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1
Zakharova, Nadezhda, and Nikolai Zakharov. "The ear development time and yield of soft winter wheat in the forest steppe of the Middle Volga Region." BIO Web of Conferences 27 (2020): 00023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20202700023.
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The duration of the growing season is an important, adaptively significant indicator for any crop variety. In wheat breeding, a reliable criterion for determining the maturity group of a variety is the ear formation period. The purpose of the study was to determine the ear formation period of soft winter wheat varieties of various ecological and geographical origins in the conditions of the forest steppe of the Middle Volga region, and also to determine its effect on yield. Among the studied varieties of wheat from the world collection, German varieties were characterized by late ripeness, wheat from China, Japan, Bulgaria and the North Caucasus region of Russia by early ripeness and mid-ripeness, - varieties from the Siberian region of the country by mid-ripeness. Ukrainian cultivars were represented by wheat of different maturity groups. It has been found in the studies that under varying environmental conditions in different years early ripening, mid-early, mid-ripening and mid-late wheat can be highly productive. A well selected system of ripening varieties of soft winter wheat (65–70 % mid-ripening, 25 % mid-early and early-ripening, 5–10 % mid-late) will make it possible to use favorable environmental factors with great efficiency and withstand environmental stresses.
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Zezin, N. N., V. A. Vorobiev, A. V. Vorobiev, and A. V. Bezgodov. "Baking properties of spring wheat grain in the Middle Urals conditions." Grain Economy of Russia, no. 5 (November 9, 2018): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31367/2079-8725-2018-59-5-21-26.
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In the Middle Urals the middle-ripening varieties of spring soft wheat with gluten content of 22–24% and the middle-early and early ripening varieties of spring soft wheat with gluten content of 26–34% are able to form kernels suitable for bread baking of the first, second and third classes. Nowadays a comparative characteristic of the grain quality of the main varieties developed by the of the selection of the Ural RIA included in the State List of the Breeding Achievements in the Volga-Vyatka Region and their ability to form food grain suitable for bread baking is of great practical interest. In the Krasnoufimsky breeding center there were studied 11 spring wheat varieties included in the State List of the Breeding Achievements in the Volga-Vyatka region in the 2013 and 2016 years of arid conditions (90–100 mm of precipitation, 17.0–17.5 ºC of average daily air temperature) and in the years 2014 and 2015 of excessive moisture (294–423 mm of precipitation and 15–16 ºC of average daily air temperature). The early ripening varieties “Irgina” and “Iren” (71–94 days of vegetation period) formed an average yield of 2.94 t/ha. The middle-early ripening varieties “Ekaterina”, “Gornouralskaya”, “Svecha”, “Bazhenka”, “Zlata” (75–98 days of vegetation period) produced 3.32 t/ha.The middle-ripening varieties “Krasnoufimskaya 100”, “Ekada 70”, “Simbirtsit”, “Omskaya 36” (90–94 days of vegetation period) produced 3.55 t/ha. The most productive ones are “Iren” (3.05 t/ha), “Ekaterina” (3.64 t/ha), “Ekada 70” and “Simbirtsit” (3.70–3.78 t/ha). Food grain of the first class (with gluten content of more than 32%) was formed by the varieties “Irgina”, “Iren”, “Bazhenka”; the rest varieties formed the second class grain (with gluten content of more than 28%). The ranking method by seven indicators of grain quality allowed us to determine the average rank and to identify the varieties “Irgina” and “Iren” with the highest baking properties (average rank of 1.0–1.7). They are the most promising varieties for the production of food grains in the conditions of the Middle Urals. It is not advisable to use the middle-ripening varieties “Ekada 70” and “Simbirtsit” for this purpose as the average rank of their quality indicators is 7.0–7.1.
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Zezin, N. N., V. A. Vorobiev, A. V. Vorobiev, A. V. Bezgodov, and Z. R. Nikolaeva. "The spring bread wheat ‘Ekstra’." Grain Economy of Russia, no. 6 (December 22, 2020): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31367/2079-8725-2020-72-6-64-70.
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The current study was carried out in order to create an early-ripening variety of spring bread wheat with productivity at the level of middle-early or higher, the most adapted to the specific conditions of the Middle Urals. The estimation of the breeding material was carried out in the fields, the soils of which are typical for the Sverdlovsk region and Permsky Krai. During the years of the study, the agroclimatic conditions differed along the growing season. There have been established the dry year of 2016 (90 mm of rain, GTC 0.6) and the moisture years of 2014, 2015, 2017–2019 (with precipitation amount of 247–448 mm, GTC 2.0–3.2). The crossings were carried out between the middle-ripening variety ‘Omskaya 35’ (mother) and the early- ripening variety ‘Iren’ (father). There has been developed the variety that combined high productivity and early maturity. The average productivity of the new variety ‘Ekstra’ in the Competitive Variety Testing in 2014–2019 was 4.07 t/ha, which is on 0.55 t/ha higher than the standard variety ‘Iren’, the maximum productivity was 5.0–6.1 t/ha (2019). The new variety has exceeded the values of the standard variety in such yield structure elements as “seed weight per head”, “1000 grain weight”, “grain content per head”; the accumulation of seeds per day of growing season was 14.2% and at 1 mm of precipitation the value improved till 15.2%. In the ecological testing the variety ‘Ekstra’ exceeded the varieties ‘Iren’, ‘Irgina’ from the State List of Breeding Achievements in the Volga-Vyatka region on 0.56–0.80 t/ha and the middle-early ripening varieties ‘Gornouralskaya’, ‘Bazhenka’, ‘Svecha’, ‘Zlata’ on 0.44–0, 55 t/ha. The variety ‘Ekstra’ is characterized by better energy efficiency parameters than ‘Irgina’, ‘Iren’, ‘Gornouralskaya’, ‘Zlata’. The excess was 9.2–21.9% in terms of total energy in the harvest per hectare, 16.0–40.6% in net energy income, and 4.7–13.1% in bioenergy ratio. The variety reduced energy consumption for the production of 1 ton of grain by 9.5–11.5%. There has been determined a significant advantage of the variety ‘Ekstra’ in terms of the general adaptability, stability, and breeding value of the genotype. In 2020 the variety was included into the State List of Breeding Achievements in the Volga-Vyatka region, Ural, West Siberian regions of the Russian Federation. The variety ‘Ekstra’ has the same parameters of productivity, yield structure elements, adaptability, the accumulation of seeds per day of growing season and per 1 mm of precipitation, energy efficiency of cultivation, as the middle-early ripening standard variety ‘Ekaterina’.
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Astanakulov, Komil. "Wheat ripening dynamics in Uzbekistan for harvesting it in earlier periods." E3S Web of Conferences 264 (2021): 04074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126404074.
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At present, the results of research of the ripeness dynamics of cereal for harvesting it in the earlier periods in the condition of Uzbekistan. During the researches, quality indicators were studied of wheat sorts of middle and late ripening “Krasnodar-99” and “Kroshka” as well early ripening “Chillaki” in wax (biological) ripening and technical (complete) ripening periods and the grain that was harvested in early periods. It was known that the grain of wheat becomes empty by results of experiments if it is harvested 16 earlier than complete ripeness. When it is harvested 12 days earlier, the grain ripens more completely than the previous. However, its fullness does not become at enough level. If the cereal is harvested 8 days earlier than complete ripeness, namely when it is harvested in the wax ripeness period, the fullness of the grain does not become less than the fullness of the grain that is harvested after complete ripeness.
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Sidorov, A. V., N. A. Neshumaeva, L. V. Plekhanova, D. F. Fedosenko, and V. V. Bogdanov. "Early ripening variety of spring soft wheat Kanskaya." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 848, no. 1 (September 1, 2021): 012113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/848/1/012113.
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Ma, S., X. X. Wang, X. L. Zheng, J. Z. Tian, K. Bian, L. Li, and R. Xu. "Physicochemical properties of wheat grains affected by after-ripening." Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods 8, no. 2 (April 15, 2016): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/qas2015.0595.
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Kurkova, S. V., and N. A. Bereberdin. "YIELD VARIABILITY OF GRAIN CROP VARIETIES IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE STEPPE ZONE OF WESTERN SIBERIA." Siberian Herald of Agricultural Science 48, no. 3 (July 25, 2018): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.26898/0370-8799-2018-3-2.
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The work presents the results of research into the yield and quality of grain obtained from crop varieties of different maturity types, namely spring common wheat varieties (mid-early Pamyati Aziyeva, mid-late Baganskaya 95 and Omskaya 28), spring barley (early-ripening Bagan, mid-ripening Acha and Signal) and spring oats (early-ripening Krasnoobsky, mid-ripening SIG, mid-late Ural 2). The study was conducted in the conditions of the steppe zone of Western Siberia (North Kulunda), the climate of which is extremely continental, and is characterized by signifi cant variability of agrometeorological conditions of the vegetation period by years and a drought during the fi rst half of summer. It was established that sowing of midripening and mid-late varieties of wheat and barley resulted in the increase of the grain yield by 0.47-1.07 t/ha or by 24-30%, compared with the more early-ripening varieties. Among various biotypes of oats, the highest yields of grain were formed by sowing of the mid-ripening variety, which was by 0.60-0.87 t/ha or 19-30% higher than the early and mid-late varieties, whereas the highest yield of green mass was achieved by sowing of the mid-late variety. All varieties of barley, oats and mid-early wheat were characterized by signifi cant variability in grain yields by years (with coeffi cient of variation being 24-38%), while midlate varieties of wheat were characterized by medium or small variability in grain yields (coeffi cient of variation being 3-12%). The content of crude gluten in the grain of wheat varieties varied considerably depending on agrometeorological conditions (coeffi cient of variation being 20-25%). On average, over the years of research, the highest content of gluten (34.0%) was in the grain of the mid-early variety Pamyati Aziyeva, the lowest content (27.4%) was in the mid-late Baganskaya 95. The maximum amount of crude gluten in the wheat grain (33.6-40.0%) was observed in the dry year, the minimum (19.9-26.4%) was in the year with favorable humidity. The content of crude protein in the barley grain varied in the experiment from 11.6 to 14.9% (coeffi cient of variation being 9-14%) and did not differ signifi cantly by varieties (12.5-12.9%). The greatest amount of crude protein in the grain of all varieties of barley (13.7-14.9%) was recorded in the dry year.
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Marchenko, D. M., M. M. Ivanisov, E. I. Nekrasov, N. S. Kravchenko, L. A. Radchenko, and A. F. Radchenko. "‘PODAROK KRYMU’ – NEW EARLY RIPENING VARIETY OF WINTER SOFT WHEAT." TAURIDA HERALD OF THE AGRARIAN SCIENCES 4 (24) (November 2020): 114–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33952/2542-0720-2020-4-24-114-121.
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Creation and introduction into production new high-yielding and early ripening varieties of soft winter wheat adapted to certain weather conditions are the principal ways to increase yield and improve general harvest volumes. A properly selected variety is one of the most effective ways of achieving crop yield improvement for any farm. To realize the potential for increasing yields, it is crucial to bear in mind specific soil and climatic conditions. The aim of the research was to characterize a new variety of winter soft wheat ‘Podarok Krymu’ by economic and biological qualities, as well as morphological characteristics. Soil of the experimental plot – chernozems ordinary with a thick humus layer (up to 140 cm). The meteorological conditions during the years of research were quite diverse, which made it possible to evaluate the new variety by a set of economically valuable features. The studies were carried out in 2015–2019 on the experimental fields of the scientific crop rotation of the Department of Winter Wheat of State Scientific Establishment “Agricultural research center “Donskoy” (SSE “ARC “Donskoy”). The object of the research – a new variety of winter soft wheat ‘Podarok Krymu’. Winter soft wheat variety ‘Don 107’ was used as a standard. Preceding crop – corn for grain. The accounting area of the variety test plot – 10 m². Field experiments were replicated six times. In 2019, variety ‘Podarok Krymu’ was submitted for State Variety Testing by SSE “ARC “Donskoy” together with the Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea. This variety has a high potential for grain productivity. The average yield in the competitive variety testing was 7.71 t/ha (preceding crop – corn for grain), which is 0.39 t/ha higher than the average yield of standard variety ‘Don 107’. According to the length of the growing season, the variety belongs to the early maturing group; its ears emerge and kernels ripe three days earlier than that of the standard. The high and stable yield of the new variety is ensured by its tolerance to drought and heat, increased winter hardiness and resistance of plants to frost, as well as resistance to the main diseases typical in the regions where studies are being conducted. Since the autumn of 2020, ‘Podarok Krymu’ has been studied to cultivate it in the North Caucasian, Lower Volga and Central Black Earth regions of the Russian Federation.
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Kátai, Zoltán. "The examination of the agronomy, the amount of yield, and the yield stability of winter wheat varieties." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 32 (December 21, 2008): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/32/3019.
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Our research was carried out at University of Debrecen Centre for Agricultural Sciences Faculty of Agriculture Institution of Plant Sciences Látókép Research Institute through the breeding year of 2003/2004, 2004/2005 and 2005/2006 using cherrnozem soil. In our research we tested 14 chosen autumn wheat varieties during the three crop years.The different varieties showed very dissimilar ability of resistance against diseases through the three crop years. We could observe both susceptible and resistant varieties. Susceptible varieties got diseases even in favourable crop years. The observed winter wheat varieties showed higher susceptibility against helminthosporium (21.8%) and leaf rost (16.4%). Among the 14 varieties we experienced the least susceptibility in the case of ‘Gaspard’ and ‘GK Kalász’. The research showed that the disease of fusarium undoubtedly depends on the features of the crop year.In terms of stem solidity we experienced big differences. Among all the observed winter wheat varieties the mid-late ripening ‘Gaspard’ showed the best results in the average of the three years, only 5.3% was beaten down.The three ripening group of the winter wheat showed the following average yield in the average of three years: 7065 kg/hectare (early ripening varieties), 7261 kg/hectare (late ripening varieties), 6793 kg/hectare (mid-late ripening varieties). Among all the observed varieties the early ripening ‘Flori 2’ produced the biggest yield (7692 kg/hectare).During the three crop years we reached very different amounts of yield which means that weather conditions had a telling affect on yield. In 2004 we reached an excellent average yield in all the tree breeding groups because of the favourable weather conditions. In 2005 we had a moderate amount of yield because of the unfavourable weather conditions of winter. The year of 2006 showed the smallest amount of yield which is due to the fact that the plant grew less thick than usually.There were significant differences among the observed varieties in the term of yield, which can be attributed to dissimilar biological basics.One of he most important questions is the yield stability of the varieties. We had extremely different results at this field. Speaking in general terms we can state that both weather conditions and genetical abilities have a determining effect on yield. In the case of winter wheat varieties the rate of yield fluctuation was quite big, moving in the interval of 33.7-70.3%. Among all the observed varieties ‘Gaspard’ showed the best yield stability (33.3%).
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Aniela, Maria, and Monika Myśliwiec. "Changes in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum ssp. vulgare L.) and persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum L.) biomass under the influence of plant competition and density." Acta Agrobotanica 67, no. 4 (2014): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2014.050.
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The influence of sowing method and plant density on the biomass of spring wheat and Persian clover was evaluated. In a pot experiment conducted in three series during the years 2010–2012, plants were cultivated as mixed and pure crop at higher (consistent with agronomic recommendations) and lower density, decreased by 20% compared to it. Dry mass accumulation tests for both species were conducted during the following wheat growth stages (BBCH): leaf development (12–14), tillering (21–23), stem elongation (31–32), inflorescence development (54–56), and ripening (87–89). Based on the results obtained, the biomass growth rate for both species in question was also determined. It was shown that the mass of shoots of spring wheat cultivated as mixed crop was lower than that of wheat shoots grown as pure crop during the stem elongation and ripening stages. Mixed sowing limited aboveground accumulation in the heads and grain the most and in the stems the least. During the leaf development and stem elongation stages, the wheat presented a more pronounced response to the presence of clover expressed by biomass decrease in case of the treatment with lower plant density and during ripening in the treatment with recommended plant density. In case of both sowing methods and plant densities, the mass of wheat roots was similar. Biomass accumulation in Persian clover shoots and roots in mixed sowing was lower than in pure crop during the entire growing period. The wheat limited biomass accumulation of Persian clover in inflorescences the strongest and in the roots the least. The spring wheat growth rate in both sowing methods was similar as opposed to Persian clover in the case of which a decrease in the growth rate was observed in the mixed crop during the generative development period.
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Móré, Mariann, Gerda Diósi, Zoltán Győri, and Péter Sipos. "The effect of short term storage on different winter wheat varieties rheological properties." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 56 (March 11, 2014): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/56/1939.
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The aim of storage after harvest is to protect the quality of wheat, because after-ripening occurs in the first 5–6 weeks. During this time it very important to make the optimal storage conditions.
We have carried out storage experiment with wheat samples from Látókép Research Farm of the University of Debrecen. We analyzed the rheological parameters of Lupus and GK Csillag varieties from the crop year 2011/2012. The experiment period was between July and August 2012 (24. 07. 2012., 31. 07. 2012., 21. 08. 2012.).We determined the rheological parameters (water absorption, dough stability time and valorigraph quality number) of Lupus and GK Csillag during short term storage. Our results showed that after-ripening increased the baking quality of Lupus and GK Csillag during storage.
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Luder, Roland. "Weeds Influence Red-Billed Quelea Damage to Ripening Wheat in Tanzania." Journal of Wildlife Management 49, no. 3 (July 1985): 646. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3801688.
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Qabul, Nurali, and William Dirks. "Those Who Did Not Survive the Ripening of the Wheat (Excerpt)." World Literature Today 70, no. 3 (1996): 635. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40042104.
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Gao, Feng, Mark C. Jordan, and Belay T. Ayele. "Microarray dataset of after-ripening induced mRNA oxidation in wheat seeds." Data in Brief 21 (December 2018): 852–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2018.10.036.
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Hashem, M., and A. M. Hamada. "Induction of resistance to root rot disease of wheat grown under field condition." Plant, Soil and Environment 48, No. 7 (December 21, 2011): 312–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4372-pse.
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Four compounds namely Fenor (F-760), Strom, salicylic acid (SA) and thiamin (B1) were tested against root rot disease of wheat under field condition. Wheat grains were soaked in these compounds for 6 h before sowing. Mean disease rating, disease appearance, and distribution of disease were estimated as parameters of disease severity. All tested compounds significantly reduced the root rot of wheat severity during seedling, flowering and ripening stages. Fresh and dry weights were also affected by application of these compounds. Water maintenance capacity in all stages was increased as a result of seed treatments by the above-mentioned compounds. Crop yield and parameters of spikes and grains were significantly improved. These results were discussed and analyzed statistically using LSD test.
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Osmachko, O. M., V. A. Vlasenko, O. M. Bakumenko, and V. I. Bilokopytov. "Characteristics of immunity to leaf diseases of winter wheat samples under the conditions of the north-east forest steppe of Ukraine a." Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems 11, no. 1 (January 22, 2020): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/022006.
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To realize the genetic potential of the productivity of bread winter wheat varieties, it is necessary to maintain a certain level of plant resistance to disease. Resistance donors may lose this property as a result of changes in the virulence of the pathogen and defeat of the genetic systems of plant resistance. This makes it necessary to search for new resistance sources and donors to leaf diseases. Our researches were conducted using field, laboratory and mathematical-statistical methods. Phenological observations, accounting, evaluation and harvesting were conducted according to currently accepted methods. 86 bread winter wheat samples from the 4th WWSRRN CIMMYT were studied for resistance to leaf diseases in our research during 2014–2016. The manifestation of variability depended significantly on the genotype for three diseases. The highest genotype influence was obseved in resistance to septoria disease, where it was 81%. On average the highest indicator of resistance (7.7) to powdery mildew during the three years of research was observed in the mid-late ripening samples. The mid-early ripening group was considered to be the most adapted to the powdery mildew pathogen in the Northeastern Forest-Steppe. The highest average indicator of resistance (7.5) to brown rust for the three years of research was found in the early ripening group. The samples of the mid-ripening group were most adapted to the brown rust pathogen. The highest average resistance to septoria disease was also found in the early ripening group. The best adaptation to septoria disease was observed in mid-late ripening samples. 36% of the samples were resistant to three diseases. As a result of the research, a number of CIMMYT samples were isolated from the 4th WWSRRN, which exceeded the standard in resistance to powdery mildew, brown rust and septoria disease. They were characterized by better performance. Valuable forms for breeding work that can be resistance donors to leaf diseases were identified among them.
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Aggarwal, R., A. Kumar, P. L. N. Raju, and Y. V. N. Krishna Murthy. "Gaussian Kernel Based Classification Approach for Wheat Identification." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-8 (November 28, 2014): 671–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-8-671-2014.
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Agriculture holds a pivotal role in context to India, which is basically agrarian economy. Crop type identification is a key issue for monitoring agriculture and is the basis for crop acreage and yield estimation. However, it is very challenging to identify a specific crop using single date imagery. Hence, it is highly important to go for multi-temporal analysis approach for specific crop identification. This research work deals with implementation of fuzzy classifier; Possibilistic <i>c</i>-Means (PCM) with and without kernel based approach, using temporal data of Landsat 8- OLI (Operational Land Imager) for identification of wheat in Radaur City, Haryana. The multi- temporal dataset covers complete phenological cycle that is from seedling to ripening of wheat crop growth. The experimental results show that inclusion of Gaussian kernel, with Euclidean Norm (ED Norm) in Possibilistic c-Means (KPCM), soft classifier has been more robust in identification of the wheat crop. Also, identification of all the wheat fields is dependent upon appropriate selection of the temporal date. The best combination of temporal data corresponds to tillering, stem extension, heading and ripening stages of wheat crop. Entropy at testing sites of wheat has been used to validate the classified results. The entropy value at testing sites was observed to be low, implying lower uncertainty of existence of any other class at wheat test sites and high certainty of existence of wheat crop.
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PAN, X. Y., G. X. WANG, J. K. CHEN, and X. P. WEI. "Elevated growth redundancy and size inequality in spring wheat populations mulched with clear plastic film." Journal of Agricultural Science 140, no. 2 (March 2003): 193–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185960300296x.
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This study was conducted to determine the effects of plastic film mulch on percentage of abortive tillers and harvest index (HI) in two spring wheat populations, and to explore its mechanism in relation to size inequality and life-history strategies theory. Field-grown spring wheat mulched with plastic film shows a remarkable increase in grain yield (an average increase of 38·5% over non-mulched control), which mainly results from the significant increase in above-ground biomass (+44·7%). At the same time, however, reproductive allocation (spike weight/above-ground biomass, −5·2%) and harvest index (−4·5%) were significantly lower (P<0·05) in mulched than unmulched populations in both of the two cultivars used. Meanwhile, the number and weight of barren shoots and the ratio of barren shoot biomass to total shoot biomass were significantly greater in mulched populations than unmulched controls both at booting, flowering and ripening stages. From tillering to ripening stages, the tendency of G (Gini coefficient) shows obvious differences between mulched populations (‘∧’ type with the peak of G at booting stages) and non-mulched controls (‘∨’ type with the lowest G at flowering and rebounded at ripening stage). At booting and flowering, the G was significantly higher in mulched populations than unmulched controls, and it was just contrary at ripening. Reproductive allocation and HI were both negatively correlated to average G of the populations, which indicated that resource use efficiency of a crop is inversely related to plant-to-plant variability and also provided further evidence for the views that stand uniformity of field crops is an important aspect of high yield formation. From these results, it was concluded that appreciable growth redundancy occurred in spring wheat populations mulched with plastic film, which may result from the exacerbated inter-plant competition and self-thinning (evidenced by the increased degree of Gini coefficient at booting and flowering stages). Thus, spring wheat cultivation with plastic film mulching does not always mean efficiency, although there is a remarkable increase in grain yields.
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Martina, Trávníčková, Pánková Kateřina, Martinková Zdenka, and Honěk Alois. "Length of prematurity period in wheat cultivars determines maximum cereal aphid abundance." Plant Protection Science 52, No. 4 (September 26, 2016): 254–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3/2016-pps.
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Maximum aphid numbers on wheat are positively related to the length of the period elapsed from immigration to the population peak. We predicted that maximum abundances on late maturing cultivars would be greater than on early ones. This was tested using 8 spring wheat cultivars that differed in the length of time to senescence. In a 4-year experiment, numbers of aphids were checked at weekly intervals. Maximum abundances on late-maturing cultivars were significantly greater than those on early cultivars. However, the length of the vegetation period affected maximum abundances less than did the annual variation in aphid abundance. Genetic disposition for early ripening thus tends to decrease aphid numbers, but manipulation of this character is unlikely to become an important source of aphid resistance.
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Tłuczkiewicz, J., and W. Berendt. "Dynamics of phosphorus compounds in ripening and germinating cereal grains. Part I. Changes in phosphorus compounds content during ripening of wheat, barley and rye grains." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 46, no. 1 (2015): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1977.001.
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The dynamics of phosphorus compounds was followed in ripening wheat (Grana), barley (Kosmos) and rye (Pancerne) seeds. In the investigated ontogenesis period the content in the seeds of total and acid-soluble phosphorus doubled. The phosphorus of free phytin and phytin that bound with proteins increased to the end of maturation. In dormant seeds the contribution of phosphorus bound with phytin was 62-70 per cent of total P. As the seeds ripened, the content of inorganic and nucleotides-P decreased, while that of saccharides-P and their metabolites started to decrease from the moment of wax ripeness. Later RNA-P and DNA-P level decreased only slight.ly and that of lipids-P markedly. Phosphoproteid content diminished at the beginning of ripening and further remained at almost the same level. Wheat, barley and rye seed exhibited similar dynamics of metabolically active (nucleotides, saccharide-P esters and their metabolites), functional (nucleic acids) and structural (phospholipids) phosphorus compounds. Accumulation of storage forms (phytin) of phosphorus was higher in wheat and successively lower in rye and barley.
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Amunova, Oksana Sergeevna, and Evgeny Mikhailovich Lisitsin. "Leaf pigment complex of spring soft wheat cultivars of different maturity groups under different moisture regimes." Samara Journal of Science 8, no. 3 (August 5, 2019): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201983102.
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Creation of new higher productive cultivars of cereal crops is often linked with straightening of degree of resistance to abiotic environmental factors. Indirectly this degree of resistance could be estimated on quantitative change in leaf pigment composition. There is practical interest to compare the activity of pigment complex of flag leaves of wheat cultivars belonging to different maturity groups that could give information on direction of breeding improvement of plant physiological-and-genetic traits under different ecological conditions. Plants of nine breeding lines and two standard cultivars grew in 2016-2018 at the experimental field of FARC of North-East (Kirov) under continental climate conditions with moderately cold winter and warm summer. The study of flag leaves pigment complex allows to discover differences between early and middle-ripening cultivars on investigated parameters in different hydrothermal conditions. During the study years, middle-ripening cultivars accumulated more chlorophyll a than the early ones. On average this excess was about 10%. The studied cultivars were differed on distribution of pigment between structural parts of photosystems: middle-ripening cultivars had more chlorophyll a in reaction centers whereas the amount of the pigment in light-harvesting complexes was not differed. Hydrothermal conditions significantly influenced the differences between cultivar groups. Thus, under dry conditions the content of chlorophyll b and carotenoids in flag leaves of cultivars belonging to both group of maturity had no significant differences. Under normal or moist conditions middle-ripening cultivars contained 11,0-12,6% more chlorophyll b and 7,6-23,1% more carotenoids than the early cultivars. Under dry conditions the two groups of cultivars significantly differed on mass ratio chlorophyll a/b: in the middle-ripening cultivars it was 5,0% higher than in the early ones. Based on chlorophyll a and b content at flowering stage breeding lines С-64, С-65, С-103, and С-129 were selected. The amount of chlorophyll in these genotypes was significantly higher than in Margarita standard cultivar. Within the group of early cultivars, no one exceeded Bazhenka standard by the pigment content. The cultivars of this group reacted on abiotic growing conditions change very much (the amount of precipitations and air temperature): the coefficients of chlorophyll a content variation were 6,5-16,3%, of chlorophyll b content - 26,9-29,7%, of carotenoids content - 4,1-17,2%.
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Kosenko, S. V. "ОЦЕНКА СОРТОВ ОЗИМОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ ПО ПРИЗНАКУ «МАССОВАЯ ДОЛЯ БЕЛКА В ЗЕРНЕ»." TAURIDA HERALD OF THE AGRARIAN SCIENCES 2(26) (August 3, 2021): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.33952/2542-0720-2021-2-26-109-115.
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Penza region is characterized by a diversity of natural and climatic zones and considerable variability of meteorological factors over the years. Therefore, the creation of high-yielding winter soft wheat varieties with high protein content in grain is one of the most significant challenges in this crop breeding. The purposes of this research are twofold: assess the ability of winter wheat varieties to form high-protein grain in various environmental conditions and isolate a valuable source material for breeding. The research objective is to evaluate winter wheat varieties by such indicator as “mass fraction of protein in grain”. The research was carried out from 2008 to 2017 in a forest-steppe zone of the Penza region. The soils of the experimental field – medium-humus medium-thick leached chernozem with the 35–40 cm depth of the plowing horizon. Ninety varieties of winter wheat from the world collection were the material for the research. The forecrop is black fallow. Square of experimental fields is 3 m2, triple replication. Seeding rate – 5.5 million germinating grains/ha. Standard – winter soft wheat variety ‘Fotinya’. Mass fraction of protein in grain in early ripening and mid-early varieties of winter wheat significantly differed from those of the mid-maturing group. Winter wheat varieties from the mid-ripening group were distinguished by a high protein content (on average 15.5 %), high yield (on average 3.8 t/ha), high yield of protein per hectare (on average 0.59 t/ha). According to the level of stress resistance, varieties ‘Fotinya’ and ‘Moskovskaya 39’ stood out (0.7 and 0.6, respectively). The following varieties are characterized by high genetic flexibility (15.3–16.2): ‘Fotinya’ (Penza region), ‘Moskovskaya 39’ (Moscow region), ‘Bezenchukskaya 380’ (Samara region), ‘Badulinka’ (Volgograd region), ‘Ershovskaya 25’ (Saratov region), ‘Zimorodok’, ‘Pobeda 50’ (Krasnodar Territory), ‘Zernogradka 8’, ‘Konkurent’ (Rostov Region). All the aforementioned varieties have less variability of a characteristic over the years (coefficient of variation – 3.2–9.7 %) and are recommended for use as a starting material for creating new forms.
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Weidner, Stanisław, and Kazimierz Zalewski. "Changes in ribosomal proteins in wheat embryos in the course of grain development and maturation." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 51, no. 2 (2014): 283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1982.025.
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It was found, by comparing the densitometric profiles of ribosomal proteins of wheat embryos in milk and full grain ripeness, that in the process of development and ripening of caryopses the percentual proportion of low molecular weight proteins increases at the cost of those of high molecular weight. This concerns both acidic and basic proteins. In electrophoretic separation of ribosomal proteins from embryos of fully ripe seeds by the method of two-dimensional electrophoresis the appearance of three new low molecular weight proteins - an acidic one and two basic ones - was observed. These proteins were not found in the embryos of caryopses of milk ripeness. These results indicate that with development and ripening of wheat caryopses new low molecular weight ribosomal proteins are built into the ribosomes in the embryo. These changes are both quantitative and qualitative.
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Demina, I. F. "The results of study of collection samples of spring soft wheat in the Middle Volga Region." Agricultural Science Euro-North-East 21, no. 6 (December 13, 2020): 653–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.30766/2072-9081.2020.21.6.653-659.
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During the research, there were studied 186 varieties of spring soft wheat of different ecological and geographical origin to develop valuable initial material for new varieties in the conditions of Middle Volga. The studies were carried out in accordance with the methodic recommendations of VIR. According to the duration of the growing season, the samples were divided into three groups: early ripening – 29.4 %, mid-ripening – 45.0 % and mid-late-ripening – 25.6 %. The largest number of high-yielding varieties belongs to the mid-ripening group. Five groups are distinguished according to plant height: above 120 cm – tall, 120-105 cm – medium-grown, 104-85 cm – undersized, 84-60 cm – semi-dwarfs, less than 60 cm – dwarfs. A group of semi-dwarfs showed high resistance to lodging. The yield of productive genotypes in this group is 192-210 g/m2. The analysis of the elements of the yield structure showed the varieties that exceeded the standard in the number of grains in the ear (32.8 pcs.): Annet (38.2 pcs.), Baganskaya 95 (36.5 pcs.), Riks (37.7 pcs.), Lubninka (36.8 pcs.), (Russia, West Siberian Region), Biryusa (37.2 pcs.) (Russia, East Siberian Region), by grain weight per ear – Russian varieties from East Siberian, West Siberian and Lower Volga Regions (0.96-1.52 g), and varieties of foreign selection from North America (0.89-1.64 г). According to the yield the following varieties significantly exceeded the standard variety Kinelskaya Niva (310 g/m2) by 30-54 g/m2 (LSD05 = 22.5 g/m2): Russian varieties Annet, Baganskaya 95, Lavrusha, Tarskaya 10, Pamyati Maistrenko, Omskaya 39, Duet (West Siberian region), Voevoda (Lower Volga region) and Uyarochka (East Siberian region), foreign varieties Aktyube 10 (Kazakhstan) and Granit (Canada). The varieties with complex resistance to the main types of leaf diseases (leaf rust and powdery mildew) have been identified: Norwell, Granit, Dandy, CDC Merlin (Kanada), Lavrusha, Tarskaya 10 (West Siberian Region), Tybalt (Netherlands), Voevoda (Lower Volga Region), Etyud (Ukraine). The identified varieties were used as parental forms in crosses.
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Bankina, Biruta. "Tan spot - the most harmful wheat leaf disease in Latvia." Acta Agrobotanica 58, no. 1 (2012): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2005.001.
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Tan spot (<i>Pyrenophora tritici</i>-<i>repentis</i>) is one of the most important wheat diseases in Latvia. Significant spreading of this disease was observed from 1998. Field experiments were carried out at the Research and Training Farm "Peterlauki" of the Latvia University of Agriculture, during 1998-2003. Development of diseases was observed on 14 winter wheat varieties, dynamics of development was investigated on 'Donskaja polukarlikovaja' and 'Stava'. Assessments of the disease severity were carried out on the upper three leaves each week from the start of stem elongation to full ripening. Tan spot was observed at the stage of stem elongation in 2003, and only after flowering in 1999. Increase of the disease severity was slow until stage of milk ripeness, and only in late stages of wheat development sharp increase of the disease was observed. Total rate of infection (through the session of vegetation) was very slow (0,01-0,19), but during ripening rate achieved 0,5-0,6. The main reason of so unequal development of the disease seems changes in amount of infection sources. Other possible reason of rapid increase of the disease development is the relationship between leaf age and susceptibility to the disease. Further research is necessary for better understanding of tan spot life cycle.
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MATSUZAKI, Morio, and Masakazu TOYODA. "Change in Wheat Quality with Ripening. II. Flour traits that affect quality." Japanese journal of crop science 66, no. 2 (1997): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1626/jcs.66.183.
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IHORI, Hidetoshi. "The Relationship between Grain Ripening and Falling Number in Winter Wheat Seeds." Japanese journal of crop science 70, no. 3 (2001): 373–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1626/jcs.70.373.
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Weidner, Stanisław, and Krzysztof Kulka. "Ribonucleic acids of wheat grain and its endosperm during development and ripening." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 48, no. 4 (2015): 501–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1979.041.
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The work present quantitative changes and synthesis od: RNA fractions in wheat grain and endosperm during development and ripening. It was found that share of rRNA in total RNA decreases during development both, in the endosperm and in grain. Rapid drop of rRNA content in total RNA takes place in the endosperm since 31st day after blooming, and in grain - since 45th day after blooming. Absolute amount of rRNA, as calculated per 100 grains or endosperms, increases in the first half of grain formation period, and then decreases till the end of development. As a result of degradation of ribosomal RNA in endosperm, low-molecule fraction – 4 S, significantly increased at final stage of development. Decrease of rRNA fraction at final stage of development is not accompanied by an increase of absolute amount of 4 S RNA fraction. Incorporation of 3H-,uriidine into grain and endosperm RNA is highest at the begining of development. Further on it gradually decreases till the end of development. Synthesis of RNA in grain takes place throughout the whole development. Contrary to this, no incorporation of precursor into rRNA was noted during waxy and full ripeness of wheat grain.
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Lou, BINGSHAN, Yasushi HOTTA, YINGLAN Qu, JINSONG Zhao, Tohru TANAKA, Yasutomo TAKEUCHI, and Makoto KONNAI. "Effects of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid on the Growth and Ripening of Wheat." Journal of Pesticide Science 23, no. 3 (1998): 300–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.23.300.
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Ilchenko, L. I. "Duration of post-harvest seed ripening period of bread winter wheat varieties." Myronivka Bulletin 7 (December 15, 2018): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/mvis201807-05.
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Mrva, Kolumbina, Meredith Wallwork, and Daryl J. Mares. "α-Amylase and programmed cell death in aleurone of ripening wheat grains." Journal of Experimental Botany 57, no. 4 (February 8, 2006): 877–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erj072.
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Hagemann, M. G., and A. J. Ciha. "Environmental × Genotype Effects on Seed Dormancy and After‐Ripening in Wheat 1." Agronomy Journal 79, no. 2 (March 1987): 192–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj1987.00021962007900020004x.
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MAGAN, N., and J. LACEY. "The phylloplane microflora of ripening wheat and effect of late fungicide applications." Annals of Applied Biology 109, no. 1 (August 1986): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1986.tb03190.x.
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Perrotta, C., A. S. Treglia, G. Mita, E. Giangrande, P. Rampino, G. Ronga, G. Spano, and N. Marmiroli. "Analysis of mRNAs from Ripening Wheat Seeds: the Effect of High Temperature." Journal of Cereal Science 27, no. 2 (March 1998): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jcrs.1997.0153.
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Treder, Kinga, Maria Wanic, and Janusz Nowicki. "The intensity of competitive interactions between spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori et. Paol) and spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under different fertilisation conditions." Acta Agrobotanica 61, no. 2 (2012): 195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2008.048.
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Competitive interactions between spring wheat and spring barley were traced based on a pot experiment. In the years 2003-2004, three cycles of the experiment were carried out in a greenhouse. Two spring cereals - wheat and barley, sown in a mixture and in a monoculture, with different mineral fertilisation levels, were the object of evaluation and comparison. The experiment was set up according to the additive scheme, determining dry weight values for both species in 5 growth stages (emergence, tillering, shooting, heading and ripening). Results were used to determine relative yields and competition ratios. It was demonstrated that competition between the cereals started already from the emergence stage and lasted till the end of vegetation, manifesting itself with the greatest strength at the heading stage, but thereafter it weakened in the NPK poorer environment. Access to a larger pool of macroelements resulted in the intensification of competitive interactions. Spring barley used the limited growth factors better than wheat from shooting till the ripening period, and a reverse relation was exhibited only at the tillering stage.
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Petrov, A. F., A. N. Murmulev, A. G. Mitrakova, and L. N. Korobova. "THE EFFICACY OF LIQUID NITROGEN FERTILIZERS IN SPRING WHEAT." Innovations and Food Safety, no. 2 (July 2, 2020): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31677/2311-0651-2019-24-2-119-124.
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Efficiency of application of various forms of nitrogen fertilizers on crops of spring wheat Novosibirsk 31 is shown. During the growing season the main phenological observations were made. In the phase of the beginning of milk ripeness of wheat defined a number of indicators related to plant productivity: the number of productive stems per unit area, plant height. In the ripening phase, the elements of the crop structure were studied: the number of productive stems, the number of spikelets in the ear, the number of grains in the ear, the mass of 1000 grains. Economic efficiency of cultivation of culture is calculated.
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Kazak, Anastasia Afonasyevna, and Yury Pavlovich Loginov. "The yield and baking quality of Siberia-bred spring soft wheat varieties in the north forest-steppe of the Tyumen region." Revista Amazonia Investiga 9, no. 29 (May 18, 2020): 124–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2020.29.05.15.
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Over the past century and at the beginning of the current one, Siberian breeders have been intensively breeding spring soft wheat for improving the yield and grain quality. The ecologically and geographically diverse source material has been used at the breeding and educational institutions of the region. Thus, in the severe Siberian conditions, the wheat gene pool has been painstakingly created. It has been very difficult here to solve the problem of improving the grain quality, but, given the determination and the talent of many breeders and geneticists, the gene pool of valuable and strong wheat varieties has been created. As a result, being formerly a consumer of food wheat, Siberia has now become a region producing high-quality grain for domestic use and sale in the foreign market. The gene pool of spring soft wheat, which is so rich in the volume and quality, has not been studied in full, and not used throughout Siberia. In 2013 – 2015, sixteen valuable and strong varieties of Siberia-bred wheat had been studied in the northern zone of the Tyumen region on the experimental field of the Northern Trans-Ural State Agricultural University. It has been found that the average productivity of the early-ripening Novosibirskaya 16, Tulun 15, and Polyushko varieties over the three years amounted to 2.52 – 2.89 t/ha, and was close to the yield (2.35 – 3.10 t/ha) of the middle-early ripening varieties. In the midseason-ripening group, the Alyoshina and Altayskaya 110 and 325 varieties exceeded the Tyumen-bred standard Lutescens 70 by 0.23 – 0.69 t/ha with the yield of the latter being 2.54 t/ha. In terms of the content and quality of gluten, the following varieties stood out: Iren, Novosibirskaya 15, Tulun 15, Polyushko, Omskaya 36, Skala, Boyevchanka, Pamyati Vavenkova, Tyumenskaya 80, Alyoshina, and Altayskaya 325. In terms of baking properties (3.7 – 4.2 points), the following varieties stood out: Iren, Novosibirskaya 15, 29, 31, Polyushko, Skala, Boyevchanka, Pamyati Vavenkova, Tyumenskaya 80, Tulunskaya 12, and Altayskaya 325, which can be used as the source material for further wheat breeding.
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Мухитов, Lenar Mukhitov, Самуилов, and Feofan Samuilov. "dependence of productivity of wheat of different biological groups on parameters of the assimilatory device of plants in the forest-steppe of the Orenburg Cis-Urals." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 8, no. 4 (January 13, 2014): 124–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2220.
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On the basis of summarizing the results of many years of experience about environmental study of varieties and breeding varieties of spring wheat, we revealed the peculiarities of influence of plants’ assimilation apparatus parameters on the productivity level of early ripening, middle- and late ripening varieties in the forest-steppe zone of Orenburg Urals. These varieties should be used to create hybrid forms of spring wheat with optimal parameters of photosynthetic surface. This will better in solution the selection issues on efficiency in the forest of the Southern Urals. As a result, during the study of the influence of the size of the surface to the grain photosynthetic productivity level of wheat varieties, we found that in this case with an increase in the parameters of the assimilation apparatus, there is an increase of yields up to a certain limit, then a further increase in the size of the photosynthetic surface leads to lower yields. This pattern is clearly related to the fact that the overgrowing foliage due to worsening conditions for leaf photosynthetic activity, the rate of photosynthesis decreases. The following studied varieties of spring wheat have optimal parameters of the photosynthetic index: Volgouralskaya, Varyag, Kinelskaya 59, Logachevka, Lyuba, Prokhorovka, Solveig, Tulaykovskaya 1, Tulaykovskaya stepnaya and Enita. These varieties should be used to create hybrid forms of spring wheat with optimal parameters of the assimilation apparatus.
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Guan, Senlin, Koichiro Fukami, Hitoshi Matsunaka, Midori Okami, Ryo Tanaka, Hiroshi Nakano, Tetsufumi Sakai, Keiko Nakano, Hideki Ohdan, and Kimiyasu Takahashi. "Assessing Correlation of High-Resolution NDVI with Fertilizer Application Level and Yield of Rice and Wheat Crops using Small UAVs." Remote Sensing 11, no. 2 (January 9, 2019): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11020112.
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The aim of this study was to use small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for determining high-resolution normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values. Subsequently, these results were used to assess their correlations with fertilizer application levels and the yields of rice and wheat crops. For multispectral sensing, we flew two types of small UAVs (DJI Phantom 4 and DJI Phantom 4 Pro)—each equipped with a compact multispectral sensor (Parrot Sequoia). The information collected was composed of numerous RGB orthomosaic images as well as reflectance maps with spatial resolution greater than a ground sampling distance of 10.5 cm. From 223 UAV flight campaigns over 120 fields with a total area coverage of 77.48 ha, we determined that the highest efficiency for the UAV-based remote sensing measurement was approximately 19.8 ha per 10 min while flying 100 m above ground level. During image processing, we developed and used a batch image alignment algorithm—a program written in Python language–to calculate the NDVI values in experimental plots or fields in a batch of NDVI index maps. The color NDVI distribution maps of wide rice fields identified differences in stages of ripening and lodging-injury areas, which accorded with practical crop growth status from aboveground observation. For direct-seeded rice, variation in the grain yield was most closely related to that in the NDVI at the early reproductive and late ripening stages. For wheat, the NDVI values were highly correlated with the yield ( R 2 = 0.601–0.809) from the middle reproductive to the early ripening stages. Furthermore, using the NDVI values, it was possible to differentiate the levels of fertilizer application for both rice and wheat. These results indicate that the small UAV-derived NDVI values are effective for predicting yield and detecting fertilizer application levels during rice and wheat production.
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Bakumenko, O. M., V. A. Vlasenko, O. M. Osmachko, Fanhua Meng, and Qian Zhou. "Breeding evaluation of chinese bread winter wheat varieties recent in the northeastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine." Bulletin of Sumy National Agrarian University. The series: Agronomy and Biology, no. 3(37) (September 30, 2019): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.32845/agrobio.2019.3.1.
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Experimental researches had been carried out during 2012–2016 in the crop rotation of Sumy National Agrarian University (SNAU) of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine. Soils on the experimental field of SNAU – black soil typical deep, non-humusful medium-loam with high and medium provision with elements of mineral nutrition. The humus content about 3.9 %. The reaction of the soil solution is close to neutral (5.8).
The analysis of the weather conditions of 2012–2016 researches was conducted on the basis of annual data provided by the meteorological station of the Institute of Agriculture of the North-East of the NAAS, located five kilometers from the experimental field of SNAU. The SNAU soils are classified in the second agro-climatic region of the Sumy region, which according to a long-term data is characterized by temperate continental climate with warm summers and not very cold winters with thaws. Average daily (average annual) air temperature during 2012–2016 fluctuated from +7.9 to +9.5 ºС, and the legth of the frost-free period was close to 230 days. Long-term indicator, precipitation falls within 597–600 mm, with most of it – in the warm period (April-October). In general, the weather conditions during the winter wheat vegetation periods differed from the average annual parameters of the temperature regime, the amount of precipitation and their monthly distribution. It should be noted the excess of temperature to the average long-term index, as well as a slight precipitation increasing. In general, it facilitated to a comprehensive evaluation of the studied Chinese varieties as for an adaptive ability under condition of Ukraine.
The samples of Chinese winter wheat varieties which originated from the expeditionary gatherings conducted by V. A. Vlasenko in Gansu and Hebei provinces in (2000–2012) were the material for conducting researches. The cultivar Podolianka (the standard) was used in the study for comparison. The research was carried out using field, laboratory and mathematical-statistical methods. Phenological observations and records, evaluation and harvesting were conducted in accordance with generally accepted methods.
The results of research as for adaptive potential of Chinese bread winter wheat varieties are presented. 50 new cultivars of Chinese origin were analyzed under the conditions of left-bank side of North-East Forest-Steppe of Ukraine: super-early varieties – 10 %; early ripening varieties – 54 %; middle-early varieties – 12 %; mid-ripening varieties – 24 %. As for the level of tolerance for winter conditions, all groups of alien crops were inferior to the standard (cultivar Podolyanka) though they had a great level of index (6.4–7.9 points). In general, Chinese cultivars under the conditions of the research were characterized by relatively satisfactory tolerance for winter conditions; 52 % of analyzed patterns wintered at the level of standard with 8 points. Among them: super-early varieties – 2 %; early ripening varieties – 20 %; middle-early varieties – 8 %; mid-ripening varieties – 22 %. As for the height of the plants we identified – from medium-sized (81‒110 cm) forms to dwarf (30-50 cm). The analyzed genotypes divided into medium-sized forms – 22 %, dwarf forms – 14 % and semidwarf forms – 64 %. There was a direct relation between: a plant height → group of ripeness (r = 0.96) → group of ripeness (r = 0.92) → resistance to overwintering (r = 0.78). Among the analyzed patterns high resistance against a group of diseases had the varieties: middle-early genotypes – Longzhong 10, Zhong mai 19, Shijra zhuang 8; mid-ripening genotypes – Longzhong 1, Longzhong 3, Longzhong 2, Longzhong 4, Longzhong 12, Longzhong 7; early ripening genotypes – DF529, Lankao 906, DF581, СА0175, Zhongmai 9, Shi 4185, Jimai 22, Shixin 733, Shimai 12. As for the crop better than the standard: early ripening varieties –Jimai 19, DF529; middle-early varieties – Shijiazhuang 8, Longzhong 10, Jingdong 8; middle-early varieties – NSA 97-2082, Longzhong 2, Longzhong 4, Longzhong 7, Longzhong 5, Longzhong 8, Longzhong 12, Longzhong 11, Longzhong 3. 16 % of analyzed cultivars distinguished by the totality of researched characteristics – DF529, Shijiazhuang 8, Longzhong 3, Longzhong 10, Longzhong 4, Longzhong 7, Longzhong 12, Longzhong 2.
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Okuyama, Lauro Akio, Luiz Carlos Federizzi, and José Fernandes Barbosa Neto. "Correlation and path analysis of yield and its components and plant traits in wheat." Ciência Rural 34, no. 6 (December 2004): 1701–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782004000600006.
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This study was aimed to characterize yield components and plant traits related to grain yield. Correlation and path analysis were carried out in wheat genotypes grown under irrigated and non-irrigated field conditions. In the path coefficient analysis, grain yield represented the dependent variable and the number of spikes m-2, number of grains spike-1, kernel weight, days to anthesis, above-ground biomass m-2 and plant height were the independent ones. In both years, periods without rain occurred from early milk to grain ripening and from flag leaf sheath opening to grain ripening for first and second sowing dates, respectively. Character associations were similar in both water regimes. Grain yield showed positive phenotypic correlation with above-ground biomass, number of spikes m-2 and number of grains per spike. Path analysis revealed positive direct effect and moderate correlation of number of spike m-2 and number of grains per spike with grain yield. These results indicated that the number of spikes m-2 and the number of grains per spike followed by the above-ground biomass were the traits related to higher grain yield, under irrigated and late season water stress conditions.
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Balla, K., and O. Veisz. "Temperature dependence of wheat development." Acta Agronomica Hungarica 56, no. 3 (September 1, 2008): 313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aagr.56.2008.3.7.
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Among the abiotic stress factors influencing the growth and productivity of wheat varieties, extremely high temperatures have the most limiting effect. In an experiment set up in the gradient chamber of the Martonvásár phytotron to test the effect of various temperatures on four winter wheat varieties and one variety of spelt, substantial differences were observed in the heat stress tolerance of the varieties. There was a considerable reduction in the number of shoots and spikes as the result of heat stress, leading to a drastic loss of grain yield. It was clear from changes in the biomass and in the grain:straw ratio that extremely high temperatures led to a substantial reduction in the ratio of grain to straw in the varieties tested. In response to high temperature the wheat plants turned yellow earlier due to the rapid decomposition of the chlorophyll content. This resulted in a considerable shortening of the vegetation period and early ripening. Reductions in the parameters tested were observed at different temperature levels for each variety, indicating considerable differences in the ability of the varieties to adapt to abiotic stress factors.
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ATKINSON, M. D., P. S. KETTLEWELL, P. R. POULTON, and P. D. HOLLINS. "Grain quality in the Broadbalk Wheat Experiment and the winter North Atlantic Oscillation." Journal of Agricultural Science 146, no. 5 (July 23, 2008): 541–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859608007958.
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SUMMARYPrevious work has shown that the national average quality of the UK wheat crop from 1974 to 1999 was associated with the preceding winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). The association of the winter NAO with the grain quality measure, specific weight, was shown to be mediated by sunshine duration during grain filling and unconditional wet day probability during grain ripening (the probability of a wet day following either a dry or a wet day). The present study tests the hypothesis that the association between specific weight and the winter NAO can be detected in data from 158 years of the Broadbalk Wheat Experiment at Rothamsted in south-east England. Specific weight from the Broadbalk Experiment responded to sunshine duration during grain filling and unconditional wet day probability during grain ripening in a similar way to the national average data. An association with the winter NAO was found in the Broadbalk data from 1956 to 2001, but not in the previous 112 years (1844–1955). This finding is consistent with other work showing significant correlations between the winter NAO and summer climate only in recent decades. It is concluded that the association between wheat quality and the NAO is a recent phenomenon.
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Ageyeva, E. V., and I. E. Likhenko. "GRAIN QUALITY IN EARLY-RIPENING AND MEDIUM-EARLY VARIETIES OF SPRING COMMON WHEAT." Siberian Herald of Agricultural Science 47, no. 6 (January 1, 2017): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.26898/0370-8799-2017-6-4.
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Fandrich, Lynn, and Carol A. Mallory-Smith. "Factors affecting germination of jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica) seed." Weed Science 54, no. 4 (August 2006): 677–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-05-104r.1.
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Specific knowledge about the dormancy, germination, and emergence patterns of weed species aids the development of integrated management strategies. The after-ripening period for jointed goatgrass seed was quantified, and the effects of germination conditions and spikelet structures on jointed goatgrass seed germination were measured. As the duration of after-ripening increased, jointed goatgrass seed germinated earlier, at faster rates, and to greater final percentages compared to non–after-ripened seed. Both primary and secondary positioned seed within jointed goatgrass spikelets were nondormant after 16 wk after-ripening at 22 ± 2 C. Germination of dormant seed depended on incubation temperature and dark/light conditions. Sixty-seven percent of spikelets produced a radicle when exposed to low temperatures in the dark, and light at warm temperatures increased germination by 7%. The relationship between light and incubation temperature was similar also for germination of the primary positioned seed in nondormant spikelets; however, the magnitude of the effect increased. Light increased germination of seed incubated at warm temperatures by 18%. Coleoptile emergence was dependent on planting depth for three jointed goatgrass populations, winter wheat, and spring wheat. Under optimum conditions in the greenhouse, no planting depth selectively allowed wheat germination and emergence while preventing jointed goatgrass germination and emergence. Glume removal increased jointed goatgrass secondary positioned seed final germination percentage to 96%, increased the germination rate, and decreased the number of days required to reach 50% germination to 6 d. Glume removal also promoted germination of the primary seed within jointed goatgrass spikelets. Glume removal resulted in 80% of the spikelets having two coleoptiles, but did not alleviate dormancy completely in jointed goatgrass seed. Tillage and herbicide applications for jointed goatgrass control will be most effective in the fall when primary dormancy is lost, but before secondary dormancy is imposed.
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Wheeler, Raymond M., Barbara V. Peterson, and Gary W. Stutte. "Ethylene Production throughout Growth and Development of Plants." HortScience 39, no. 7 (December 2004): 1541–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.7.1541.
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Ethylene production by 10 or 20 m2 stands of wheat, soybean, lettuce, potato, and tomato was monitored throughout growth and development in an atmospherically closed plant chamber. Chamber ethylene levels varied among species and rose during periods of canopy expansion and rapid growth for all species. Following this, ethylene levels either declined during seed fill and maturation for wheat and soybean, or remained relatively constant for potato and tomato (during flowering and early fruit development). Lettuce plants were harvested during rapid growth and peak ethylene production. Chamber ethylene levels increased rapidly during tomato ripening, reaching concentrations about 10 times that measured during vegetative growth. The highest ethylene production rates during vegetative growth ranged from 1.6 to 2.5 nmol·m-2·d-1 during rapid growth of lettuce and wheat stands, or about 0.3 to 0.5 nmol·g-1 fresh weight per hour. Estimates of stand ethylene production during tomato ripening showed that rates reached 43 nmol·m-2·d-1 in one study and 93 nmol·m-2·d-1 in a second study with higher lighting, or about 50× that of the rate during vegetative growth of tomato. In a related test with potato, the photoperiod was extended from 12 to 24 hours (continuous light) at 58 days after planting (to increase tuber yield), but this change in the environment caused a sharp increase in ethylene production from the basal rate of 0.4 to 6.2 nmol·m-2·d-1. Following this, the photoperiod was changed back to 12 h at 61 days and ethylene levels decreased. The results suggest three separate categories of ethylene production were observed with whole stands of plants: 1) production during rapid vegetative growth, 2) production during climacteric fruit ripening, and 3) production from environmental stress.
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Sinegovskaya, V. T., and E. T. Naumchenko. "Influence of ecological and agrochemical factors on the level of soybean yield." Rossiiskaia selskokhoziaistvennaia nauka, no. 3 (June 24, 2019): 16–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s2500-26272019316-18.
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The article presents the results of studies on the effectiveness of the use of mineral and organic-mineral fertilizer systems in a long-term stationary 5-course soy-grain crop rotation depending on agro-ecological factors. The goal of research is to study the effect of long-term application of mineral (annually N42 P48 kg of active ingredient / ha of crop rotation area) and organic-mineral (annually N24 P30 kg of active ingredient + 4.8 t of manure per 1 ha of crop rotation area) fertilizer system on the productivity of soybean in crop rotation. The objects of research were mid-ripening and early-ripening soybean varieties, preceding crops - annual grasses (soy-oat mixture) and spring wheat. The preceding crops, variety and hydrothermal conditions under which soybean was grown from 1963 to 2017 were considered as agro-ecological factors. It was established that the highest yield of soybean was obtained when placing soybean crops after wheat, while by the number of years, the yield level of 1,8 – 2,0 t/ha was repeated 16 % more often than when growing soybean after annual grasses. The maximum increase in yield relative to the control (0, 17 t/ha) was formed by the long-term use of organic-mineral fertilizer system for soybean cultivated after wheat. In cold wet years, the use of organic-mineral fertilizer system ensured plant resistance to unfavorable weather conditions, stimulating an increase in the soybean yield relative to the control by 0,18 t/ha. The most responsive to fertilizer application were the mid-ripening soybean varieties: the increase in grain yield amounted to 0,03 – 0,20 t/ha relative to the control, and the realization of potential yield of the variety increased by 2–7 %.
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Zhu, Yongbin, Yajuan Shi, Changxin Liu, Bing Lyu, and Zhenbo Wang. "Reinspecting the Climate-Crop Yields Relationship at a Finer Scale and the Climate Damage Evaluation: Evidence from China." Complexity 2020 (September 17, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9424327.
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This paper reinvestigated the climate-crop yield relationship with the statistical model at crops’ growing stage scale. Compared to previous studies, our model introduced monthly climate variables in the production function of crops, which enables separating the yield changes induced by climate change and those caused by inputs variation and technique progress, as well as examining different climate effects during each growing stage of crops. By applying the fixed effect regression model with province-level panel data of crop yields, agricultural inputs, and the monthly climate variables of temperature and precipitation from 1985 to 2015, we found that the effects of temperature generally are negative and those of precipitation generally are positive, but they vary among different growth stages for each crop. Specifically, GDDs (i.e., growing degree days) have negative effects on spring maize’s yield except for the sowing and ripening stages; the effects of precipitation are negative in September for summer maize. Precipitation in December and the next April is significantly harmful to the yield of winter wheat; while, for the spring wheat, GDDs have positive effects during April and May, and precipitation has negative effects during the ripening period. In addition, we computed climate-induced losses based on the climate-crop yield relationship, which demonstrated a strong tendency for increasing yield losses for all crops, with large interannual fluctuations. Comparatively, the long-term climate effects on yields of spring maize, summer maize, and spring wheat are more noticeable than those of winter wheat.
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Nakatsu, Satoshi. "Effect of Weather Conditions on .ALPHA.-Amylase of Ripening Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain." Journal of Applied Glycoscience 46, no. 3 (1999): 291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5458/jag.46.291.
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MATSUZAKI, Morio, and Masakazu TOYODA. "Change in Wheat Quality with Ripening. I. Grain dry weight and grain water content." Japanese journal of crop science 66, no. 2 (1997): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1626/jcs.66.177.
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