To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Wheat genetics and cultivation.
Journal articles on the topic 'Wheat genetics and cultivation'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Wheat genetics and cultivation.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Kohli, M. M., Y. R. Mehta, E. Guzman, L. De Viedma, and L. E. Cubilla. "Pyricularia blast – a threat to wheat cultivation." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 47, Special Issue (October 20, 2011): S130—S134. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3267-cjgpb.
Full textAbstract:
Wheat blast disease caused by Pyricularia grisea (telemorph Magnaporthe grisea) has become a serious restriction on increasing the area and production of the crop, especially in the tropical parts of the Southern Cone Region of South America. First identified in 1985 in the State of Paraná in Brazil, it has become an endemic disease in the low lying Santa Cruz region of Bolivia, south and south-eastern Paraguay, and central and southern Brazil in recent years. Severe infections have also been observed in the summer planted wheat crop in north-eastern Argentina. So far, only sporadic infections have been seen in Uruguay, especially during the wet and warm years. Spike infection (often confused with Fusarium head blight infection) is the most notable symptom of the disease and capable of causing over 40% production losses. However, under severe infection, the loss of production can be almost complete in susceptible varieties. Wheat blast is mainly a spike disease but can also produce lesions on all the above ground parts of the plant under certain conditions. Depending upon the point of the infection on the rachis, the disease can kill the spike partially or fully. The infected portion of the spike dries out without producing any grain which can be visibly distinguished from the healthy portion. While virulence diversity in the fungus has been reported in the literature and is under further exploration, genetic resistance in the host species has been more difficult to identify. Earlier, Brazilian cultivars such as BH 1146, CNT 8, several IAC and OCEPAR selections were credited as demonstrating different levels of field resistance, but this was not confirmed under artificial inoculation studies. However, other cultivars such as BR18, IPR 85, CD 113, have shown moderate levels of resistance over the years in many locations. Recently, several cultivars and advanced lines derived from the CIMMYT line, Milan, have been observed to carry a high level of resistance to blast disease throughout the endemic region. However, to date, the genetic basis of this resistance is not very clear due to extreme variation in the pathogen. Cultivars showing complete resistance against a few isolates under controlled conditions in the glasshouse, may or may not show field resistance in commercial cultivation. Due to an increase of the area under Milan based resistant wheat cultivars in Bolivia, Brazil and Paraguay, it needs to be combined with other sources of resistance urgently to prevent the selection of a virulent pathotype in the fungus. Besides genetic resistance, avoidance of early dates of seeding and chemical control can reduce the disease severity. Fungicides combining triazols with strobilurins can, under some situations, be effective in disease control at the heading stage. Even when all components of integrated disease management of wheat blast are not in place yet, it is seen as an essential strategy to reduce production losses in this region. Given the threat that the blast disease may pose to world wheat growing areas in the future, more research efforts are deemed urgent and necessary.
2
Ni, J., B. Feng, Z. Xu, and T. Wang. "Dynamic changes of wheat quality during grain filling in waxy wheat WX12." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 47, Special Issue (October 20, 2011): S182—S185. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3277-cjgpb.
Full textAbstract:
Changes of quality traits such as grain sugar, starch, and protein content in full waxy and normal wheat in field grown samples was studied during grain filling. Compared to the normal line, the soluble sugar, sucrose and pentosan contents were higher in the waxy isoline. The highest pentosan content in waxy wheat was 22–27 days after flowering (DAF), while the highest fructan content was 7–12 DAF. In addition, the quality dynamic changes of two wheat lines were similar except for starch content during grain filling, the V<sub>max</sub> of starch synthesis were highest at 17–22 DAF in the waxy line, while this was at 22–27 DAF in the normal line. The results indicated that according to the different dynamic changes between waxy and common wheat, the quality of waxy wheat may be improved by optimum cultivation measures.
3
Velimirovic, Ana, Zoran Jovovic, and Novo Przulj. "From neolithic to late modern period: Brief history of wheat." Genetika 53, no. 1 (2021): 407–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr2101407v.
Full textAbstract:
History of wheat cultivation is as long as history of civilization. Adaptation of nature, animal domestication and plant cultivation, enabled transition from nomadism to sedentism 12,000 years ago, portraying the rise of Homo sapiens of today. First civilization, Mesopotamia aroused around 4000 B.C.E, in the riverbanks of Tiger and Euphrates, where carbon-14 dating revealed that tetraploid wild emmer (Triticum turgidum subsp. dicoccoides) was grown. Due to modest cultivation requirements and high nutritional value, wheat quickly spread from its centre of origin throughout the world. Generations of farmers have chosen seeds from plants with best architecture, adapted to local conditions for sowing, striving toward constant improvement of yields. For centuries agricultural production was based on locally adapted wheat varieties of great genetic diversity. Agriculture completely changed its course in mid-XX century as a result of Green Revolution, introduction of high-yielding cereal varieties, chemical fertilizers and pesticides, irrigation and mechanization replacing traditional techniques. The flourishing of agriculture has drastically changed the course of agricultural development and global society. Improvement of agricultural techniques by integrating scientific advancements and knowledge to assimilate environmental factors has tripled wheat yields in last 50 years. Today, wheat, maize and rice, represent staple food for humanity.
4
Abbo, Shahal, Avi Gopher, Zvi Peleg, Yehoshua Saranga, Tzion Fahima, Francesco Salamini, and Simcha Lev-Yadun. "The ripples of "The Big (agricultural) Bang": the spread of early wheat cultivation." Genome 49, no. 8 (August 1, 2006): 861–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g06-049.
Full textAbstract:
Demographic expansion and (or) migrations leave their mark in the pattern of DNA polymorphisms of the respective populations. Likewise, the spread of cultural phenomena can be traced by dating archaeological finds and reconstructing their direction and pace. A similar course of events is likely to have taken place following the "Big Bang" of the agricultural spread in the Neolithic Near East from its core area in southeastern Turkey. Thus far, no attempts have been made to track the movement of the founder genetic stocks of the first crop plants from their core area based on the genetic structure of living plants. In this minireview, we re-interpret recent wheat DNA polymorphism data to detect the genetic ripples left by the early wave of advance of Neolithic wheat farming from its core area. This methodology may help to suggest a model charting the spread of the first farming phase prior to the emergence of truly domesticated wheat types (and other such crops), thereby increasing our resolution power in studying this revolutionary period of human cultural, demographic, and social evolution.Key words: early wave of advance of Neolithic farming, genetic ripples, Neolithic revolution, origin of Near Eastern agriculture.
5
Hyles, Jessica, Maxwell T. Bloomfield, James R. Hunt, Richard M. Trethowan, and Ben Trevaskis. "Phenology and related traits for wheat adaptation." Heredity 125, no. 6 (May 26, 2020): 417–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41437-020-0320-1.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Wheat is a major food crop, with around 765 million tonnes produced globally. The largest wheat producers include the European Union, China, India, Russia, United States, Canada, Pakistan, Australia, Ukraine and Argentina. Cultivation of wheat across such diverse global environments with variation in climate, biotic and abiotic stresses, requires cultivars adapted to a range of growing conditions. One intrinsic way that wheat achieves adaptation is through variation in phenology (seasonal timing of the lifecycle) and related traits (e.g., those affecting plant architecture). It is important to understand the genes that underlie this variation, and how they interact with each other, other traits and the growing environment. This review summarises the current understanding of phenology and developmental traits that adapt wheat to different environments. Examples are provided to illustrate how different combinations of alleles can facilitate breeding of wheat varieties with optimal crop performance for different growing regions or farming systems.
6
Matsuoka, Yoshihiro, Mohammad Jaffar Aghaei, Mohammad Reza Abbasi, Abdolhosain Totiaei, Javad Mozafari, and Shoji Ohta. "Durum wheat cultivation associated with Aegilops tauschii in northern Iran." Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 55, no. 6 (November 23, 2007): 861–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10722-007-9290-x.
Full text
7
Zharkova, S. V., and E. I. Dvornikova. "Evaluation of spring soft wheat varieties and zonal features of seed production in the Altai Territory." Kormlenie sel'skohozjajstvennyh zhivotnyh i kormoproizvodstvo (Feeding of agricultural animals and feed production), no. 5 (May 1, 2021): 54–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-05-2105-07.
Full textAbstract:
One of the leading grain crops in Russia is spring wheat. This is a strategic food crop of our country; it is also an important component in the structure of forage crops for monogastric animals, such as pigs and poultry. The purpose of the research was to evaluate spring soft wheat varieties of different maturity groups in order to identify genotypes as the starting material for obtaining varieties adapted to the cultivation zones, and to determine the areas optimal for the production of grain for seed purposes with high quality indicators. Field studies have been carried out in three ecologically different zones: the Priobskaya zone, the Prialtaiskaya zone, and the Prisalairskaya zone. Under the conditions of the Altai Territory, genetic sources of spring soft wheat have been identifi ed for different soil and climatic parameters of the study zones, the use of which will allow obtaining high-yielding varieties with high quality grain for specific cultivation conditions. The variability of the indicators of the characteristics of varieties in three ecologically different zones has been determined. The indicators of adaptability and stability of spring soft wheat varieties in different zones of cultivation have been determined. The optimal zones for conducting breeding work and seed production of varieties have been identifi ed. New scientific data on the quality parameters of seed grain in various agro-climatic zones of the Altai Territory have been obtained. The share of the contribution of the factors “variety”, “year”, “environment” to the variability of grain quality characteristics has been established. The economic efficiency of cultivating varieties of spring soft wheat for the production of high-quality seed grain has been determined.
8
Wang, Y., S. Chen, H. Sun, and X. Zhang. "Effects of different cultivation practices on soil temperature and wheat spike differentiation." Cereal Research Communications 37, no. 4 (December 2009): 575–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/crc.37.2009.4.12.
Full text
9
Rebouh, Nazih Yacer, Morad Latati, Peter Polityko, Zargar Maisam, Nyasha John Kavhiza, Nina Garmasch, Elena Pakina, et al. "Improvement of Weeds Management System and Fertilisers Application in Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cultivation Technologies." Agriculture (Pol'nohospodárstvo) 67, no. 2 (July 1, 2021): 76–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/agri-2021-0007.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Wheat production plays a central role in the Russian agricultural system and significant land area is dedicated to this strategic crop. However, the wheat enterprise is highly constrained by weed interference which cause serious yield losses hence minimizing production income. The main objective of the study was to assess the efficacy of three various cultivation technologies as basic, intensive, and highly intensive systems on wheat biological efficiency. Three weed species Echinochloa crus-galli, Stellaria media, and Viola arvensis, and three winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties Moscovskaya 40 (V1), Nemchinovskaya 17 (V2) and Nemchinovskaya 85 (V3) were studied. The data was analysed as a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Weed density, biological efficiency, yield performances, and selected qualitative parameters (measured through protein and gluten contents) were determined as affected by different cultivation technologies. The results showed that the high intensive cultivation technology (T3) was the most effective in reducing weed infestation levels as follows (0.3 plant/m2 Echinochloa crus-galli, 0.5 plant/m2 Stellaria media and 0.4 plant/m2 Viola arvensis) with biological efficiency of 96%, while 81% and 90% were recorded with basic and intensive cultivation system respectively. Moreover, the highest wheat yield 10.6 t/ha was obtained by T3, with the greatest grain quality 5% higher than basic cultivation technology designated in T1. The results were variety-dependent revealing the intrinsic genetic performances and the different patterns of high competitive ability. The current results open real opportunities concerning the implementation of potent wheat production systems.
10
Mazur, Viktor, Hanna Pantsyreva, and Yurii Kopytchuk. "CONSERVATION SOIL FERTILITY SOUND USE SYSTEM OF FERTILIZATION AND SEEDING RATE WINTER WHEAT." Agriculture and Forestry, no. 2 (October 30, 2020): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2707-5826-2020-2-1.
Full textAbstract:
The biological yield potential of modern winter wheat varieties has been established. The market, changes of organizational and ownership structures in the agricultural sector are studied. The problem of stable and reliable production of winter wheat grain and improvement of its quality has been disclosed. The works of domestic and foreign scientists have been analyzed and their significant contribution to the creation of modern cultivation technology ensuring high profitability of winter wheat has been determined. Grain yields for competitive production are proved. The article is based on the importance in the technological regulation of cultivation of such components as rational fertilization, reasonable sowing norms, which allow to manage the production process of winter wheat crops and to receive high yields, to increase the economic efficiency of cultivation of crops. The efficiency of application of the increased background of fertilizer at the seeding rate of 3.0 million pieces is theoretically substantiated and experimentally proved. us. / ha to realize the genetic potential of winter wheat under the conditions of PE "Zetto", which is located in the village. Klekotina of Shargorod district, Vinnytsia region in the zone of Right-bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine. The system of agrotechnical measures and their combination in the technology of cultivation is optimized and economically justified, which ensures stable high yield and good quality of winter wheat grain. It is established that for optimization of production processes of plants and rational use of natural and climatic potential of the region and material and technical resources for the purpose of stable grain production. Taking into account the complex of unsolved problems concerning the optimal rate of sowing of winter wheat seeds on the increased backgrounds of fertilizers in relation to the specific soil and climatic conditions of cultivation and biological features of modern varieties and hybrids, technological aspects of cultivation are proposed, which preserve fertility. Key words: winter wheat, soil fertility, land use, variety, seeding rate, fertilizer system.
11
Grcak, Milosav, Dragan Grcak, Radivoje Jevtic, Mirjana Lalosevic, Danijela Kondic, Jelica Zivic, and Desimir Knezevic. "Variation of spike index of cereal and index of pea pods in monocrops and intercrops system of cultivation." Genetika 51, no. 3 (2019): 1185–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1903185g.
Full textAbstract:
Parameters of plant productive organs (spike, pod etc.) are influenced by genotype of plant species and scientific technology farming measures as well environmental conditions. The aim of this study was to establish variability of spike harvest index for wheat, triticale, rye, oat and pea pods index, influenced by monocrops and intercrops system of cultivation. Four cereal species: wheat, triticale, rye and oat and one legume (pea) were included in investigation that carried out on field experimental conditions during one vegetation season. Each species were sown in monocrops and in intercrops wheat + pea, triticale + pea, rye + pea and oat + pea. Harvest index of spike variate between 65.2% (triticale intercrops) and 86.5% (oat solo). The values of spike weight and seed weight was different among the cereal species and higher in intercrops than in monocrop system of cultivation. However, only for rye in mixture with pea, harvest index (78.8%) was higher than in monocrops of rye (77.0%). Harvest index of pod variate in ratio 50.3% (pea solo) and 69.5% (in intercrops pea + rye). The values of pod weight and seed weight pod-1 was different and higher in intercrops than in monocrops system of cultivation. Harvest pod index of peas was significantly higher in mixture with each small grains species genotypes than in pea?s monocrops. On the base of result we can conclude that intercropping cereals + peas, have positive effect on spike and pod characteristics which values were higher in intercrops than in monocrops.
12
Shimazaki, Yumi, and Yoshiaki Watanabe. "Grain Protein Concentration of Wheat (T. aestivum L.)-Can cultivation techniques control the grain protein concentration of wheat?" Japanese Journal of Crop Science 79, no. 4 (2010): 407–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1626/jcs.79.407.
Full text
13
KENNEDY, T. F., J. G. McDONALD, J. CONNERY, and G. PURVIS. "A comparison of the occurrence of aphids and barley yellow dwarf virus in minimum-till and conventional-till autumn-sown cereals." Journal of Agricultural Science 148, no. 4 (May 28, 2010): 407–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859610000304.
Full textAbstract:
SUMMARYWinter barley was sown by conventional-tillage (CT) and minimum-tillage (MT) cultivation over three seasons. Each cultivation treatment was split so that straw was incorporated into the soil during cultivation in one split, while the other did not receive straw. Aphid occurrences in autumn and incidence of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) in spring were compared. Similar investigations on winter wheat were made over a further three seasons. The method of cultivation affected the number of aphids on barley and wheat plants in autumn and on wheat heads in summer; MT had fewest aphids. Soil incorporation of straw during cultivation had a similar effect. Method of cultivation affected the incidence of BYDV disease, with MT having least infection. Straw-treated cereal plots had fewer aphids and less BYDV than no-straw plots. Aphids and virus reached damaging levels only in the first barley crop. In this season, MT barley had significantly fewer aphids (48% fewer) and significantly less BYDV (71% less) than CT. Straw-treated plots within the CT system had rather similar aphid infestation and BYDV incidence as no-straw plots. Barley grown in the MT system with straw added had significantly fewer aphids (68%) than in the case when no straw was added. Overall, aphids in autumn were significantly fewer on MT relative to CT cereals in three of the six seasons and significantly fewer on straw relative to no-straw plots in two seasons. Aphids on wheat heads in summer were significantly fewer in MT relative to CT plots in one of the three seasons. Aphids on heads were also significantly fewer on straw-treated plots within each system of cultivation in two seasons, while MT wheat with straw had significantly fewer aphids/head than those without straw in one season. BYDV was lower each season in MT barley and wheat when compared with CT crops. These differences were significant for two of the three seasons in which each crop was grown. There was a lower incidence of virus in straw-treated plots than in no-straw plots. This effect was significant for one of the three seasons in which barley and wheat were grown. Plant and tiller density did not differ significantly between MT and CT barley either with or without straw incorporation. Plant density of wheat in autumn was significantly lower for straw-treated plots relative to no-straw plots in one season. Wheat head density was lower for MT relative to CT in one season, while MT with straw had significantly fewer heads than CT plots with straw in two seasons. BYDV significantly reduced grain yield only in 2001/02 when incidence of the disease was high. Grain yield in 2001/02 was 0·95 t/ha (16%) greater for MT barley, due to less BYDV, than for CT. Straw-treated CT barley outyielded no-straw plots by 0·45 t/ha, while the comparable value for the MT system was 0·3 t/ha. The combined effect of MT plus straw had a 1·24 t/ha (21%) yield advantage over CT without straw.It is concluded that MT cereals sown at the same time as CT crops in autumn have a lower risk of aphid infestation and BYDV infection than CT crops. The soil incorporation of straw further enhances the beneficial impact of MT in reducing aphids and virus.
14
Singh, P. K., E. Duveiller, and R. P. Singh. "Evaluation of CIMMYT germplasm for resistance to leaf spotting diseases of wheat." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 47, Special Issue (October 20, 2011): S102—S108. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3263-cjgpb.
Full textAbstract:
The leaf spotting disease complex is a major biotic constrain in enhancing grain production in the major wheat growing regions. Two leaf spotting diseases, tan spot, caused by an ascomycete fungus Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, and Stagonospora nodorum blotch besides causing average yield losses of 5–10%, cause significant losses in grain quality by red smudge, black point and grain shriveling. Conservation agriculture in combination with wheat monoculture involving cultivation of susceptible cultivars has resulted in frequent onset of leaf spots epidemics worldwide. Development of resistant wheat cultivars, in conjunction with crop rotation, will provide an effective, economical, and environmentally safe means of controlling leaf spot. International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Mexico has initiated major efforts to mitigate the threat of tan spot. Efforts include screening of wheat germplasm, identification of new sources of resistance, characterization of new tan spot resistance genes through classical and molecular genetic analysis, incorporation of resistance into adapted cultivars, and assessing the variability in the tan spot fungus. Screening studies reveal that elite CIMMYT germplasm has high level of resistance to tan spot caused by P. tritici-repentis race 1. These germplasm have diverse genetic make-up and the resistance is likely broad based. Association mapping studies done with CIMMYT germplasm reconfirmed the presence of previously identified genomic regions for tan spot resistance; however, novel genomic regions on long arm of chromosomes 6A and 7B have also been identified. Studies done to date indicate that CIMMYT germplasm possess high level diverse genetic based resistance to tan spot of wheat. Efforts are in place to develop desired wheat cultivars with tan spot resistance. Virulence studies indicate presence of P. tritici-repentis race 1 only with some variability in level of toxin Ptr ToxA produced in each of the 76 isolates studied.
15
Dimitrov, Evgeniy, Zlatina Uhr, and Nikolaya Velcheva. "Genetic distance of common winter wheat varieties." Genetika 53, no. 2 (2021): 521–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr2102521d.
Full textAbstract:
The study was conducted during the period 2017-2019 in the experimental field of IPGR Sadovo. Wheat is the most important agricultural crop worldwide. Bulgarian wheat production in 2019 amounts to 6.162 thousand tons - an increase of 5.7% compared to 2018, due to the relatively favorable climatic conditions in the process of crop development, which led to an increase in average yield (with 6.8%). Twenty nine common winter wheat varieties (Triticum aestivum L.) with Belorusian origin and two Bulgarian varieties - Sadovo 1 and Enola were evaluated. The studied materials were sown in 2 rows with the length - 2 m, at the row spacing - 20 cm and the distance in rows - 5 cm. The standard technology adopted in IPGR for cultivation of common winter wheat was used. The aim of this study is to investigate the genetic distance of common winter wheat genotypes with a view to their use in the breeding process as sources of initial material for the formation of new and highly productive wheat varieties. Biometric measurements were made on 20 plants of each genotype and the main productivity indicators were recorded. To evaluate the genetic similarity between the different varieties, cluster analysis and PC analysis were applied. Based on the cluster analysis, the studied genotypes are classified into five large cluster groups. With the most genetic closeness to each other are characterized the varieties Vasilisa and Uzlet, followed by Daria and Rostan. The greatest genetic distance is shown between the Bulgarian varieties Sadovo 1 and Enola to the varieties from Belarus. The greatest genetic difference was found between Sadovo 1 and Rassvet, followed by Enola and Rassvet. Genetically distant varieties belonging to different cluster groups can be used as sources of initial material to achieve genetic diversity in the breeding of common winter wheat.
16
Fiore, Mercati, Spina, Blangiforti, Venora, Dell’Acqua, Lupini, et al. "High-Throughput Genotype, Morphology, and Quality Traits Evaluation for the Assessment of Genetic Diversity of Wheat Landraces from Sicily." Plants 8, no. 5 (April 30, 2019): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants8050116.
Full textAbstract:
During the XX Century, the widespread use of modern wheat cultivars drastically reduced the cultivation of ancient landraces, which nowadays are confined to niche cultivation areas. Several durum wheat landraces adapted to the extreme environments of the Mediterranean region, are still being cultivated in Sicily, Italy. Detailed knowledge of the genetic diversity of this germplasm could lay the basis for their efficient management in breeding programs, for a wide-range range of traits. The aim of the present study was to characterize a collection of durum wheat landraces from Sicily, using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) markers, together with agro-morphological, phenological and quality-related traits. Two modern cv. Simeto, Claudio, and the hexaploid landrace, Cuccitta, were used as outgroups. Cluster analysis and Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) allowed us to identify four main clusters across the analyzed germplasm, among which a cluster included only historical and modern varieties. Likewise, structure analysis was able to distinguish the ancient varieties from the others, grouping the entries in seven cryptic genetic clusters. Furthermore, a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was able to separate the modern testers from the ancient germplasm. This approach was useful to classify and evaluate Sicilian ancient wheat germplasm, supporting their safeguard and providing a genetic fingerprint that is necessary for avoiding commercial frauds to sustaining the economic profits of farmers resorting to landraces cultivation.
17
Li, Lin, Yining Niu, Yuefeng Ruan, Ron DePauw, Asheesh Singh, and Yantai Gan. "Agronomic Advancement in Tillage, Crop Rotation, Soil Health, and Genetic Gain in Durum Wheat Cultivation: A 17-Year Canadian Story." Agronomy 8, no. 9 (September 18, 2018): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy8090193.
Full textAbstract:
The global demands for various grains, including durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.), are expected to increase substantially in the coming years, due to the ever-growing human population’s needs for food, feed, and fuel. Thus, providing consistent or increased durum grain to the world market is one of the priorities for policy-makers, researchers, and farmers. What are the major achievements in agronomic advancement for durum wheat cultivation in recent decades? How might the current cropping systems be improved to increase crop yield and quality and improve resource use efficiencies while minimizing input costs and decreasing negative impact on the environment? Canada is one of the major durum wheat producers in the world, as Canada contributes about 50% to global trade of durum grain. Canada’s research achievements in durum wheat might serve as a guide for advancing the cultivation of the crop in other regions/countries on the planet. This review summarizes the major Canadian research findings in the aspects of durum wheat agronomics during the period 2001 to 2017 years. It highlights the main advancements in seeding and tillage, crop rotation and diversification, and use of pulse-induced microbiomes to improve soil health and feedback mechanisms. The genetic gain and breeding for resistance against abiotic and biotic stresses are discussed. Finally, we identified the main constraints and suggested some near-term research priorities. The research findings highlighted in this review will be of use for other areas on the planet to increase durum wheat productivity, improve soil fertility and health, and enhance long-term sustainability.
18
Mandić, Dragan, Novo Pržulj, Goran Đurašinović, and Zoran Jovović. "Julija: New variety of wheat." Selekcija i semenarstvo 26, no. 2 (2020): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/selsem2002015m.
Full textAbstract:
Julija is a high-yielding, medium-early, quality variety of winter wheat, created by the method of hybridization of two genetically divergent parents, homozygous lines Sery 13/2, and BL 24/38. In the genetic structure of this variety, the genes responsible for high genetic potential of fertility, very good technological quality, early maturity, low winter hardiness, excellent resistance to lodging, low temperatures and diseases have been successfully combined. It was recognized and registered by the Commission for the Recognition of Varieties of the Republic of Serbia in 2020. It has wide adaptability and yield stability, which allows successful cultivation in different climatic and soil conditions and at different levels of cultural practices. The cultivar Julija achieved an average yield of 8.38 t ha-1 in both years of testing and in all localities, and the cultivar Standard Ranesansa yielded 7.83 tha-1 and the cultivar standard Ns 40-S 8.19 tha-1. It has a high level of drought tolerance. Based on the indicators of technological quality, it is classified in the I technological group.
19
Šileikiene, D., V. Rutkoviene, and J. Pekarskas. "The impact of winter wheat cultivation practices on the quality of soil and grain." Cereal Research Communications 34, no. 1 (March 2006): 649–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/crc.34.2006.1.162.
Full text
20
BOYD, L. A. "Can Robigus defeat an old enemy? – Yellow rust of wheat." Journal of Agricultural Science 143, no. 4 (August 2005): 233–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859605005095.
Full textAbstract:
The rust diseases have plagued cereal cultivation from the early days of domestication. Biblical accounts report on the plight of Hebrews resulting from severe rust epidemics, while the ancient Greeks and Romans made offerings to the corn god, Robigus in attempts to defeat these devastating diseases (McIntosh et al. 1995). Man's approaches to fighting plant disease have changed since the time of the Romans, but still the fight continues. While we may have won many battles, the war is not yet over.
21
Devi, Sapna, and Geeta Sumbali. "Suitability of three different cereal grains for spawn development and their impact on the growth and yield of Macrocybe gigantea (Massee) Pegler & Lod." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 13, no. 1 (March 8, 2021): 204–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i1.2547.
Full textAbstract:
Mushroom cultivation is an economical biotechnological process for the conversion of various unused lignocellulosic wastes into protein rich food. The present study was conducted to assess the suitability of three different cereal grains viz., bajra (Pennisetum glaucum L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) for spawn production of Macrocybe gigantea (Massee) Pegler & Lod. and further its cultivation on two agrowastes (wheat straw and paddy straw) for assessing biological efficacy. It was observed that among the three cereal grains tested, bajra grains took significantly (P?0.05) less time for spawn development. Moreover, a minimum period of spawn run (16.3 days), highest sporophore yield (343.6g/500g of dry substrate) and biological efficiency (68.7%) were also recorded from substrate bags inoculated with bajra grain spawn. These results suggest the use of bajra grain spawn for quick and successful cultivation of M. gigantea.
22
Hobbs, Peter R., Ken Sayre, and Raj Gupta. "The role of conservation agriculture in sustainable agriculture." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363, no. 1491 (July 24, 2007): 543–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2169.
Full textAbstract:
The paper focuses on conservation agriculture (CA), defined as minimal soil disturbance (no-till, NT) and permanent soil cover (mulch) combined with rotations, as a more sustainable cultivation system for the future. Cultivation and tillage play an important role in agriculture. The benefits of tillage in agriculture are explored before introducing conservation tillage (CT), a practice that was borne out of the American dust bowl of the 1930s. The paper then describes the benefits of CA, a suggested improvement on CT, where NT, mulch and rotations significantly improve soil properties and other biotic factors. The paper concludes that CA is a more sustainable and environmentally friendly management system for cultivating crops. Case studies from the rice–wheat areas of the Indo-Gangetic Plains of South Asia and the irrigated maize–wheat systems of Northwest Mexico are used to describe how CA practices have been used in these two environments to raise production sustainably and profitably. Benefits in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and their effect on global warming are also discussed. The paper concludes that agriculture in the next decade will have to sustainably produce more food from less land through more efficient use of natural resources and with minimal impact on the environment in order to meet growing population demands. Promoting and adopting CA management systems can help meet this goal.
23
Carranza-Gallego, Guiomar, Gloria I. Guzmán, Roberto Garcia-Ruíz, Manuel González de Molina, and Eduardo Aguilera. "Addressing the Role of Landraces in the Sustainability of Mediterranean Agroecosystems." Sustainability 11, no. 21 (October 30, 2019): 6029. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11216029.
Full textAbstract:
Wheat yields are predicted to decrease over the next decades due to climate change (CC). Mediterranean regions are characterized by low soil fertility and stressful conditions that limit the effect of technological improvements on increasing yield gains, while worsening the negative CC impacts. Additionally, organic farming (OF) lacks specifically adapted genetic material. Accordingly, there is a need to search for varieties adapted to these conditions and whose cultivation may help semi-arid agroecosystems sustainability, focusing on specific agronomic and functional traits. To this purpose, wheat landraces and modern wheat varieties were evaluated under Mediterranean rainfed conditions during three growing seasons under contrasting situations: A conventional farm and an organic farm. Results regarding straw production, weed biomass and biodiversity, and grain N concentration suggest that the cultivation of landraces under Mediterranean rainfed conditions can enhance agroecosystem sustainability through positive effects on ecosystem services such as soil quality, functional biodiversity, or grain protein content, without significant reductions in grain yield. Results highlight the relevant role of wheat landraces as genetic resources for the development of cultivars adapted to Mediterranean agroecosystems conditions, especially for organic farming, but also for conventional agriculture.
24
Stewart, Derek, and Gordon McDougall. "Oat agriculture, cultivation and breeding targets: implications for human nutrition and health." British Journal of Nutrition 112, S2 (September 30, 2014): S50—S57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114514002736.
Full textAbstract:
Oats are undervalued in comparison with wheat, rice and barley, despite their unique composition that includes many of the nutrients required for health and a reduced risk of degenerative disease incidence. Furthermore, oats as whole grain and some of their associated products also contain β-glucan, a complex polysaccharide that has an approved health claim to reduce blood cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of CHD incidence if consumed at ≥ 3 g/d. At the agronomic level, oats exhibit optimal growth in regions of moderate temperature and long day length. In addition, they can tolerate wet weather and acidic soils more effectively than other cereals, such as wheat. Studies have shown that there is diversity in the content and composition of nutrients and health-beneficial components within the available wild and cultivated germplasm and that these are amenable to be enhanced by different agronomic practices as well as are susceptible to climatic variation. The advances in modern plant genetics, developed in sister cereals such as wheat, rice and barley, mean that oat development and exploitation should see an acceleration in the coming decade as they are adopted and applied. These advances include approaches such as genome sequencing, genotyping by sequencing and the allied next-level analytical approaches of RNA sequencing, transcriptome profiling and metabolomics. The collation and coordination of these approaches should lead to the generation of new, tailored oat varieties that are nutritionally enhanced and contain a greater proportion of health-beneficial components that can be translated through into a wide(r) range of consumer products with the ultimate hope of associated benefits to human health and nutrition.
25
Hipps, N. A., and D. R. Hodgson. "The effect of a slant-legged subsoiler on soil compaction and the growth of direct-drilled winter wheat." Journal of Agricultural Science 109, no. 1 (August 1987): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600081028.
Full textAbstract:
SummaryThe effect of a slant-legged subsoiler (Trade name, ‘Paraplow’) on the growth of two crops of winter wheat following an intensively grazed grass-clover ley was investigated in 1981–2 and 1982–3. The treatments for the first crop were direct drilling, loosening the soil by shallow cultivation before drilling, loosening by ‘Paraplow’, and a combination of ‘Paraplow’ and shallow cultivation. For the second crop these treatments were repeated and a fifth added, loosening by ‘Paraplow’ after drilling. Seed was sown with a triple disk direct drill and all treatments received the same quantity of fertilizer.Soil compaction was measured with a cone penetrometer in the autumn of 1982 and spring 1983; root axes were counted and dry-matter weights of shoot, grain yield and components of yield obtained.Loosening soil by ‘Paraplow’ did not increase significantly the number of roots nor was the uptake of water by the crop in dry periods affected, even though soil strength, measured as cone resistance, was considerably reduced.Shallow cultivation increased grain yield in the first wheat by 0·34 t/ha (P< 0·05) but had no effect on the second wheat. The ‘Paraplow’ did not increase yield of the first crop but the mean response of 0·65 t/ha in the second crop was significant (P < 0·05). Using the ‘Paraplow’ before or after drilling gave similar yields. Increases in yield were produced by more grains per unit area, not increased 1000-grain weights.It is concluded that the apparently compacted soil did not restrict the growth of wheat and that the beneficial effect of the ‘Paraplow’ in the second crop was probably due to better drainage in the wet spring.
26
Saraiva, Tiago. "Fascist Labscapes: Geneticists, Wheat, and the Landscapes of Fascism in Italy and Portugal." Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 40, no. 4 (2010): 457–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hsns.2010.40.4.457.
Full textAbstract:
This paper explores the role of scientists in the building of fascist regimes in Italy and Portugal by focusing on plant geneticists' participation in the Italian and Portuguese wheat wars for bread self-sufficiency. It looks closely at the work undertaken by Nazareno Strampelli at the National Institute of Genetics for Grain Cultivation (Italy) and by Antóónio Sousa da Cââmara at the National Agronomic Experiment Station (Portugal), both of whom took wheat as their prime experimental object of genetics research. The main argument is that the production of standardized organisms——the breeder's elite seeds——in laboratory spaces is deeply entangled with their circulation through extended distribution networks that allowed for their massive presence in Italian and Portuguese landscapes such as the Po Valley and the Alentejo. The narrative pays particular attention to the historical development of fascist regimes in the two countries, advancing the argument that breeders' artifacts were key components of the institutionalization of the new political regimes.
27
Morgounov, A., L. Rosseeva, and M. Koyshibayev. "Leaf rust of spring wheat in Northern Kazakhstan and Siberia: incidence, virulence, and breeding for resistance." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 58, no. 9 (2007): 847. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar07086.
Full textAbstract:
Northern Kazakhstan and Western Siberia of Russia represent a relatively uniform continuous area of spring wheat cultivation of ~20 million ha. Despite the dry climate, cultivation of susceptible varieties resulted in epidemics of leaf rust on average in 1 year out of 4, affecting up to 5 million ha with yield losses of up to 25–30%. The leaf rust population showed absence of virulence for genes Lr9 and Lr24 and low frequency of isolates with virulence to Lr11, Lr16, Lr18, and Lr28. The field observations indicated that genes Lr28 and Lr36 provide resistance. All the wheat cultivars are susceptible to leaf rust and only recently have several resistant lines and new varieties have been tested in trials. The current resistance breeding efforts are based on incorporation of the resistance from local and foreign sources. The breeding strategy is not based on detailed knowledge of the leaf rust population and its interaction with the host because of limited pathology and genetics research capacity. However, practical breeding efforts in combining proven resistance with adaptation traits resulted in the development of new competitive resistant germplasm. Shuttle breeding between the region and CIMMYT-Mexico to enhance resistance contributes to regional efforts.
28
Inoue, Yoshihiro, Trinh T. P. Vy, Kentaro Yoshida, Hokuto Asano, Chikako Mitsuoka, Soichiro Asuke, Vu L. Anh, et al. "Evolution of the wheat blast fungus through functional losses in a host specificity determinant." Science 357, no. 6346 (July 6, 2017): 80–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aam9654.
Full textAbstract:
Wheat blast first emerged in Brazil in the mid-1980s and has recently caused heavy crop losses in Asia. Here we show how this devastating pathogen evolved in Brazil. Genetic analysis of host species determinants in the blast fungus resulted in the cloning of avirulence genes PWT3 and PWT4, whose gene products elicit defense in wheat cultivars containing the corresponding resistance genes Rwt3 and Rwt4. Studies on avirulence and resistance gene distributions, together with historical data on wheat cultivation in Brazil, suggest that wheat blast emerged due to widespread deployment of rwt3 wheat (susceptible to Lolium isolates), followed by the loss of function of PWT3. This implies that the rwt3 wheat served as a springboard for the host jump to common wheat.
29
Kondic-Spika, Ankica, Kristina Petrovic, R. Jevtic, B. Kobiljski, and Mira Pucarevic. "Sulfonylurea tolerance of wheat genotypes in zygotic embryo culture." Archives of Biological Sciences 61, no. 3 (2009): 453–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs0903453k.
Full textAbstract:
Tolerance of wheat genotypes to the sulfonylurea herbicide metsulfuron-methyl was studied using in vitro culture. Six randomly selected wheat genotypes were used for isolation. Mature embryos were inoculated onto a modified MS medium to which three concentrations of metsulfuron-methyl were added: I-30 g l-1, II-60 g l-1, and III-90 g l-1. The control group of embryos was cultivated on a herbicide-free medium. After one month of cultivation, callus fresh weight was measured. There were significant differences among the genotypes regarding their tolerance to metsulfuron-methyl. The Pobeda cultivar expressed the highest and the Lr-12 genotype had the lowest level of herbicide tolerance.
30
Duca, Maria. "Historical Aspects of Sunflower Researches in the Republic of Moldova." Helia 38, no. 62 (July 1, 2015): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/helia-2014-0028.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe first document that attests the cultivation of sunflower on the territory of the Republic of Moldova dates back to 1845. The first evidence of oil production from sunflower seeds has been identified in 1867. Since then, the area cultivated with sunflower has expanded exponentially. Sunflower has now become the third most produced crop, after corn and wheat. In the Republic of Moldova, sunflower research activities have been focused on genetics, breeding and improvement of crop cultivation technologies, with a special emphasis on resistance to disease and pests including broomrape, which can considerably diminish crop productivity. Significant efforts have been invested to identify solutions for fighting parasites, such as the investigation of morpho-physiological, biochemical and genetic aspects of the host–parasite interaction; the development of chemical and agro-technical methods to fight parasites; the evaluation of genetic resistance in artificial and natural conditions; the development of hybrids resistant to a number of Orobanche varieties; and the monitoring of broomrape impact on the production indices. The current paper examines the scientific information available, providing a comprehensive view on the management, breeding, resistance and economic impact of sunflower broomrape in the Republic of Moldova. The review aims to provide a perspective for future research strategies to further develop our understanding of the parasite–host interaction.
31
Mihály Sárvári. "Effect of cultivation factors on the yield and yield security of maize." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 49 (November 13, 2012): 263–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/49/2539.
Full textAbstract:
Cultivation factors have a significant effect on the yield and yield security of maize. Ensuring a suitable green crop is important. Tricultural crop rotation (pea–wheat–maize) in the average of 25 years provided a 2 t ha-1 higher yield compared to monocultural cultivation. A harmonious NPK nutriment supply determines yield and yield security, which can be especially realized by means of the application of precision cultivation technologies. Under average circumstances N 80 kg ha-1, P2O5 50 kg ha-1, K20 60 kg ha-1 active ingredient is the agro-ecological dosage of artificial fertilizer.Plant density is a factor that determines yield. Optimal plant density – beside the genetic characteristics of the hybrid – is mostly influenced by the level of water and nutriment supply.
32
Kalybekova, Zh T. "ALLELIC DIVERSITY OF GENES CONTROLLING RESPONSES TO VERNALIZATION AND PHOTOPERIOD AMONG SPRING BREAD WHEAT VARIETIES OF DIVERSE GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN." Proceedings on applied botany, genetics and breeding 180, no. 4 (January 8, 2020): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.30901/2227-8834-2019-4-177-185.
Full textAbstract:
Spring bread wheat is the most important cereal crop, cultivated under various climatic conditions and on different latitudes. Modern molecular genetic studies of wheat are aimed at investigating the crop’s genetic potential. By now, molecular markers have been developed to identify alleles of the Vrn (vernalization response) and Ppd (photoperiod response) genes. Vrn genes are responsible for crop development rate regulation and crop yield structure. Ppd genes determine the response of plants to the length of the day, that is, the timing of flowering and the beginning of heading in plants under different cultivation conditions. The use of diagnostic DNA markers made it possible to analyze the presence of allelic combinations of the Vrn and Ppd genes in local and commercial wheat varieties from Europe, Asia, North and South Americas, Africa and Australia. This review summarizes the results of studies on the distribution of alleles of Vrn and Ppd genes in wheat breeding material over different geographical areas of its cultivation. For example, the dominant Vrn-A1a allele was found in 62% of European varieties; 52% of the studied Turkish wheat varieties carried dominant Vrn-B1 alleles. A dominant Vrn-D1 was found in 61% of Pakistani wheat accessions. Vrn-D1 is present in 41.9% of the studied varieties of Chinese wheat. Higher incidence of Ppd-D1A is typical for West European varieties. A Ppd-D1a allele was found in 58.6% of varieties preserved in the Turkish wheat collection, with a 60% frequency of this allele in commercial cultivars. Among local Afghan varieties, 97% are sensitive to photoperiod (carriers of Ppd-D1b); they are distributed throughout the country without much dependence on agroecological zones. All Pakistani varieties are insensitive to photoperiod (carriers of Ppd-D1a). In China, the highest incidence of the Ppd-D1a allele was observed in zone VII (87.5% of varieties).
33
Dong, Lingli, Fangming Wang, Tao Liu, Zhenying Dong, Aili Li, Ruilian Jing, Long Mao, et al. "Natural variation of TaGASR7-A1 affects grain length in common wheat under multiple cultivation conditions." Molecular Breeding 34, no. 3 (April 18, 2014): 937–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11032-014-0087-2.
Full text
34
Banjac, Borislav, Miodrag Dimitrijevic, Sofija Petrovic, Velimir Mladenov, Dusana Banjac, and Biljana Kiprovski. "Antioxidant variability of wheat genotypes under salinity stress in situ." Genetika 52, no. 3 (2020): 1145–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr2003145b.
Full textAbstract:
Crop cultivation under the open-field conditions depends on a variety of biotic and abiotic factors which cause plant stress and deterioration. Due to high soil salinity, some soils can be an unfavourable growing environment for most plants. As a low productivity soil type, solonetz soils are a stressful growing environment, causing plant deterioration. Plants have developed a complex antioxidative defense system as a precaution against oxidative stress caused by high soil salinity. The trial was set up on a halomorphic soil type-solonetz. The research included ten cultivars, one local population of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum ssp. aestivum L.) and one cultivar of triticale (Triticosecale W.). The activity of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in plant antioxidative defense system was detected during the trial, as well as lipid peroxidation. The analysis of biochemical markers was done in the flowering stage, and then in the milk maturity phase. Research results of the tested components revealed the highest stress tolerance exhibited by genotypes Banatka and Bankut 1205. Understanding the process of oxygen radical production by the plant tissue contributes to breeding wheat cultivars for better stress tolerance. Selection of genotypes better adapted to growing conditions in solonetz soils could facilitate a more economically justifiable wheat production, and promote utilization of the lower-quality soil types in agriculture.
35
Асхадуллин, Данил, Danil Ashadullin, Дамир Асхадуллин, Damir Ashadullin, Нурания Василова, Nuraniya Vasilova, Ильсина Хусаинова, Il'sina Husainova, Мухаббат Тазутдинова, and Muhabbat Tazutdinova. "A VARIETY IN THE SPRING WHEAT PROTECTION SYSTEM FROM LEAFY DISEASES." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 14, no. 3 (October 30, 2019): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5db8423bb4f997.64890554.
Full textAbstract:
In 2018, 21 varieties of spring soft wheat were recommended for cultivation in Tatarstan, with a specific weight of 79.2% in the structure of the harvested area under spring wheat. Determining the degree of resistance to diseases of these varieties allows you to properly plan protective measures throughout the republic. Studies were conducted in 2015-2018 on the experimental fields of Tatar Scientific Research Institute of Agricultural Sciences. Varieties, recommended for cultivation, differ in the degree of field resistance to the main fungal diseases. The Ester and Zlata varieties have the maximum field resistance to powdery mildew (average 7 points), Chelyaba Stepnaya and Tulaykovskaya Nadezhda varities have the minimum (4 points). Most spring wheat varieties are susceptible to the local brown leaf rust population. The following varities remain resistant to leaf brown rust: Tulaykovskaya 10, Ekada 113, Tulaykovskaya 108, Arkhat, Ulyanovskaya 105, Tulaykovskaya Nadezhda. Moreover, the homogeneity of the genetics of most resistant varieties (caused by the resistance gene Lr19) does not allow epiphytoties of leaf brown rust in the future. According to the 2016-2018 studies, the least degree of stem rust damage was observed in the varieties: Tulaykovskaya 10, Ekada 113, Tulaykovskaya 108, Arkhat, Ulyanovskaya 105 and Tulaykovskaya Nadezhda, on average, 5-10%. There are no varieties, which are immune to stem rust. In 2017 in the conditions of the massive development of dark brown spotting, there were no signs of disease on the leaf of Kazanskaya Yubileinaya variety, the resistance of this variety is determined by the Sb1 gene. The maximum susceptibility to dark brown leaf spotting has the Simbirtsit and Idelle varieties. An integrated resistance to the studied diseases have varieties: Ekada 113, Tulaykovskaya 108 and Arkhat.
36
Silva, Cristiano Lemes da, Giovani Benin, Elesandro Bornhofen, Matheus Henrique Todeschini, Samuel Cristian Dallo, and Luiz Henrique Scarparo Sassi. "Characterization of brazilian wheat cultivars in terms of nitrogen use efficiency." Bragantia 73, no. 2 (June 3, 2014): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/brag.2014.012.
Full textAbstract:
Nitrogen (N) management in wheat crop is one of the most studied agricultural practices in Brazil; however, there are few reports on its use efficiency. The objective of this study was to characterize 18 Brazilian wheat cultivars, which are representative and have been recently released to cultivation, for nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). The experiments were carried out in Pato Branco, Paraná, and Coxilha, Rio Grande do Sul, during the 2011 crop season. It was used a randomized block design with three replications, in factorial scheme (2 environments × 18 cultivars). Genetic variability was observed for nitrogen utilization efficiency by grains (NUtEg=47.6 to 81.1 kg kg-1) and nitrogen harvest index (NHI=71.3 to 84.6%) with significant effects relating to the environment of cultivation and performance of these traits. The evaluation of the protein concentration of grain by near infrared spectrometry (GPC N) produced equivalent results to the direct analytical method of Kjeldahl (GPC K), in Pato Branco (r=0.56) and Coxilha (RS) (r=0.80). However the CPG N overestimated the protein values by 16.85%. The GPC and protein yield were positively correlated with NUtEg and NHI. The best performance for the traits associated with NUE was observed for the following cultivars: Mirante, Quartzo, Fundacep Cristalino, Fundacep Raízes and CD 150. This is the first report of differences between Brazilian wheat cultivars for nitrogen use efficiency.
37
Pastuszak, Jakub, Przemysław Kopeć, Agnieszka Płażek, Krzysztof Gondek, Anna Szczerba, Marta Hornyák, and Franciszek Dubert. "Cadmium accumulation in the grain of durum wheat is associated with salinity resistance degree." Plant, Soil and Environment 66, No. 6 (June 23, 2020): 257–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/61/2020-pse.
Full textAbstract:
A serious problem in durum wheat cultivation is its genetic capacity to accumulate cadmium (Cd) in the grain. The aim of the study was to verify if the degree of durum wheat resistance to NaCl salinity is related to its tolerance to Cd contamination, and to search for physiological markers of Cd accumulation in the grain. The experiment involved a salt sensitive cv. Tamaroi and a salt resistant line BC<sub>5</sub>Nax<sub>2</sub>, as well as a moderately salt tolerant line SMH87. The plants grew in the soil supplemented with 3 mg or 5 mg Cd/kg dry weight. The plant response to Cd was evaluated based on chlorophyll fluorescence (ChlF) and Cd content in the grains. Toxic effects of both Cd levels on photosynthetic performance index were the strongest in salt sensitive cv. Tamaroi, which showed the highest Cd content in the seeds. We therefore assumed that tolerance to salinity and Cd has a common physiological background, and that ChlF parameters may be used as the markers of Cd tolerance.
38
Atsmon S, Y., and E. Schwarzbach. "Wheat Production and Breeding in Israel from 1948 to 2002." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 40, No. 1 (November 23, 2011): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3695-cjgpb.
Full textAbstract:
The sown wheat acreage in Israel increased from less than 40 000 ha in 1948 to more than 100 000 ha in the seventies and has declined slightly since that time. About 3/4 of the crop are grown in the central part of the country, mostly rain fed, with precipitation of 250–500 mm. The cultivation of durum wheat, originally dominant, has declined since the sixties to a small percentage of the wheat acreage and durum wheat breeding is thus negligible. Local bread wheat breeding started around 1960 independently at three breeding organisations, one of which extensively used genetic material from international breeding programs in Mexico. Since the fifties about 25 cultivars have been released, but only a few are of economic importance now. Breeding considerably increased the yielding potential of cultivars. The recent top cultivar Galil yields about twice as much as cv. Florence Aurore, the leading cultivar in 1970. The national average grain yield rose from 900 kg/ha in 1948 to recently 2.3 t/ha. The highest on-farm yields under favourable conditions are about 9 t/ha. An increasing proportion of the wheat acreage is used for silage, reaching now more than 25%. Yearly fluctuations of yield are considerable and are closely related to rainfall. Data also show an improvement in water utilisation by the crop during the analysed period. The domestic production covered originally only about 12% of the consumption, reaching 47% in the decade 1970–1979, but declined again due to the population growth from 1.2 to 6.5 millions.
39
Cargnin, Adeliano, Moacil Alves de Souza, Vanoli Fronza, and Cláudia Martellet Fogaça. "Genetic and environmental contributions to increased wheat yield in Minas Gerais, Brazil." Scientia Agricola 66, no. 3 (June 2009): 317–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162009000300006.
Full textAbstract:
Producers need wheat cultivars adapted to the predominant climate conditions of the end of the rainy period. Having this in mind, EPAMIG (Agriculture and Livestock Research Institute of Minas Gerais) has been developing a wheat genetic improvement program since 1976, and the estimates of the genetic improvement established by the breeding programs could be useful to quantify their efficiency. This study focused on the quantification of the genetic progress achieved by these improvement programs of dryland wheat in the Brazilian-savanna between 1976 and 2005. The efficiency of these programs was evaluated based on grain yield data of VCU (Value for Cultivation and Use) trials conducted at ten locations in the Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The mean estimated genetic progress for mean grain yield between 1976 and 2005 was 37 kg ha-1 year-1. The genetic yield gain in the study period indicates that the improvement programs of dryland wheat in the Brazilian-savanna are effective. Besides the marked contribution of genetic gain, the environmental and technological improvements were also relevant for the yield, accounting for 47.4% of the total progress in the period. The improvement programs of dryland wheat resulted in a genotype renovation rate of 35% over the years.
40
Ushakova, N. A., V. M. Abramov, V. S. Khlebnikov, A. M. Semenov, B. B. Kuznetsov, A. A. Kozlova, A. V. Nifatov, et al. "Generation of uncultivable forms of Lactobacillus plantarum 8R-A3 under solid-state cultivation on wheat bran." Biology Bulletin 39, no. 6 (November 2012): 525–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1062359012050159.
Full text
41
Tóth, Árpád, and Zoltán Győri. "Effects of Site on Winter Wheat Quality 2002/2003." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 13 (October 3, 2019): 100–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/13/3391.
Full textAbstract:
The demand of modern societies for high food quality is evident. Thus, it is important for agriculture to produce row materials that are valuable for nutrition and have favourable characteristics for food processing. For this we need a knowledge about the factors which determine the quality of products. One of the main features of plant production is the “immobility”. This way the characteristics of the field influence the quality of the product, like example winter wheat, which is the main cereal in Hungary and Europe.The Concordia Co. has charged the Central Laboratory of Debrecen University, Agricultural Centre with laboratory testing of the 2002/2003 winter wheat crop. The samples consist of thirteen winter wheat varieties from six different sites under the same cultivating conditions. Therefore, the important wheat quality factors were analysed solely against site conditions with the use of Győri’s “Z” index, which contains these parameters.Soils were tested first. In this experiment excepting the negligible differences between the sites, there were no linear relations found between quality factors, productivity and soil features. The case is the same with the relation between precipitation, temperature and quality parameters. However, it must be noted that additional soil analyses are required to interpret the extreme results obtained from Karcag.The calculated Győri’s Z-index shows relative stability concerning certain varieties, although considerable deviation can be found in varieties related to the sites. According to these results, it can bestated that winter wheat quality was not linearly influenced by soil and weather in the 2002/2003 vegetation period. As the same cultivation technology was used in the experiment, the index was determined by genetic features. It must be noted that these findings are relevant only to this experiment.
42
Berruti, Andrea, Valeria Bianciotto, and Erica Lumini. "Seasonal variation in winter wheat field soil arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus communities after non-mycorrhizal crop cultivation." Mycorrhiza 28, no. 5-6 (June 21, 2018): 535–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00572-018-0845-9.
Full text
43
Slim, Amine, Luciana Piarulli, Houda Chennaoui Kourda, Mustapha Rouaissi, Cyrine Robbana, Ramzi Chaabane, Domenico Pignone, Cinzia Montemurro, and Giacomo Mangini. "Genetic Structure Analysis of a Collection of Tunisian Durum Wheat Germplasm." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 13 (July 9, 2019): 3362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20133362.
Full textAbstract:
The Tunisian durum wheat germplasm includes modern cultivars and traditional varieties that are still cultivated in areas where elite cultivars or intensive cultivation systems are not suitable. Within the frame of a collection program of the National Gene Bank of Tunisia (NGBT), durum wheat germplasm was collected from different Tunisian agro-ecological zones. The collected samples were studied using simple sequence repeats (SSRs) markers to explore the genetic diversity and evaluate the genetic structure in Tunisian germplasm. The results demonstrated significant diversity in the Tunisian durum wheat germplasm, with clear differentiation between traditional varieties and modern cultivars. The population structure analysis allowed the identification of five subpopulations, two of which appear to be more strongly represented in germplasm collected in central and southern Tunisia, where environmental conditions at critical development phases of the plant are harsher. Moreover these subpopulations are underrepresented in modern varieties, suggesting that traits of adaptation useful for breeding more resilient varieties might be present in central and southern germplasm. Moreover, our results will support, the activity of in situ on farm conservation of Tunisian durum wheat germplasm started by the National Gene Bank of Tunisia along with the ex situ approach.
44
Zervakis, Georgios I., Georgios Koutrotsios, and Panagiotis Katsaris. "Composted versus Raw Olive Mill Waste as Substrates for the Production of Medicinal Mushrooms: An Assessment of Selected Cultivation and Quality Parameters." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/546830.
Full textAbstract:
Two-phase olive mill waste (TPOMW, “alperujo”) is a highly biotoxic sludge-like effluent of the olive-oil milling process with a huge seasonal production. One of the treatment approaches that has so far received little attention is the use of TPOMW as substrate for the cultivation of edible mushrooms. Fifteen fungal strains belonging to five species (Basidiomycota), that is,Agrocybe cylindracea,Pleurotus cystidiosus,P. eryngii,P. ostreatus, andP. pulmonarius, were evaluated for their efficacy to colonize media composed of TPOMW, which was used either raw or composted in mixtures with wheat straw in various ratios. Qualified strains exhibited high values of biological efficiency (e.g., 120–135% forPleurotusspp. and 125% forA. cylindracea) and productivity in subsequent cultivation experiments on substrates supplemented with 20–40% composted TPOMW or 20% raw TPOMW. Only when supplementation exceeded 60% for raw TPOMW, a negative impact was noted on mushroom yields which could be attributed to the effluent's toxicity (otherwise alleviated in the respective composted TPOMW medium). Earliness and mushroom size as well as quality parameters such as total phenolic content and antioxidant activity did not demonstrate significant differences versus the control wheat-straw substrate. The substrates hemicellulose content was negatively correlated with mycelium growth rates and yields and positively with earliness; in addition, cellulose: lignin ratio presented a positive correlation with mycelium growth and mushroom weight forA. cylindraceaand with earliness for all species examined. TPOMW-based media revealed a great potential for the substitution of traditional cultivation substrates by valorizing environmentally hazardous agricultural waste.
45
Ayling, Sarah M., E. Bacon, D. G. Christian, and M. J. Goss. "The growth and yield of winter wheat following 10 years of continuous ploughing, shallow-tine cultivation or direct drilling on a non-calcareous clay soil." Journal of Agricultural Science 108, no. 2 (April 1987): 335–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185960007934x.
Full textAbstract:
SummaryThe growth and grain yield of winter wheat were measured in plots which had been direct drilled, mouldboard ploughed or shallow-tine cultivated for 10 consecutive years. The experiment was carried out on a non-calcareous clay soil prone to winter waterlogging. In 1985 the crop grew well on all cultivations and grain yield, average 7–2 t/ha, was similar in all treatments and no adverse effects on wheat growth or on grain and straw yield were observed.
46
Ryan, Peter R. "Assessing the role of genetics for improving the yield of Australia’s major grain crops on acid soils." Crop and Pasture Science 69, no. 3 (2018): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp17310.
Full textAbstract:
Acid soils (pH <5.0) continue to limit the yields of Australia’s major crops and restrict their cultivation. These soils pose various abiotic stresses that restrict or affect plant growth in different ways. Chief among these stresses is aluminium (Al3+) toxicity, which inhibits root growth. Soil acidification can occur naturally but certain agricultural practices accelerate the process. The most effective management practice for slowing and reversing acidification is the application of lime (calcium carbonate). Liming has increased over the last 25 years but it can take several years to ameliorate subsoil acidity and the application rates in some areas remain too low to avoid further acidification. If left unmanaged, acidification will degrade agricultural land and cause larger yield losses in the future. Crops that are better adapted to acid soils are important resources because they help to maintain production while amelioration efforts continue. Significant genotypic variation for acid-soil tolerance has been reported in wheat, barley and pulse species and improvements to yield are likely by pyramiding the optimal genetic loci controlling this trait through breeding. Further increases in production might also be possible with wider crosses to related species and through genetic engineering. This review assesses the potential of genetics and biotechnology for increasing the yields of Australia’s major grain crops on acid soils.
47
Kraisig, Adriana R., José A. G. da Silva, Laura M. Pereira, Roberto Carbonera, Ivan R. Carvalho, and Natiane C. F. Basso. "Efficiency of nitrogen use by wheat depending on genotype and previous crop." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 25, no. 4 (April 2021): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v25n4p235-242.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT The efficiency of nitrogen use by wheat crop depends on genetic and environmental stimuli. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of nitrogen use by wheat crop, through biomass, productivity and grain quality indicators, as a function of the genotype and previous harvest, in Southern Brazil cereal cultivation systems. The experiments were conducted in soybean/wheat and maize/wheat systems during 2015, 2016, and 2017 in Augusto Pestana, RS, Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized block with four repetitions, following a 5 × 4 factorial scheme, referring to five wheat cultivars (Quartzo, TBIO Sinuelo, TBIO Sintonia, TEC 10 and TEC Vigore) and four nitrogen doses (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg ha-1) applied as a topdressing during the phenological stage of the expanded third leaf, stage 13. There were genetic differences in nitrogen use efficiency, for the productivity (yield and biomass) and quality of wheat. However, these genetic differences were influenced by the carbon:nitrogen ratios of the previous crop. Quartzo and TBIO Sinuelo had the greatest nitrogen use efficiency for grain yield, TBIO Sinuelo had the greatest nitrogen use efficiency for biomass production and Quartzo had the greatest nitrogen use efficiency for grain quality with expectation of 3 Mg ha-1, regardless of the succession system, in the joint analysis of agricultural years.
48
Noble, R., and R. H. Gaze. "Controlled environment composting for mushroom cultivation: substrates based on wheat and barley straw and deep litter poultry manure." Journal of Agricultural Science 123, no. 1 (August 1994): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600067794.
Full textAbstract:
SummarySubstrates for mushroom cultivation were prepared, following a 2 day mixing and blending process, in bulk tunnels under a controlled temperature regime using forced ventilation. The temperature regime was based on a conventional bulk tunnel composting process, i.e. pasteurization at 60 °C for 6 h, followed by a conditioning phase at 47 °C until the substrate was clear of ammonia. With the exception of ammonia, which increased with increasing compost nitrogen content, this process did not result in strong odours. The substrates were ready for inoculation with mushroom ‘spawn’ 7–12 days after the initial mixing of the compost ingredients. Increasing the compost nitrogen content from 1·1 to 2·5% of the dry matter by increasing the quantity of deep litter poultry manure added to straw in the ingredients resulted in a greater subsequent yield of mushrooms. Further increases in the substrate nitrogen content resulted in prolonged tunnel processing times, substrate desiccation, incomplete clearance of ammonia from the substrate and subsequently low or no mushroom yields. Substrate bulk density at the time of spawning decreased with increasing nitrogen content, but was increased by chopping the straw ingredient. Mushroom yields from composts prepared with barley straw were significantly lower than those from wheat straw composts, at equivalent nitrogen contents. Supplementation of prepared substrates with the proprietary protein-rich ingredient, Betamyl 1000, increased yields by 13·6%.
49
Tahir, Muhammad, M. Sajjad Mirza, Sohail Hameed, Mauricio R. Dimitrov, and Hauke Smidt. "Cultivation-Based and Molecular Assessment of Bacterial Diversity in the Rhizosheath of Wheat under Different Crop Rotations." PLOS ONE 10, no. 6 (June 29, 2015): e0130030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0130030.
Full text
50
Popolzukhina, N. A., P. V. Popolzukhin, A. A. Gaidar, Yu Yu Parshutkin, and N. A. Yakunina. "Development of the adaptive spring bread wheat cultivar ‘Omskaya Yubileynaya’ under the conditions of the Siberian region." Proceedings on applied botany, genetics and breeding 181, no. 4 (January 27, 2021): 120–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30901/2227-8834-2020-4-120-126.
Full textAbstract:
Background. As reported by the Russian Federal State Statistics Service, spring bread wheat planting acreage in 2019 reached 48% (28 million ha) of the total crop area in Russia. About 20% (5.4 million ha) of spring wheat was cultivated in the Siberian region. This is the reason why the region plays an important role in wheat cultivation, and the development of highly efficient cultivars adapted to Siberian environments is one of the prioritized tasks in the efforts to obtain sustainable spring bread wheat harvests.Materials and methods. Mutants and mutant × cultivar hybrids were used as parent material for top crossing. A decision was taken to apply multifold individual selection in accordance with the composition of agronomic traits in the mutant × cultivar hybrid population Lutescens 3 × [F5 B1 (Mutant 777 × G7251/03) × G7251/03] × Rosinka 3 (Mutant 112 × Irtyshanka 10) with backcrossing. In 2001–2016, expe rimental work was conducted at Omsk Agrarian Scientific Centre. Environmental testing was carried out at the Stepnoy Experiment Station (the steppe zone of Omsk Province) and the A.I. Barayev Research and Production Centre for Grain Farming (Northern Kazakhstan). The experiments and observations were performed in accordance with the techniques recommended by the State Commission for Crop Variety Trials.Results. The research showed that cv. ‘Omskaya Yubileynaya’ was characterized by resistance to lodging and to major plant diseases. It exceeded the reference in grain yield both in fallow (+0,50 t/ha) and nonfallow lands (+0,58 t/ha). The distinguishing feature of this cultivar was its large grain of high quality.Conclusions. During the development of cv. ‘Omskaya Yubileynaya’, the data were obtained that justified its prospective cultivation within the steppe and forest-steppe zones of Siberia and Kazakhstan. The cultivar has been registered in the national lists of breeding achievements since 2019.