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Academic literature on the topic 'Whales Whales Whales Cetacea Cetacea Cetacea'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Whales Whales Whales Cetacea Cetacea Cetacea"

1

O'Leary, Maureen A., and Mark D. Uhen. "The time of origin of whales and the role of behavioral changes in the terrestrial-aquatic transition." Paleobiology 25, no. 4 (1999): 534–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300020376.

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Addition of the recently discovered fossil Nalacetus to a phylogenetic analysis of basicranial, cranial, dental, postcranial, and soft morphological characters reveals that it is the most basal cetacean, and that mesonychians form the monophyletic sister group to Cetacea. The molars of Nalacetus elucidate transformations in dental morphology that occurred early in the cetacean radiation and clarify certain derived differences in molar cusp position between cetaceans and the extinct clade, Mesonychia, hypothesized to be their sister taxon. Nalacetus and other archaic cetaceans share derived vertically elongate shearing facets on the lower molars. Applying the Extant Phylogenetic Bracket, we advance the hypothesis that these facets are an osteological correlate of aquatic predation. Our functional interpretation of this character and its distribution within Cetacea indicates that a behavioral change in tooth use characterized the origin of the clade. Comparison of the transformation of this dental character with that of the cetacean pelvis indicates that a change in tooth use (feeding behavior) occurred before loss of the ability to engage in terrestrial locomotion.The most parsimonious phylogenetic hypothesis presented here has a significant fit with the stratigraphic record as determined by the Manhattan Stratigraphic Measure, which is corroborated by retention indices of stratigraphic data. Ghost lineages necessitated by the phylogenetic hypothesis extend the stratigraphic range of Cetacea into the middle Paleocene (Torrejonian), ten million years earlier than the oldest cetacean fossil currently known. Primitive features of Nalacetus, the large number of synapomorphies diagnosing Cetacea, and the implied ghost lineage suggest that the early cetacean radiation was much more extensive than has been previously recognized.

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RAVIKANT, VADLAMANI, and S. BAJPAI. "Strontium isotope evidence for the age of Eocene fossil whales of Kutch, western India." Geological Magazine 147, no. 3 (2010): 473–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756810000099.

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AbstractThe Indian subcontinent is widely considered to be the birthplace of whales (Cetacea), and the middle Eocene Harudi Formation of Kutch has long been known to be a major source of early whales. The Kutch cetaceans are of critical importance in understanding the evolutionary transition of whales from land to sea. Strontium isotope analysis of marine biogenic carbonates from the Harudi Formation was conducted to obtain a numerical age of the whale-bearing strata. Although the measured 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.707742 to 0.707764) correspond to two distinct age clusters of 46–47.5 Ma or 41–42.5 Ma, we prefer the latter, late Lutetian, age cluster.

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Kulemzina, Anastasia I., Anastasia A. Proskuryakova, Violetta R. Beklemisheva, Natalia A. Lemskaya, Polina L. Perelman, and Alexander S. Graphodatsky. "Comparative Chromosome Map and Heterochromatin Features of the Gray Whale Karyotype (Cetacea)." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 148, no. 1 (2016): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000445459.

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Cetacean karyotypes possess exceptionally stable diploid numbers and highly conserved chromosomes. To date, only toothed whales (Odontoceti) have been analyzed by comparative chromosome painting. Here, we studied the karyotype of a representative of baleen whales, the gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus, Mysticeti), by Zoo-FISH with dromedary camel and human chromosome-specific probes. We confirmed a high degree of karyotype conservation and found an identical order of syntenic segments in both branches of cetaceans. Yet, whale chromosomes harbor variable heterochromatic regions constituting up to a third of the genome due to the presence of several types of repeats. To investigate the cause of this variability, several classes of repeated DNA sequences were mapped onto chromosomes of whale species from both Mysticeti and Odontoceti. We uncovered extensive intrapopulation variability in the size of heterochromatic blocks present in homologous chromosomes among 3 individuals of the gray whale by 2-step differential chromosome staining. We show that some of the heteromorphisms observed in the gray whale karyotype are due to distinct amplification of a complex of common cetacean repeat and heavy satellite repeat on homologous autosomes. Furthermore, we demonstrate localization of the telomeric repeat in the heterochromatin of both gray and pilot whale (Globicephala melas, Odontoceti). Heterochromatic blocks in the pilot whale represent a composite of telomeric and common repeats, while heavy satellite repeat is lacking in the toothed whale consistent with previous studies.

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Lisney, Thomas J., and Shaun P. Collin. "Retinal Topography in Two Species of Baleen Whale (Cetacea: Mysticeti)." Brain, Behavior and Evolution 92, no. 3-4 (2018): 97–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000495285.

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Little is known about the visual systems of large baleen whales (Mysticeti: Cetacea). In this study, we investigate eye morphology and the topographic distribution of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in two species of mysticete, Bryde’s whale (Balaenoptera edeni) and the humpback whale (Megaptera novaeanglia). Both species have large eyes characterised by a thickened cornea, a heavily thickened sclera, a highly vascularised fibro-adipose bundle surrounding the optic nerve at the back of the eye, and a reflective blue-green tapetum fibrosum. Using stereology and retinal whole mounts, we estimate a total of 274,268 and 161,371 RGCs in the Bryde’s whale and humpback whale retinas, respectively. Both species have a similar retinal topography, consisting of nasal and temporal areas of high RGC density, suggesting that having higher visual acuity in the anterior and latero-caudal visual fields is particularly important in these animals. The temporal area is larger in both species and contains the peak RGC densities (160 cells mm–2 in the humpback whale and 200 cells mm–2 in Bryde’s whale). In the Bryde’s whale retina, the two high-density areas are connected by a weak centro-ventral visual streak, but such a specialisation is not evident in the humpback whale. Measurements of RGC soma area reveal that although the RGCs in both species vary substantially in size, RGC soma area is inversely proportional to RGC density, with cells in the nasal and temporal high-density areas being relatively more homogeneous in size compared to the RGCs in the central retina and the dorsal and ventral retinal periphery. Some of the RGCs were very large, with soma areas of over 2,000 µm2. Using peak RGC density and eye axial diameter (Bryde’s whale: 63.5 mm; humpback whale: 48.5 mm), we estimated the peak anatomical spatial resolving power in water to be 4.8 cycles/degree and 3.3 cycles/degree in the Bryde’s whale and the humpback whale, respectively. Overall, our findings for these two species are very similar to those reported for other species of cetaceans. This indicates that, irrespective of the significant differences in body size and shape, behavioural ecology and feeding strategy between mysticetes and odontocetes (toothed whales), cetacean eyes are adapted to vision in dim light and adhere to a common “bauplan” that evolved prior to the divergence of the two cetacean parvorders (Odontoceti and Mysticeti) over 30 million years ago.

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McGowen, Michael R., Georgia Tsagkogeorga, Sandra Álvarez-Carretero, et al. "Phylogenomic Resolution of the Cetacean Tree of Life Using Target Sequence Capture." Systematic Biology 69, no. 3 (2019): 479–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syz068.

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Abstract The evolution of cetaceans, from their early transition to an aquatic lifestyle to their subsequent diversification, has been the subject of numerous studies. However, although the higher-level relationships among cetacean families have been largely settled, several aspects of the systematics within these groups remain unresolved. Problematic clades include the oceanic dolphins (37 spp.), which have experienced a recent rapid radiation, and the beaked whales (22 spp.), which have not been investigated in detail using nuclear loci. The combined application of high-throughput sequencing with techniques that target specific genomic sequences provide a powerful means of rapidly generating large volumes of orthologous sequence data for use in phylogenomic studies. To elucidate the phylogenetic relationships within the Cetacea, we combined sequence capture with Illumina sequencing to generate data for $\sim $3200 protein-coding genes for 68 cetacean species and their close relatives including the pygmy hippopotamus. By combining data from $&gt;$38,000 exons with existing sequences from 11 cetaceans and seven outgroup taxa, we produced the first comprehensive comparative genomic data set for cetaceans, spanning 6,527,596 aligned base pairs (bp) and 89 taxa. Phylogenetic trees reconstructed with maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference of concatenated loci, as well as with coalescence analyses of individual gene trees, produced mostly concordant and well-supported trees. Our results completely resolve the relationships among beaked whales as well as the contentious relationships among oceanic dolphins, especially the problematic subfamily Delphinidae. We carried out Bayesian estimation of species divergence times using MCMCTree and compared our complete data set to a subset of clocklike genes. Analyses using the complete data set consistently showed less variance in divergence times than the reduced data set. In addition, integration of new fossils (e.g., Mystacodon selenensis) indicates that the diversification of Crown Cetacea began before the Late Eocene and the divergence of Crown Delphinidae as early as the Middle Miocene. [Cetaceans; phylogenomics; Delphinidae; Ziphiidae; dolphins; whales.]

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Whitehead, Hal. "Gene–culture coevolution in whales and dolphins." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 30 (2017): 7814–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1620736114.

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Whales and dolphins (Cetacea) have excellent social learning skills as well as a long and strong mother–calf bond. These features produce stable cultures, and, in some species, sympatric groups with different cultures. There is evidence and speculation that this cultural transmission of behavior has affected gene distributions. Culture seems to have driven killer whales into distinct ecotypes, which may be incipient species or subspecies. There are ecotype-specific signals of selection in functional genes that correspond to cultural foraging behavior and habitat use by the different ecotypes. The five species of whale with matrilineal social systems have remarkably low diversity of mtDNA. Cultural hitchhiking, the transmission of functionally neutral genes in parallel with selective cultural traits, is a plausible hypothesis for this low diversity, especially in sperm whales. In killer whales the ecotype divisions, together with founding bottlenecks, selection, and cultural hitchhiking, likely explain the low mtDNA diversity. Several cetacean species show habitat-specific distributions of mtDNA haplotypes, probably the result of mother–offspring cultural transmission of migration routes or destinations. In bottlenose dolphins, remarkable small-scale differences in haplotype distribution result from maternal cultural transmission of foraging methods, and large-scale redistributions of sperm whale cultural clans in the Pacific have likely changed mitochondrial genetic geography. With the acceleration of genomics new results should come fast, but understanding gene–culture coevolution will be hampered by the measured pace of research on the socio-cultural side of cetacean biology.

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Dungan, Sarah Z., and Belinda S. W. Chang. "Epistatic interactions influence terrestrial–marine functional shifts in cetacean rhodopsin." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1850 (2017): 20162743. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.2743.

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Like many aquatic vertebrates, whales have blue-shifting spectral tuning substitutions in the dim-light visual pigment, rhodopsin, that are thought to increase photosensitivity in underwater environments. We have discovered that known spectral tuning substitutions also have surprising epistatic effects on another function of rhodopsin, the kinetic rates associated with light-activated intermediates. By using absorbance spectroscopy and fluorescence-based retinal release assays on heterologously expressed rhodopsin, we assessed both spectral and kinetic differences between cetaceans (killer whale) and terrestrial outgroups (hippo, bovine). Mutation experiments revealed that killer whale rhodopsin is unusually resilient to pleiotropic effects on retinal release from key blue-shifting substitutions (D83N and A292S), largely due to a surprisingly specific epistatic interaction between D83N and the background residue, S299. Ancestral sequence reconstruction indicated that S299 is an ancestral residue that predates the evolution of blue-shifting substitutions at the origins of Cetacea. Based on these results, we hypothesize that intramolecular epistasis helped to conserve rhodopsin's kinetic properties while enabling blue-shifting spectral tuning substitutions as cetaceans adapted to aquatic environments. Trade-offs between different aspects of molecular function are rarely considered in protein evolution, but in cetacean and other vertebrate rhodopsins, may underlie multiple evolutionary scenarios for the selection of specific amino acid substitutions.

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McGowen, Michael R., Georgia Tsagkogeorga, Joseph Williamson, Phillip A. Morin, and and Stephen J. Rossiter. "Positive Selection and Inactivation in the Vision and Hearing Genes of Cetaceans." Molecular Biology and Evolution 37, no. 7 (2020): 2069–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaa070.

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Abstract The transition to an aquatic lifestyle in cetaceans (whales and dolphins) resulted in a radical transformation in their sensory systems. Toothed whales acquired specialized high-frequency hearing tied to the evolution of echolocation, whereas baleen whales evolved low-frequency hearing. More generally, all cetaceans show adaptations for hearing and seeing underwater. To determine the extent to which these phenotypic changes have been driven by molecular adaptation, we performed large-scale targeted sequence capture of 179 sensory genes across the Cetacea, incorporating up to 54 cetacean species from all major clades as well as their closest relatives, the hippopotamuses. We screened for positive selection in 167 loci related to vision and hearing and found that the diversification of cetaceans has been accompanied by pervasive molecular adaptations in both sets of genes, including several loci implicated in nonsyndromic hearing loss. Despite these findings, however, we found no direct evidence of positive selection at the base of odontocetes coinciding with the origin of echolocation, as found in studies examining fewer taxa. By using contingency tables incorporating taxon- and gene-based controls, we show that, although numbers of positively selected hearing and nonsyndromic hearing loss genes are disproportionately high in cetaceans, counts of vision genes do not differ significantly from expected values. Alongside these adaptive changes, we find increased evidence of pseudogenization of genes involved in cone-mediated vision in mysticetes and deep-diving odontocetes.

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Ridgway, Sam H., Donald A. Carder, Tricia Kamolnick, Robert R. Smith, Carolyn E. Schlundt, and Wesley R. Elsberry. "Hearing and whistling in the deep sea: depth influences whistle spectra but does not attenuate hearing by white whales (Delphinapterus leucas) (Odontoceti, Cetacea)." Journal of Experimental Biology 204, no. 22 (2001): 3829–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.204.22.3829.

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SUMMARY Hearing is attenuated in the aerial ear of humans and other land mammals tested in pressure chambers as a result of middle ear impedance changes that result from increased air density. We tested the hypothesis, based on recent middle ear models, that increasing the density of middle ear air at depth might attenuate whale hearing. Two white whales Delphinapterus leucas made dives to a platform at a depth of 5, 100, 200 or 300 m in the Pacific Ocean. During dives to station on the platform for up to 12 min, the whales whistled in response to 500 ms tones projected at random intervals to assess their hearing threshold at each depth. Analysis of response whistle spectra, whistle latency in response to tones and hearing thresholds showed that the increased hydrostatic pressure at depth changed each whale’s whistle response at depth, but did not attenuate hearing overall. The finding that whale hearing is not attenuated at depth suggests that sound is conducted through the head tissues of the whale to the ear without requiring the usual ear drum/ossicular chain amplification of the aerial middle ear. These first ever hearing tests in the open ocean demonstrate that zones of audibility for human-made sounds are just as great throughout the depths to which these whales dive, or at least down to 300 m.

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Toledo, G., and A. Langguth. "Maxillary teeth in sperm whales, Physeter macrocephalus (Cetacea: Physeteridae)." Journal of Morphological Sciences 32, no. 03 (2015): 212–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/jms.082314.

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AbstractSperm whales, Physeter macrocephalus Linnaeus, 1758, have 18 to 28 pairs of well developed conical mandibular teeth, but maxillary teeth are vestigial and supposedly rare. The aim of this study is to report a new case of erupted maxillary teeth in P. macrocephalus, the first description for Brazil. On 29 October 2008 a female sperm whale was found stranded in Campina's Beach (06° 46' S, 34° 55' W), Paraíba state, northeastern Brazil. Inspection on the gums revealed three upper teeth on the right maxilla, corresponded to mandibular teeth 9 to 11 in a rostrocaudal sequence. The maxillary teeth were nearly straight, strongly worn in the tip and had no pulp cavity remaining. Most literature states that maxillary teeth are absent or rarely present, somewhat questionable, since other authors never failed to expose them by an incision in the gum. Data show that upper teeth have been overlooked, and its real frequency can only be determined by thorough dissections. This is important, since the study of maxillary teeth can provide information about evolution, functional morphology and age determination in sperm whales.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Whales Whales Whales Cetacea Cetacea Cetacea"

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Borggaard, Diane L. "Assessing the effects of industrial activity on cetaceans in Trinity Bay, Newfoundland." Connect to this title online, 1996. http://www.nlc-bnc.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq23120.pdf.

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Moore, Sue E. "Cetacean habitats in the Alaskan Arctic /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 1997. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9823707.

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Zerbini, Alexandre N. "Improving precision in multiple covariate distance sampling : a case study with whales in Alaska /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5391.

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Lambert, Olivier. "Long-snouted dolphins and beaked whales from the Neogene of the Antwerp area: systematics, phylogeny, palaeoecology and palaeobiogeography =." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211020.

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This work is mainly based on the collection of Neogene (Miocene-Pliocene) odontocetes (toothed whales) from the area of Antwerp (northern Belgium, southern margin of the North Sea Basin) preserved at the Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique (IRSNB). <p> The systematic revision of members of the long-snouted dolphin family Eurhinodelphinidae leads to the description/re-description of five species in the genera Eurhinodelphis (E. cocheteuxi and E. longirostris), Schizodelphis (S. morckhoviensis), and Xiphiacetus n. gen. (X. cristatus and X. bossi). Furthermore, the systematic status of several eurhinodelphinid species from other localities in the world is revised. A cladistic analysis with the parsimony criterion is undertaken to highlight the phylogenetic relationships of several eurhinodelphinid taxa with other fossil and extant odontocetes. Eurhinodelphinids are more closely related to the beaked whales; the latter are distinctly separated from the sperm whales. A second analysis, with a likelihood criterion, reaches nearly identical results. Then a separate parsimony analysis investigates the relationships within the family Eurhinodelphinidae; the results suggest sister-group relationships between Schizodelphis + Xiphiacetus and Ziphiodelphis + (Mycteriacetus + Argyrocetus) and a more stemward position for Eurhinodelphis. After that, anatomical, palaeogeographic, and phylogenetic data allow several suggestions about the ecological features of the eurhinodelphinids. The extinction of this family, before the end of the Miocene, is commented, related to the changes in the biodiversity of other odontocete groups and to a contemporary major sea level drop. <p>\<br>Doctorat en sciences, Spécialisation biologie animale<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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MacLeod, Colin D. "Niche partitioning, distribution and competition in North Atlantic beaked whales." Thesis, Aberdeen : University of Aberdeen, 2005. http://www.marineconnection.org/docs/MacLeod_PhD_Thesis.pdf.

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Isojunno, Saana. "Influence of natural factors and anthropogenic stressors on sperm whale foraging effort and success at high latitudes." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/6760.

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Behavioural responses can reveal important fitness trade-offs and ecological traps in evolutionarily novel contexts created by anthropogenic stimuli, and are of increasing conservation concern due to possible links to population-level impacts. This thesis illustrates the use of proxies for energy acquisition and expenditure within multivariate and state-based modelling approaches to quantify the relative time and energetic costs of behavioural disturbance for a deep-diving marine mammal (Physeter macrocephalus) in foraging grounds in Kaikoura Canyon (New Zealand) and near Lofoten Islands (Norway). A conceptual framework is first developed to identify and explore links between individual motivation, condition and external constraints to behavioural disturbance [Chapter 1]. The following chapters then use data from behavioural response studies (BRS) to: 1) derive biologically relevant metrics of behaviour [all chapters], 2) investigate effects of boat-based focal follows and tagging procedures [Chapters 2-3], and 3) relate responses to specific disturbance stimuli (distance, approach, noise) from whale-watching [Chapter 2], naval sonar and playback of presumed natural predator (killer whale Orcinus orca) sounds [Chapter 4]. A novel hidden state model was developed to estimate behavioural budgets of tagged sperm whales from multiple streams of biologging (DTAG) data [Chapter 3]. Sperm whales traded off time spent at foraging depths in a non-foraging and non-resting state in response to both tag boat presence, 1-2 kHz naval sonar (SPL 131-165 rms re 1μPa) and mammal-eating killer whale sound playbacks, indicating that parallel non-lethal costs were incurred in both anthropogenic disturbance and presumed antipredatory contexts. While behavioural responses were highly variable by individual, biologically informed state-based models appeared effective to control for variability in energy proxies across different functional contexts. These results and Chapter 5 “linking buzzes to prey” demonstrate that behavioural context is a signal that can aid understanding of how individual non-lethal disturbance responses can impact fitness.

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Bui, Ann. "Beach burial of cetaceans implications for conservation, and public health and safety : a thesis submitted through the Earth & Ocean Sciences Research Institute, and School of Applied Sciences, Auckland University of Technology in partial fulfillment [sic] of the degree of Master of Applied Science, March 2009." Click here to access this resource online, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10292/669.

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Every year hundreds of cetaceans strand on New Zealand beaches. Options for dealing with disposal of their carcasses are few, creating significant problems for the Department of Conservation (DOC). More often than not their carcasses are buried in beaches at or just above high water mark, near where the animals have stranded. The primary objective of this thesis is to determine the effects of cetacean burial on beach sediments, and evaluate potential health and safety risks associated with this practice. A secondary objective of this thesis is to appraise the appropriateness of one location DOC has repeatedly transported cetacean carcasses to and buried within beach sediments, Motutapu Island in Waitemata Harbour. The chemical effects of cetacean burial over a six-month period are reported for two sites at which animals were buried in 2008, Muriwai and Pakiri beaches; the biological effects of this burial are reported for one of these sites, Muriwai Beach, 12 months post burial. Intertidal faunal and floral inventories are provided for six sites around Motutapu Island, and these then compared and contrasted with inventories compiled from an additional 290 intertidal sites between Whangarei Heads and Tauranga Harbour, North Island East Coast, to appraise the relative uniqueness of intertidal species diversity around Motutapu Island. At both Muriwai and Pakiri beaches, nitrogen and phosphate concentrations in surface sands changed considerably following cetacean burial, although over six months the effect was localized and elevated concentrations of these two chemicals that could be attributed to a buried carcass did not extend more than 40 m from the site of whale burial. Deep-core profiles revealed nitrogen and phosphate concentrations at and in the immediate vicinity of cetacean burial approximately six months after burial to be markedly elevated to the level of the water table, but elevated concentrations attributable to the buried carcass were not observed greater than 25 m from the site of burial. Elevated concentrations of nitrogen and phosphates in beaches persist in surface sediments for at least six months post burial. Twelve months post cetacean burial no significant difference in species richness or abundance were apparent in intertidal communities extending along transects proximal to and some distance from the Muriwai Beach carcass; there is no evidence for any significant short-term (to 12 months) biological effects of cetacean burial in beaches. Of those shores on Motutapu Island accessible by earth-moving equipment and large vessels capable of dealing with and transporting large cetacean carcasses, Station Bay appeared to be the most appropriate site for whale burial. However its small size and relatively high biological value (fairly high species richness for comparable shores between Whangarei Heads and Tauranga) renders it an inappropriate long-term option for whale burial. Other shores on Motutapu Island host some of the highest species richness of all shores surveyed between Whangarei Heads and Tauranga Harbour, rendering them entirely inappropriate locations for burying cetaceans, over and above other variables that may influence disposal location identification (such as archaeological sites, dwellings and accessibility). Motutapu Island is not considered an appropriate location for cetacean burial within beaches. Alternative disposal strategies need to be explored for dealing with cetaceans that strand on Auckland east coast beaches. Although burial is the most convenient and most economical strategy to dispose of cetacean carcass, especially in mass stranding events or when cetaceans are of large size, and the biological effects of this practice are not considered significant (for the one whale that could be studied), persistent enrichment of beach sediments with organic matter could result in prolonged persistence of pathogens in beaches, causing unforeseen risks to human health and safety. Recommendations are made to minimize possible threats to public following burial of cetaceans in beaches, until the potential health risks of burial are more fully understood.

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Drake, Summer Elizabeth. "Sensory hairs in the bowhead whale (Cetacea, Mammalia)." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1406300822.

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Valsecchi, Elena. "Genetic analysis of the humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) using microsatellites." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.242544.

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Caillat, Marjolaine. "Assessing and correcting for the effects of species misclassification during passive acoustic surveys of cetaceans." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4209.

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In conservation ecology, abundance estimates are an important factor from which management decisions are based. Methods to estimate abundance of cetaceans from visual detections are largely developed, whereas parallel methods based on passive acoustic detections are still in their infancy. To estimate the abundance of cetacean species using acoustic detection data, it is first necessary to correctly identify the species that are detected. The current automatic PAMGUARD Whistle Classifier used to automatically identify whistle detection of cetacean species is modified with the objective to facilitate the use of these detections to estimate cetacean abundance. Given the variability of cetacean sounds within and between species, developing an automated species classifier with a 100% correct classification probability for any species is unfeasible. However, through the examples of two case studies it is shown that large and high quality datasets with which to develop these automatic classifiers increase the probability of creating reliable classifiers with low and precise misclassification probability. Given that misclassification is unavoidable, it is necessary to consider the effect of misclassified detections on the number of observed acoustic calls detected and thus on abundance estimates, and to develop robust methods to cope with these misclassifications. Through both heuristic and Bayesian approaches it is demonstrated that if misclassification probabilities are known or estimated precisely, it is possible to estimate the true number of detected calls accurately and precisely. However, misclassification and uncertainty increase the variance of the estimates. If the true numbers of detections from different species are similar, then a small amount of misclassification between species and a small amount of uncertainty in the probabilities of misclassification does not have a detrimental effect on the overall variance and bias of the estimate. However, if there is a difference in the encounter rate between species calls associated with a large amount of uncertainty in the probabilities of misclassification, then the variance of the estimates becomes larger and the bias increases; this in return increases the variance and the bias of the final abundance estimate. This study despite not bringing perfect results highlights for the first time the importance of dealing with the problem of species misclassification for cetacean if acoustic detections are to be used to estimate abundance of cetaceans.

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Books on the topic "Whales Whales Whales Cetacea Cetacea Cetacea"

1

Sea World. Education Department. Whales. Sea World, 1990.

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ill, Bonforte Lisa, ed. Whales. Doubleday, 1987.

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Gilda, Berger, ed. Whales. Scholastic, 2003.

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Whales & dolphins. Kidsbooks, 1994.

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Steve, Parker. Whales and dolphins. Sierra Club Books for Children, 1994.

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Ericson, Anton. Whales and dolphins. Rourke Pub., 2001.

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Steve, Parker. Whales and dolphins. Windmill Books, 2011.

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Encounters with whales & dolphins. Hodder and Stoughton, 1988.

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Doak, Wade. Encounters with whales & dolphins. Sheridan House, 1989.

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Hodge, Judith. Whales. Barron's Educational Series, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Whales Whales Whales Cetacea Cetacea Cetacea"

1

Gatesy, John. "Molecular Evidence for the Phylogenetic Affinities of Cetacea." In The Emergence of Whales. Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0159-0_3.

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2

Buchholtz, Emily A. "Implications of Vertebral Morphology for Locomotor Evolution in Early Cetacea." In The Emergence of Whales. Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0159-0_11.

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Geisler, Jonathan H., and Zhexi Luo. "Relationships of Cetacea to Terrestrial Ungulates and the Evolution of Cranial Vasculature in Cete." In The Emergence of Whales. Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0159-0_6.

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4

Rosas, Fernando César Weber, Artur Andriolo, and Tatiana Lucena Pimentel. "Orders Cetacea and Pinnipedia (Whales, Dolphins, Seals, Fur Seals, Sea Lions)." In Biology, Medicine, and Surgery of South American Wild Animals. Iowa State University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470376980.ch30.

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5

Thewissen, J. G. M. "Cetacean Origins." In The Emergence of Whales. Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0159-0_16.

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6

Ketten, Darlene R. "Cetacean Ears." In Hearing by Whales and Dolphins. Springer New York, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1150-1_2.

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7

Jamieson, Dale, and Tom Regan. "Whales are Not Cetacean Resources." In Advances in Animal Welfare Science 1984. Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4998-0_7.

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8

Luo, Zhexi. "Homology and Transformation of Cetacean Ectotympanic Structures." In The Emergence of Whales. Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0159-0_9.

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9

Williams, Ellen M. "Synopsis of the Earliest Cetaceans." In The Emergence of Whales. Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0159-0_1.

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10

Milinkovitch, Michel C., Martine Bérubé, and Per J. Palsbøll. "Cetaceans Are Highly Derived Artiodactyls." In The Emergence of Whales. Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0159-0_4.

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