender disparities in Malawi: A profile paper for gender targeting by WFP-Malawi. Lilongwe, Malawi: [s.n., 1996.

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Food & nutritional security: Role of food assistance in India : compilation of papers from WFP State Consultation series held in seven states of India, 2002-2003. New Delhi: Lancer Publishers & Distributors, 2006.

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Carle, Jim. Smallholder reforestation in Central Vietnam: Experiences from the implementation of UNDP/FAO project VIE/92/022 "Provision of technical assistance to WFP Project 4304: reforestation in Central Vietnam". [Hanoi]: United Nations Development Programme, 1996.

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Ginko, Wojciech. Wip. Krakow: Spoleczny Instytut Wydawniczy "Znak", 2005.

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Ginko, Wojciech. Wip. Kraków: Znak, 2005.

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Book chapters on the topic "WFP"

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Canton, Helen. "World Food Programme—WFP." In The Europa Directory of International Organizations 2021, 292–96. 23rd ed. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003179900-39.

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Shaw, D. John. "Anatomy of WFP Emergency Operations." In The World's Largest Humanitarian Agency, 143–229. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230316713_4.

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Shaw, D. John. "The Birth of WFP: One Man’s Inspiration." In The UN World Food Programme and the Development of Food Aid, 6–18. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403905437_2.

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Krennerich, Michael. "Welternährungsprogramm (UN/FAO World Food Programme/WFP)." In Handwörterbuch Internationale Organisationen, 406–7. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-86673-8_121.

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Möller, Bernhard, and Georg Struth. "wp Is wlp." In Relational Methods in Computer Science, 200–211. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11734673_16.

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Shekhar, Shashi, and Hui Xiong. "WFS." In Encyclopedia of GIS, 1273. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-35973-1_1493.

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Posypaiko, V. I., and E. A. Alekseeva. "WF6." In Phase Equilibria in Binary Halides, 404. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-9024-4_180.

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Mackey, Alex, William Tulloch, and Mahesh Krishnan. "WPF." In Introducing .NET 4.5, 281–96. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4302-4333-5_12.

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Buchanan, W. J. "WAP." In The Complete Handbook of the Internet, 1301–15. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-306-48331-8_58.

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Hansmann, Uwe, Lothar Merk, Martin S. Nicklous, and Thomas Stober. "WAP." In Pervasive Computing Handbook, 227–42. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04318-9_11.

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Conference papers on the topic "WFP"

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Maranian, Peter, Robi Kern, Robert Lyons, and Gregg E. Brandow. "Interim Review on Welded Flange Plate (WFP) Steel Moment Frame Connections." In Third Forensic Engineering Congress. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40692(241)15.

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Bredy, G. Sarah, Rebecca Horetsky, Becky Petrou O'Rourke, Jamie Pourier, Ashley Roes, and Rachel Xue. "SDG 2 - Zero Hunger; Case Study: UN World Food Programme (WFP)." In Conference of the Youth Environmental Alliance in Higher Education. Michigan Technological University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37099/mtu.dc.yeah-conference/2020/all-events/4.

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Wells, Beric E., Judith Ann Bamberger, Kurt P. Recknagle, Carl W. Enderlin, Michael J. Minette, and Langdon K. Holton. "Applying Hanford Tank Mixing Data to Define Pulse Jet Mixer Operation." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-50712.

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Pulse jet mixed (PJM) process vessels are being developed for storing, blending, and chemical processing of nuclear waste slurries at the Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant (WTP) to be built at Hanford, Washington. These waste slurries exhibit variable process feed characteristics including Newtonian to non-Newtonian rheologies over a range of solids loadings. Waste feed to the WTP from the Hanford Tank Farms will be accomplished via the Waste Feed Delivery (WFD) system which includes million-gallon underground storage double-shell tanks (DSTs) with dual-opposed jet mixer pumps. Experience using WFD type jet mixer pumps to mobilize actual Hanford waste in DSTs may be used to establish design threshold criteria of interest to pulse jet mixed process vessel operation. This paper describes a method to evaluate the pulse jet mixed vessel capability to process waste based on information obtained during mobilizing and suspending waste by the WFD system jet mixer pumps in a DST. Calculations of jet velocity and wall shear stress in a specific pulse jet mixed process vessel were performed using a commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code. The CFD-modelled process vessel consists of a 4.9-m- (16-ft-) diameter tank with a 2:1 semi-elliptical head, a single, 10-cm (4-in.) downward facing 60-degree conical nozzle, and a 0.61-m (24-in.) inside diameter PJM. The PJM is located at 70% of the vessel radius with the nozzle stand-off-distance 14 cm (6 in.) above the vessel head. The CFD modeled fluid velocity and wall shear stress can be used to estimate vessel waste-processing performance by comparison to available actual WFD system process data. Test data from the operation of jet mixer pumps in the 23-m (75-ft) diameter DSTs have demonstrated mobilization, solid particles in a sediment matrix were moved from their initial location, and suspension, mobilized solid particles were moved to a higher elevation in the vessel than their initial location, of waste solids. Jet mixer pumps were used in Hanford waste tank 241-AZ-101, and at least 95% of the 0.46-m (18-in.) deep sediment, with a shear strength of 1,500 to 4,200 Pa, was mobilized. Solids with a median particle size of 43 μm, 90th percentile of 94 μm, were suspended in tank 241-AZ-101 to at least 5.5 m (216 in.) above the vessel bottom. Analytical calculations for this jet mixer pump test were used to estimate the velocities and wall shear stress that mobilized and suspended the waste. These velocities and wall shear stresses provide design threshold criteria which are metrics for system performance that can be evaluated via testing. If the fluid motion in a specific pulse jet mixed process vessel meets or exceeds the fluid motion of the demonstrated performance in the WFD system, confidence is provided that that vessel will similarly mobilize and suspend those solids if they were within the WTP. The single PJM CFD-calculated jet velocity and wall shear stress compare favorably with the design threshold criterion estimated for the tank 241-AZ-101 process data. Therefore, for both mobilization and suspension, the performance data evaluated from the WFD system testing increases confidence that the performance of the pulse jet mixed process vessels will be sufficient to process that waste even if that waste is not fully characterized.
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Yaïci, Wahiba, Evgueniy Entchev, and Pouyan Talebizadeh Sardari. "Performance Investigation of Solar Organic Rankine Cycle Systems With and Without Regeneration and With Zeotropic Working Fluid Mixtures for Use in Micro-Cogeneration." In ASME 2020 14th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2020-1616.

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Abstract Globally there are several viable sources of renewable, low-temperature heat (below 130°C) particularly solar energy, geothermal energy, and energy generated from industrial wastes. Increased exploitation of these low-temperature options has the definite potential of reducing fossil fuel consumption with its attendant very harmful greenhouse gas emissions. Researchers have universally identified the organic Rankine cycle (ORC) as a practicable and promising system to generate electrical power from renewable sources based on its beneficial use of volatile organic fluids as working fluids (WFs). In recent times, researchers have also shown a preference for/an inclination towards deployment of zeotropic mixtures as ORC WFs because of their capacity to improve thermodynamic performance of ORC systems, a feat enabled by better matches of the temperature profiles of the WF and the heat source/sink. This paper demonstrates both the technical feasibility and the notable advantages of using zeotropic mixtures as WFs through a simulation study of an ORC system. The study examines the thermodynamic performance of ORC systems using zeotropic WF mixtures to generate electricity driven by low-temperature solar heat source for building applications. A thermodynamic model is developed with an ORC system both with and excluding a regenerator. Five zeotropic mixtures with varying compositions of R245fa/propane, R245fa/hexane, R245fa/heptane, pentane/hexane and isopentane/hexane are evaluated and compared to identify the best combinations of WF mixtures that can yield high efficiency in their system cycles. The study also investigates the effects of the volumetric flow ratio, and evaporation and condensation temperature glides on the ORC’s thermodynamic performance. Following a detailed analysis of each mixture, R245fa/propane is selected for parametric study to examine the effects of operating parameters on the system’s efficiency and sustainability index. For zeotropic mixtures, results showed that there is an optimal composition range within which binary mixtures are inclined to perform more efficiently than the component pure fluids. In addition, a significant increase in cycle efficiency can be achieved with a regenerative ORC, with cycle efficiency ranging between 3.1–9.8% and 8.6–17.4% for ORC both without and with regeneration, respectively. Results also showed that exploiting zeotropic mixtures could enlarge the limitation experienced in selecting WFs for low-temperature solar organic Rankine cycles.
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Il-Young Moon. "Performance Evaluation of WAP Packet Considering WTP SAR Algorithm and RLP in Wireless Network." In 8th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icact.2006.206212.

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Badholia, Abhishek, Vijayant Verma, and Sunil Kumar Kashyap. "Wep, Wap and Wap2 Wireless Network Security Protocol: A Compact Algorithm : (Wireless Network Security Protocol)." In 2019 International Conference on Computing, Communication, and Intelligent Systems (ICCCIS). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icccis48478.2019.8974517.

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Maurer, Tana, Dawne Deaver, Christopher Howell, Steve Moyer, Oanh Nguyen, Greg Mueller, Denise Ryan, et al. "Military target task performance after wavefront-guided (WFG) and wavefront-optimized (WFO) photorefractive keratectomy (PRK)." In SPIE Sensing Technology + Applications, edited by Šárka O. Southern, Mark A. Mentzer, Isaac Rodriguez-Chavez, and Virginia E. Wotring. SPIE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2050309.

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Yaïci, Wahiba, and Evgueniy Entchev. "Thermodynamic and Performance Study of Solar Regenerative Organic Rankine Cycle System for Use in Residential Micro-Combined Heat and Power Generation." In ASME 2019 13th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2019 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2019-3832.

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Abstract A continued increase in both energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) call for utilising energy sources effectively. In comparison with traditional energy set-ups, micro-combined heat and power (micro-CHP) generation is viewed as an effective alternative; the aforementioned system’s definite electrical and thermal generation may be attributed to an augmented energy efficiency, decreased capacity as well as GHGs percentage. In this regard, organic Rankine cycle (ORC) has gained increasing recognition as a system, which is capable for generating electrical power from solar-based, waste heat, or thermal energy sources of a lower quality, for instance, below 120 °C. This study focuses on investigating a solar-based micro-CHP system’s performance for use in residential buildings through utilising a regenerative ORC. The analysis will focus on modelling and simulation as well as optimisation of operating condition of several working fluids (WFs) in ORC in order to use a heat source with low-temperature derived from solar thermal collectors for both heat and power generation. A parametric study has been carried out in detail for analysing the effects of different WFs at varying temperatures and flowrates from hot and cold sources on system performance. Significant changes were revealed in the study’s outcomes regarding performance including efficiency as well as power obtained from the expander and generator, taking into account the different temperatures of hot and cold sources for each WF. Work extraction carried out by the expander and electrical power had a range suitable for residential building applications; this range was 0.5–5 kWe with up to 60% electrical isentropic efficiency and up to 8% cycle efficiency for 50–120 °C temperature from a hot source. The operation of WFs will occur in the hot source temperature range, allowing the usage of either solar flat plate or evacuated tube collectors.
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Schmidt, Albrecht, Henning Schröder, and Oliver Frick. "WAP." In CHI '00 extended abstracts. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/633292.633395.

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Nguyen, Duc, Hana Vrzakova, and Roman Bednarik. "WTP." In UbiComp '16: The 2016 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2968219.2968338.

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Reports on the topic "WFP"

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Hegazi, Farah, Vongai Murugani, Grazia Pacillo, and Peter Läderach. The World Food Programme’s Contribution to Improving the Prospects for Peace in Ethiopia. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/ydst9825.

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This report aims to explain and assess the contribution of WFP Ethiopia’s climate adaptation and risk management programmes to peace in Ethiopia. The research focused on the Satellite Index Insurance for Pastoralists in Ethiopia (SIIPE) programme, a multidimensional programme that aims to enhance beneficiaries’ integrated risk management capacities. The results indicate that the SIIPE programme can potentially contribute to conflict reduction and thus negative peace in the Somali region of Ethiopia through reducing herders’ mobility during droughts and improving natural resource management. They also find that there is a lack of clarity regarding the selection criteria for the programme, which proved to be a point of potential contention, and that conflict analysis and sensitivity are not incorporated into the programme’s design, since conflict reduction was not an objective of SIIPE. Based on these findings, the report makes recommendations to improve WFP’s contribution to the prospects for peace.
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Butler, Nadia, Tamara Roldan de Jong, Barbara Muzzulini, and Olivia Tulloch,. Key Considerations: Improving Uptake of the COVID-19 Vaccine Amongst Women in South Sudan. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2022.006.

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Disparities in vaccine equity exist on a global scale, but also within countries. While in high income countries slightly more women than men tend to be vaccinated, the opposite is true in low income countries. In South Sudan, as of September 2021, 28% of people who had received a COVID-19 vaccine were women. This rate then increased markedly, reaching 41% by January 2022. This brief explores some of the reasons behind the low uptake amongst women during the initial phases of the roll-out and the contributing factors to the increase over time. This brief draws on evidence from academic and grey literature, dashboards and datasets on COVID-19 vaccine uptake, and consultations with partners working in the COVID-19 response. It also reviews some of the interventions to increase uptake amongst women and provides considerations for partners working on vaccine demand promotion. It is part of the Social Science in Humanitarian Action Platform (SSHAP) series on social science considerations relating to COVID-19 vaccines and was developed for SSHAP by Anthrologica (led by Nadia Butler). Contributions and reviews were provided from response partners in South Sudan and international experts (UNICEF, IFRC, South Sudan Red Cross, Internews, Anthrovisions Productions, WHO, WFP, and the Humanitarian Country Office and Anthrologica). It was requested by the UNICEF East and Southern Africa Regional Office (ESARO). This brief is the responsibility of SSHAP.
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Heinz, Kevin, Itamar Glazer, Moshe Coll, Amanda Chau, and Andrew Chow. Use of multiple biological control agents for control of western flower thrips. United States Department of Agriculture, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7613875.bard.

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The western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), is a serious widespread pest of vegetable and ornamental crops worldwide. Chemical control for Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on floriculture or vegetable crops can be difficult because this pest has developed resistance to many insecticides and also tends to hide within flowers, buds, and apical meristems. Predatory bugs, predatory mites, and entomopathogenic nematodes are commercially available in both the US and Israel for control of WFT. Predatory bugs, such as Orius species, can suppress high WFT densities but have limited ability to attack thrips within confined plant parts. Predatory mites can reach more confined habitats than predatory bugs, but kill primarily first-instar larvae of thrips. Entomopathogenic nematodes can directly kill or sterilize most thrips stages, but have limited mobility and are vulnerable to desiccation in certain parts of the crop canopy. However, simultaneous use of two or more agents may provide both effective and cost efficient control of WFT through complimentary predation and/or parasitism. The general goal of our project was to evaluate whether suppression of WFT could be enhanced by inundative or inoculative releases of Orius predators with either predatory mites or entomopathogenic nematodes. Whether pest suppression is best when single or multiple biological control agents are used, is an issue of importance to the practice of biological control. For our investigations in Texas, we used Orius insidiosus(Say), the predatory mite, Amblyseius degeneransBerlese, and the predatory mite, Amblyseius swirskii(Athias-Henriot). In Israel, the research focused on Orius laevigatus (Fieber) and the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema felpiae. Our specific objectives were to: (1) quantify the spatial distribution and population growth of WFT and WFT natural enemies on greenhouse roses (Texas) and peppers (Israel), (2) assess interspecific interactions among WFT natural enemies, (3) measure WFT population suppression resulting from single or multiple species releases. Revisions to our project after the first year were: (1) use of A. swirskiiin place of A. degeneransfor the majority of our predatory mite and Orius studies, (2) use of S. felpiaein place of Thripinema nicklewoodi for all of the nematode and Orius studies. We utilized laboratory experiments, greenhouse studies, field trials and mathematical modeling to achieve our objectives. In greenhouse trials, we found that concurrent releases of A.degeneranswith O. insidiosusdid not improve control of F. occidentalis on cut roses over releases of only O. insidiosus. Suppression of WFT by augmentative releases A. swirskiialone was superior to augmentative releases of O. insidiosusalone and similar to concurrent releases of both predator species on cut roses. In laboratory studies, we discovered that O. insidiosusis a generalist predator that ‘switches’ to the most abundant prey and will kill significant numbers of A. swirskiior A. degeneransif WFTbecome relatively less abundant. Our findings indicate that intraguild interactions between Orius and Amblyseius species could hinder suppression of thrips populations and combinations of these natural enemies may not enhance biological control on certain crops. Intraguild interactions between S. felpiaeand O. laevigatus were found to be more complex than those between O. insidiosusand predatory mites. In laboratory studies, we found that S. felpiaecould infect and kill either adult or immature O. laevigatus. Although adult O. laevigatus tended to avoid areas infested by S. felpiaein Petri dish arenas, they did not show preference between healthy WFT and WFT infected with S. felpiaein choice tests. In field cage trials, suppression of WFT on sweet-pepper was similar in treatments with only O. laevigatus or both O. laevigatus and S. felpiae. Distribution and numbers of O. laevigatus on pepper plants also did not differ between cages with or without S. felpiae. Low survivorship of S. felpiaeafter foliar applications to sweet-pepper may explain, in part, the absence of effects in the field trials. Finally, we were interested in how differential predation on different developmental stages of WFT (Orius feeding on WFT nymphs inhabiting foliage and flowers, nematodes that attack prepupae and pupae in the soil) affects community dynamics. To better understand these interactions, we constructed a model based on Lotka-Volterra predator-prey theory and our simulations showed that differential predation, where predators tend to concentrate on one WFT stage contribute to system stability and permanence while predators that tend to mix different WFT stages reduce system stability and permanence.
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4

Donnelly, Justin. Warfighter's Information Packaging (WIP). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada402550.

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Hanna, Rema, Bridget Hoffmann, Paulina Oliva, and Jake Schneider. The Power of Perception: Limitations of Information in Reducing Air Pollution Exposure. Inter-American Development Bank, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003392.

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We conduct a randomized controlled trial in Mexico City to determine willingness to pay (WTP) for SMS air quality alerts and to study the effects of air quality alerts, reminders, and a reusable N95 mask on air pollution information and avoidance behavior. At baseline, we elicit WTP for the alerts service after revealing whether the household will receive an N95 mask and participant compensation, but before revealing whether they will receive alert or reminder services. While we observe no significant impact of mask provision on WTP, higher compensation increases WTP, suggesting a possible cash-on-hand constraint. The perception of high pollution days prior to the survey is positively correlated with WTP, but the presence of actual high pollution days is not correlated with WTP. Follow-up survey data demonstrate that the alerts treatment increases reporting of receiving air pollution information via SMS, a high pollution day in the past week, and staying indoors on the most recent perceived high pollution day. However, we observe no significant effect on the ability to correctly identify which specific days had high pollution. Similarly, households that received an N95 mask are more likely to report utilizing a mask with filter in the past two weeks, but we observe no effect on using a filter mask on the specific days with high particulate matter. Although we nd that air quality alerts increased the salience of air quality and avoidance behavior, these results illustrate the difficulty that information treatments face in overcoming perceptions to effectively reduce exposure to air pollution.
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Kamai, Tamir, Gerard Kluitenberg, and Alon Ben-Gal. Development of heat-pulse sensors for measuring fluxes of water and solutes under the root zone. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7604288.bard.

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The objectives defined for this study were to: (1) develop a heat-pulse sensor and a heat-transfer model for leaching measurement, and (2) conduct laboratory study of the sensor and the methodology to estimate leaching flux. In this study we investigated the feasibility for estimating leachate fluxes with a newly designed heat-pulse (HP) sensor, combining water flux density (WFD) with electrical conductivity (EC) measurements in the same sensor. Whereas previous studies used the conventional heat pulse sensor for these measurements, the focus here was to estimate WFD with a robust sensor, appropriate for field settings, having thick-walled large-diameter probes that would minimize their flexing during and after installation and reduce associated errors. The HP method for measuring WFD in one dimension is based on a three-rod arrangement, aligned in the direction of the flow (vertical for leaching). A heat pulse is released from a center rod and the temperature response is monitored with upstream (US) and downstream (DS) rods. Water moving through the soil caries heat with it, causing differences in temperature response at the US and DS locations. Appropriate theory (e.g., Ren et al., 2000) is then used to determine WFD from the differences in temperature response. In this study, we have constructed sensors with large probes and developed numerical and analytical solutions for approximating the measurement. One-dimensional flow experiments were conducted with WFD ranging between 50 and 700 cm per day. A numerical model was developed to mimic the measurements, and also served for the evaluation of the analytical solution. For estimation WFD, and analytical model was developed to approximate heat transfer in this setting. The analytical solution was based on the work of Knight et al. (2012) and Knight et al. (2016), which suggests that the finite properties of the rods can be captured to a large extent by assuming them to be cylindrical perfect conductors. We found that: (1) the sensor is sensitive for measuring WFD in the investigated range, (2) the numerical model well-represents the sensor measurement, and (2) the analytical approximation could be improved by accounting for water and heat flow divergence by the large rods.
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7

Pritchard Jr., Howard Porter. OpenSHMEM WFO Collaboration - 2016 Highlights. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1341841.

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QURESHI, ZAFAR. WTP Pilot-Scale Evaporation Tests. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/836703.

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Irwin, John J. WTP/Evaporator Transfer System Hydraulic Analysis. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1484280.

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10

Subrahmanian, V. S., Dana Nau, and C. Vago. WFS + Branch and Bound = Stable Models. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada455012.

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