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Journal articles on the topic 'Wga-hrp'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

Arbab, M. A. R., T. Delgado, L. Wiklund, and N. Aa Svendgaard. "Brain Stem Terminations of the Trigeminal and Upper Spinal Ganglia Innervation of the Cerebrovascular System: WGA-HRP Transganglionic Study." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 8, no. 1 (February 1988): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.1988.8.

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The central projections of the nerve fibers innervating the middle cerebral and basilar arteries were investigated by transganglionic tracing of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) in the rat. WGA-HRP was applied to the exposed basilar and/or middle cerebral arteries. Sections of the brain, trigeminal and upper spinal ganglia were reacted with tetramethylbenzidine for detection of the tracer. The results demonstrate that trigeminal neurons that innervate the middle cerebral artery project to the trigeminal main sensory nucleus, pars oralis, and the dorsocaudal two-fifths of pars interpolaris of the trigeminal brain stem nuclear complex. Terminals were also visible in the ipsilateral nucleus motorius dorsalis nervi vagi (dmnX) and in the lateral nucleus tractus solitarius (nTs) bilaterally at the level of the obex. The ventral periaqueductal gray, including the dorsal raphe and C2 dorsal horn, were also innervated by nerve fibers from the middle cerebral artery. Ipsilateral trigeminal rhizotomy prior to WGA-HRP application over the middle cerebral artery impeded the visualization of nerve terminations throughout the brain stem. Pretreatment with capsaicin reduced the density of labeled neurons and terminals within the trigeminal ganglion and the brain stem, respectively, following WGA-HRP application over the middle cerebral artery. Basilar artery fibers terminate in the C2 dorsal horn, the cuneate nuclei, dmnX, and nTs bilaterally. A few projections were also labeled in the ventral periaqueductal gray. Unilateral upper two spinal dorsal rhizotomy prior to WGA-HRP application over the exposed basilar artery resulted in terminal labeling within the C2 dorsal horn, the cuneate nucleus, dmnX, and nTs contralateral to the rhizotomy, whereas the ipsilateral side was devoid of any labeling. Bilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy prior to WGA-HRP administration to the middle cerebral and basilar arteries did not alter the visualization of nerve terminations throughout the brain stem.

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2

Gattone, V. H., C. F. Marfurt, and S. Dallie. "Extrinsic innervation of the rat kidney: a retrograde tracing study." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 250, no. 2 (February 1, 1986): F189—F196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1986.250.2.f189.

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To determine the exact modalities involved in the innervation of the kidney, the present study used a nerve-tracing method with horseradish peroxidase-wheat germ agglutinin (HRP-WGA) as the tracer. Multiple injections of HRP-WGA were made in each of the left kidneys of 12 rats while another four had the HRP-WGA either dripped onto their intact renal mesothelial surface or injected intravascularly. After retrograde transport of the tracer to neurons of origin (i.e., 72-h survival), the rats were briefly perfusion fixed, tissue was removed, and cryostat sections were cut. The free-floating sections were reacted by the tetramethylbenzidine technique. Retrogradely labeled neurons were found in the celiac, bilateral inferior vagal (nodosal), and ipsilateral dorsal root (90% in T12-L1 DRG) ganglia. More labeled neurons were present in the combined vagal ganglia than in the combined DRG within each animal. This labeling was specific compared with the controls (HRP-WGA uptake via intraperitoneal or vascular routes). The celiac ganglion had many labeled neurons; however, no labeled neurons were seen in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, nucleus solitarius, nucleus ambiguus, or any other brain stem structure after renal injections of HRP-WGA. This study has determined that the sympathetic nervous system (celiac ganglion) provides the only renal autonomic efferent (motor) innervation, and the nodosal (inferior vagal) ganglia appear to provide more renal sensory innervation than do the dorsal root ganglia.

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3

Iida, H., and Y. Shibata. "Delivery of lectin-labeled membrane to the trans-Golgi network and secretory granules in cultured atrial myocytes." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 37, no. 12 (December 1989): 1885–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/37.12.2479675.

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To examine whether and how internalized plasma membrane components are routed to the compartment of the biosynthetic-exocytic pathway in cultured atrial myocytes, the plasma membrane labeled with wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) was traced electron microscopically by cytochemical detection of HRP. The WGA-HRP label was internalized via a coated pit-small vesicle pathway and reached vacuoles and endosomes by 3 min. Labeled endosomes comprised vacuoles and tubular elements containing reaction product. By 15 min, similar tubular structures containing reaction product accumulated in the area of the trans-Golgi network (TGN). The labeled TGN consisted of interconnected tubular elements, which often connected to atrial granules containing reaction product. In contrast, neither native HRP nor Lucifer Yellow reached Golgi elements or atrial granules. These results suggest that a proportion of the plasma membrane labeled with WGA-HRP is delivered to endosomes, from which tubules might bud off to transfer the tracer molecules to the TGN, where the lectin conjugate and associated membranes are packaged into atrial granules.

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4

Liu, H., I. J. Llewellyn-Smith, and A. I. Basbaum. "Co-injection of wheat germ agglutinin-HRP and choleragenoid-HRP into the sciatic nerve of the rat blocks transganglionic transport." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 43, no. 5 (May 1995): 489–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/43.5.7730587.

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We report on the surprising loss of transganglionic and retrograde labeling in the spinal cord of the rat after co-injection of the tracers wheat germ agglutinin-HRP (WGA-HRP) and choleragenoid toxin-HRP (CTB-HRP) into the sciatic nerve. Injection of WGA-HRP alone produced a pattern of transganglionic label consistent with transport by small-diameter primary afferent fibers. Small cell bodies were labeled in the ipsilateral dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and there was dense terminal labeling in the superficial dorsal horn of the lumbar spinal cord. Injection of CTB-HRP alone produced a pattern of transganglionic labeling consistent with transport by large-diameter primary afferent fibers. Large cell bodies were labeled in the DRG and there was dense terminal labeling in the nucleus proprius (Laminae III-V) in the spinal cord. CTB-HRP also produced extensive retrograde labeling of ventral horn motor neurons. When the two tracers were co-injected, we found few labeled cells in the ipsilateral DRG and there was almost complete loss of transganglionic terminal labeling in the lumbar spinal cord. Retrograde labeling of motor neurons was also significantly reduced. Even when one of the tracers (e.g., WGA-HRP) was injected 24 hr after and up to 10 mm proximal to the site of the first tracer (e.g., CTB-HRP), an inhibitory interaction was detected. The labeling pattern was always characteristic of the first tracer injected.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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5

Kressel, Michael. "Tyramide Amplification Allows Anterograde Tracing by Horseradish Peroxidase-conjugated Lectins in Conjunction with Simultaneous Immunohistochemistry." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 46, no. 4 (April 1998): 527–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002215549804600413.

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Current protocols for a combined approach of anterograde tracing with carbocyanine dyes or horseradish peroxidase (HRP) conjugates and immunohistochemistry represent a compromise between sensitive detection of the tracer and the immunohistochemical procedure. Therefore, it was investigated whether the use of tyramide amplification allows sensitive anterograde tracing with wheat-germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA–HRP) in conjunction with simultaneous immunohistochemistry. Vagal afferents were anterogradely labeled by injection of WGA–HRP into the nodose ganglion of rats. By use of tyramide–biotin amplification, a dense fiber plexus of vagal afferents was visualized centrally in the nucleus of the solitary tract and in retrogradely labeled neurons in the dorsal vagal nucleus. In the esophagus and duodenum, large- and small-caliber vagal fibers and terminals could be demonstrated comparably to conventional tracing techniques using carbocyanine dyes or WGA–HRP and TMB histochemistry. Combination with immunohistochemistry could easily be done, requiring only one more incubation step, and did not result in loss of sensitivity of the tracing. With this method and con-focal microscopy, the presence of Ca binding proteins in vagal afferent terminals could be demonstrated. Tyramide amplification allows sensitive anterograde tracing with low background staining in conjunction with immunohistochemistry of intra-axonal markers.

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6

Monti-Graziadei, Ariella G., and Karen J. Berkley. "Effects of colchicine on retrogradely-transported WGA-HRP." Brain Research 565, no. 1 (November 1991): 162–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(91)91749-q.

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7

Balin, B. J., and R. D. Broadwell. "Lectin-labeled membrane is transferred to the Golgi complex in mouse pituitary cells in vivo." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 35, no. 4 (April 1987): 489–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/35.4.2434560.

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Labeling of the Golgi complex with the lectin conjugate wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP), which binds to cell surface membrane and enters cells by adsorptive endocytosis, was analyzed in secretory cells of the anterior, intermediate, and posterior lobes of mouse pituitary gland in vivo. WGA-HRP was administered intravenously or by ventriculo-cisternal perfusion to control and salt-stressed mice; post-injection survival times were 30 min-24 hr. Peroxidase reaction product was identified within the extracellular clefts of anterior and posterior pituitary lobes through 24 hr but was absent in intermediate lobe. Endocytic vesicles, spherical endosomes, tubules, dense and multivesicular bodies, the trans-most saccule of the Golgi complex, and dense-core secretory granules attached or unattached to the trans Golgi saccule were peroxidase-positive in the different types of anterior pituitary cells and in perikarya of supraoptico-neurohypophyseal neurons; endoplasmic reticulum and the cis and intermediate Golgi saccules in the same cell types were consistently devoid of peroxidase reaction product. Dense-core secretory granules derived from cis and intermediate Golgi saccules in salt-stressed supraoptic perikarya likewise failed to exhibit peroxidase reaction product. The results suggest that in secretory cells of anterior and posterior pituitary lobes, WGA-HRP, initially internalized with cell surface membrane, is eventually conveyed to the trans-most Golgi saccule, in which the lectin conjugate and associated membrane are packaged in dense-core secretory granules for export and potential exocytosis of the tracer. Endoplasmic reticulum and the cis and intermediate Golgi saccules appear not to be involved in the endocytic/exocytic pathways of pituitary cells exposed to WGA-HRP.

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8

Johnston, P. A., A. Stieber, and N. K. Gonatas. "A hypothesis on the traffic of MG160, a medial Golgi sialoglycoprotein, from the trans-Golgi network to the Golgi cisternae." Journal of Cell Science 107, no. 3 (March 1, 1994): 529–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.107.3.529.

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We have reported that MG160, an intrinsic membrane sialoglycoprotein of the Golgi apparatus (GA), resides in the medial cisternae of the organelle (Gonatas et al. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 646–653). In order to resolve the question whether MG160 acquires sialic acid residues in the trans cisternae or trans-Golgi network (TGN) prior to its retrograde transport, we have examined the effects of brefeldin A (BFA) on the post-translational processing of MG160, and the distribution of internalized wheat germ agglutinin covalently linked with HRP (WGA-HRP), which labels the TGN (Gonatas et al. (1977) J. Cell Biol. 73, 1–13). In BFA-treated PC12 cells, MG160 acquires resistance to endo H, but fails to be sialylated. This effect occurs in parallel with the redistribution of MG160 into an ER compartment dispersed throughout the cytoplasm including the nuclear envelope, and the collapse of the WGA-HRP-labelled TGN into vesicles and tubules surrounding the centriole. These results suggest that MG160 is not sialylated in BFA-treated cells because it is sequestered from the sialyltransferase enzyme(s), presumably located in the TGN, and provide evidence supporting the hypothesis for a retrograde transport pathway that recycles resident GA proteins, including MG160, between the Golgi cisternae and the TGN. To examine further the above hypothesis we studied cells treated with BFA and then allowed to recover from the effect of the drug for various lengths of time. After 15 minutes of recovery, cisternae of the Golgi apparatus, typically found in the pericentriolar region, are labeled by both MG160 and WGA-HRP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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9

Gong, Suzhen, and Mark S. LeDoux. "Immunohistochemical detection of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP)." Journal of Neuroscience Methods 126, no. 1 (June 2003): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-0270(03)00055-4.

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10

Itaya, S. K. "Anterograde transsynaptic transport of WGA-HRP in rat olfactory pathways." Brain Research 409, no. 2 (April 1987): 205–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(87)90703-7.

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11

Itaya, S. K. "Transneuronal transport of WGA-HRP in immature rat visual pathways." Developmental Brain Research 38, no. 1 (January 1988): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-3806(88)90087-9.

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12

Hornby, P. J., C. D. Rossiter, S. V. Pineo, W. P. Norman, E. K. Friedman, S. Benjamin, and R. A. Gillis. "TRH: immunocytochemical distribution in vagal nuclei of the cat and physiological effects of microinjection." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 257, no. 3 (September 1, 1989): G454—G462. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1989.257.3.g454.

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In the present study, we have applied antiserum to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and avidin-biotin immunocytochemistry to determine the distribution of TRH-like immunoreactivity in the vagal nuclei of the cat. A dense network of TRH-immunoreactive (TRH-IR) fibers and terminals is noted in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) from 0 to 2.5 mm rostral to the obex. Horseradish peroxidase conjugated wheat germ agglutinin (HRP-WGA)-labeled neurons are noted in this region of the DMV after application of the tracer to the musculature of the pylorus. In dual-stained sections, TRH-IR fibers and terminals appear to terminate in close proximity to HRP-WGA-labeled neurons in the DMV. In contrast, a moderate to low density of TRH-IR fibers and terminals is noted in the nucleus ambiguus (NA), and no HRP-WGA-labeled neurons are noted in this nucleus. To determine the physiological significance of TRH fibers in these vagal nuclei, TRH was microinjected into the DMV and NA while monitoring gastric (antrum and pylorus) and duodenal motility as well as mean blood pressure (MBP) and heart rate. Microinjections of TRH (16-500 ng) into the DMV resulted in increases in pyloric and antral motility (minute motility index increased from 1.28 to 8.70 in the pylorus, P less than 0.05, and from 2.29 to 4.25 in the antrum, P less than 0.05). TRH microinjection also increased the intraluminar pressure in the stomach by 6.1 +/- 1.3 mmHg. No significant changes in duodenal motility, MBP, or heart rate were noted.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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13

Robertson, Brita, Björn Lindh, and Håkan Aldskogius. "WGA-HRP and choleragenoid-HRP as anterogradely transported tracers in vagal visceral afferents and binding of WGA and choleragenoid to nodose ganglion neurons in rodents." Brain Research 590, no. 1-2 (September 1992): 207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(92)91097-x.

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14

Kurimoto, Yasuo, Saburo Kawaguchi, and Miyahiko Murata. "Cerebellotectal projection in the rat: Anterograde and retrograde WGA-HRP study." Neuroscience Research Supplements 14 (January 1991): S76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-8696(06)80217-3.

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15

Claps, Alfonso, and Fernando Torrealba. "The carotid body connections: a WGA-HRP study in the cat." Brain Research 455, no. 1 (July 1988): 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(88)90121-7.

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16

Torrealba, Fernando, and Alfonso Claps. "The carotid sinus connections: a WGA-HRP study in the cat." Brain Research 455, no. 1 (July 1988): 134–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(88)90122-9.

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17

Haber, Suzanne. "Tracing intrinsic fiber connections in postmortem human brain with WGA-HRP." Journal of Neuroscience Methods 23, no. 1 (February 1988): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-0270(88)90017-9.

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18

Nojyo, Yoshiaki, Ken Asamoto, and Hirohiko Aoyama. "Sympathetic preganglionic neurons demonstrated by retrograde transneuronal labeling of WGA-HRP." Neuroscience Research Supplements 15 (January 1990): S110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-8696(90)90358-a.

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19

Nojyo, Yoshiaki, Ken Asamoto, and Hirohiko Aoyama. "Sympathetic preganglionic neurons demonstrated by retrograde transneuronal labeling of WGA-HRP." Neuroscience Research Supplements 11 (January 1990): S110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-8696(90)90781-w.

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20

Burian, M., W. Gstoettner, and R. Mayr. "Brainstem projection of the vestibular nerve in the guinea pig: An HRP (horseradish peroxidase) and WGA-HRP (wheat germ agglutinin-HRP) study." Journal of Comparative Neurology 293, no. 2 (March 8, 1990): 165–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902930202.

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21

Kinnman, Erik. "Labeling afferent nerves in the tongue by peripheral transganglionic transport of HRP and WGA–HRP in the rat." Chemical Senses 12, no. 4 (1987): 621–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/12.4.621.

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22

Prihoda, Manfred, Maria-Sophie Hiller, and Robert Mayr. "Central projections of cervical primary afferent fibers in the guinea pig: An HRP and WGA/HRP tracer study." Journal of Comparative Neurology 308, no. 3 (June 15, 1991): 418–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903080309.

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23

Maslany, Steven, David P. Crockett, and M. David Egger. "Somatotopic organization of the dorsal column nuclei in the rat: transganglionic labelling with B-HRP and WGA-HRP." Brain Research 564, no. 1 (November 1991): 56–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(91)91351-z.

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24

Jang, Insoo, Kiho Cho, Sangkwan Moon, Changnam Ko, Bonghee Lee, Byungmoon Ko, and Changhyun Lee. "A Study on the Central Neural Pathway of the Heart, Nei-Kuan (EH-6) and Shen-Men (He-7) with Neural Tracer in Rats." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 31, no. 04 (January 2003): 591–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x03001314.

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The purpose of this morphological study was to investigate the relations between meridians, acupoints and viscera using neuroanatomical tracers. The labeled areas of the spinal ganglia, sympathetic chain ganglia, spinal cord and the brain projecting to the heart, Nei-Kuan (EH-6) and Shen-Men (He-7) were observed following injection of WGA-HRP and pseudorabies virus (PRV). The results were as follows. Overlapping bilaterally labeled ganglion areas after heart, Nei-Kuan (EH-6) or Shen-Men (He-7) injection of WGA-HRP were found in middle cervical, stellate and T4 sympathetic and T2-T6 spinal ganglia. In brain, labeled neurons from all three sites were found in the A1 noradrenalin cell group/C1 adrenalin cell group/caudoventrolateral reticular n., n. tractus solitarius, n. ambiguus, rostroventrolateral n., C3 adrenaline cell group, raphe obscurus n., raphe pallidus n., raphe magnus n., lateral paragigantocellular reticular n., locus coeruleus, subcoeruleus n., Kolliker-Fuse n., A5 cell group, central gray matter, paraventricular hypothalamic n. and arcuate hypothalamic n.. In conclusion, these morphological results suggest that the interrelationship of acupoints (Nei-Kuan and Shen-Men) and viscera (heart) may be related to the central autonomic centers of the spinal cord and brain.

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25

Herzog, Jan, and Heinrich Kümmel. "Fixation of transsynaptically transported WGA-HRP and fluorescent dyes used in combination." Journal of Neuroscience Methods 101, no. 2 (September 2000): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-0270(00)00261-2.

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26

Casini, Giovanni, Verner P. Bingman, and Paola Bagnoli. "Connections of the pigeon dorsomedial forebrain studied with WGA-HRP and3H-proline." Journal of Comparative Neurology 245, no. 4 (March 22, 1986): 454–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902450403.

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27

Norita, Masao, Yoshimitsu Katoh, and Takehiko Hida. "Afferent connections of the suprageniculate nucleus of the cat: WGA-HRP study." Neuroscience Research Supplements 3 (January 1986): S184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-8696(86)90367-1.

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28

Maslany, Steven, David P. Crockett, and M. David Egger. "Organization of cutaneous primary afferent fibers projecting to the dorsal horn in the rat: WGA-HRP versus B-HRP." Brain Research 569, no. 1 (January 1992): 123–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(92)90378-m.

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29

FITZGIBBON, T. "Organization of reciprocal connections between the perigeniculate nucleus and dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus in the cat: A transneuronal transport study." Visual Neuroscience 19, no. 4 (July 2002): 511–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523802194120.

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Cells of the cat's perigeniculate nucleus (PGN), part of the visual sector of the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN), provide GABAergic inhibition to the A and A1 layers of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd) and, therefore, may control information flow from the retina to the cortex. Previous electrophysiological experiments suggested that the PGN may be subdivided on the basis of ocular dominance thus reflecting the afferent and efferent projections with lamina A and A1 of the LGNd. The present study utilized the ability of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) to be transported transneuronally following intraocular injections in four cats to examine whether there is any anatomical evidence for eye specific layers within the PGN. Sections were processed with tetramethylbenzidine. Light WGA-HRP transneuronal labeling of LGNd collaterals and somata were seen in the PGN and very light labeling (but not somata) was seen in the TRN. Neither the cells of the PGN projecting to the LGNd nor the LGNd relay collaterals within the PGN were clearly organized into nonoverlapping laminae related to the eye specific layers of the LGNd. However, parts of the PGN immediately adjacent to the LGNd appear devoid of connections with lamina A1 thus creating a thin monocular segment for the contralateral eye.

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van der Zijden, Jet P., Mark J. R. J. Bouts, Ona Wu, Tom A. P. Roeling, Ronald LAW Bleys, Annette van der Toorn, and Rick M. Dijkhuizen. "Manganese-Enhanced MRI of Brain Plasticity in Relation to Functional Recovery after Experimental Stroke." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 28, no. 4 (November 7, 2007): 832–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600576.

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Restoration of function after stroke may be associated with structural remodeling of neuronal connections outside the infarcted area. However, the spatiotemporal profile of poststroke alterations in neuroanatomical connectivity in relation to functional recovery is still largely unknown. We performed in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based neuronal tract tracing with manganese in combination with immunohistochemical detection of the neuronal tracer wheat-germ agglutinin horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP), to assess changes in intra- and interhemispheric sensorimotor network connections from 2 to 10 weeks after unilateral stroke in rats. In addition, functional recovery was measured by repetitive behavioral testing. Four days after tracer injection in perilesional sensorimotor cortex, manganese enhancement and WGA-HRP staining were decreased in subcortical areas of the ipsilateral sensorimotor network at 2 weeks after stroke, which was restored at later time points. At 4 to 10 weeks after stroke, we detected significantly increased manganese enhancement in the contralateral hemisphere. Behaviorally, sensorimotor functions were initially disturbed but subsequently recovered and plateaued 17 days after stroke. This study shows that manganese-enhanced MRI can provide unique in vivo information on the spatiotemporal pattern of neuroanatomical plasticity after stroke. Our data suggest that the plateau stage of functional recovery is associated with restoration of ipsilateral sensorimotor pathways and enhanced interhemispheric connectivity.

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31

Lamotte, Carole C., Shanta E. Kapadia, and Christine M. Shapiro. "Central projections of the sciatic, saphenous, median, and ulnar nerves of the rat demonstrated by transganglionic transport of choleragenoid-HRP (B-HRP) and wheat germ agglutinin-HRP (WGA-HRP)." Journal of Comparative Neurology 311, no. 4 (September 22, 1991): 546–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903110409.

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32

Agarwala, Seema, Heywood M. Petry, and Jack G. May. "Retinal projections in the ground squirrel (Citellus tridecemlineatus)." Visual Neuroscience 3, no. 6 (December 1989): 537–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800009871.

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AbstractThe retinal projections of the thirteen-lined ground squirrel were determined by tracing anterograde transport of intravitreally injected horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or wheat-germ conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP). Label was seen in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and adjacent anterior hypothalamic area, the accessory optic system (the medial, dorsal, and lateral terminal nuclei), the dorsal and ventral lateral geniculate nuclei, the intergeniculate leaflet, the pretectal nuclei (the anterior, posterior, and olivary pretectal nuclei and the nucleus of optic tract), and the superior colliculus. Most of these structures were labeled bilaterally, with dense contralateral label and sparse ipsilateral label, a pattern typical for animals with laterally placed eyes. However, the suprachiasmatic nucleus and the nucleus of the optic tract received input only from the contralateral eye. In contrast to previous degeneration studies, the sensitive HRP tracers (in conjunction with cytochrome-oxidase reactivity) revealed an elaborate organization within the lateral geniculate nucleus (dorsal LGN, ventral LGN, and intergeniculate leaflet) that is consistent with existing organizational schemes for other mammalian species.

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33

Mori, Yoshiro. "Studies on the central afferents to Deiters nucleus by the WGA-HRP method." Equilibrium Research 47, Suppl-3 (1988): 30–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3757/jser.47.suppl-3_30.

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34

Hassouna, E., M. Yamamoto, T. Imagawa, and M. Uehara. "Distribution of reticulospinal neurons in the chicken by retrograde transport of WGA-HRP." Tissue and Cell 33, no. 2 (April 2001): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1054/tice.2000.0154.

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35

Ruiz-Pesini, P., L. Balaguer, J. Romano, M. Yllera, E. Tomé, and B. Garcia. "The innervation of the carotid sinus: a WGA-HRP study in the dog." Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System 43 (April 1993): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1838(93)90287-5.

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36

Itaya, S. K. "Enucleation-induced transsynaptic labeling with WGA-HRP in the developing rat visual system." Developmental Brain Research 50, no. 2 (December 1989): 161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-3806(89)90191-0.

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37

Daniel, H., P. Angaut, C. Batini, and J. M. Billard. "Topographic organization of the interpositorubral connections in the rat. A WGA-HRP study." Behavioural Brain Research 28, no. 1-2 (April 1988): 69–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-4328(88)90078-2.

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38

Kuchiiwa, Satoshi, Toshiko Kuchiiwa, and Shiro Nakagawa. "Localization of preganglionic neurons of the accessory ciliary ganglion in the midbrain: HRP and WGA-HRP studies in the cat." Journal of Comparative Neurology 340, no. 4 (February 22, 1994): 577–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903400410.

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39

Phelan, Kevin D., Aida Sacaan, and Joel P. Gallagher. "Retrograde labeling of rat dorsolateral septal nucleus neurons following intraseptal injections of WGA-HRP." Synapse 22, no. 3 (March 1996): 261–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-2396(199603)22:3<261::aid-syn9>3.0.co;2-a.

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40

Maslany, Steven, David P. Crockett, and M. David Egger. "Somatotopic organization of the cuneate nucleus in the rat: transganglionic labelling with WGA-HRP." Brain Research 507, no. 1 (January 1990): 164–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(90)90539-n.

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41

Weinberg, R. J., D. J. Tracey, and A. Rustioni. "Extracellular labeling of unmyelinated dorsal root terminals after WGA-HRP injections in spinal ganglia." Brain Research 523, no. 2 (July 1990): 351–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(90)91513-g.

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42

Itaya, S. K., G. W. Van Hoesen, and C. L. Barnes. "Anterograde transsynaptic transport of WGA-HRP in the limbic system of rat and monkey." Brain Research 398, no. 2 (November 1986): 397–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(86)91504-0.

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43

Jankowska, E. "Further indications for enhancement of retrograde transneuronal transport of WGA-HRP by synaptic activity." Brain Research 341, no. 2 (August 1985): 403–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(85)91084-4.

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44

Zigova, T., P. P. C. Graziadei, and A. G. Monti-Graziadei. "Olfactory bulb transplantation into the olfactory bulb of neonatal rats: a WGA-HRP study." Brain Research 588, no. 1 (August 1992): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(92)91338-f.

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45

Hartwich-Young, Rosi, Jon S. Nelson, and David L. Sparks. "The perihypoglossal projection to the superior colliculus in the rhesus monkey." Visual Neuroscience 4, no. 1 (January 1990): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800002741.

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Abstract:

AbstractThe projection of the perihypoglossal (PH) complex to the superior colliculus (SC) in the rhesus monkey was investigated using the retrograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP). Following physiological identification by electrical stimulation and multiunit recording, small injections of the tracer were placed within the SC of three monkeys. The largest numbers of retrogradely labeled neurons within the PH complex were found in the contralateral nucleus prepositus hypoglossi (NPH), in the laterally adjacent medial vestibular nucleus, and in the ventrally adjacent reticular formation (the nucleus reticularis supragigantocellularis). These labeled neurons are strikingly heterogeneous in size and morphology. The nuclei supragenualis and intercalatus also contain numerous labeled neurons in the 2 cases in which the injections involve the caudal SC. Large numbers of retrogradely labeled neurons as well as anterogradely transported WGA-HRP are observed alo throughout the pontine and medullary reticular formation, including the midline raphe. The PH complex, particularly the NPH, is known to be involved in the coding of eye position and has been hypothesized to be a critical component of the “neural integrator.” Our data demonstrate the existence of a robust projection from the PH complex to the contralateral SC in the rhesus monkey. This projection may serve as the anatomical substrate by which a corollary of eye position could reach the SC. Such a signal is a prerequisite for the computation, at the collicular level, of saccadic motor error signals observed in the SC of rhesus monkeys.

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46

Basbaum, A. I. "A rapid and simple silver enhancement procedure for ultrastructural localization of the retrograde tracer WGAapoHRP-Au and its use in double-label studies with post-embedding immunocytochemistry." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 37, no. 12 (December 1989): 1811–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/37.12.2479673.

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WGAapoHRP-Au is a colloidal gold conjugate of wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) coupled to enzymatically inactive (apo) horseradish peroxidase (HRP). This protein-gold complex has proven very useful for retrograde tracing studies in the nervous system (Basbaum and Menétrey: J Comp Neurol 261:306, 1987). To identify retrogradely labeled cells, the colloidal gold is made visible by silver intensification. As the tracer has no HRP enzymatic activity, it can be combined with HRP-based procedures (or with fluorescent methods) in a variety of multiple-label studies. Standard silver intensification procedures, however, are run at low pH and therefore are incompatible with good EM preservation; moreover, osmication of the tissue oxidizes the silver product, which is then lost in subsequent dehydration steps. This report describes a rapid and simple commercially available silver intensification procedure. The procedure is run at neutral pH and can be performed after osmication. The tracer is readily detected at the EM level and tissue preservation is excellent. This report also demonstrates how sections containing retrogradely labeled neurons can be stained with a post-embedding immunocytochemical method so that the transmitter content of synaptic inputs to these neurons can be identified.

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47

ERICHSEN, JONATHAN T., and PAUL J. MAY. "The pupillary and ciliary components of the cat Edinger-Westphal nucleus: A transsynaptic transport investigation." Visual Neuroscience 19, no. 1 (January 2002): 15–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523801191029.

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The distribution of preganglionic motoneurons supplying the ciliary ganglion in the cat was defined both qualitatively and quantitatively. These cells were retrogradely labeled directly, following injections of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) into the ciliary ganglion, or were transsynaptically labeled following injections of WGA into the vitreous chamber. Almost half of the cells are distributed rostral to the oculomotor nucleus, both in and lateral to the anteromedian nucleus. Of the remaining preganglionic motoneurons, roughly 20% of the total are located dorsal to the oculomotor nucleus. Strikingly few of these neurons are actually found within the Edinger-Westphal nucleus proper. Instead, the majority are found in the adjacent supraoculomotor area or along the midline between the two somatic nuclei. An additional population, roughly 30% of the total, is located ventral to the oculomotor nucleus. This study also provides evidence for a functional subdivision of this preganglionic population. Pupil-related preganglionic motoneurons were transsynaptically labeled by injecting WGA into the anterior chamber, while lens-related preganglionic motoneurons were transsynaptically labeled by injecting WGA into the ciliary muscle. The results suggest that the pupil-related preganglionic motoneurons, that is, those controlling the iris sphincter pupillae muscle, are located rostrally, in and lateral to the anteromedian nucleus. In contrast, lens-related preganglionic motoneurons, that is, those controlling the ciliary muscle are particularly prevalent caudally, both dorsal and ventral to the oculomotor nucleus. Thus, the cat intraocular muscle preganglionic innervation is spatially organized with respect to function, despite the dispersed nature of its distribution.

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48

Prochnow, N., P. Lee, W. C. Hall, and M. Schmidt. "In Vitro Properties of Neurons in the Rat Pretectal Nucleus of the Optic Tract." Journal of Neurophysiology 97, no. 5 (May 2007): 3574–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00039.2007.

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The nucleus of the optic tract (NOT) has been implicated in the initiation of the optokinetic reflex (OKR) and in the modulation of visual activity during saccades. The present experiments demonstrate that these two functions are served by separate cell populations that can be distinguished by differences in both their cellular physiology and their efferent projections. We compared the response properties of NOT cells in rats using target-directed whole cell patch-clamp recording in vitro. To identify the cells at the time of the recording experiments, they were prelabeled by retrograde axonal transport of WGA-apo-HRP-gold (15 nm), which was injected into their primary projection targets, either the ipsilateral superior colliculus (iSC), or the contralateral NOT (cNOT), or the ipsilateral inferior olive (iIO). Retrograde labeling after injections in single animals of either WGA-apo-HRP-gold with different particle sizes (10 and 20 nm) or two different fluorescent dyes distinguished two NOT cell populations. One projects to both the iSC and cNOT. These cells are spontaneously active in vitro and respond to intracellular depolarizations with temporally regular tonic firing. The other population projects to the iIO and consists of cells that show no spontaneous activity, respond phasically to intracellular depolarization, and show irregular firing patterns. We propose that the spontaneously active pathway to iSC and cNOT is involved in modulating the level of visual activity during saccades and that the phasically active pathway to iIO provides a short-latency relay from the retina to premotor mechanisms involved in reducing retinal slip.

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49

Noda, Terumi, and Hiroshi Oka. "Corticosubthalamic projections from area 3a in the cat, revealed by a retrograde WGA-HRP labeling." Neuroscience Research Supplements 14 (January 1991): S79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-8696(06)80225-2.

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50

Yaginuma, Hiroyuki, and Matsuo Matsushita. "Spinocerebellar projections from thoracic segments in the cat studied by the anterograde WGA-HRP method." Neuroscience Research Supplements 1 (January 1985): S59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-8696(85)80111-0.

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