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Journal articles on the topic 'Whelks'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 February 2022

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1

Marshall, David J. "Predatory and reproductive responses of the estuarine whelk Thais gradata (Caenogastropoda: Muricidae) to novel colonization by Musculista senhousia (Bivalvia: Mytilidae)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 89, no. 7 (2009): 1387–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315409000642.

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Novel predator–prey interactions are becoming increasingly relevant to investigate in the context of current geographical range expansions and biological invasions. This study describes a vigorous attack by a muricid whelk, Thais gradata on a mud-inhabiting mytilid mussel, Musculista senhousia, following new colonization of the mussel in the Brunei estuarine system (Borneo, South-East Asia). This represents only the second reported attack by a gastropod on this globally important invasive mussel species, and the first such attack in its native environment. Whelks migrated from their typical hard surface habitat and barnacle feeding to the sediment, where they aggregated and fed on the mussels. Field data suggest no selection by the whelks of the part of the mussel bed colonized or of the prey size attacked (median shell length = 21 mm). In addition to forming feeding aggregations, the whelks formed non-feeding resting aggregations off the mussel bed (sometimes of more than 80 individuals). These apparently facilitated synchronized mating and consequently the formation of large communal nests of egg capsules (involving approximately 3500 contributing females). During the investigation, the newly-formed mussel colony underwent mass mortality, and the whelks either redistributed on the sediment or returned to feeding on barnacles. The population-level response by the whelks described here maximizes energy transfer from prey resource to whelk propagation. In addition to the whelk's generality of habitat use and feeding behaviour, this is likely to contribute to sustaining populations in a system where prey abundance and distribution is limited by highly variable and extreme physicochemical conditions.

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2

Harding, Juliana M., Michael A. Unger, E. Alex Jestel, and Roger Mann. "Sex and site-specific trends in veined rapa whelk (Rapana venosa) tributyltin bioaccumulation: considerations for biomonitoring." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 97, no. 7 (2016): 1495–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315416000849.

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The imposition of male sexual characteristics onto the female (imposex) is present in wild populations of the non-native veined rapa whelk (Rapana venosa) in Chesapeake Bay, USA but does not appear to compromise reproductive function. Cultured whelks were used to test two hypotheses: (1) Observed imposex metrics will be similar to tributyltin (TBT) water concentrations at each of three sites; (2) Male and imposex/female whelks from the same site will have similar TBT body burdens. Cultured 2-year-old whelks were transplanted to three field sites in the York River, USA at the onset of their second reproductive season. Transplant site mean TBT water concentrations ranged from 1.4 ± 0.77 to 64.2 ± 57.8 ng l−1. Imposex incidence was 100% after 28 weeks with an observed M:F:IF ratio of 81:0:92 across all sites. Imposex stages (median vas deferens scale index = 4) and reproductive output were similar across sites. The imposex severity (IS = penis length/shell length) increased with increasing TBT concentrations. The relative penis length (RPLI) and relative penis size (RPSI) indices were positively related to site-specific TBT levels. Male whelks accumulated significantly higher TBT concentrations than female whelks at the site with the highest TBT concentration. Mean TBT concentrations in whelk egg capsules were significantly higher than concentrations in male or female whelk tissue. Egg capsule deposition provides a depuration mechanism for female whelks to reduce body burden of lipophilic TBT. Sex, season and reproductive status should be considered when using gastropod bioaccumulation to monitor TBT effects.

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3

Hu, N., Z. Yu, Y. Huang, D. Liu, F. Wang, and T. Zhang. "Elevated temperatures increase growth and enhance foraging performances of a marine gastropod." Aquaculture Environment Interactions 13 (May 6, 2021): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/aei00398.

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The oceans continue to warm due to rising atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations. Most climate-change studies of aquaculture species use temperature changes based on coarse-resolution climate models and without considering thermal ranges of an animal. Coarse-resolution climate models are generated by global-scale data, which is insufficient to capture the conditions of coastal areas where most aquaculture activity occurs. Therefore, ocean warming research on coastal organisms requires a more comprehensive design to include broad temperature gradients. By using the ecologically and commercially important coastal whelk Rapana venosa, we combined long-term and short-term experiments and selected 4 temperature treatments (19, 23, 27, and 30°C) to simulate different scenarios to test ocean warming effects on growth rates and foraging performances of whelks. We found that elevated temperature within the whelk’s thermal range (23 and 27°C) significantly increased growth rates and enhanced foraging performances of marine whelks when compared to the current temperature (19°C). Conversely, the whelk’s performance collapsed at 30°C in terms of both growth and foraging behavior. Our research clearly shows that local conditions and the tolerance range of a species must be considered to develop meaningful information for testing the effects of a changing climate. Our study suggests that rapa whelks may increase their feeding and reach larger sizes during warmer periods. Moreover, our study may provide a foundation for future climate research on aquaculture species.

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4

Barroso, C. M., M. H. Moreira, and C. A. Richardson. "Age and growth of Nassarius reticulatus in the Ria de Aveiro, north-west Portugal." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 85, no. 1 (2005): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315405010970h.

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Shell growth of the whelk Nassarius (=Hinia) reticulatus was studied in the Ria de Aveiro (north-west Portugal) between 1995 and 1998. Temporal analysis of shell height frequency distributions demonstrated that growth occurs during the first five years of life, whelks attaining a size of 6·7–7·8 mm in the 1st year, 12·1–14·5 mm in the 2nd year, 18–19·5 mm in the 3rd year, 22·7–23·6 mm in the 4th year and by the 5th year males have achieved an average size of ∼25 mm whilst females have reached ∼27 mm. Age estimates from internal microscopic annual growth lines present in the shell lip suggest that large whelks may achieve a longevity of at least 11 years. External annual rings become less discernible as the whelks increase in size and estimates of their age based solely on ring counts can underestimate their age. In males sexual maturation is reached between the 3rd and 4th years whilst in females it is attained between the 4th and 5th years. Imposex was visible in ∼2 year old females and attained maximum development by the 5th year.

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5

Jackson, A. C. "Biogenic habitat on artificial structures: consequences for an intertidal predator." Marine and Freshwater Research 60, no. 6 (2009): 519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf08203.

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With urbanisation, there is an increasing trend for artificial structures, such as seawalls, to replace natural habitats. The predatory mulberry whelk, Morula marginalba Blainville, is seldom observed on seawalls in Sydney Harbour, yet it is abundant on the rocky shores of south-eastern Australia. The Sydney rock oyster, Saccostrea glomerata Gould, is common on seawalls in Sydney Harbour, forming two types of crust, providing ‘elaborate’ or ‘simple’ habitats that differ in structure. Whelks were numerous on some seawalls with elaborate oyster crusts, but were sparse on walls with simple crusts. Thus, different types of crust, with different structure, may explain the differences in the numbers of whelks among seawalls. These different crusts may cause differences in dispersal and/or mortality. The structure of the habitat created by the oysters was manipulated on seawalls and the responses of M. marginalba were observed. Whelks emigrated more rapidly from simple than from elaborate crusts and more individuals moved into elaborate than into simple crusts. Decreases in the numbers of M. marginalba at larger scales, via mortality or emigration, did not differ between the crust types. The range of habitats that can be used by M. marginalba is extended because it can exploit the biogenic structure provided by oysters on artificial urban structures, which otherwise form unsuitable habitat.

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6

Reid, T. M. S., I. M. Gould, I. M. Mackie, A. H. Ritchie, and G. Hobbs. "Food poisoning due to the consumption of red whelks (Neptunea antiqua)." Epidemiology and Infection 101, no. 2 (1988): 419–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800054376.

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SUMMARYTwo incidents of toxin-type food poisoning in N.E. Scotland associated with the consumption of red whelks (Neptunea antiqua) are described. Four patients developed symptoms within 1 h of consuming whole whelks. These included visual distrubances—double vision and difficulty in focusing-ingling of the fingers, prostration and in one subject nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and ataxia. In all cases recovery was complete in 24 h. Using a newly developed analytical technique the concentration of the causative toxin, tetramine, in the salivary glands of the whelks consumed was estimated at 0.07%, equivalent to a content of 3.75mg/100g of the shellfish.

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7

Rohrkasse, Sarah M., and Jelle Atema. "Tracking Behavior of Busyconinae Whelks." Biological Bulletin 203, no. 2 (2002): 235–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1543415.

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8

Bazilchuk, Nancy. "Korean Markets Tap Norway Whelks." Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 3, no. 5 (2005): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3868475.

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9

Keller, Brian A., and Heather A. Thompson. "Whelk-come to Mathematics." Mathematics Teacher 92, no. 6 (1999): 475–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.92.6.0475.

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Do you ever wonder why animals behave as they do? For instance, scientists have noticed that northwestern crows drop whelks, large marine snails, consistently from a height of 5 meters. Why 5 meters? The answer to this question may seem obvious; they wish to break open the shells to eat the soft meat inside. But why 5 meters? This situation raises many interesting questions that are open to mathematical investigations. For instance, how many times must a whelk be dropped to break open its shell? What factors influence the height from which the whelk is dropped? Is 5 meters the optimum height to minimize the work?

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10

Dumont, Clement P., Jean-Sebastien Roy, and John H. Himmelman. "Predation by the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis on capsular egg masses of the whelk Buccinum undatum." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 88, no. 5 (2008): 1025–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315408001628.

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We evaluated sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis predation on egg masses of the whelk Buccinum undatum. The urchin actively grazes on the egg masses, even as they are being deposited on the bottom. Whelks preferentially lay their egg masses on vertical areas where urchin densities are 4-fold less than on flat areas. This strategy is advantageous, as experimental trials showed that the loss in the mass of capsules was 4 fewer on walls than on flat areas. Nevertheless, a high proportion of egg masses on walls show damage from predation. Urchins provided with egg masses in the laboratory, ingested the capsules at a steady rate over a 9-d period (5 urchins ingested 2.8 g.d-1). Urchins provided agar discs that included a preferred alga and whelk capsule walls ingested the discs at a rate that was half that observed for discs that only included the alga. Discs that included the preferred alga and capsule contents were eaten at the same rate as discs that only included the alga. Thus, capsule walls, but not the capsule contents, provide a defence against urchin predation. Laying aggregate egg masses likely provides only a limited advantage, as the attachment surface does not increase with the number of egg masses deposited together, so the risk of detachment increases. Consideration of the interactions between urchins and whelks is important in managing the fisheries of the two species.

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11

Lai, Vivian W. M., Anda S. Beach, William R. Cullen, Sankar Ray, and Kenneth J. Reimer. "Arsenic speciation in whelks,Buccinum undatum." Applied Organometallic Chemistry 16, no. 8 (2002): 458–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.330.

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12

Harvey, HR, R. McMahon, and KA Taylor. "Lipid markers and compound-specific carbon isotopes as diet and biosynthesis reflectors in the northern Neptune whelk Neptunea heros." Marine Ecology Progress Series 673 (September 2, 2021): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13805.

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A suite of lipid biomarkers plus compound-specific carbon isotopes of major sterols were determined in muscle tissues across increasing sizes of northern Neptune whelks Neptunea heros, developing eggs and potential diets to link trophic patterns, metabolism and carbon sources on the Chukchi Sea shelf. Analysis of primary prey included the northern clam Astarte borealis, water column particulate organic matter (POM) and surface sediments near the collection sites. Sterols specific to major algal groups along with algal-derived polyunsaturated fatty acids (C20:5n-3, C20:4n-3, C22:6n-3) in whelk muscle tissue reflected the importance of algal primary production to benthic consumers and its direct incorporation. Compound-specific carbon isotope values of cholesterol and Δ5,7-sterols present in foot muscle of N. heros also suggest a transition from scavenging/detrital feeding in smaller juveniles to predatory consumption by larger adults. Sexually mature adult female N. heros (shell lengths >10 cm) contained lower sterol concentrations compared to smaller whelks, which may reflect reduced consumption rates or lipid translocation during the annual reproductive cycle. Analysis of N. heros eggs at 3 developmental stages ranging from internal egg masses to mature egg cases showed significant transfer of algal-derived sterols and fatty acids which were conserved during egg maturation. The suite of individual lipid signatures and δ13C sterol values observed in N. heros suggest that the northern Neptune whelk relies on both direct lipid incorporation as well as metabolic modification of algal-derived food sources for sterol requirements that transition as animals mature and become predatory consumers.

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13

Haig, Jodie A., Julia R. Pantin, Harriet Salomonsen, Lee G. Murray, and Michel J. Kaiser. "Temporal and spatial variation in size at maturity of the common whelk (Buccinum undatum)." ICES Journal of Marine Science 72, no. 9 (2015): 2707–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsv128.

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Abstract There is little common rationale for the 45 to 75 mm total shell length (TSL) minimum landing sizes (MLS) for Buccinum undatum among countries in the Northeast Atlantic. Size at maturity and length frequency of B. undatum populations vary over small spatial scales; however, the driving mechanism for this is unknown. Size at maturity research for B. undatum dates back to the late 1980s; since then, there has been little consensus on laboratory methods or in which season to undertake the research. Here, we assess small-scale spatial variation in size at maturity over a year to identify the seasons that increase error in visual maturity estimates. We compare and contrast results from methods used in the literature to estimate maturity for B. undatum. Monthly, B. undatum samples were obtained from Welsh fishers between May 2013 and May 2014 from eight sites at four locations (n = 5080). All whelks were sexed, weighed, and measured, and up to 60 whelks from each location were assessed for maturity (n = 1659). Mature whelks were found in all months, with a peak in reproductive activity through summer and early autumn, followed by the onset of spawning in November. Size at maturity varied between sexes and sites, and ranged from 51 to 76 mm TSL. Whelks caught in shallow waters (0–10 m) matured at a smaller size than those from deeper waters (up to 60 m). Length frequency varied at each site suggesting that a single increase in MLS would impact fishers disproportionately. No methodology trialled was found without inherent errors when used in isolation, though a combination of methods proved ideal. The seasonal variation in maturity estimates suggested that assigning maturity is increasingly difficult outside annual reproductive periods and that prespawning is the ideal time to undertake visual gonad assessments for whelks.

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14

McCarthy, H. O., S. W. B. Irwin, and S. M. Fitzpatrick. "Nucella lapillus as a paratenic host for Maritrema arenaria." Journal of Helminthology 73, no. 3 (1999): 281–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x99000463.

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Metacercariae of the microphallid trematode Maritrema arenaria are found in the shore barnacle Semibalanoides balanoides which is heavily predated by the dog whelk, Nucella lapillus. This study demonstrated that, under experimental and natural conditions, M. arenaria metacercarial cysts were ingested by N. lapillus and the metacercariae retained their viability while passing through the molluscs' digestive systems. Dog whelks are a known food source for numerous bird species, leading to the conclusion that they may act as paratenic hosts of M. arenaria. The strategic importance of the adoption by M. arenaria of N. lapillus as a paratenic host is discussed.

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15

Nashimoto, Katsuaki, Kengo Suzuki, Tsutomu Takagi, Keiichiro Motomatsu, and Tomonori Hiraishi. "Selectivity of Traps for Whelks Neptunea arthritica." NIPPON SUISAN GAKKAISHI 61, no. 4 (1995): 525–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2331/suisan.61.525.

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16

Sainte-Marie, Bernard. "Whelk (Buccinum undatum) Movement and Its Implications for the Use of Tag–Recapture Methods for the Determination of Baited Trap Fishing Parameters." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48, no. 5 (1991): 751–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f91-089.

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The tag–recapture method has been used to measure the field of attraction and the effective fishing area of a baited trap. The possibly conflicting experimental conditions required for the determination of these two parameters are, respectively, that tagged animals do not move and that they behave as undisturbed animals, prior to exposure to bait odour. Field observations and in situ experiments were conducted on the north shore of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence in 1988 and 1989 to compare behaviour of undisturbed and tagged whelks (Buccinum undatum). In the daytime, ~ 75% of undisturbed whelks were quiescent, being either buried and oriented randomly or static and oriented downstream, while the remainder moved across stream at 2–5 cm∙min−1. In contrast, > 97% of tagged whelks oriented in nonrandom directions and moved at equal or greater speeds, on average, 2.2–9.2 m from release points in less than 6 h. Because neither of the two basic conditions was met, tag–recapture experiments would produce biased estimates of baited trap fishing parameters.

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17

Hort, Vincent, Nathalie Arnich, Thierry Guérin, Gwenaëlle Lavison-Bompard, and Marina Nicolas. "First Detection of Tetrodotoxin in Bivalves and Gastropods from the French Mainland Coasts." Toxins 12, no. 9 (2020): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12090599.

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In 2015, tetrodotoxins (TTXs) were considered a potential threat in Europe since several studies had shown the presence of these toxins in European bivalve molluscs. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of TTXs in 127 bivalve samples (mussels and oysters) and in 66 gastropod samples (whelks) collected all along the French mainland coasts in 2017 and 2018. Analyses were carried out after optimization and in-house validation of a performing hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography associated with tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS/MS) method. The concentration set by European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) not expected to result in adverse effects (44 µg TTX equivalent/kg) was never exceeded, but TTX was detected in three mussel samples and one whelk sample (1.7–11.2 µg/kg). The tissue distribution of TTX in this whelk sample showed higher concentrations in the digestive gland, stomach and gonads (7.4 µg TTX/kg) than in the rest of the whelk tissues (below the limit of detection of 1.7 µg TTX/kg). This is the first study to report the detection of TTX in French molluscs.

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18

Miner, BG, DA Donovan, LM Portis, and TC Goulding. "Whelks induce an effective defense against sea stars." Marine Ecology Progress Series 493 (November 20, 2013): 195–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps10501.

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19

Brown, A. C., and S. C. Webb. "Organisms associated with burrowing whelks of the genusBullia." South African Journal of Zoology 29, no. 2 (1994): 144–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02541858.1994.11448339.

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20

Harrington, Matthew J., S. Scott Wasko, Admir Masic, F. Dieter Fischer, Himadri S. Gupta, and Peter Fratzl. "Pseudoelastic behaviour of a natural material is achieved via reversible changes in protein backbone conformation." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 9, no. 76 (2012): 2911–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2012.0310.

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The egg capsules of marine prosobranch gastropods, commonly know as whelks, function as a protective encapsulant for whelk embryos in wave-swept marine environments. The proteinaceous sheets comprising the wall of whelk egg capsules (WEC) exhibit long-range reversible extensibility with a hysteresis of up to 50 per cent, previously suggested to result from reversible changes in the structure of the constituent protein building blocks. Here, we further investigate the structural changes of the WEC biopolymer at various hierarchical levels using several different time-resolved in situ approaches. We find strong evidence in these biological polymers for a strain-induced reversible transition from an ordered conformational phase to a largely disordered one that leads to the characteristic reversible hysteretic behaviour, which is reminiscent of the pseudoelastic behaviour in some metallic alloys. On the basis of these results, we generate a simple numerical model incorporating a worm-like chain equation to explain the phase transition behaviour of the WEC at the molecular level.

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21

Himmelman, J. H. "Movement of whelks (Buccinum undatum) towards a baited trap." Marine Biology 97, no. 4 (1988): 521–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00391048.

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22

Tester, M., and D. Ellis. "TBT controls and the recovery of whelks from imposex." Marine Pollution Bulletin 30, no. 1 (1995): 90–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326x(94)00148-3.

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23

Bondarev, I. P., and N. A. Boltachova. "Consorts of gastropod Rapana venosa (Valenciennes, 1846) in the northern Black Sea. Part V: Annelida (Polychaeta)." Marine Biological Journal 6, no. 2 (2021): 18–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21072/mbj.2021.06.2.02.

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The study of Annelida (Polychaeta) taxocene – epibionts of the invasive gastropod Rapana venosa – continues the cycle of publications describing the composition of the consortium of the largest gastropod of the Black Sea benthos. R. venosa consortium is still a poorly investigated and unaccounted component in the structure of the Black Sea shelf biocenoses. The aim of this work is to study the complex of polychaetes of R. venosa consortium. The objectives of this stage are as follows: compiling a list of Annelida (Polychaeta) taxa – rapa whelk epibionts; studying taxocene biogeographic and trophic structure; and analyzing ecological relationships of polychaetes with the consortium core. To study the consort community of rapa whelk, sampling was conducted in seven areas of the northern Black Sea: 1 – Mamaia, Romania; 2 – northwestern Black Sea, Crimea offshore; 3 – Sevastopol; 4 – Alupka; 5 – Yalta – Alushta; 6 – Karadag; 7 – Kerch Strait. In the coastal area down to a depth of 15 m, R. venosa was sampled totally using surface-supplied diving equipment; in the deeper-water area (up to 40 m), samples were taken with an “Ocean-50” bottom grab from the board of the RV “Professor Vodyanitsky”. Each rapa whelk specimen (sample) was placed in a separate plastic bag, with the indication of the area, depth, and biotope. In total, 2,411 samples were taken and analyzed: 977 – rock rapa whelks and 1434 – sand rapa whelks. R. venosa shell coverage with epibionts (fouling intensity) was determined as a percentage of the total area of the outer shell surface. Polychaeta taxocene of R. venosa consortium includes 31 species representing 31 genera of 15 families of 2 subclasses. Most species (18) belong to Errantia, and half of them are representatives of the families Nereididae and Syllidae. Sedentaria includes 13 species; by the largest number of species (4), the family Serpulidae is represented. Polychaeta taxocene of R. venosa consortium is represented by three biogeographic groups: native species of the Mediterranean-Atlantic genesis (84 %), the Black Sea endemics (10 %), and recent invaders of various geographical genesis (6 %). On sand rapa whelk, 31 Polychaeta species were found; on rock rapa whelk, only 5 species were recorded. The indicators of Polychaeta fauna development differ significantly by the depth and research area. The most diverse polychaetes are those in bays of Sevastopol (the area No. 3) at depths of 2–10 m; the maximum depth of Polychaeta finding (40 m) corresponds to the greatest depth of rapa whelk sampling. The area of shell coverage with polychaetes reaches 70 %; occurrence in several areas is up to 95 %. The maximum number of species found at a single rapa whelk specimen is 8; on average, 2–4 Polychaeta species are recorded at R. venosa individuals. Taxonomic diversity and abundance of polychaetes determine their significance in R. venosa consortium. Due to the invasive predatory mollusc R. venosa, polychaetes get additional opportunities for spread on the Black Sea shelf.

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24

Day, R. W., A. Barkai, and P. A. Wickens. "Trapping of three drilling whelks by two species of mussel." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 149, no. 1 (1991): 109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(91)90119-h.

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25

BROOKS, STEPHEN P. J., and KENNETH B. STOREY. "Studies on the Regulation of Enzyme Binding During Anoxia in Isolated Tissues of Busycon Canaliculatum." Journal of Experimental Biology 156, no. 1 (1991): 467–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.156.1.467.

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The role of pH and protein kinase second messengers in triggering or potentiating anoxia-linked changes in enzyme binding to particulate matter were evaluated using in vitro incubations of isolated ventricle strips of Busycon canaliculatum (L.) (Prosobranchia, Melongenidae). Incubating whelks under anoxic conditions for 4h reduced the percentage of phosphofructokinase (PFK), aldolase, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and pyruvate kinase (PK) activity associated with cellular particulate matter. Triose phosphate isomerase, phosphoglycerate kinase, phosphoglyceromutase and enolase showed no changes in enzyme binding when whelks were subjected to anoxic stress in vivo. Incubating isolated ventricle strips in vitro under anoxic conditions simulated the changes seen in vivo in whole, anoxic whelks with respect to the percentage of PFK and PK bound during anoxic stress; both whole-animal studies and isolated tissue studies showed reduced PFK and PK binding after 4 h of anoxic incubation. Tissue pH could be artificially changed by incubating isolated ventricle strips in sea water buffered to a desired pH. This permitted an investigation of the effect of intracellular pH on PFK and PK binding in situ. PFK and PK responded to altered intracellular pH with increased enzyme binding at lower intracellular pH values and decreased enzyme binding at higher intracellular pH values. These binding patterns were exactly the opposite of those observed during anoxia; during anoxia stress, both intracellular pH and the percentage of PFK and PK associated with particulate matter decreased. Addition of the second messenger compounds dibutyryl cyclic AMP, dibutyryl cyclic GMP or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate plus the calcium ionophore A23187 had no effect on the percentage of activity bound to subcellular structures measured under either normoxic or anoxic conditions. This study suggests that enzyme binding in vivo is not regulated by changes in intracellular pH or concentrations of protein kinase second messenger compounds during anoxia.

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26

Power, A. J., and B. F. Keegan. "Seasonal patterns in the reproductive activity of the red whelk, Neptunea antiqua (Mollusca: Prosobranchia) in the Irish Sea." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 81, no. 2 (2001): 243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315401003708.

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The red whelk, Neptunea antiqua (Mollusca: Prosobranchia) is a dioecious prosobranch species with internal fertilization, and lecithotrophic larval development. Sexual dimorphism, sexual ratio, the size and age at sexual maturity, and the annual breeding and hatching periods of this subtidal neogastropod were investigated in the central western Irish Sea. Sexual dimorphism was evident as female whelks were larger in both length and weight. Subtle differences in shell morphology were also detected between the sexes. All samples taken together indicated an equal male to female sexual ratio for the studied population. Size and age at sexual maturity were noted to differ between sexes, occurring at 75–90 mm (shell length), or four to five years in males, and 95–110 mm, or six to nine years in females. Quantitative and qualitative techniques identified an annual spawning period between late spring and early summer. Egg masses containing between 14 and 84 egg capsules were observed attached to the dorsal surface of whelk shells in the succeeding months. An average fecundity of 63·78 juveniles was estimated per egg mass deposited. Juveniles were observed to hatch after 6–7 months in laboratory maintained aquaria, indicating a hatching period from October to January in the Irish Sea.

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Edgell, Timothy C., and Christopher J. Neufeld. "Experimental evidence for latent developmental plasticity: intertidal whelks respond to a native but not an introduced predator." Biology Letters 4, no. 4 (2008): 385–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2008.0204.

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Summary Animals with highly inducible traits may show no inducible response when exposed to a related but wholly novel cue. This appears to be true for the intertidal whelk Nucella lamellosa faced with a voracious introduced predator. In the laboratory, we exposed whelks to effluent from two species of predatory crab, the native red rock crab Cancer productus and the invasive European green crab Carcinus maenas . Nucella and Cancer have a long shared history in the northeast Pacific, whereas potential interaction with Carcinus began here less than 10 years ago. Although Nucella responded adaptively to Cancer effluent by increasing shell thickness and decreasing somatic growth, there was no such response to Carcinus . Furthermore, thicker shelled Nucella were less likely to be eaten by Carcinus. Because Nucella produces thicker shells when exposed to Cancer cues, its ability to respond similarly to Carcinus depends only on the coupling of the Carcinus cue to the existing developmental pathways for adaptive changes in shell form. Such coupling of latent plasticity to a novel cue—via genetic changes or associative learning—could explain many cases of rapid phenotypic change following a sudden shift in the environment.

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Navarrete, Sergio A. "Variable Predation: Effects of Whelks on a Mid‐Intertidal Successional Community." Ecological Monographs 66, no. 3 (1996): 301–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2963520.

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29

Ramsay, Kirsten, and Michel J. Kaiser. "Demersal fishing disturbance increases predation risk for whelks (Buccinum undatum L.)." Journal of Sea Research 39, no. 3-4 (1998): 299–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1385-1101(98)00005-7.

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30

Vaux, Felix, Simon F. K. Hills, Bruce A. Marshall, Steve A. Trewick, and Mary Morgan-Richards. "Genome statistics and phylogenetic reconstructions for Southern Hemisphere whelks (Gastropoda: Buccinulidae)." Data in Brief 16 (February 2018): 172–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2017.11.021.

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31

McQuinn, I. H., L. Gendron, and J. H. Himmelman. "Area of Attraction and Effective Area Fished by a Whelk (Buccinum undatum) Trap under Variable Conditions." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 45, no. 12 (1988): 2054–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f88-239.

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A study was conducted to examine the size and shape of the area of attraction, to evaluate the effective fishing area of a whelk (Buccinum undatum) trap under different physical and biotic conditions, and to validate the whelk density estimates as determined from the effective area. The study was conducted using a tag–recapture method in the Archipel de Mingan, Quebec. The effect of six different variables was examined (season, bait, depth, substratum, current, and stress). Current speed and direction were shown to be important in defining the size and shape of the area of attraction. Estimates of the effective area ranged from 18 to 278 m2. Lowest values were associated with relatively strong currents (26 cm∙s−1), while highest values were observed in July and when a less stressful tagging procedure was used. Behavioural factors, notably seasonal variations in feeding rates and reproductive activity, also appeared to affect the size of the effective area. Density estimates derived from the effective areas were comparable with SCUBA diving survey estimates. Our study shows that the effective area cannot be estimated as a single, gear-specific value. Effective area estimates must therefore be determined on a site- and season-specific basis if conditions affecting the catchability of whelks vary during the fishing season and/or over the fishing area.

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MacIsaac, J. L., D. M. Anderson, and A. Safamehr. "Evaluation of whelks as an alternative source of calcium in laying hens." Journal of Applied Poultry Research 25, no. 4 (2016): 492–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/japr/pfw031.

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33

Carney, Bethan. "The Representation of Joe Whelks: Charles Dickens’s Reflections on a Theatre Audience." Journal of Victorian Culture 22, no. 2 (2017): 204–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13555502.2017.1285809.

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34

Carrasco, Sergio A., Nicole E. Phillips, and Mary A. Sewell. "Maternal Lipid Provisioning Mirrors Evolution of Reproductive Strategies in Direct-Developing Whelks." Biological Bulletin 230, no. 3 (2016): 188–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/bblv230n3p188.

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Voight, Janet R., and Julia D. Sigwart. "Scarred limpets at hydrothermal vents: evidence of predation by deep-sea whelks." Marine Biology 152, no. 1 (2007): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-007-0669-1.

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Thieltges, David W., Ian Saldanha, Tommy L. F. Leung, and Robert Poulin. "Contribution of parasites to intra- and inter-site variation in shell morphology of a marine gastropod." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 89, no. 3 (2008): 563–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315408002294.

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In gastropods, variation in shell morphology can be caused by the action of several biotic and abiotic factors. While much of this variation is seen in comparisons between different sites or populations, there is also substantial variation in shell morphology among individuals living side by side. We investigate the effect of trematode parasitism on both intra- as well as inter-site variation in the morphology of the New Zealand whelk Cominella glandiformis. We found that both infection by the trematode Curtuteria australis and site of origin had significant effects on several morphometric dimensions of the snail shell, with some interactions between the two factors. On its own, infection by C. australis accounted for 20 to 60% of the variance in shell morphology, depending on the dimension measured. Infected snails also had smoother shells, with less prominent ridges, than their uninfected conspecifics. Other trematode species, infecting whelks at much lower prevalence, also had impacts on shell morphology, but not necessarily in the same direction as C. australis. Overall, parasitism may be an important factor in explaining intra- and inter-site variation in snail phenotype, with potential repercussions for snail populations and their interactions with other community members.

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Donald, Kirsten M., Graham A. McCulloch, Ludovic Dutoit, and Hamish G. Spencer. "Population structure of the New Zealand whelk, Cominella glandiformis (Gastropoda: Buccinidae), suggests sporadic dispersal of a direct developer." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 130, no. 1 (2020): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blaa033.

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Abstract We examined phylogeographic structure in the direct-developing New Zealand endemic intertidal mud whelk, Cominella glandiformis. Two hundred and ninety-six whelks from 12 sites were collected from sheltered shores around New Zealand’s four largest islands (North Island, South Island, Stewart Island and Chatham Island), encompassing the geographical range of this species. Despite being direct developers, gene flow among C. glandiformis populations may occur over short distances by adult floating, and over larger distances by rafting of egg masses. Primers were developed to amplify variable microsatellite regions at six loci. All loci were variable, with 8–34 alleles/loci. Observed and expected heterozygosities were high across all alleles, with minimal evidence of null alleles. The average number of alleles varied from 3.5 (Chatham Island) to 7.5 (Waitemata Harbour). Strong genetic structure was evident, with distinct ‘eastern’ and ‘western’ groups. Each group extended over a large geographic area, including regions of unsuitable habitat, but were linked by oceanic currents. We suggest that the intraspecific geographic genetic structure in C. glandiformis has arisen due a combination of ocean currents (promoting gene flow between geographically distant regions) and upwelling areas (limiting gene flow between certain regions).

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Bryan, G. W., D. A. Bright, L. G. Hummerstone, and G. R. Burt. "Uptake, tissue distribution and metabolism of 14C-labelled tributyltin (TBT) in the dog-whelk, Nucella lapillus." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 73, no. 4 (1993): 889–912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400034792.

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A study of tributyltin (TBT) uptake, tissue distribution and breakdown in dog-whelks, Nucella lapillus, was carried out using 14C-labelled tributyltin chloride. The compound was introduced into animals by exposure to sea-water, from a diet of labelled mussels and by injection. Measurements of 14C were made on tissue extracts containing total 14C, TBT+DBT and TBT. Organs examined included digestive gland, kidney, mantle, foot, viscera, gonads and blood. Absorption of dissolved TBT occurred primarily via tissues associated with the mantle: autoradiographic evidence showed that of these the ctenidium (gill) and osphradium were probably most important. Of non-reproductive tissues, mantle displayed least evidence of TBT degradation whereas kidney and digestive gland contained lower proportions of 14C as TBT (~60%) than other tissues. By virtue of its more rapid response, initially at least, the kidney had a primary role in degrading dissolved TBT that reached the blood. Dog-whelks feeding on labelled Mytilus edulis absorbed organotins very efficiently via the digestive gland, which then played a major role in TBT breakdown. However, the capacity for degradation is not sufficient to prevent, TBT concentration factors of the order of 100,000 (dry tissue/water) being attained in N. lapillus. Autoradiography revealed surprisingly high grain-counts in nerves, which may be significant in view of evidence in the literature that neurohormones are intermediaries in the chain linking TBT with imposex.

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Mensink, B. P., H. Kralt, C. C. Ten Hallers-Tjabbes, and J. P. Boon. "Imposex in juvenile common whelks by tributyltin and consequences for the supposed mechanism." Marine Environmental Research 46, no. 1-5 (1998): 176–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0141-1136(98)00050-6.

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40

Griffiths, C. L., and M. J. Blaine. "Non-fatal cropping of large mussels by drilling whelks, Nucella cingulata (Linnaeus, 1771)." Journal of Molluscan Studies 60, no. 3 (1994): 346–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mollus/60.3.346.

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41

Rochette, Rémy, Françoise Tétreault, and John H. Himmelman. "Aggregation of whelks, Buccinum undatum, near feeding predators: the role of reproductive requirements." Animal Behaviour 61, no. 1 (2001): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbe.2000.1555.

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42

Carrasco, Sergio A., and Nicole E. Phillips. "Differential vulnerability to predation in two sympatric whelks is mediated by juvenile traits." Invertebrate Biology 131, no. 3 (2012): 187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7410.2012.00274.x.

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43

Abdullah, A. M., and M. P. Ireland. "Cadmium content, accumulation and toxicity in dog whelks collected around the Welsh coastline." Marine Pollution Bulletin 17, no. 12 (1986): 557–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326x(86)90570-9.

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44

Strand, Jakob, Christian M. Glahder, and Gert Asmund. "Imposex occurrence in marine whelks at a military facility in the high Arctic." Environmental Pollution 142, no. 1 (2006): 98–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2005.09.014.

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45

Ten Hallers-Tjabbes, Cato C., and Jan P. Boon. "Buccinum undatum L. in the North Sea, state of whelks and imposex phenomena." Marine Environmental Research 39, no. 1-4 (1995): 354–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-1136(95)98403-y.

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46

Lathlean, Justin A., David J. Ayre, Ross A. Coleman, and Todd E. Minchinton. "Using biomimetic loggers to measure interspecific and microhabitat variation in body temperatures of rocky intertidal invertebrates." Marine and Freshwater Research 66, no. 1 (2015): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf13287.

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Until recently, marine scientists have relied heavily on satellite sea surface temperatures and terrestrial weather stations as indicators of the way in which the thermal environment, and hence the body temperatures of organisms, vary over spatial and temporal scales. We designed biomimetic temperature loggers for three species of rocky intertidal invertebrates to determine whether mimic body temperatures differ from the external environment and among species and microhabitats. For all three species, microhabitat temperatures were considerably higher than the body temperatures, with differences as great as 11.1°C on horizontal rocky substrata. Across microhabitats, daily maximal temperatures of the limpet Cellana tramoserica were on average 2.1 and 3.1°C higher than body temperatures of the whelk Dicathais orbita and the barnacle Tesseropora rosea respectively. Among-microhabitat variation in each species’ temperature was equally as variable as differences among species within microhabitats. Daily maximal body temperatures of barnacles placed on southerly facing vertical rock surfaces were on average 2.4°C cooler than those on horizontal rock. Likewise, daily maximal body temperatures of whelks were on average 3.1°C cooler within shallow rock pools than on horizontal rock. Our results provide new evidence that unique thermal properties and microhabitat preferences may be important determinants of species’ capacity to cope with climate change.

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47

Magnúsdóttir, Hildur, Snæbjörn Pálsson, Kristen Marie Westfall, Zophonías O. Jónsson, Jake Goodall, and Erla Björk Örnólfsdóttir. "Revised phylogeography of the common whelk Buccinum undatum (Gastropoda: Buccinidae) across the North Atlantic." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 127, no. 4 (2019): 890–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blz060.

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Abstract The purpose of this study was to revisit the mitochondrial genetic divergence of North Atlantic populations of the subtidal gastropod Buccinum undatum, because previous mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis by Pálsson et al. (2014) included 16S ribosomal RNA sequences that were incorrectly assigned to the species. In the present study, population mtDNA variation is now assessed using COI sequences obtained from previous research (Pálsson et al., 2014) and, to increase the geographical cover of the study, data from recently assembled transcriptomes of 96 Icelandic whelks (Jónsson et al., 2019) and GenBank are also used. To estimate the mtDNA divergence in B. undatum across the North Atlantic, two species screening indices were used: automatic barcode gap discovey (ABGD; Puillandre et al., 2012a) and species screening threshold index (SSTI; Witt et al., 2006). Phylogenetic reconstruction revealed monophyletic Eastern and Western North Atlantic whelk lineages, which diverged early in the Pleistocene glaciation (2.1 Mya), followed by a subsequent divergence event between Greenlandic and Canadian populations at 1.3 Mya. Species screening indices, ABGD and SSTI, indicated cryptic speciation or allopatric divergence. Genetic distances between populations from the two continents were similar to or greater than interspecific genetic distances across several North Pacific and North Atlantic Buccinum species.

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48

Crothers, J. H. "Further observations on a population of dog-whelks, Nucella lapillus (Gastropoda) recolonizing a site following amelioration of tributyltin (TBT) pollution." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 83, no. 5 (2003): 1023–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315403008233h.

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Tributyltin (TBT) leaching from the antifouling paint on hulls of pleasure craft eliminated a population of dog-whelks Nucella lapillus from Watermouth Cove in the Bristol Channel but outside the Cove the number of snails was apparently unaffected. Following the ban on TBT in antifouling paints, the species has recovered most of its former range in the Cove. It is postulated that the recolonization was from a subtidal population of unusually large and elongated individuals. It was observed that it had taken some 13 years to recolonize a distance of 30 metres.

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Plowright, R. C., G. A. Fuller, and J. E. Paloheimo. "Shell dropping by Northwestern Crows: a reexamination of an optimal foraging study." Canadian Journal of Zoology 67, no. 3 (1989): 770–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z89-109.

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The report by Zach (Zach, R. 1979. Behaviour, 68: 106–117) that Northwestern Crows (Corvus caurinus), when breaking whelks, drop the shells from an optimal height is reexamined. The currency used by Zach is arguably inappropriate because of the significant handling costs incurred by the birds in the shell-breaking process. As the birds ascend to a lower height than is predicted by any of the optimality models examined in this paper, it is suggested that their behaviour should not be cited as an example of the successful application of optimal foraging theory.

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Carrasco, SA, NE Phillips, and A. Pérez-Matus. "Offspring size and maternal environments mediate the early juvenile performance of two congeneric whelks." Marine Ecology Progress Series 459 (July 12, 2012): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps09763.

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