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1
Luy, Federico L. Iniguez, and James Nienhuis. "048 Effects of Inbreeding in a “Wisconsin Fast Plants” Brassica rapa Population." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 396E—396. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.396e.
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Wisconsin Fast Plants (WFP) are small, rapid-cycling Brassica rapa populations that were developed by Paul Williams in the Dept. of Plant Pathology at the Univ. of Wisconsin, to facilitate classroom demonstration of biological principals. WFP exist as heterogenous populations, which have been selected for expression of different mutant phenotypes. Because of self-incompatibility mechanisms, it has been difficult to develop inbred lines of WFP via self-feritilization. Our objective was to inbreed a WFP population through full-sib mating. Genetic diversity was calculated for eight individuals from each of eight different WFF population, using 69 polymorphic RAPD (molecular marker) bands. The eight different WPF populatons were randomly mated (via chain crossing) for two generations. Six cycles of full-sib mating were initiated on 130 random families. After six cycles of full-sib mating, 79 families remain. The loss of families, during the process of inbreeding, may have been due to selection or drift. However, the expectation is that genetic variance will increase. The 79 inbred families express an array of different WFP phenotypes, e.g., anthocyanin pigmentation, yellow cotyledon, plant height, and seed color at different combinations in different inbred lines.
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Hou, Siyu, Yu Liu, Xu Zhao, Martin Tillotson, Wei Guo, and Yiping Li. "Blue and Green Water Footprint Assessment for China—A Multi-Region Input–Output Approach." Sustainability 10, no. 8 (August 9, 2018): 2822. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10082822.
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Research on blue and green water footprints (WF) for China has typically been carried out based on bottom-up and top-down approach using a single-region input–output table. However, this research typically lacks detail on the sectoral interrelationships which exist between China and its trading partners in other countries/regions of the world. Here, a multi-region input–output approach using the WIOD database was applied to quantify the blue and green WF for China in 2009. The quantification was conducted from both production (WFP) and consumption (WFC) perspectives. The results show that the total WFP for China in 2009 was 1152.2 km3, second only to India. At 1070.9 km3, China had the largest WFC volume in the world. The internal WF was 953.5 km3, taking the substantial share for both the WFC and WFP. Overall, China’s trade resulted in a net export of 53.5 km3 virtual water. In contrast, the agricultural sector resulted in a net import of 70.6 km3 virtual water to China, with United States, Brazil, and Canada acting as major suppliers. This study suggests that quantifying the WF of China at global level through a MRIO framework is a necessary step towards achieving sustainability for China’s water management.
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Nawaz, Asad, Ibrahim Khalifa, Noman Walayat, Jose M. Lorenzo, Sana Irshad, Abdullah, Shakeel Ahmed, Mario Juan Simirgiotis, Madad Ali, and Enpeng Li. "Whole Fish Powder Snacks: Evaluation of Structural, Textural, Pasting, and Water Distribution Properties." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (May 26, 2021): 6010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116010.
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Global fisheries production has increased up to ~200 MT, which has resulted in the intensive generation of waste or byproducts (~20 MT), which is creating serious problems for environmental management with zero income. This study proposes an idea of using whole fish (red and white meat, skin, bones, and fins but not scales) for human food (snack food) with the aim of zero waste generation. Whole fish powder (WFP) was prepared by a novel method (using freeze-drying as well as stone ball milling) and fortified in baked snacks at four levels (0, 5, 10, and 15% w/w of 100 g of formulation). The results revealed that the addition of WFP decreased expansion and color parameters compared to control. Hardness was significantly (p < 0.05) increased with the addition of WFP, which was attributed to the mineral content of WFP. Pasting properties determined by rapid visco analyzer (RVA) were dramatically decreased with the addition of 10–15% WFP, suggesting the weak interaction of starch and protein, which was also evidenced by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Low field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) analysis revealed that the amount of free water was increased when 10–15% WFP was added in snacks while bound water was highest in control and 5% WFP samples, respectively. The microstructural analysis by SEM showed that the protein network was increased in those samples incorporated with WFP compared to control that had more starch granules. The results suggest the feasibility of adding 5% WFP for proper structure, texture, pasting properties, and water distribution in order to reduce fish waste.
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Franco, Bruna Maria Remonato, Ana Paula Oliveira Souza, and Carla Forte Maiolino Molento. "Welfare-friendly Products: availability, labeling and opinion of retailers in Curitiba, Southern Brazil,." Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural 56, no. 1 (March 2018): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1234-56781806-94790560101.
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Abstract: The market for welfare-friendly products (WFP) is increasing worldwide; however, there is a lack of information on this topic in Brazil. We investigated availability, product information and opinion of retailers about WFP in Curitiba, Southern Brazil. We visited 36 strategically located retailers, conducting product evaluation and interviews with managers. The availability of WFP, mostly eggs and chicken meat, was low; no other type of meat was available as WFP. Labeling was deficient, with little information about animal rearing systems. Labeling of regular products displaying images of happy animals was observed and may be a relevant confusing effect. Few certification seals for WFP were also observed, on organic products and free-range chickens. Welfare-friendly products costed 1.7 to 2.5 times more than regular products and great price variability was observed among retailers. Most retailers seemed not aware of the subject and considered that there is low availability of WFP to be offered in the markets. Low availability of WFP and poor label information of both regular and welfare-friendly products are barriers to better understand and meet the demand for higher welfare products. It is our perception that these are constraints for consumers to develop and perform ethical choices related to purchasing behavior.
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Omelyanovskiy, Vitaly Vladimirovich, Tatiana Pavlovna Bezdenezhnykh, Timur Giidovich Alkhasov, and Darya Valeryevna Lukyantseva. "Iinternational experience in health workforce planning." Medical Technologies. Assessment and Choice (Медицинские технологии. Оценка и выбор), no. 3 (37) (November 20, 2019): 32–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31556/2219-0678.2019.37.3.032-045.
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It has been globally recognized that effective management of human resources for health HRH is a key element in ensuring the quality of care. Health workforce planning (WFP) plays an important role in achieving the Millennium Development Goals in the field of health. Global communities and international organizations, such as the UN and WHO, have been developing various tools and programs to support the implementation processes of joint WFP to be adopted and used by governments around the globe. The main tool of WFP is modeling. A number of models have been developed to support WFP decision making. Such projects as The National Health Workforce Accounts (NHWA) and the European Joint Action Health Workforce Planning and Forecasting (JAHWPF and SEPEN) serve primarily to obtain reliable and comprehensive data for WFP and involve countries in joint activities in this direction, as well as to form homogeneous terminology and methodological approaches. This review describes a theoretical approach to the WFP and offers the implementation path based on the international practice.
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Yin, Xiao Fei, Yu Feng Wu, and Tie Yong Zuo. "Quantification of Pb, Cd and Hg in Waste Rare Earth Phosphors from Abandoned Fluorescent Lamps and Cathode Ray Tubes by ICP-OES." Materials Science Forum 847 (March 2016): 272–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.847.272.
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A fast and simple method to allow routine analysis of waste phosphors was developed and fully validated. Pb, Hg in waste fluorescent lamps phosphors (WFP) and Pb, Cd in waste CRT phosphors (WCP) were quantified by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Analytical conditions, including choice of analytical spectral lines, sample dissolution methods and many other standards, were studied. Wavelengths of 220.353, 228.802, and 184.886 nm were selected as analytical lines for determination of Pb, Cd, and Hg respectively. Studies showed that, Nitric acid could be used for dissolving Cd and Hg, and alkali fusion method for Pb. Detection limits of Pb, Cd, and Hg found were 1.8, 0.3 and 3mg/kg respectively. The proposed method was used in determination of target elements in waste rare earth phosphors, giving values of recovery in the ranges of 96.5%-104%, 98.5%-105% for Pb, Hg in WFP, and 98%-104.5%, 98%-104.5% for Pb, Cd in WCP respectively, and values of RSD less than 8%. Also, influences by dilution factor, coexisting elements and HNO3 Concentration etc. were discussed in the paper.
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Kracht, Uwe. "Historical dictionary of the international food agencies FAO, WFP, WFC, IFAD." Food Policy 21, no. 3 (July 1996): 338–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-9192(96)81816-1.
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Medina-Garrido, José Aurelio, José María Biedma-Ferrer, and Jaime Sánchez-Ortiz. "I Can’t Go to Work Tomorrow! Work-Family Policies, Well-Being and Absenteeism." Sustainability 12, no. 14 (July 8, 2020): 5519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12145519.
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Among the main causes of absenteeism are health problems, emotional problems, and inadequate work-family policies (WFP). This paper analyses the impact of the existence and accessibility of WFP on work absenteeism, by considering the mediating role of the well-being, which includes emotional as well as physical or health problems, that is generated by these policies. We differentiate between the existence of the WFP and its accessibility, as the mere existence of the WFP in an organisation is not enough. Additionally, workers must be able to access these policies easily and without retaliation of any kind. The model includes the hierarchy and the gender as moderating variables. To test the proposed hypotheses, a structural equation model based on the partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) approach is applied to a sample of employees in the service sector in Spain. On the one hand, the findings show that the existence of WFP has no direct effect on absenteeism; however, accessibility to these policies does have a direct effect on absenteeism. On the other hand, both the existence and accessibility of WFP have positive direct effects on emotional well-being. In addition, emotional well-being is positively related to physical well-being which, in turn, promotes a reduction in absenteeism. Finally, significant differences in the relationship between the existence of WFP and emotional well-being confirm the special difficulty of female managers in reconciling family life and work life.
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Suharyo, Ade. "PERAN PBB DALAM UPAYA PENYELESAIAN ISU BENCANA KELAPARAN DI MADAGASKAR." Jurnal PIR : Power in International Relations 6, no. 2 (February 17, 2022): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.22303/pir.6.2.2022.175-190.
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<p>Penelitian ini berfokus pada upaya yang dilakukan organisasi internasional terhadap isu bencana kelaparan di Madagaskar. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah ingin mengukur sejauh mana kontribusi yang dilakukan PBB dalam memberikan memberantas kelaparan pada masyarakat di Madagaskar. Pada penelitian kali ini, penulis menggunakan metode kualitatif. Hasil dari penelitian ini yaitu peran organisasi internasional mempunyai pengaruh cukup penting bagi masyarakat yang sedang mengalami penderitaan. Mengingat misi WFP dan FAO adalah memberantas kelaparan, maka kedua organisasi tersebut memiliki kewajiban untuk menyelesaikan persoalan ini. WFP dan FAO memiliki sedikit tantangan baru pada misi kali ini, lantaran kelaparan karena iklim merupakan pertama kali dalam sejarah manusia. Kini WFP sedang berusaha mencapai target mereka yang di dapat dari hasil donasi masyarakat global. Jika nominal yang mereka targetkan sudah terpenuhi, maka WFP akan langsung mendistribusikan bantuan tersebut ke masyarakat Madagaskar. Menurut WFP target nominal tersebut dinilai cukup membantu sebagian masyarakat Madagaskar untuk terbebas dari kelaparan hingga tahun 2022.</p>
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Rucha, Kingsford M., and Amina Nassor Abdallah. "Effect of Supplier Relationship Management on Humanitarian Supply Chain Performance at the World Food Programme in Somalia." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 16 (June 30, 2017): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n16p250.
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The study sought to unfold the relationship between Supplier Relationship Management on supply chain in humanitarian organizations which is often difficult because of the multi-groups involved (military, government, Non-governmental Organizations). In humanitarian organizations the “customer” is the donor or supplier of goods. The study was conducted at the World Food Programme (WFP) which started operating in Somalia in 1967 and focusing on rural agricultural development and school feeding projects. At the onset of WFP operations, the conflict escalated and the humanitarian needs expanded as well. Today the WFP Somalia goal is to address basic food needs, strengthen coping mechanisms and support the efforts to achieve food security of vulnerable Somalis. The organization has its regional office in charge of operations and supply chain in Nairobi as well as the Somalia liaison office. There are rare studies focusing on supply chain relationship among humanitarian organizations particularly on the challenges of getting supplies on time due financial and other supply chain constraints. This is the gap this study sought to address. In order to achieve the objectives, the population of the study was the WFP employees (senior and the supply chain staff) in both the regional and the liaison office and the WFP food suppliers based in Nairobi. The sample comprised of 87 WFP employees and 7 personnel from the WFP food supplier family. Data was collected from 63 respondents who filled and returned the questionnaires representing a response rate rate of 72%. Multiple regression analysis was used to analyse the data collected in order to meet the objectives of the study. The results revealed that WFP continuously trains employees from the supply chain department and has mechanisms for ensuring suppliers conform to quality standards. It was also found that ICT is used in the execution and management of purchase orders. On WFP humanitarian supply chain performance, results indicated that WFP Somalia delivers defect free food supplies to beneficiaries by working closely with the internal staff and the logistics operators. The study recommends that WFP’s management should begin rewarding suppliers who share information for effective supply chain management. The organization should not only have multiple supply tiers but should also be well vast with each tiers risk profile to enable the organization mitigate any unforeseen events that may affect delivery of supplies especially during emergencies.
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Fader, M., D. Gerten, M. Thammer, J. Heinke, H. Lotze-Campen, W. Lucht, and W. Cramer. "Internal and external green-blue agricultural water footprints of nations, and related water and land savings through trade." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 15, no. 5 (May 27, 2011): 1641–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-1641-2011.
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Abstract. The need to increase food production for a growing world population makes an assessment of global agricultural water productivities and virtual water flows important. Using the hydrology and agro-biosphere model LPJmL, we quantify at 0.5° resolution the amount of blue and green water (irrigation and precipitation water) needed to produce one unit of crop yield, for 11 of the world's major crop types. Based on these, we also quantify the agricultural water footprints (WFP) of all countries, for the period 1998–2002, distinguishing internal and external WFP (virtual water imported from other countries) and their blue and green components, respectively. Moreover, we calculate water savings and losses, and for the first time also land savings and losses, through international trade with these products. The consistent separation of blue and green water flows and footprints shows that green water globally dominates both the internal and external WFP (84 % of the global WFP and 94 % of the external WFP rely on green water). While no country ranks among the top ten with respect to all water footprints calculated here, Pakistan and Iran demonstrate high absolute and per capita blue WFP, and the US and India demonstrate high absolute green and blue WFPs. The external WFPs are relatively small (6 % of the total global blue WFP, 16 % of the total global green WFP). Nevertheless, current trade of the products considered here saves significant water volumes and land areas (~263 km3 and ~41 Mha, respectively, equivalent to 5 % of the sowing area of the considered crops and 3.5 % of the annual precipitation on this area). Relating the proportions of external to internal blue/green WFP to the per capita WFPs allows recognizing that only a few countries consume more water from abroad than from their own territory and have at the same time above-average WFPs. Thus, countries with high per capita water consumption affect mainly the water availability in their own country. Finally, this study finds that flows/savings of both virtual water and virtual land need to be analysed together, since they are intrinsically related.
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Huang, Ruogu, Xiangyang Li, Yang Liu, Yaohao Tang, and Jianyi Lin. "Decomposition of Water Footprint of Food Consumption in Typical East Chinese Cities." Sustainability 13, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010409.
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Water scarcity has put pressure on city development in China. With a particular focus on urban and rural effects, logarithmic mean Divisia index decomposition (LMDI) was used to analyze the water footprint per capita (WFP) of food consumption in five East China cities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Qingdao, and Xiamen) from 2008 to 2018. Results show that the WFP of food consumption exhibited an upward tendency among all cities during the research period. Food consumption structure contributed the most to the WFP growth, mainly due to urban and rural residents’ diet shift toward a livestock-rich style. Except in Beijing, the food consumption level mainly inhibited the WFP growth due to the decrease in food consumption level per capita in urban areas. Urbanization had less influence on WFP growth for two megacities (Beijing and Shanghai) due to the strictly controlled urban population inflow policy and more positive effects for other cities. The water footprint intensity effect among cities was mainly due to uneven water-saving efficiency. Meanwhile, Beijing and Tianjin have achieved advancement in water utilization efficiency.
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Fader, M., D. Gerten, M. Thammer, J. Heinke, H. Lotze-Campen, W. Lucht, and W. Cramer. "Internal and external green-blue agricultural water footprints of nations, and related water and land savings through trade." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 8, no. 1 (January 18, 2011): 483–527. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-8-483-2011.
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Abstract. The need to increase food production for a growing world population makes an assessment of global agricultural water productivities and virtual water flows important. Using the hydrology and agro-biosphere model LPJmL, we quantify at 0.5° resolution the blue (irrigation water) and green (precipitation water) virtual water content, i.e. the inverse of water productivity, for 11 of the world's major crop types. Based on these, we also quantify the water footprints (WFP) of all countries, for the period 1998-2002, distinguishing internal and external WFP (virtual water imported from other countries) and their blue and green components, respectively. Moreover, we calculate water savings and losses, and for the first time also land savings and losses, through international trade with these products. The consistent separation of blue and green water flows and footprints, which is needed due to the different sources and opportunity costs of these two water pools, shows that green water globally dominates both the internal and external WFP (84% of the global WFP and 94% of the external WFP rely on green water). Accordingly, some of the major exporters of the crops considered here (e.g. Argentina, Canada) export mainly green virtual water, but traditional rice exporters such as India and Pakistan mainly export blue virtual water. The external WFPs are found to be relatively small (6% of the total global blue WFP, 16% of the total global green WFP). Nevertheless, current trade saves significant water volumes and land areas (~263 km3 and ~41 Mha, respectively, equivalent to 5% of the sowing area of the crops considered here and 3.5% of the annual precipitation on this area). Linking the proportions of external to internal blue/green WFP with the per capita WFPs allows recognizing that only a few countries consume more water from abroad than from their own territory and have at the same time above average WFPs. Thus, countries with high levels of per capita water consumption affect mainly the water situation in their own country.
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Lee, Joseph C. Y., and Julie K. Lundquist. "Evaluation of the wind farm parameterization in the Weather Research and Forecasting model (version 3.8.1) with meteorological and turbine power data." Geoscientific Model Development 10, no. 11 (November 23, 2017): 4229–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-4229-2017.
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Abstract. Forecasts of wind-power production are necessary to facilitate the integration of wind energy into power grids, and these forecasts should incorporate the impact of wind-turbine wakes. This paper focuses on a case study of four diurnal cycles with significant power production, and assesses the skill of the wind farm parameterization (WFP) distributed with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model version 3.8.1, as well as its sensitivity to model configuration. After validating the simulated ambient flow with observations, we quantify the value of the WFP as it accounts for wake impacts on power production of downwind turbines. We also illustrate with statistical significance that a vertical grid with approximately 12 m vertical resolution is necessary for reproducing the observed power production. Further, the WFP overestimates wake effects and hence underestimates downwind power production during high wind speed, highly stable, and low turbulence conditions. We also find the WFP performance is independent of the number of wind turbines per model grid cell and the upwind–downwind position of turbines. Rather, the ability of the WFP to predict power production is most dependent on the skill of the WRF model in simulating the ambient wind speed.
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Donaire-Ávila, Jesús, and David Galé-Lamuela. "Energy Capacity of Waffle-Flat-Plate Structures with Hysteretic Dampers Subjected to Bidirectional Seismic Loadings." Applied Sciences 10, no. 9 (April 30, 2020): 3133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10093133.
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This study investigates the capacity, in terms of energy, of waffle-flat-plate (WFP) structures with hysteretic dampers subjected to biaxial seismic actions. A numerical model was developed and calibrated with the experimental results obtained from shake-table testing carried out on a WFP specimen subjected to biaxial seismic loads. Then the WFP system was retrofitted with hysteretic dampers—slit-plate dampers (SPDs)—and the numerical model was subjected to different sets of ordinary ground motion records to attain different seismic performance levels (SPLs). Each set of records was applied in a sequence of scaled seismic simulations until the SPL of near collapse was achieved. The capacity in terms of input energy and dissipated energy are presented for the different SPLs, taking into account the differences observed under unidirectional and bidirectional seismic loadings. Furthermore, the level of damage (i.e., accumulated plastic deformations), the level of ductility and the relationship between them—expressed as equivalent number of cycles—are also shown for both the WFP system and the hysteretic dampers. The seismic capacity of the WFP system is found to be significantly enhanced by the inclusion of hysteretic dampers.
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Angelini, Viola, Michael Daly, Mirko Moro, Maria Navarro Paniagua, Elanor Sidman, Ian Walker, and Matthew Weldon. "The effect of the Winter Fuel Payment on household temperature and health: a regression discontinuity design study." Public Health Research 7, no. 1 (January 2019): 1–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/phr07010.
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BackgroundThe Winter Fuel Payment (WFP) is a non-NHS population-level policy intervention that aims to reduce cold exposure and enhance the health and well-being of older adults. Labelling this cash transfer as ‘winter fuel’ has been shown to lead to increased household energy expenditure, but it is not known if this expenditure produces warmer homes or health benefits.ObjectivesFirst, the association between indoor temperature and health was established to identify the outcome measures most likely to be affected by the WFP. Then, whether or not receiving the WFP is associated with raised household temperature levels and/or improved health was assessed.DesignRandom and fixed effects regression models were used to estimate the link between ambient indoor temperature and health. A regression discontinuity (RD) design analysis exploiting the sharp eligibility criteria for the WFP was employed to estimate the potential impact of the payment.SettingThe sample was drawn from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA), an observational study of community-dwelling individuals aged ≥ 50 years in England.ParticipantsAnalyses examining the association between household temperature and health had a maximum sample of 12,210 adults aged 50–90 years. The RD analyses drew on a maximum of 5902 observations.InterventionThe WFP provides households with a member who is aged > 60 years (up to 2010, from which point the minimum age increased) in the qualifying week with a lump sum annual payment, typically in November or December.Main outcome measuresDifferences in indoor temperature were examined, and, following an extensive literature review of relevant participant-reported health indicators and objectively recorded biomarkers likely to be affected by indoor temperature, a series of key measures were selected: blood pressure, inflammation, lung function, the presence of chest infections, subjective health and depressive symptom ratings.Data sourcesThe first six waves of the ELSA were drawn from, accessible through the UK Data Service (SN:5050 English Longitudinal Study of Ageing: Waves 0–7, 1998–2015).ResultsResults from both random and fixed-effects multilevel regression models showed that low levels of indoor temperature were associated with raised systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels and raised fibrinogen levels. However, across the RD models, no evidence was found that the WFP was consistently associated with differences in either household temperature or the health of qualifying (vs. non-qualifying) households.LimitationsThe presence of small effects cannot be ruled out, not detectable because of the sample size in the current study.ConclusionsThis study capitalised on the sharp assignment rules regarding WFP eligibility to estimate the potential effect of the WFP on household temperature and health in a national sample of English adults. The RD design employed did not identify evidence linking the WFP to warmer homes or potential health and well-being effects.Future workFurther research should utilise larger samples of participants close to the WFP eligibility cut-off point examined during particularly cold weather in order to identify whether or not the WFP is linked to health benefits not detected in the current study, which may have implications for population health and the evaluation of the effectiveness of the WFP.FundingThe National Institute for Health Research Public Health Research programme.
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Arshad, Ammara, Hira Iqbal, Ayesha Siddiqa, Taha Zulfiqar, Muhammad B. K. Tareen, Dua Amna, Muhammad Shakir, et al. "Comparative Study of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L.): Evaluation of Proximate Composition, Polyphenol Content, Mineral and Antioxidant Activities." Applied Sciences 11, no. 24 (December 13, 2021): 11844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112411844.
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The objective of the present study was to differentiate and compare the proximate composition, minerals, flesh colour, phenolic composition, and antioxidant activities of varieties of white-fleshed sweet potato (WFSP) and potato (WFP) locally grown in Pakistan. The results showed that WFP presented higher moisture and crude fat content, while WFSP offered better ash, crude protein, and crude fibre contents. Colour analysis revealed that WFSP and WFP showed the highest L* (lightness) values and exhibited the maximum total phenolic content and total flavonoids content of 9.27 ± 0.88 mg GAE/g and 19.01 ± 0.66 mg QE/g. In vitro, results demonstrated that WFSP possessed better antioxidant activity with the highest ferric reducing antioxidant power of 58.67 ± 0.22 mM Fe2+/g and DPPH scavenging activity of 39.12 ± 0.33% compared to WFP. It is concluded that WFSP possesses a better proximate and mineral profile followed by higher antioxidant activity.
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Wang, Liwen, Youfei Zheng, Chao Liu, Zeyi Niu, Jingxin Xu, Wenfeng Chen, and Rongsheng Jiang. "Combination of AIRS Dual CO2 Absorption Bands to Develop an Ice Clouds Detection Algorithm in Different Atmospheric Layers." Remote Sensing 12, no. 1 (December 18, 2019): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12010006.
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The use of infrared (IR) sensors to detect clouds in different layers of the atmosphere is a big challenge, especially for ice clouds. This study aims to improve ice cloud detection using Lin’s algorithm and apply it to Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS). To achieve these objectives, the scattering and emission characteristics of clouds as perceived by AIRS longwave infrared (LWIR, ~15 μm) and shortwave infrared (SWIR, ~4.3 μm) CO2 absorption bands are applied for ice cloud detection. Hence, the weighting function peak (WFP), cut-off pressure, and correlation coefficients between the brightness temperatures (BTs) of LWIR and SWIR channels are used to pair the LWIR and SWIR channels. After that, the linear relationship between the clear-sky BTs of the paired LWIR and SWIR channels is established by the cloud scattering and emission Index (CESI). However, the linear relationship fails in the presence of ice clouds. Comparing these results with collocated Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) observations show that the probability of detection of ice clouds for Pair-8 (WFP~330hPa), Pair-19 (WFP~555hPa), and Pair-24 (WFP~866hPa) are 0.63, 0.71, and 0.73 in the daytime and 0.46, 0.62, and 0.7 in the nighttime at a false alarm rate of 0.1 when ice clouds top pressure above 330 hPa, 555 hPa, and 866 hPa, respectively. Furthermore, the thresholds of the three pairs are 2.4 K, 3 K, and 8.7 K in the daytime and 1.7 K, 1.7 K, and 4.4 K in the nighttime at the highest Heike Skill Score (HSS). The error of HSS values based on thresholds of ice clouds is between 0.01 and 0.02 which is comparable with the ice cloud detection results in both day and night conditions. It is shown that Pair-8 (WFP~330hPa) can detect opaque and thick ice clouds above its WFP altitude over the tropical areas but it is unable to observe ice clouds over the mid-latitude while Pair-19 and Pair-24 can identify ice clouds above their WFP altitude.
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Angelini, Stefania, Aitor Barrio, Pierfrancesco Cerruti, Gennaro Scarinzi, Javier Garcia-Jaca, Davide Savy, Alessandro Piccolo, and Mario Malinconico. "Lignosulfonates as Fire Retardants in Wood Flour-Based Particleboards." International Journal of Polymer Science 2019 (July 11, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6178163.
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Wood flour particleboards (WFP), like other wood-based items, require the addition of fire retardants (FRs) to reduce their high flammability. In this work, a waste lignosulfonate (CaLS) from paper mill is used as a low-cost FR to reduce WFP flammability. CaLS is purified by dialysis and the dialysed lignosulfonate (LD) is used, alone or combined with ammonium polyphosphate (APP), as a FR additive in the preparation of urea-formaldehyde WFP. The fire behaviour of the modified WFPs is studied by cone calorimetry. The use of 15 wt.% LD reduces the peak of heat release rate (HRR) and total smoke production by 25%, also increasing char formation. HRR peak is further reduced up to 40%, if APP is introduced in the formulation. This work discloses a viable and cost-effective strategy for improving the fire retardancy performance of WFP by partial replacement of a commercial FR with a fully renewable additive, isolated through a green and cost-effective process.
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Kang, Hyunkyoo, Sang Jae Lee, Hyun Jin Shin, and Andrew G. Lee. "Measuring ocular torsion and its variations using different nonmydriatic fundus photographic methods." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 22, 2020): e0244230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244230.
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Purpose To compare the variations in ocular torsion measurements made using different fundus photographic methods. Methods We enrolled subjects with three conditions: (1) patients with intermittent exotropia (IXT) (n = 44), (2) patients with unilateral superior oblique palsy (SOP) (n = 10), and (3) normal subjects as controls (n = 85). Ocular torsion was measured by disc-center–fovea angle (DFA) using three different imaging modalities: (1) conventional fundus photography (CFP) with a 45° field of view (FV), (2) wide-field fundus photography (WFP) with a 200° FV, and (3) optical coherence tomography (OCT) with a 55° FV. Results In the IXT group, the DFAs in the right and left eyes were 5.70±3.35° and 6.37±3.36°, respectively, for CFP, 8.39±5.24° and 8.61±3.67° for WFP, and 5.73±3.61° for 6.16±3.50° for OCT. In the SOP group, the DFAs in paretic and nonparetic eyes were 12.19±1.69° and 6.71±1.09°, respectively, for CFP, 14.29±2.36° and 8.23±3.31° for WFP, and 12.12±1.73° and 6.91±1.12° for OCT. In the control group, the DFAs in the right and left eyes were 5.39±2.65° and 5.71±3.16°, respectively, for CFP, 8.77±5.56° and 8.90±6.24° for WFP, and 5.27±2.67° and 5.72±3.20° for OCT. There was no difference between the results from CFP and OCT among the three groups. However, the torsional angle was larger when measured using WFP than the other two photographic methods (CFP and OCT) in all three groups (all p<0.05). Conclusion The ocular torsion measurement varies with the fundus photographic method used to measure it. Clinicians should be careful to avoid overestimating ocular extorsion when it is evaluated using WFP.
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Hedayat, Amir A., Ehsan Jazebi, Saman AsadAbadi, and Amin Iranpour. "Flexural Strength Prediction of Welded Flange Plate Connections Based on Slenderness Ratios of Beam Elements Using ANN." Advances in Civil Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8059190.
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The present study was aimed to investigate the strength and ductility of welded flange plate (WFP) connections. Using the FE method, 52 WFP connections with different beam overall depths and beam flanges/web slenderness ratios were analyzed. Fragility curves indicated that, for a WFP connection which is designed based on the seismic codes, its strength is of more concern than its ductility. In addition, limiting the width-to-thickness ratios of the beam flanges and web plates to 0.3E/fy and 2.45E/fy, respectively, may not always lead to the achievement of adequate connection’s strength and ductility. Proposed theoretical formulas and artificial neural network- (ANN-) based models developed in this study were able to adequately predict the connection strength.
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Sivapragasam, C., M. Pallikonda Rajasekaran, and M. Vinotha. "A conceptual framework for real time estimation of WFP for small hydroelectric power plant." Water Policy 19, no. 6 (September 6, 2017): 1049–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2017.289.
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Abstract It is believed that the power sector, particularly hydroelectric power, contributes to a very high consumption of fresh water in terms of evaporation from storage reservoirs. Robust methods of water footprint (WFP) assessment will eventually help in the pricing of water and energy. Conventionally, WFP for hydropower plants is estimated by dividing the gross/net evaporation losses by power generation. This approach is highly biased when it comes to a small hydropower plant connected to a large reservoir. In this study, a two-pronged subjective–objective method is suggested for a reservoir with primary functions of power generation and downstream water release. The objective part is concerned with giving weight to the evaporation loss proportional to the water use while the subjective part is concerned with refining this by considering the real time reservoir operation conditions and taking into account the recommendations of the decision making authorities. The effect of timescale in WFP analysis is also studied and conclusions are drawn. Thumb rules for WFP estimation are evolved which will aid in such analysis. The implementation of the proposed methodology for any reservoir system is recommended using LabVIEW platform.
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Dewanti, Elin. "Peranan World Food Programme (WFP) Melalui Program Food For Assets (FFA) Dalam Upaya Mengurangi Potensi Rawan Pangan Di Indonesia." Global Political Studies Journal 2, no. 2 (October 31, 2018): 101–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.34010/gpsjournal.v2i2.2026.
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This study was to determine the role of the World Food Programme (WFP) through the Food For Assets (FFA) in an effort to reduce the potential for food insecurity in West Nusa Tenggara 2008-2010. Researchers analyzed the various efforts made by WFP through the FFA in its efforts to reduce the potential for food insecurity in the region is categorized as having food insecurity in West Nusa Tenggara. Author of the research methods used in this study is qualitative method, aims to describe the facts relating to the problem under study. Most of the data collected through library research, online data retrieval, documentation, and interviews. The data was then analyzed with the theories and concepts in International Relations, among others, The Role of International Organizations, and Non-Traditional Security Issues. The results showed that the WFP has done its role as an international organization that focuses on food issues. WFP is providing food assistance to areas experiencing food insecurity in Indonesia, one of which is the West Nusa Tenggara. Such assistance is implemented in the form of FFA programs and activities to support efforts to reduce the potential for food insecurity in West Nusa Tenggara.
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Musah, Mohammed Borhandden, Hairuddin Mohd Ali, Shafeeq Hussain Vazhathodi al-Hudawi, Lokman Mohd Tahir, Khadijah Binti Daud, Hamdan Bin Said, and Naail Mohammed Kamil. "Organisational climate as a predictor of workforce performance in the Malaysian higher education institutions." Quality Assurance in Education 24, no. 3 (July 4, 2016): 416–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qae-10-2014-0048.
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Purpose This study aims to investigate whether organisational climate (OC) predicts academic staff performance at Malaysian higher education institutions (HEIs). The study equally aims at validating the psychometric properties of OC and workforce performance (WFP) constructs. Design/methodology/approach Survey questionnaires were administered to 800 academic staff of eight selected HEIs. Principal component analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, full-fledged structural equation modelling and multiple regression analysis were performed to explore the underlying factors and test the factorial validity of the constructs. Findings The analysis yielded a five-factor index for the OC construct, whereas the WFP construct comprised two factors. The findings reveal a strong predictive causal effect between OC and WFP. These results suggest that establishing a positive OC enhances academic staff performance. Furthermore, the hypothesised model adds new knowledge to the literature of OC, from the Malaysian context, which could be used to predict WFP at the tertiary level. Practical implications The study concludes by discussing the theoretical and practical implications of the findings for HEIs. Originality/value This paper makes a significant contribution to the understanding of how OC could be used as an effective instrument in improving academic staff performance in the context of Malaysian HEIs.
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Lund, Haakon, and Susanne Ørnager. "Company taxonomy development: the case of an international emergency response organization." Aslib Journal of Information Management 68, no. 2 (March 21, 2016): 193–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ajim-09-2015-0140.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore theoretically and empirically the understanding and implementation of an information taxonomy in the UN organization World Food Programme (WFP) by analysing users’ information behaviour and by establishing a minimum set of cross-silo metadata (taxonomy). Design/methodology/approach – The study implies the use of both qualitative and quantitative methods. This includes desk review of key documents and interviews with information architecture staff from various WFP units; data collection carried out as semi-structured staff interviews in WFP; log analyses of search log-files from WFP intranet portal (WFPgo) from September to November 2013, the results were applied and a suggested taxonomy tested at workshops conducted for the staff in headquarters. Findings – The results reveal an organization with a high demand for easier access to information and knowledge, greater internal collaborations and stronger links with various sources of knowledge. Staff participating in the various workshops pointed out that work processes as well as the human resources component cannot be left out of a solution development. Originality/value – There has been little research carried out on current taxonomy projects in corporate environments and international emergency response organizations and few has touched on how knowledge organization systems can enhance or constrain staff’s ability to access online content.
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Vieira, Nayara Paula Andrade, Eduardo De Oliveira Bueno, Silvio Bueno Pereira, and Carlos Rogério de Mello. "Water footprint of the Sobradinho hydropower plant, Northeastern Brazil." Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science 13, no. 3 (May 29, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.2134.
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Hydroelectricity is responsible for the greatest fraction of the electric energy generated in Brazil. The water footprint of hydropower plants (WFP) is an important indicator of the sustainable and efficient use of water resources. In this context, WFP of the Sobradinho Hydropower Plant was determined for the period from 2003 to 2012, taking into account the reservoir’s historical variation for the flooded area. To accomplish this, monthly series of electric energy production, flooded area, evaporation and evapotranspiration rates were used. Average gross and net evaporation were 2,031 and 1,577 mm year-1, respectively. The average power generation of this facility in the analyzed period was 462 MW, and the flooded area of its reservoir presented an average value of 3,054 km². Based on the monthly data, the gross and net water footprints were, respectively, 417 and 325 m³ GJ-1. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the changes in the reservoir’s area exert direct and important influence on the WFP estimates of the Sobradinho hydropower plant. The WFP estimates in this study were different from other studies that adopted a constant value of 4,214 km² for this reservoir’s area, which is taken based on the normal water level of the plant operation.
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Peters, Koen, Sérgio Silva, Tim Sergio Wolter, Luis Anjos, Nina van Ettekoven, Éric Combette, Anna Melchiori, Hein Fleuren, Dick den Hertog, and Özlem Ergun. "UN World Food Programme: Toward Zero Hunger with Analytics." INFORMS Journal on Applied Analytics 52, no. 1 (January 2022): 8–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/inte.2021.1097.
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Each year, the United Nations World Food Programme (WFP) provides food assistance to around 100 million people in more than 80 countries. Significant investments over the last decade have put planning and optimization at the forefront of tackling emergencies at WFP. A data-driven approach to managing operations has gradually become the norm and has culminated in the creation of a supply chain planning unit and savings of more than USD 150 million—enough to support two million food-insecure people for an entire year. In this paper, we describe three analytical solutions in detail: the Supply Chain Management Dashboard, which uses descriptive and predictive analytics to bring end-to-end visibility and anticipate operational issues; Optimus, which uses a mixed-integer programming model to simultaneously optimize food basket composition and supply chain planning; and DOTS, which is a data integration platform that helps WFP automate and synchronize complex data flows. Three impact studies for Iraq, South Sudan, and COVID-19 show how these tools have changed the way WFP manages its most complex operations. Through analytics, decision makers are now equipped with the insights they need to manage their operations in the best way, thereby saving and changing the lives of millions and bringing the world one step closer to zero hunger.
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Fitri, Dessiana Nurul, Mansur Juned, and Andi Kurniawan. "Collaboration between Indonesia and WFP in East Nusa Tenggara on the Issue of Food Security." International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 9, no. 2 (February 7, 2022): 500. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v9i2.3489.
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This research aims to describe the Collaboration between Indonesia and WFP in the field of food security and achieving SDGs No. 2, Zero Hunger, based on the problem of food security in Indonesia. Seeing some of the problems faced by Indonesia such as the difficulty in meeting food needs, the high rate of population growth, climate change, the ability of food production and Indonesia's dependence on imported products, are the core of this collaboration. WFP wants to help Indonesia to establish food by implementing its programs in Indonesia. One of the objects of program implementation carried out by WFP in Indonesia is the province of NTT as an example of a province that is vulnerable and food insecure. This research uses qualitative research methods and is supported by the theory of international Collaboration, Sustainable Development and Food Security.
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Asiago, Dorcah, and Christine A. Akello. "CHALLENGES FACING HEAD TEACHER’S ROLE IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SCHOOL FEEDING PROGRAMME IN PUBLIC PRIMARY SCHOOLS, IN NAIROBI PROVINCE, KENYA." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 2, no. 6 (June 30, 2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol2.iss6.189.
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Many programs have been implemented in developing countries to improve both the physical health and the psychosocial health of students. School feeding is a long standing and popular development assistance program; implemented in over 72 countries by the World Food Programs (WFP) alone in developing countries (WFP, 2008). In these developing countries, School Feeding Program (SFP) is offered by non-governmental organizations or other large organizations in collaboration with national governments (Bennett, 2003)
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Haghollahi, Abbas, and Hassan Ahmadi. "Cyclic Behavior of Steel Beam-to-Column Moment Connections Using Different Sizes of Flange Plates and Reinforced by a Single Rib Plate." Civil Engineering Journal 4, no. 1 (February 7, 2018): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-030975.
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This paper presents a numerical study on the behavior of connection between steel I-beam and H-column when are affected by cyclic loading. The connection used the flange plates to connect the beam flanges to the column flange. They were welded to the top and bottom flange plates and created a welded flange plate (WFP) connection. Specimens were six models of WFP connections with different beam geometry and flange plate sizes which were modeled and their cyclic behavior were investigated using finite element analysis in ABAQUS program. Three of them were reinforced by a vertical triangular top and bottom rib plates, and others remained unreinforced. The results showed that reinforcement with a vertical triangular rib plate attached to the top and bottom flange plates can improve cyclic behavior of WFP connections. By using a rib plate, the equivalent plastic strain was increased and showed better plastic hinge formation compared to those with no vertical rib plate. Those models with IPB beam sections had the best cyclic behavior compared to those with IPE beam sections and satisfied the acceptance criteria of AISC seismic provisions for intermediate and special moment frames. We concluded that those WFP connections which did not satisfy the criteria of AISC seismic provisions for special moment frames, can be upgraded by a vertical triangular rib plate in order to be used in special moment frames.
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Suhail, Mohammad. "Assessment of Water Footprint in Selected Crops: A State Level Appraisal." Journal of Geographical Studies 1, no. 1 (November 5, 2017): 11–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21523/gcj5.17010102.
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Every commodity or goods has intake of water i.e. either in processing or furnished stage. Thus, the present study propensities macro-level (states-level) water footprint (WFP) assessment of selected eight crops namely, Wheat, Barley, Maize, Millets, Rice, Sorghum, Soybeans and Tea. The aim of present research is to assess water use in selected crops at field level. In addition, the spatial evaluation at state level also considered as one of the significant objective to understand regional disparity and/or similarly. Methodology and approach of assessment was adopted from Water Footprint Assessment Manual (2011). Data was collected from state Agricultural Directorate, National Bureau of Soil Survey and landuse, published reports and online database such as FAOSTAT, WMO, WFN, and agriculture census. Results show that green component of WFP contributes large fraction as about 72 percent, while blue and grey component amounted of about 19 and 9 percent of the total water consumption, respectively. Moreover, spatial variability of blue, green and grey among the states assimilated by soil regime and climate barriers. Supply of blue water is high where the region imparted to semi-arid or arid land. Consequently, a balanced approach between green and blue water use has been recommended in the present study to address increasing water demand in the future.
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Kirichuk, Anatoly A., Yury A. Rakhmanin, Andrey A. Skalny, Olga P. Ajsuvakova, Aleksey A. Tinkov, Andrey R. Grabeklis, and Anatoly V. Skalny. "The influence of fortified food products on dietary iron, iodine, and zinc content in Tajik schoolchildren." Hygiene and sanitation 99, no. 9 (October 20, 2020): 975–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2020-99-9-975-979.
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Introduction. The objective of the study is an assessment of dietary iron, iodine, and zinc content in school dinners in Tajik schoolchildren, as well as the influence of the use of fortified products supplied by the UN World Food Programme. Material and methods. The investigation is performed in two types of schools located in Penjikent and Ayni regions of the Tajikistan Republic. Type 1 schools were not involved in the program of school nutrition improvement, whereas type 2 schools took part in the WFP UN program on the supply of fortified products, as well as the governmental program on improvement of infrastructure and provision of hot meals. Results and discussion. Iron, iodine, and zinc content in fortified wheat flour supplied by WFP UN exceeded the respective values of the local product by a factor of 2.3, 14, and 4.7. Iodized salt (WFP UN) was characterized by an 11-fold increase in iodine content as compared to the locally used salt. The use of fortified wheat flour and iodized salt in type 2 schools for the preparation of school dinners should provide an increased dietary intake of iron, iodine, and zinc by a factor of 2.5, 12, and 4, when compared to type 1 schools, respectively. Conclusion. Therefore, WFP UN along with governmental efforts aimed at improvement of school meals provided from 50% to 100% of the recommended dietary allowance for iron and zinc, whereas in the case of iodine even exceeded recommended values, being indicative of the efficiency of the efforts. At the same time, such programs should be supported by trace element monitoring in the organism for assessment of both efficiency and safety.
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Gelsdorf, Kirsten, Peter Walker, and Daniel Maxwell. "Editorial: the future of WFP programming in Sudan." Disasters 31 (March 2007): S1—S8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7717.2007.00345.x.
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Idrovo, Sandra, and María José Bosch. "The impact of different forms of organisational support and work–life balance in Chile and Colombia." Academia Revista Latinoamericana de Administración 32, no. 3 (August 5, 2019): 326–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/arla-10-2017-0306.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore how family-supportive supervisor behaviour (FSSB) and organisational work–family policies (WFP) influence turnover intention (TI), satisfaction with work–family balance (SWFB) and prosocial motivation (PSM) in employees in organisations in the private sector in Colombia and Chile. It also explores whether a family -friendly organisational culture (FFOC) moderates this relationship. Design/methodology/approach A questionnaire (the International Family-Responsible Employed Index) was used to survey 486 employees (Chile: 255, Colombia: 231). The questionnaire consisted of three main sections: independent variables (WFP, FSSB, (FFOC and individual characteristics); dependent variables (organisational outcomes of TI, loyalty and commitment, and individual outcomes of health, WFE, SWFB, PSM and intrinsic); and demographic indicators. Structural equation modelling was used to test the possibility of comparing both countries and the model proposed. Findings Results show a negative relationship between FSSB and TI, and a positive relationship between FSSB and SWFB and PSM. There are no significant differences among countries, except when looking at PSM. FFOC moderates the relationships between FSSB and TI, between policies and FSSB and SWFB and between FSSB and PSM. It also has a direct effect on PSM. Originality/value This paper is one of the first to offer comparative data from organisations and managers in Latin American countries at the work–family interface. It also contributes to the literature, offering results partly consistent with studies in Anglo–Saxon countries.
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Lawali, Sitou, Issoufou Amadou, Nana Djamila Gambo Mahaman, and Maman Saley. "PESANTEURS SOCIOCULTURELLES ET LEURS IMPACTS SUR LES ACTIVITES DE DEVELOPPEMENT DANS LA REGION DE MARADI AU NIGER." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 02 (February 28, 2021): 793–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/12516.
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The study is part of an agreement between the World Food Program (WFP) and the University Dan DickoDankoulodo of Maradi. Its objective is to analyze the socio-cultural factors related to the development activities undertaken by WFP. It was carried out in three WFP intervention areas, namely: GuidanYaro located in the rural commune of Baoudeta (local government of Tessaoua), Tambaraoua Amani located in the rural commune of Chadakori (local government of GuidanRoumdji), and the village of Maya da rojiya located in the urban commune of Mayahi (local government of Mayahi). The results indicated that the package of activities undertaken by WFP and its partners (rural development, education and nutrition) improved the living conditions of assisted house hold in all the villages. However, several gravities have been identified by this study. That is ignorance which has an impact on the education of children, illiteracy which limits the ability to obtain and understand information, the lack of regular attendance at health centers which causes illness to persist. Also, the lack of accountability of men in household expenses coupled with the rural exodus increase the vulnerability of women and children, followed by a lack of labor for development activities. On the other hand, it shows the overload of womens work limiting their participation in development activities and the spirit of the population to be always assisted which impacts the management of natural resources with a lack of personal initiative. On the other hand, it shows the overload of womens work limiting their participation in development activities and the spirit of the population to be always assisted which impacts the management of natural resources with a lack of personal initiative. In addition, the results highlight certain cultural ceremonies which seriously impact the level of education of children and the debt of parents. other forms of ceremony limit womens participation in development activities.
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O’Connor, Daniel, Philip Boyle, Suzan Ilcan, and Marcia Oliver. "Living with insecurity: Food security, resilience, and the World Food Programme (WFP)." Global Social Policy 17, no. 1 (July 29, 2016): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468018116658776.
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As the world’s largest humanitarian organization fighting hunger, and primary expositor of food insecurity in sub-Saharan Africa, the World Food Programme’s (WFP) activities offer a unique opportunity to examine the contemporary food-security nexus. In this article, we examine the ‘turn’ toward resilience in the practices and policies of the WFP. Our analysis emphasizes that resilience is one of a family of security strategies through which the WFP seeks to govern food security. As such, it is impossible to claim, as some have, that resilience is displacing security as the dominant logic for governing insecurity. Nevertheless, resilience is a cornerstone of the WFPs’ current activities. Whereas more familiar strategies of security attempt to pre-empt or contain disruptive events – in the context of food crises – resilience is a style of thinking that assumes the inevitability of unpredictable, high-impact events and aims to foster the capability for systems and people to adapt, absorb, and bounce back from their effects. Resilience, while championed as part of an overall solution to a range of ills afflicting human populations today, aims only to equip people and populations with the capacity to live with the instabilities of a neoliberal food system without questioning, destabilizing, or resisting the very sources of socio-economic and political instability.
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Reyes, Vincent P., Rosalyn B. Angeles-Shim, Merlyn S. Mendioro, Ma Carmina C. Manuel, Ruby S. Lapis, Junghyun Shim, Hidehiko Sunohara, et al. "Marker-Assisted Introgression and Stacking of Major QTLs Controlling Grain Number (Gn1a) and Number of Primary Branching (WFP) to NERICA Cultivars." Plants 10, no. 5 (April 22, 2021): 844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10050844.
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The era of the green revolution has significantly improved rice yield productivity. However, with the growing population and decreasing arable land, rice scientists must find new ways to improve rice productivity. Although hundreds of rice yield-related QTLs were already mapped and some of them were cloned, only a few were utilized for actual systematic introgression breeding programs. In this study, the major yield QTLs Grain Number 1a (Gn1a) and Wealthy Farmer’s Panicle (WFP) were introgressed and stacked in selected NERICA cultivars by marker-assisted backcross breeding (MABB). The DNA markers RM3360, RM3452, and RM5493 were used for foreground selection. At BC3F4 and BC3F5 generation, a combination of marker-assisted selection and phenotypic evaluation were carried out to select lines with target alleles and traits. Further, genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) was conducted to validate the introgression and determine the recurrent parent genome recovery (RPGR) of the selected lines. The Gn1a and/or WFP introgression lines showed significantly higher numbers of spikelets per panicle and primary branching compared to the recurrent parents. In addition, lines with Gn1a and/or WFP alleles were comparatively similar to the recurrent parents (RP) in most yield-related traits. This study demonstrates the success of utilizing yield QTLs and marker-assisted selection to develop and improve rice cultivars.
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Zou, Hongcheng, Ziling Wei, Jinshu Su, Baokang Zhao, Yusheng Xia, and Na Zhao. "PF : Website Fingerprinting Attack Using Probabilistic Topic Model." Security and Communication Networks 2021 (October 19, 2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3265300.
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Website fingerprinting (WFP) attack enables identifying the websites a user is browsing even under the protection of privacy-enhancing technologies (PETs). Previous studies demonstrate that most machine-learning attacks need multiple types of features as input, thus inducing tremendous feature engineering work. However, we show the other alternative. That is, we present Probabilistic Fingerprinting (PF), a new website fingerprinting attack that merely leverages one type of features. They are produced by using a mathematical model PWFP that combines a probabilistic topic model with WFP for the first time, due to a finding that a plain text and the sequence file generated from a traffic instance are essentially the same. Experimental results show that the proposed new features are more distinguishing than the existing features. In a closed-world setting, PF attains a better accuracy performance (99.79% at most) than prior attacks on various datasets gathered in the scenarios of Shadowsocks, SSH, and TLS, respectively. Besides, even when the number of training instances drops to as few as 4, PF still reaches an accuracy of above 90%. In the more realistic open-world setting, PF attains a high true positive rate (TPR) and Bayes detection rate (BDR), and a low false positive rate (FPR) in all evaluations, which outperforms the other attacks. These results highlight that it is meaningful and possible to explore new features to improve the accuracy of WFP attacks.
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Ventrella, D., L. Giglio, P. Garofalo, and A. Dalla Marta. "Regional assessment of green and blue water consumption for tomato cultivated in Southern Italy." Journal of Agricultural Science 156, no. 5 (December 14, 2017): 689–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859617000831.
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AbstractIn the current regional-scale study, the model DSSAT CROPGRO was applied in order to simulate the cultivation of industrial tomato and to estimate the green water (GW), blue water (BW), blue water requirement (BWR) and water footprint (WFP) through a dual-step approach (with and without full irrigation). Simulation covered a period of 30 years for three climate scenarios including a reference period and two future scenarios based on forecast global average temperature increases of 2 and 5 °C. The spatial patterns of indicators relating to the whole territory of Puglia region (Southern Italy), characterized by the high evaporative demand of the atmosphere, are discussed and analysed. Considering the climatic pattern, the analysis was developed for three areas (Northern, Central and Southern). Future scenarios affected all indicators significantly, particularly the Northern area, characterized by higher temperature and rainfall anomalies. Under the A5 scenario, compared with the baseline, this area was forecast to have a large increase of BW (+30%) and reduction in yield (−20%). As a consequence, the BWR and WFP were predicted to increase dramatically, up to 40 and >65%, respectively. On the other hand, Central and Southern areas, with lower anomalies of temperature and rainfall, were forecast to be less vulnerable to climate change. The distributed analysis performed could be important for water policy, allowing most efficient allocation of scarce water resources and concentrating them where the WFP is lowest, or in other words, water use efficiency is highest.
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Clay, Edward J. "Responding to Change: WFP and the Global Food Aid System." Development Policy Review 21, no. 5-6 (September 2003): 697–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8659.2003.00233.x.
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Nemes, Joyce Exusper. "SUSTAINABILITY OF SCHOOL-BASED FOOD AID IN BAHI DISTRICT OF TANZANIA’S DODOMA REGION AFTER THE END OF WORLD FOOD PROGRAMME SUPPORT." African Journal of Teacher Education 7, no. 3 (November 1, 2018): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21083/ajote.v7i3.4155.
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This study investigated the sustainability of school-based food drive after the phasing out of the World Food Programme (WFP) aid initiative in Bahi district of Dodoma region, Tanzania. The study found that none of the 72 public primary schools in Bahi district had managed to provide school lunch during the post-WFP by October 2017. Only 10 schools managed to provide porridge rather than full lunch to the pupils during the review period. The public primary schools under review were unable to sustain the School Food Programme due to the poor level of parental contributions, drought and widespread poverty. The study also found that parents complained about the school food programme lacking support within the national policy framework. The study recommends the application of the Resource Dependency Theory to sustain the SFP and government’s intervention to boost agricultural production and empower the people to support their wards and the SFP at their wards’ school.
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Lee, Kang Min, Liu Yi Chen, and Rui Li. "Cyclic Testing of Welded Free Flange Type and Welded Flange Plate Type Weak-Axis Steel Moment Connections." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 2922–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.2922.
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Moment resisting frames are most frequently used in seismic design systems for steel buildings. Following the Northridge and Kobe earthquakes there have been many studies examining the strong axis steel moment connections. In particular, these efforts have been supported by the government in the US. In Korea on the other hand, researches on the seismic behaviours of weak-axis moment connections are difficult to fine even though these connection details have been frequently used as seismic details of local MRF. As a result, the objective of this research is to provide information on the seismic behaviours of welded free flange type(FF) and welded flange plate type(WFP) weak-axis steel moment connections that were quoted by the FEMA. For this purpose, an experimental program was designed and performed with 2 types of weak-axis steel moment connections. From the test results, both FF and WFP type connections revealed to have more than 3% story drift capacity, which satisfy the required performance for OMF systems.
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Firna, Aklesta Leni, Azis Nur Bambang, and Diana Nur Afifah. "Sensitivitas dan spesifisitas food consumption score dalam mengidentifikasi rawan pangan dengan parameter status gizi balita." Jurnal Gizi Indonesia (The Indonesian Journal of Nutrition) 6, no. 2 (August 1, 2018): 102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jgi.6.2.102-108.
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Background : Food consumption score (FCS) was one of indicators to measure the food insecurity that included some elements from food access and food consumption, but the sensitivity was different in each area so it was needed to do the sensitivity and specificity tests with the high precision and accuracy of parameter. Objectives : To do the sensitivity and specificity test of food consumption score to identify the food insecurity with parameter status of toddlers’ nutrition anthropometrically. Methods : Cross sectional study with total subjects 517 toddlers. Status of toddlers’ nutrition was counted according to zscore WHZ, WAZ, and HAZ. The FCS score was counted according to WFP formula. Results : Sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) FCS test with parameter of WHZ, WAZ, HAZ as followed Se=0 Sp= ≥ 90%. Conclusion: The cut-off point of FCS that was set by WFP was non-sensitive in identifying the food insecurity with parameter status of toddlers’ nutrition.
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Cao, Xuping, Shuai Yang, Xiangmeng Huang, and Juxi Tong. "Dynamic Decomposition of Factors Influencing the Export Growth of China’s Wood Forest Products." Sustainability 10, no. 8 (August 6, 2018): 2780. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10082780.
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Wood forest products (WFPs) are globally important environmental products, with economic, ecological, and renewable characteristics. China is the world’s largest WFP exporter. However, many factors, such as the downturn of traditional major export markets and the rise of the price of production factors, have generated great challenges and uncertainties for China’s WFP export market. This study improves the product scope of WFPs. The category of WFPs has been expanded to 14 categories and 30 sub-categories, which is more detailed and more developed than in previous literature. Based on the United Nations’ Comtrade Database (COMTRADE), this paper uses the revised constant market share (CMS) model to measure and analyze empirically the factors affecting the export growth of China’s WFPs from the perspective of market, structure, and competitiveness. It is found that (1) the competitive effect exerts the biggest influence on export growth, followed by market size effects, with the effects of market distribution and product structure both being small; (2) wooden furniture, wooden products, plywood, paper, and its products play a main role in enhancing the competitive effect in China’s WFPs; and (3) China’s WFPs have a strong market competitiveness in other markets such as the USA, China Hong Kong, United Kingdom, Japan, Australia, Malaysia, and Singapore. Therefore, it is crucial for China’s WFP market to improve its product structure effects and market distribution effects in order for it to participate in international competition. On the other hand, considering that China’s exports of WFPs mainly consist of resource- and labor-intensive products, the improvement of standards such as the technology level, environmental protection and sustainable development, must not be ignored.
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Cao, X. C., P. T. Wu, Y. B. Wang, and X. N. Zhao. "Assessing blue and green water utilisation in wheat production of China from the perspectives of water footprint and total water use." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 8 (August 25, 2014): 3165–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-3165-2014.
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Abstract. The aim of this study is to estimate the green and blue water footprint (WF) and the total water use (TWU) of wheat crop in China in both irrigated and rainfed productions. Crop evapotranspiration and water evaporation loss are both considered when calculating the water footprint in irrigated fields. We compared the water use for per-unit product between irrigated and rainfed crops and analyzed the relationship between promoting the yield and conserving water resources. The national total and per-unit-product WF of wheat production in 2010 were approximately 111.5 Gm3 (64.2% green and 35.8% blue) and 0.968 m3 kg−1, respectively. There is a large difference in the water footprint of the per-kilogram wheat product (WFP) among different provinces: the WFP is low in the provinces in and around the Huang–Huai–Hai Plain, while it is relatively high in the provinces south of the Yangtze River and in northwestern China. The major portion of WF (80.9%) comes from irrigated farmland, and the remaining 19.1% is rainfed. Green water dominates the area south of the Yangtze River, whereas low green water proportions are found in the provinces located in northern China, especially northwestern China. The national TWU and total water use of the per-kilogram wheat product (TWUP) are 142.5 Gm3 and 1.237 m3 kg−1, respectively, containing approximately 21.7% blue water percolation (BWp). The values of WFP for irrigated (WFPI) and rainfed (WFPR) crops are 0.911 and 1.202 m3 kg−1, respectively. Irrigation plays an important role in food production, promoting the wheat yield by 170% and reducing the WFP by 24% compared to those of rainfed wheat production. Due to the low irrigation efficiency, more water is needed per kilogram in irrigated farmland in many arid regions, such as the Xinjiang, Ningxia and Gansu Provinces. We divided the 30 provinces of China into three categories according to the relationship between the TWUPI (TWU for per-unit product in irrigated farmland) and TWUPR (TWU for per-unit product in rainfed farmland): (I) TWUPI < TWUPR, (II) TWUPI = TWUPR, and (III) TWUPI > TWUPR. Category II, which contains the major wheat-producing areas in the North China Plain, produces nearly 75% of the wheat of China. The double benefits of conserving water and promoting production can be achieved by irrigating wheat in Category I provinces. Nevertheless, the provinces in this category produce only 1.1% of the national wheat yield.
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Becerra-Rodas, Constanza, Christian Little, Antonio Lara, Jorge Sandoval, Sebastián Osorio, and Jorge Nimptsch. "The Role of Streamside Native Forests on Dissolved Organic Matter in Forested and Agricultural Watersheds in Northwestern Patagonia." Forests 10, no. 7 (July 17, 2019): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10070595.
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Streamside native forests are known for their key role in water provision, commonly referred to as buffers that control the input or output of nutrients from terrestrial to aquatic ecosystems (i.e., nitrogen or carbon cycle). In order to assess the functional role of indigenous forests along streamside channels, we measured 10 parameters associated with DOM (Dissolved Organic Matter) at 42 points in 12 small catchments (15–200 ha) dominated by native forests (reference, WNF), forest plantations (WFP) and agricultural lands (WAL) in which the land cover portion was calculated in the entire watershed and along 30 and 60-m wide buffer strips. We found that watersheds WFP and WAL were statistically different than WNF, according to DIC concentrations (Dissolved Inorganic Carbon) and the intensity of the maximum fluorescence of DOM components. Using linear models, we related streamside native forest coverage in buffer strips with DOM parameters. The increase of streamside native forest coverage in 60 m wide buffer strips (0–100%) was related to lower DIC concentrations (0.89 to 0.28 mg C L−1). In watersheds WFP and WAL, the humic and fulvic-like components (0.42 to 1.42 R.U./mg C L−1) that predominated were related to an increase in streamside native forest coverage in the form of a 60 m wide buffer strip (0–75%). This is evidence that streamside native forests influence outputs of detritus and lowered in-stream processing with concomitant downstream transport, and functional integrity and water quality. We propose that DOM quantity and quality may be a potential tool for the identification of priority areas near streams for conservation and ecological restoration in terms of recovery of water quality as an important ecosystem service. The results of this study are useful to inform policy and regulations about the width of streamside native forests as well as their characteristics and restrictions.
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Peters, Koen, Sérgio Silva, Rui Gonçalves, Mirjana Kavelj, Hein Fleuren, Dick den Hertog, Ozlem Ergun, and Mallory Freeman. "The Nutritious Supply Chain: Optimizing Humanitarian Food Assistance." INFORMS Journal on Optimization 3, no. 2 (January 2021): 200–226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/ijoo.2019.0047.
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The World Food Programme (WFP) is the largest humanitarian agency fighting hunger worldwide, reaching approximately 90 million people with food assistance across 80 countries each year. To deal with the operational complexities inherent in its mandate, WFP has been developing tools to assist its decision makers with integrating supply chain decisions across departments and functional areas. This paper describes a mixed integer linear programming model that simultaneously optimizes the food basket to be delivered, the sourcing plan, the delivery plan, and the transfer modality of a long-term recovery operation for each month in a predefined time horizon. By connecting traditional supply chain elements to nutritional objectives, we are able to make significant breakthroughs in the operational excellence of WFP’s most complex operations. We show three examples of how the optimization model is used to support operations: (1) to reduce the operational costs in Iraq by 12% without compromising the nutritional value supplied, (2) to manage the scaling-up of the Yemen operation from three to six million beneficiaries, and (3) to identify sourcing strategies during the El Niño drought of 2016.
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Gras, Airy, Teresa Garnatje, Jon Marín, Montse Parada, Ester Sala, Marc Talavera, and Joan Vallès. "The Power of Wild Plants in Feeding Humanity: A Meta-Analytic Ethnobotanical Approach in the Catalan Linguistic Area." Foods 10, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10010061.
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Wild food plants (WFP) have always been present in our kitchen, although they have not always been given the same importance as crops. In the Catalan linguistic area (CLA), covered in this paper, WFP were of great importance as a subsistence food not only during the years of the Spanish civil war (1936–1939) and World War II (1939–1945), but also long before these periods and in the years thereafter. The CLA has been well studied at the level of traditional knowledge on plant biodiversity, and much of this information is collected in a database by the EtnoBioFiC research group. The aim of this work is to carry out a meta-analysis of the WFP dataset of the CLA (only regarding edible uses, drinks excluded) and to identify the most quoted plants, and the information associated with them. With data from 1659 informants, we recorded 10,078 use reports of 291 taxa (278 of which at specific or subspecific levels and 13 only determined at generic level) belonging to 67 families. The most reported taxa, also with highest cultural importance indexes, are Thymus vulgaris, Foeniculum vulgare subsp. piperitum, Laurus nobilis, Rubus ulmifolius and Mentha spicata. The ethnobotanicity index for food plants is 6.62% and the informant consensus factor, also for food uses, is a very high 0.97, supporting the robustness of the information. The results provided and discussed in this work concern a significant part of the edible resources in the territory considered, which is, often and mainly, underestimated and underutilised. Its consideration could be an opportunity to promote closer and more sustainable agriculture. From the state-of-the-art of this question, it is possible to propose old, in some cases forgotten foods that could be newly introduced onto the market, first, but not only, at a local level, which could be interesting for new crop development in the frame of a valorisation of territorial identity.
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Maxwell, Daniel. "Global factors shaping the future of food aid: the implications for WFP." Disasters 31 (March 2007): S25—S39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7717.2007.00347.x.
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Farooghi Mehr, Seyed Mohammad Reza, and Mohammad Soheil Ghobadi. "Seismic performance of retrofitted WFP connections joined to box column using ribs." Journal of Constructional Steel Research 137 (October 2017): 297–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2017.06.033.
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