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1
Senchenko, Mykola. "The Vatican is a world project domination of the "Papal Empire of Rome"." Вісник Книжкової палати, no. 4 (April 28, 2022): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.36273/2076-9555.2022.4(309).3-12.
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In a series of articles about the Vatican, an attempt was made to investigate and communicate to the public the truth about the desire of this city-state for world domination. It has been proven that the Vatican is one of the global civilizational projects called the "Pontifical Empire of Rome". The activities of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (UGCC) and the Roman Catholic Church (RCC), which have been openly intertwined with politics over the centuries, are discussed in detail. The peculiarities of the election of popes and papal congregations are highlighted, among which one of the most important is the Vatican's intelligence service, the so-called Holy Alliance. The role of Catholics and Uniates in the political processes, from which Ukraine has been feverish for more than a year, has been clarified. It was emphasized that if not for the political activities of the RCC and the UGCC, not only the Maidan of 2014 but also the Maidan of 2004 would not have succeeded. This story is not the distant past, but what the Vatican and the UGCC live on today. And not only lives, but also cultivates. The focus is on global civilization projects that play a significant role in the struggle for world domination. Today, the following players are involved: the Eternal Kingdom of Israel, the Papal Empire of Rome, the Imamate — a project of Shiism, WASP — White Anglo-Saxon Protestants, the Middle Empire (China), the Caliphate — the Sunni project, United Europe, Samurai project.
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Scutts, Sarah. "‘Truth Never Needed the Protection of Forgery’: Sainthood and Miracles in Robert Hegge’s ‘History of St. Cuthbert’s Churches at Lindisfarne, Cuncacestre, and Dunholme’ (1625)." Studies in Church History 47 (2011): 270–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400001017.
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Robert Hegge’s ‘History of St. Cuthbert’s Churches at Lindisfarne, Cuncacestre, and Dunholme’ was one of many texts produced in the early modern period which portrayed and assessed the Anglo-Saxon Church and its saints. This Protestant antiquarian work fits into a wider tradition in which the medieval past was studied, evaluated and employed in religious polemic. The pre-Reformation Church often played a dual role; as Helen Parish has shown, the institution simultaneously provided Protestant writers with historical proof of Catholicism’s league with the Antichrist, while also offering an outlet through which to trace proto-Protestant resistance, and thereby provide the reformed faith with a past. The Anglo-Saxon era was especially significant in religious polemic; during this time scholars could find documented evidence of England’s successful conversion to Christianity when Pope Gregory the Great sent his missionary, Augustine, to Canterbury. The See of Rome’s irrefutable involvement in the propagation of the faith provided Catholic scholars with compelling evidence which not only proved their Church’s prolonged existence in the land, but also offered historic precedent for England’s subordination to Rome. In contrast, reformed writers engaged in an uneasy relationship with the period. Preferring to locate the nation’s Christian origins in apostolic times, they typically interpreted Gregory’s conversion mission as marking the moment at which Catholic vice began to creep into the land and lay waste to a pure primitive proto-Protestant faith. In order to legitimize the establishment of the Church of England, Catholicism’s English foundations needed to be challenged. Reformers increasingly placed emphasis upon the existence of a proto-Protestant ‘strand’ that predated, but continued to exist within, the Anglo-Saxon Church. Until the Norman Conquest, this Church gradually fell prey to Rome’s encroaching corruption, and enjoyed only a marginal existence prior to the Henrician Reformation in the 1530s. Thus Protestants had a fraught and often ambiguous relationship with the Anglo-Saxon past; they simultaneously sought to trace their own ancestry within it while exposing its many vices. This paper seeks to address one such vice, which was the subject of a principal criticism levied by reformers against their Catholic adversaries: the unfounded creation and veneration of saints. Protestants considered the degree of significance the medieval cult of saints had attached to venerating such individuals as a form of idolatry, and, consequently, the topic found its way into countless Reformation works. However, as this essay argues, reformed attitudes towards sainthood could often be ambivalent. Texts such as Hegge’s prove to be extremely revealing of such ambiguous attitudes: his own relationship with the saints Cuthbert, Oswald and Bede appears indistinct and, in numerous instances, his understanding of sanctity was somewhat contradictory.
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Waterston, Alisse. "Interpreting Audiences: Cultural Anthropology in Market Research." Practicing Anthropology 16, no. 2 (April 1, 1994): 11–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.16.2.a06u35251164616w.
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A popular topic of discussion these days is "cultural diversity," otherwise known as multiculturalism. There is growing recognition that North American society is no longer dominated, at least demographically, by the stereotypical White Anglo Saxon Protestant Male. Instead, our cities, suburbs, and hinterlads are populated with folks of many colors and cultures.
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Jalal Jawad Al-Gawhari, Esraa. "Beyond the Cultural Borders of the Dining Room: a Reader-Oriented Approach to A. R. Gurney's The Dining Room." Advances in Language and Literary Studies 9, no. 1 (February 1, 2018): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.9n.1p.122.
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A. R. Gurney's The Dining Room is a work basically written to address issues related to the White Anglo-Saxon Protestant (henceforth WASP) culture. The work is rich with elements (the structure, the setting, the characters, and the themes), inviting to the WASP audience to interact with it, recognizing their cultural identity. The present study aims at proving that those elements can also endow the text with wider horizons when perceived by other audiences through supporting the symbol of the dining room. The study examines them in an attempt to see their effects on the WASP audience. Then, it views them as factors adding to the text a universal touch.
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Rodríguez Nozal, Raúl. "Historical development of the pharmaceutical industry in Spain prior to Transition." Anales de la Real Academia Nacional de Farmacia 87, no. 87(03) (2021): 323–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.53519/analesranf.2021.87.03.07.
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Max Weber (1864-1920), in his classic Die protestantische Ethik und der Geist des Kapitalismus, tried to justify the unequal industrial development of the different European countries based on the religious division of the continent as result of the Lutheran Reformation; According to their approach, the establishment of Protestantism in the north and centre and Catholicism in the south became the northern areas prosperous and the southern areas depressed, encouraging a tendency in the Protestant countries towards factory work, in opposition to the Catholic preference for craftsmanship. As far as the pharmaceutical industry was concerned, this approach led to two different models: the Central European model, Protestant-inspired, and the Mediterranean model, established in mainly Catholic countries such as Spain. The pharmaceutical industry was the driving force behind the new therapeutics that emerged during the 19th century, and it did so by acting on the two fundamental components of the drug: composition and presentation; while the Central European and Anglo-Saxon countries were inclined to promote the composition, the Mediterranean pharmaceutical industry channelled its efforts towards the final consumer product, the “pharmaceutical speciality”. Taking this framework into account, our intention is to offer a general overview of the Spanish pharmaceutical industry prior to the Transition, based on a series of stages ranging from the emergence of drugstore pharmacies in the mid-19th century to the establishment of pharmaceutical laboratories during Franco’s regime, including the classification of what we know as industrial medicines (“secret remedies”, “specific” and “pharmaceutical specialities”), their legal recognition (Stamp Act and health registration), their raw materials and main pharmaceutical forms.
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Adams, Ellen E. "Colonial Geographies, Imperial Romances: Travels in Japan with Ellen Churchill Semple and Fannie Caldwell Macaulay." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 13, no. 2 (April 2014): 145–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s153778141400005x.
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In 1911, geographer Ellen Churchill Semple and novelist Fannie Caldwell Macaulay departed on an eighteen-month tour around the world. Semple was planning to do fieldwork in Japan, where Macaulay had lived from 1902 to 1907. This paper examines the texts that Semple and Macaulay produced as a result of their experiences in Japan: two articles published in geographical journals by Semple and Macaulay's novelsThe Lady of the DecorationandThe Lady and Sada San. Travel and travel writing were one of the key ways in which white women manifested their cultural authority. Although their texts had very different purposes and audiences, Semple and Macaulay both drew upon and contributed to Orientalist discourses. In both cases, the women's authority ultimately derived from their positions as representatives of white, Anglo-Saxon, Protestant American culture, and their work helped reinforce U.S. power and the legitimacy of imperialism. By producing texts that criticized those aspects of non-Western societies that diverged from Western norms and praising those areas in which they conformed, they affirmed the superiority of Western, and specifically American, culture.
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Ali, Faiza, and Jawad Syed. "‘Good Muslim women’ at work: An Islamic and postcolonial perspective on ethnic privilege." Journal of Management & Organization 24, no. 5 (April 30, 2018): 679–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2018.22.
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AbstractWithin sparse studies available on ethnic privilege at work, the emphasis is dominantly on ethnic privileges available to white, Anglo-Saxon, Protestant, heterosexual men and to a lesser extent white women. This paper presents and develops an Islamic and postcolonial perspective on ethnic privilege, which is unique not only due to contextual and cultural differences but also due to its postcolonial nature and composition. By postcolonial, the paper refers to cultural legacies of Arab colonialism and ideology in South Asia and elsewhere. Drawing on a qualitative study of Muslim female employees in Pakistan, the paper shows that religio-ethnic privilege represents postcolonial influences of a foreign (Arab-Salafi, ultra-orthodox Islamist) culture on a (non-Arab Muslim) society, and as such does not represent ethnic norms of a local mainstream society. The paper investigates the case of religio-ethnic privilege and female employment in Pakistan and examines how a foreign-influenced stereotype of female modesty is used to benchmark and preferentially treat ‘good Muslim women.’ The analysis shows that an Islamic and postcolonial lens may be needed to understand the nature and implications of religio-ethnic privilege at work in Muslim majority countries and societies.
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Marinković, Milica. "POJAVA USLOVNE OSUDE U SJEDINjENIM AMERIČKIM DRŽAVAMA." Glasnik prava XII, no. 2 (December 2021): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/gp.1202.003m.
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The author gives an overview of the origin of the institution of probation in the United States. Probation in its current form was preceded by several institutions created in judicial practice, by which judges and juries tried to alleviate the objective severity of criminal procedure and penal policy. The institution of probation originated in the United States, which was possible thanks to the peculiarities of Anglo-Saxon law, in the first place its precedent character and the creative freedoms of a judge. The contributions of John Augustus and other volunteers inspired by Protestant values were immeasurable. During the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, it became clear that short-term imprisonment did more harm than good to certain categories of perpetrators, so probation was introduced as a means of avoiding short-term imprisonment while maintaining the repressive nature of punishment. From the United States, where it proved to be good, probation quickly spread across the ocean to European soil. Today, probation is a generally accepted legal institute with a wide field of application in all modern legal systems.
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Martynov, Andriy. "American memory war of the protest movement «Black live matter»." American History & Politics Scientific edition, no. 10 (2020): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2521-1706.2020.10.1.
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Americans as a nation are more focused on the present and the future than on the past. Until recently, various «historical traumas» have not been the subject of current American political discourse. The American dream focuses on the needs of everyday life, not on the permanent experience of the past. The aim of the article is to highlight the peculiarities of symbolic conflicts over the sites of the Civil War in the United States in the context of the 2020 election campaign. Research methods are based on a combination of the principles of historicism and special historical methods, in particular, descriptive, comparative, method of actualization of historical memory. The scientific novelty of the obtained results is determined by the historical and political analysis of the “wars of memory” during the presidential election campaign in the United States in 2020. Radical political confrontation exacerbates the conflicts of collective memory. This process is not prevented by the postmodern state of collective consciousness, the virtualization of political processes, attempts to form a «theater society». The coronavirus pandemic has raised the issue of choosing a strategy for the development of the globalization process as harshly as possible. Current events break the link between the past and the present, which makes the future unpredictable. Developed liberal democracy is considered the «end of history». Multiculturalism has created different interpretations of US history. Conclusions. Trump’s victory deepened the rift between different visions of the history of the Civil War. The Democratic majority unites African Americans, Latinos, women with higher education, and left liberals. Attacks on the memorials of the heroes of the former Confederacy became symbols of the war of memory. The dominant trend is an increase in the democratic and electoral numbers of non-white Americans. The «classic» United States, dominated in all walks of life by white Americans with Anglo-Saxon Protestant identities and relevant historical ideas, is becoming history. The situation is becoming a political reality when white Americans become a minority. It is unlikely that such a «new minority» will abandon its own interpretation of any stage of US history, including the most acute. This means that wars of memory will become an organic element of political processes.
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Liubymova, S. A. "Dynamic typology of American socio-cultural stereotypes." Bulletin of Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University, no. 4 (335) (2020): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.12958/2227-2844-2020-4(335)-67-75.
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The article presents the results of a dynamic classification of American sociocultural stereotypes based on their variability. The dynamics of stereotypes are traced in changes of assessment, emotional perception, and modification, reflected in the discursive representation of socio-cultural stereotypes. The degree of variability of socio-cultural stereotypes depends on the time of their formation, the frequency of occurrence in media discourse, and their emotional load. Persistent stereotypes, such as frontiersman, cowboy, are are based on cultural traditions. They function as templates for the reproduction of new sociocultural stereotypes. Transformational socio-cultural stereotypes demonstrate various changes that can relate to the content of stereotypes. Such is the case of melting pot. Once denoting unity of American society, this stereotype has transformed into a combination of diverse social and cultural elements, marked as salad bowl, mosaic, mixing bowl. Changes in socio-cultural stereotypes are manifested also in emotional and evaluative perception. Thus, the negative perception of the stereotype WASP (White Anglo-Saxon Protestant) has changed to positive. Transformational stereotypes can become the symbols of a certain historical period, marked by radical changes in views, attitudes and standards of behavior. Such is flapper – the stereotype of a bold and fashionable young woman that has become a symbol of “Roaring 20s”. Transient stereotypes are unable to transform and cease to exist with the disappearance of their referents. An example of such a stereotype is the Valley Girl, which denoted the category of rich and idle fashionistas of the 1980s. Today, the Valley Girl is an anachronism that alludes to the 1980s through definite fashion trends and slang. The result of the study is the recognition that American sociocultural stereotypes are changeable and situational fragments of the social environment. They may modify or disappear due to changes in the socio-cultural context. The duration of their existence depends not only on economic and cultural factors, but also on occurrence in media discourse.
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*, Eko Rujito. "WASP DAN IDENTITAS AMERIKA." DIMENSIA: Jurnal Kajian Sosiologi 2, no. 2 (February 26, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/dimensia.v2i2.3401.
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There have been abundant of studies on White Anglo-Saxon Protestant and its role in shaping American culture. The assumption that America is an Anglo-Saxon Protestant nation is not entirely wrong, to certain extent, it is even indubitable. Anglo-Saxon Protestant culture and ethics have shaped America the nation it is today. This cannot be separated from the fact that the first settlers were people with Anglo-Protestant background. Through more than two hundred years of immigrations, however, when people from other parts of the globe with different cultural background and religious beliefs flooded America in huge number, this core culture did not vanish. It survived and was embraced by the majority of Americans. This paper tries to scrutinize the way the WASP identity became American identity. To do this, there are three basic ideas related to the WASP that need to be explored; the Anglo-Saxon ethnicity, Protestantism, and Anglo-conformity. In the first part it will try to investigate the significance of Anglo-Saxon ethnicity and the meaning of being an Anglo-Saxon. The second part will deal with very core of the WASP, Protestantism. In this part, this paper will answer the question on the role of Protestantism in shaping WASP identity and American identity. The last part is a discussion on the process of assimilation experienced by immigrants with non-Anglo-Saxon Protestant origins in order to be acknowledged as Americans. Keywords: WASP, American Identity, American Culture
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Gill, Timothy M. "The Civilizing Mission Persists." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race, December 3, 2021, 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x21000394.
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Abstract U.S. government leaders have long considered Latin America their proverbial backyard and have recurrently intervened in the region. In earlier periods of U.S. imperialism, U.S. government leaders justified such intervention with reference to allegedly scientific racial hierarchies, which placed White, Anglo-Saxon Protestants (WASPs) at the top of this artificial hierarchy. In more recent episodes of U.S. imperialism leading into the twenty-first century, however, U.S. leaders have publicly used the language of democracy and human rights to justify intervention. In the instance of contemporary Venezuela, while U.S leaders indeed use the language of human rights and democracy, they also draw on racist tropes of Latin Americans to justify their intervention. Through interviews with U.S. foreign policymakers and analysis of U.S. government documents, I find that U.S. leaders depict former Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez as an irrational, uncivilized, and beastly leader, who manipulates ideas of racial inequality to maintain power. In addition, U.S. leaders understand him as manipulating an uncritical mass of Venezuelans who cannot think for themselves. U.S. leaders believe it thus their duty to intervene in order to promote democracy and show Venezuelans their true political-economic interests. I connect these dynamics with a history of U.S. intervention into the region and a history of racist and imperial thinking that continues to shape the logic of U.S. foreign policymaking into the present.
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Trisnawati, Ririn Kurnia. "Toni Morrison's The Bluest Eye: When Beaaty Turns Out To Be Hegenomy." Journal of English and Education (JEE), June 30, 2008, 67–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.20885/jee.v2i1.6452.
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The United States of America is a race-conscious society that those who are colored (as opposed to white) have generally been put in inferior positions and treated accordingly. Consequently, apparently White Anglo Saxon Protestants (WAPS)has been inherently put as the dominant group whereas the African American is consciously placed as one of the subordinate ones. Theory of hegemony proposed by Antonio Gramscihas been believed as a means to understand the position of the superior and the inferior groups in the society. Meanwhile, the concept of beauty is an example of cultural institution; hence, the standard of beauty is based on the dominant group e.g. White people, so there is the White beauty standard as a means of hegemonic practice in the American society. This phenomenon is thoughtfully depicted by Toni Morrison in The Bluest Eye. Therefore, this writing aims at describing the phenomena when beauty turns out to be the hegemonic practice of White beauty standard in African American society as it is depicted in Toni Morrison's The Bluest Eye.lhc study shows that White beauty standard has been the hegemonic practice that is consciously alive in the African Americans as the society members involved in the story. The hegemony itself is from the beauty standards which are standardized using the White people's beauty standards e.g. light skinned, blue eyes, blonde, slimmer body image, etc. The White beauty standard hegemony is not solely the single reason of maintaining domination and power; in fact, society members, and their will and consciousness have also participated in it. Therefore, the implications occur within the society under the hegemonic practices or the hegemonized society, so do the characters in this novel. Those implications are extracted from the characters living in the novel as the characters are the hegemonized subject in practice. It is the fact that White beauty standard hegemony has led to the emergence of intra-racial discrimination happening within the African American society as it is reflected in the literary work due to the characters' efforts to seek for White's approval. The second is the emergence of the self-loathing upon the characters in the novel, and the third is the emergence of the self identity degrading.
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ÖZSEVER, Kenan. "Amerikan Tiyatrosunda Arap Toplumuna Bakış: ‘Çeşitli Birleşim’ Oyunu Örneğinde Tektipleştirici Söylemlerde Niyet Okumak." Yedi, October 5, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.17484/yedi.1318524.
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Amerika çeşitli ırk, din ve etnik kökenden bireylerin oluşturduğu kozmopolit bir ülkedir. Bağımsızlığının ilanı ve uluslararası politikada ulus-devlet olarak tanınmasının ardından Amerika, aldığı göçler neticesinde çokkültürlü bir topluma dönüşmüştür. Ancak bu çokkültürlü yapı, beyaz Amerikalılar (White Anglo-Saxon Protestant) tarafından zenginlik olarak değil bir problem olarak görülmeye başlanmıştır. Bu durum Amerikan toplumunda azınlıklara karşı tektipleştirici söylem ve tutumun ortaya çıkmasına neden olmuştur. Etnisite çeşitliliğine yönelik bu tektipleştirici yaklaşım birçok sanat alanında olduğu gibi tiyatro sanatında da karşılık bulmuş ve oyunlara konu alınmıştır.
11 Eylül saldırılarının ardından Amerikan toplumunda bazı alışkanlıklar değişmeye başlamıştır. Ev buluşmaları ya da kapalı mekânlarda düzenlenen akşam yemeği partileri bu durumun en önemli göstergesidir. Çeşitli Birleşim (Omnium Gatherum) oyunu da, saldırılar sonrası Amerika’da popüler hale gelen ‘akşam yemeği partileri’nin bir örneğinin temsilidir. Oyunda, Amerikalı bireylerin saldırılar sonrasındaki fikir ve görüşleri sorgulanmaktadır. Oyun kişileri, mikro ölçekli Amerikan toplumu görüntüsü sunan biyografik kişilerdir. Bu çalışma, Amerikan Tiyatrosu’nda 11 Eylül saldırılarının konu alındığı Çeşitli Birleşim oyunu ile sınırlıdır. Çalışmada çeşitli ırk, etnik köken ve sınıftan Amerikalıların saldırılar sonrası Araplara bakışındaki değişim ve bu değişimin Çeşitli Birleşim oyunundaki tezahürü araştırılacaktır.
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Wielink, Michael. "NATIONALISM, SUFFRAGE & MATERNAL FEMINISM: RACE, GENDER & RELIGION." General: Brock University Undergraduate Journal of History 2 (April 17, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.26522/gbuujh.v2i0.1498.
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Abstract:The turn of the nineteenth century was an extremely dynamic and formative time in Canadian history as it defined its “imagined community.” Benedict Anderson’s Imagined Communities espoused nation and nationalism through his concept as “imagined communities,” both politically and culturally. “National identities are imagined as both intrinsically limited and sovereign. The nation is imagined as limited because, no matter the size or scope, it is finite in its inclusion and there is always “others” beyond its borders.” Through research on suffragist writings from both men and women, suffragist organizations membership, documents written about the future of Canada, and the concept of maternal feminism there remained a majority of people committed to a future “White Anglo-Saxon Protestant” nation. The women’s suffragist movement and “maternal feminism,” intertwined with nationalism, created a reciprocal effect, which established an “imagined community” that included those who belonged and “others” who clearly did not. Suffragist, armed with new found political influence, endorsed policies of assimilation or legislation to keep Canada from accepting people of “degenerating” races or religions. Clearly, nationalism and an emerging Canadian identity had profound influences on the suffragist movement and maternal feminism, causing once a once marginalized gender to now subjugate “others” based on class, race or religion.