Academic literature on the topic 'What is lexical syntactic stylistic devices'

This article gives information about Lexical syntactic stylistic devices. In this article it has several paragraphs, which give full data about this. It is based on what is lexical-syntactic stylistic devices. In short, lexical-syntactic stylistic devices include climax, antithesis, litotes, simile, periphrasis, ellipses.  What is  lexical syntactic stylistic devices? What is simile? What is the difference between litotes and ellipses? In this article, candidates can learn how to be a good learner and what is lexical syntactic stylistic devices. And candidates can learn how to use it?

The purpose of this paper is to summarize some preliminary research on textual cohesion in Hindi. The study of linguistic cohesion attempts to isolate linguistic devices used to ‘link’ sentences in a discourse. The present study was undertaken to find out exactly what cohesion devices are used in Hindi and how the linking texture of Hindi discourses differs from that of English. Although both Hindi and English use some of the same cohesion devices, there are both quantitative and qualitative differences in their textures. This paper focuses on Hindi-particular cohesion devices and on devices differentially exploited to Hindi and English. An example of a Hindi particular cohesion device is ‘Adjective Promotion’. The differential exploitation of the device of co-referential NP provides an example of the second type of difference between the two languages. Hindi uses it far more frequently than English. Our results also provide evidence for the hypothesis that parallel sublanguages of Hindi and English are more alike in their cohesive texture than are different sub-languages of either of these two languages. ‘Stylistic contact’ in the domain of more technical sublanguage may provide an explanation for this. Our study shows not only what some of the Hindi-particular cohesion devies are but also how a large number of shared cohesion devices are differentially exploited by different languages and what sorts of trade-offs are made amongst the major types of cohesion devices (semantic, syntactic, morphological, and lexical).

To begin with, stylistics in the one hand is a discipline of applied linguistics that utilizes linguistic theories, perspectives and methods in analyzing all the literary narratives. More tellingly, stylistics in the one side is a field of study that stands between literary criticism and linguistics, i.e. it involves both literature and linguistics. Foregrounding in the other side refers to the use of literary devices (poetic language, parallelism and deviation for instance) for the sake of challenging the common and/or traditional literary norms and achieving deautomatization or literary –aesthetic functions. In addition, e. e. Cummings American poet;is considered as one of the most celebrated poets in the modern period. He is worldly known for his Avant-grade typography, nonconformist construction and eccentric capitalization. Therefore, the main contention of this paper is to analyze literarily and stylistically Cummings’ poem Buffalo Bill in all the stylistic levels (graphological, phonological, lexical, morphological, syntactic and semantic levels). Accordingly, this paper presents e. e. Cummings as a unique modernist poet. It explains extensively what do the concepts foregrounding and stylistics mean. Besides, this paper argues how Cummings resolved to accomplish ‘literariness’ in his poem through using eccentric typography, rebellious structures and uncommon capitalization.

Mikhail Zoshchenko creates specific configurations of word and stylistic constructions using foreign-language parentheses in form of separate lexems, expressions and syntactic structures inserted into passages of a protagonist’s speech. The phenomenon of compilation of Russian and foreign-language forms [or quasi-foreign — taking into consideration the significant number of distortions] can be illustrated by the short story ‘История с переодеванием’. The interlocutors in the text, who in fact cannot speak any foreign language, pretend to use ‘foreign’ words and expressions, involving themselves in a specific verbal game. Their dialogue consists of collocations carried to absurdity, for example: ‘...их бин ейне шамбер-циммер Испания. Компрене? Испания. Падеспань’; ‘Ву зет Германия, одер, может быть, что-нибудь другое?’. Such words and foreign illogical collocations appear to be a unique stylistic device in Zoshchenko’s texts. Their specific features are determined by foreign lexical units usually belonging to several languages. Most frequent are syntactic structures containing Germanisms and Gallicisms. What is more, in Zoshchenko’s texts the foreign parenthetic words and expressions are used exclusively in Russian graphics, which leads to certain changes and modifications of their semantic and phonetic structures according to the model of the Russian language. Transliteration does not reflect the adequate articulation of foreign words and, consequently, results in grotesque effects.

The article examines the linguistic and stylistic features of a new genre of literature — the mobile novel. It is noted that the development of communica- tion technologies in the period of the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st centuries became the impetus for the emergence of hybrid forms that arose during the transition of classical genres to a new for them interactive environ- ment and the development of new means of artistic expression based on modern telecommunication technologies, which include mobile novel. It was determined that the purely linguistic features of the texts of this genre include the use of abbre- viations; colloquial, simplified and lapidary style; frequent omission of dramatic dialogues, which allows the reader to independently guess and interpret what they have read; the sharp unfolding of plots often keeps the reader in suspense and stimulates anticipation of the next part. The graphic stylistic devices of the mo- bile novel include the use of capitalization, phonetic repetitions (alliteration or assonance), the use of emoji, unconventional punctuation (the use of hyphens, infinity signs, exclamation marks in the middle of the sentence, etc.). During the experimental study, the linguistic stylistic features of the mobile novel “Second- Hand Memories” by the English-speaking author of Japanese origin Takatsu were analyzed. In the process of research, the compositional structure, plot line, roles of the main characters, as well as linguistic stylistic phenomena of the three levels of language — phonographical, lexical and grammatical, and syntactic — were analyzed.

In the research, we understand newspaper discourse as a special type of discourse, which is represented in newspapers, the main purpose of which is to promptly present information about events taking place in the world and in Ukraine in particular, collected from various sources, with relevant comments and thorough analysis. We consider a comprehensive understanding of newspaper discourse during the war to be a rather urgent problem for several reasons. First, it is a period of heightened tension in society, when mass media play an important role in shaping public opinion. Newspaper discourse, as a component of media discourse, is one of the most influential means of mass communication, and its research makes it possible to understand exactly how newspaper texts shape public opinion, support the moral spirit of the people, patriotism and fighting spirit of Ukrainians, and what language means journalists use for the function of persuasion and arguments. Secondly, the war period is a time when not only the socio-political situation in the country changes, but also the language of newspaper publications becomes more expressive with the appearance of new terms, abbreviations, and other linguistic constructions used to describe military events and processes that cause considerable emotions in society. Therefore, the study of newspaper discourse during the war allows studying not only the rhetorical devices used in newspapers and publications, but also to trace changes in the language system, in particular, in the genre and stylistic organization of newspaper texts. Taking into account the persuasive nature of newspaper discourse (the ability to influence the beliefs, thoughts, feelings, or behaviour of other people), we believe that the main goal of a journalist in the realities of today is not just to inform the audience, but also to convince the public of the need for a patriotic fighting spirit during wartime, and peripeteia. The implementation of persuasive influence in newspaper communication involves the use of language as the main tool of persuasion. The influence on the reader can be exerted in various ways, thanks to a well-thought-out system of lexical, grammatical, syntactic and stylistic means that harmoniously interact with each other. Also, persuasiveness includes the use of various communication strategies and tools in order to convince others, namely: logical arguments, use of facts and evidence, emotional appeal, use of authoritative sources, non-verbal semiotic resources, social influence and other rhetorical techniques and tactics.

This article gives information about Syntactic stylistic devices. In this article it has several paragraphs, which give full data about this. It is based on what is syntactic stylistic devices. In short, syntactic stylistic devices include inversion, indivisible structures, parallel devices, chiasm, repetition, ellipse, accent, counting, gradation, antithesis, and each of them performs a specific function. What is indivisible structures? What is the difference between chiasm and repetition? What is ellipse? In this article, candidates can learn how to be a good learner and what is stylistic devices and how to use it.

Increasing of language contacts, globalization and internationalization of public relations, expansion of modern information technologies encourage a comprehensive study of modern English communication. Political activity has always played a special role in society. An important role in determining the country’s international image is played by its presentation by the country’s political leaders. With the help of speeches, politicians have the opportunity to address both the international community and the citizens of their country. Direct contact with the audience determines the choice of lexical, syntactic and phonetic means in the design of speech. Political speeches have three main functions: the communication function, the announcement function and the influence function. American oratory theorists point to the need for the speaker to concentrate on composing his speech, taking into account the audience reaction what he is trying to provoke. Much attention in the American oratory theory is paid to the speech compositional construction. One of the political discourse genres is political speech. Presidential political speech is an oral political text, which is proclaimed by the president to a mass audience, sets urgent tasks in a particular sphere of public life, and gives recommendations for the implementation of tasks. It performs the functions of persuasion, agitation, congratulations, has a pre-created script, which depends on the communicative situation. The construction of a political speech is based on the principle of argumentation (introduction, main part, final part), which facilitates the speech audience perception. The study was based on the political speeches texts of two American presidents – John F. Kennedy, Ronald Reagan and presidential candidate Hillary Clinton. The analyzed speeches have different topics: inaugural addresses of presidents, comments during hostilities and diplomatic (delivered during visits). The article highlights the concept of political discourse; it’s identified and described the main types of political speeches; revealed the linguistic and stylistic features and expression means of John F. Kennedy’s; Ronald Reagan; Hillary Clinton political speeches.Key words: English discourse, political speeches, linguistic and stylistic aspect, translation aspect, rhetorical devices. Розширення мовних контактів, глобалізація та інтернаціоналізація суспільних відносин, впровадження сучасних інформаційних технологій спонукають до всебічного дослідження сучасної англомовної комунікації. Політична діяльність завжди відігравала особливу роль у житті суспільства. Політичний дискурс – це явище, з яким люди стикаються щодня. Боротьба за владу є основною темою та рушійним мотивом цієї сфери спіл-кування. Політична комунікація, орієнтована на викладення тих чи інших політичних подій, пропаганду ідей, установок, цінностей, володіє емоційним та інтелектуальним впливом на свідомість громадян. Важливу роль у визначенні іміджу країни відіграє спосіб презентації політичними лідерами держави. За допомогою виступів політики мають можливість звернутися як до міжнародної спільноти, так і до громадян своєї країни. Прямий контакт з аудиторією зумовлює вибір лексичних, синтаксичних і фонетичних засобів в оформленні промови. Політичні промови мають три основні функції: функцію спілкування, функцію повідомлення та функцію впливу. Теоретики американського ораторського мистецтва вказують на необхідність оратора сконцентруватися на тому, щоб його промова була складена, враховуючи реакцію аудиторії, яку він намагається викликати. Велика увага в теорії американського ораторського мистецтва приділяється композиційній побудові ораторської промови. Одним із жанрів політичного дискурсу є політична промова. Президентська політична промова – це усний політичний текст, який проголошується президентом перед масовою аудиторією, ставить назрілі завдання в тій чи іншій сфері громадського життя, дає рекомендації щодо здійснення поставлених завдань. Вона виконує функції переконання, агітації, вітання, має завчасно створений сценарій, який залежить від комунікативної ситуації. Побудова політичної промови засновується на принципі аргументації (вступ, основна частина, завершальна частина), що полегшує сприйняття промови аудиторією. На основі аналізу текстів політичних промов можна змоделювати інтереси, вподобання, типові реакції політичного лідера, його уявлення про друзів і ворогів. Матеріалом дослідження слугували тексти політичних промов двох американських президентів – Джона Кеннеді, Рональда Рейгана – й кандидата в президенти Гілларі Клінтон. Проаналізовані промови мають різну тематику: інавгураційні звернення президентів, коментарі під час воєнних дій і дипломатичні (що виголошувалися під час візитів). У статті викладено поняття політичного дискурсу; визначено й описано основні типи полі-тичних промов; виявлено лінгвостилістичні особливості й засоби вираження політичних промов Джона Кеннеді, Рональда Рейгана, Гілларі Клінтон.Ключові слова:англомовний дискурс, політичні промови, лінгвостилістичний аспект, перекладацький аспект, риторичні прийоми.

The article examines the lexical-semantic or semasiological and syntactic stylistically marked units of Agatha Christie's literary discourse based on the material of the novel "And then there were none". The stylistically marked units not only enhance the expressiveness of the literary text but also attract the reader's attention and are of great interest in analysing and reproducing them from one language into another. The rendering of lexical- semantic and syntactic stylistically marked units in literary texts can be a translation problem, because the successful translation of such stylistic phenomena requires the translator to have considerable literary flair, the ability to distinguish and master various stylistic devices in order to effectively and perfectly reproduce them using the means of the target language. The following methods of translation of author's stylistic devices can be distinguished: complete or full translation (retaining of trope and image); retaining the image but with the replacement of the trope; retaining of the trope with a partial replacement of the image; partial replacement of both the image and the trope with another semantically similar trope; omission of image, translation by the lexical means with direct semantics. In the lexical-semantic or semasiological group the main attention is given to such stylistic devices as antithesis, epithet, simile, metaphor, metonymy, and gradation; in the syntactic group the main attention is paid to inversion, repetitions, parallelism, break in the narrative, and chiasm. Having analysed Agatha Christie's novel «And then there were none», we found that in the lexical-semantic group of stylistically marked units, the translator, in most cases, carried out a complete translation of both the tropes and the images they embody. In several cases, we noticed the replacement of the trope and/or the replacement of the image. In the syntactic group of stylistically marked units the complete translation of stylistic devices was also carried out. Changing of syntactic devices is not usually typical, only in one case. Omission of semasiological and syntactic stylistically marked units was not found.

Stylistic expressive means of the language are phonetic, lexical, phraseological and syntactical forms that exist in the language as a system for the purpose of logical and emotional intensification of the utterance [1, 93]. These intensifying forms, wrought by social usage and recognized by their semantic function, have been singled out in textbooks as having special functions in making the utterances emphatic. Stylistic expressive means and stylistic devices introduce connotational (stylistic, non-denotative) meanings into utterances. According to the principles of their formation, stylistic devices are grouped into phonetic, lexico-semantic and syntactic types.

This volume contains sixteen chapters addressing the process of syntactic change at different granularities. The language-particular component of a grammar is now usually assumed to be nothing more than the specification of the grammatical properties of a set of lexical items. Accordingly, grammar change must reduce to lexical change. And yet these micro-changes can cumulatively alter the typological character of a language (a macro-change). A central puzzle in diachronic syntax is how to relate macro-changes to micro-changes. Several chapters in this volume describe specific micro-changes: changes in the syntactic properties of a particular lexical item or class of lexical items. Other chapters explore links between micro-change and macro-change, using devices such as grammar competition at the individual and population level, recurring diachronic pathways, and links between acquisition biases and diachronic processes. This book is therefore a great companion to the recent literature on micro- versus macro-approaches to parameters in synchronic syntax. One of its important contributions is the demonstration that we can learn a great deal about synchronic linguistics through the way languages change: the case studies included provide diachronic insight into many syntactic constructions that have been the target of extensive recent synchronic research, including tense, aspect, relative clauses, stylistic fronting, verb second, demonstratives, and negation. Languages discussed include several archaic and contemporary Romance and Germanic varieties, as well as Greek, Hungarian, and Chinese, among many others.

The study of Ernest Hemingway’s work never loses its relevance, because with each aspect revealed, scientists discover new and unknown limits to its potential. That is why we decided to reveal the issue of the extension of the sentence model and its complicated structure in the autobiographical novel A Farewell to Arms. The aim is to determine lexical and semantic aspects of the extension of the sentence model, including repetition and its types in Ernest Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms. This paper investigates stylistic devices of repetition (consecutive contact repetition, anaphora, epiphora, framing, reduplication, chiasm), enumeration, tautology, polysyndeton, and parallelism. The lexical and semantic aspects of these figures are analysed according to the methods of content analysis, comparative method, deduction, and logical approach. The main definitions are given and the theoretical basis of the studied phenomenon is described. Communicative functions, structural types, and the classification of certain stylistic devices are analysed. A comparison of the indicated units in the Ukrainian translation and in the work in the original language is made. The hidden meanings are embedded in the means of repetition and used in the novel. Conclusions are made about the novel by Ernest Hemingway. To summarize, we want to highlight the writer’s impressive potential for skill and efficiency in the use of stylistic figures. He portrayed war as a series of recurring phenomena, beginning with the first chapter. This is what helped to recreate the semantic colour and general message of the novel, allowing the reader to fully experience the atmosphere of past events. Thus, the use of such devices as repetition, enumeration, tautology, polysyndeton, and parallelism are important components in any novel, because they carry a significant baggage of communicative functions and meanings. The results extend our knowledge of their communicative functions, structure, and assigned features. With a database of all links, the reader could fully understand the significance of their usage and the transformation of the story they led to. Practical implication. Thegreater demand for translation from English to Ukrainian justifies the need for more effective approaches, and this research paper will help to understand more about the different lexical-semantic aspects and peculiarities of the translation. Value. The paper will expand the knowledge of Ernest Hemingway’s style of writing for those who are directly concerned with his creative path.

This chapter provides a qualitative stylistic perspective on how print journalism encapsulates informativeness as one of the standards of textuality. A sample over a 12-month period from the headlines on the front pages was selected. The dominant lexical features of the sample are initially identified through frequency observation and keying, followed by a qualitative analysis from the standpoint of the stylistic projection of news value. The analysis delineates varying levels of informativeness in the headlines. Headlines embody first-level informative and elliptical characteristics, yet their predominant content presents a specific perspective. The informativeness of these headlines occasionally exceeds the appropriate dimensions, implying an excess of information beyond what would be necessary. Informative models temper or personalize the information interwoven with devices as an attempt for accuracy and informativeness. It reflects on the implications of incorporating various levels of informativeness known in print journalism. A quantitative content analysis method was employed, examining headlines and comparing newspapers. Additionally, a framing analysis was used to scrutinize the positioning and perspective of headlines. Therefore, based on the diversity of people, cultures, and religions in the western Balkans, their distinct approach to headlines was observed, displaying a specific perspective recognized in the media as subjectivity.

Artificial intelligence is about to reshape the world and redefine the relationship humans maintain with their professional activities. Recent machine translation systems, as well as the prior generation of statistical machine translation, rely on extensive aligned corpora and generate outputs whose quality can compete with human translations. This is particularly the case for technical and even medical texts. The role of the translator is to be questioned. Could algorithms potentially substitute this profession? Certain texts types, such as legal and literary ones, remain resistant to machine translation. The main obstacle for these systems is their lack of direct, tangible interaction with the outer reality from which these texts emerge, hence the systems’ inability to understand and interpret them. The ability of Transformer models is confined to analyzing intra-sentential context. In 2017, a new player entered the machine translation scene, DeepL, whose primary advantage lies in its integration of the Linguee database, an enormous parallel corpus of high-quality human translations. Generative natural language models include translation functionality. These models can be trained to identify or even replicate specific literary styles. Since literary works are replete with wordplay, extratextual references, and stylistic devices, we propose to investigate whether the task of decoding their message, particularly the author’s intent (understood as the addresser) via algorithms remains a chimera. Research efforts within the domain of natural language processing, such as the creation of parallel corpora, text “cleaning” and the morphological and syntactic annotation of texts (pre editing) have undeniably played a significant role in achieving a level of quality superior to that of rule-based or statistical systems. The results achieved in the field of automatic literary translation, however, do not meet the high demand upheld by human translation (biotranslation). How automatic translation systems are created and how do they function? What parallel corpora are? Are parallel corpora sufficient for generating high-quality automatic literary translations? What quality in translation is? Is there any evaluation metrics for human translations? And what about the metrics used to assess machine translations by humans? What is the current state of automatic translation for texts from classical Romanian literature? These are some of the questions we commit to answering in this paper.