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Journal articles on the topic 'White collar crime'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Szaplonczay, Aleksandra. "White-Collar Crime: Contemporary View." Teisė 120 (September 30, 2021): 140–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/teise.2021.120.10.

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The article touches upon the problem of white collar criminality and presents a contemporary view of the phenomenon. The concept of white-collar crime, first introduced by Edwin H. Sutherland in 1939, immediately became the driving force behind the discussion undertaken by criminologists and sociologists of that time. Since then, many studies have been conducted in order to answer the question about who actually is a “white collar” – why do respectable, well-situated individuals decide to enter the path of crime? The author contrasts two types of definitions – the subjective white-collar

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Azi Shohi Sitorus, Nabilla Rahmadani, and Sahlan Sahlan. "Dampak White Collar Crime Bagi Pemerintah Dan Masyarakat." JISPENDIORA Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Pendidikan Dan Humaniora 2, no. 3 (2023): 226–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.56910/jispendiora.v2i3.1004.

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White collar crime is differentiated from blue collar crime. If the term white collar crime is intended for officials and high-ranking state officials, blue collar crime is used to refer to all scandalous crimes that occur at lower levels with low quality and quantity. However, we must also know that crime at the lower level is also a trickle down effect. So, if we want to participate in various crimes that occur in government agencies, we have to start from white collar crime, not from blue collar crime.

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Tahmina, Akter. "White Collar Crimes in Bangladesh, Its Causes and Negative Impacts: An Analysis Based on Legal Framework." International Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Studies 3, no. 4 (2021): 53–60. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5217749.

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White collar crime poses a major threat for the country, the nation, and the general public. This is a monetarily persuaded crime done to get or try not to lose cash, property, administrations, or to get an individual or business advantage. It incorporates peaceful crime done in business circumstances to acquire cash. Rather than being another and advancing field of criminology, white-collar guiltiness has been predominantly common all through each area of the country in light of its extremely recognized highlights. These crimes are consuming inquiries in the period of present world circumstan

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Deamonika Deamonika and Nur Annisa. "Keterkaitan While Collar Crime dengan Coorporate Crime." PUSTAKA: Jurnal Bahasa dan Pendidikan 4, no. 1 (2023): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.56910/pustaka.v4i1.1071.

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White collar crime is a crime committed by respected people, while corporate crime is a crime related to corporations. White collar crime and crinre corporations have also always been linked to the crime economy. White collar crime can be controlled by corporations, therefore a type of crime arises, namely corporate services. The research method is literature study, the aim is to find out what forms of crime are categorized as "white collar crime", the result is that the application of the law given to perpetrators of "white collar crime" crimes has provided justice and legal certainty to the

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Sarkar, Swati. "Evaluation of Current Investigations and Future Directions in White-Collar Crime." Scholars International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice 6, no. 02 (2023): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sijlcj.2023.v06i02.003.

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Background: White-collar crime refers to illegal activities that individuals or organizations commit during business or professional activities. These crimes are often financially motivated and include embezzlement, fraud, bribery, money laundering, and insider trading. White-collar crime can have significant consequences for individuals, organizations, and society. Objectives: The objectives of research on white-collar crime may include understanding the motivations and behaviors of those who engage in such activities and identifying the organizational and societal factors. That contributes t

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6

Gottschalk, Petter. "White-collar crime." International Journal of Police Science & Management 19, no. 2 (2017): 120–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461355717711453.

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Policing religious organizations presents challenging situations. When there is suspicion of financial crime by white-collar criminals, secrecy and trust represent obstacles to law enforcement. This article discusses the lack of detection and neutralization techniques often applied in religious organizations. There may be too much trust, too much freedom, too much individual authority, too little scepticism, too much loyalty and too little control of the financial side in religious organizations. There may be no empirical evidence for the proposition that religion has a deterrent effect on cri

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7

Geis, Gilbert. "White-Collar Crime." Current Issues in Criminal Justice 3, no. 1 (1991): 9–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10345329.1991.12036504.

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8

Tomović, Vladislav A., Hazel Croall, and Vladislav A. Tomovic. "White Collar Crime." Canadian Journal of Sociology / Cahiers canadiens de sociologie 20, no. 1 (1995): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3340991.

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9

Ike Pratiwi Br Limbong, Sarmila Dalimunthe, and Sahlan Sahlan. "White Collar Crime." PUSTAKA: Jurnal Bahasa dan Pendidikan 4, no. 1 (2023): 171–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.56910/pustaka.v4i1.1072.

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This white-collar crime phenomenon has one characteristic, namely the use of positions and the classic concept of white-collar crime is always focused on the government. Therefore, white-collar crime or white-collar crime is generally only discovered after causing many victims, because it is not easy to find out, because its nature is integrated into the system, so that victims and the public cannot see it with the naked eye.

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10

Reurink, Arjan. "“White-Collar Crime”." European Journal of Sociology 57, no. 3 (2016): 385–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003975616000163.

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AbstractDespite the ubiquity of illegality in today’s financial markets and the questions this raises with regard to the social legitimacy of today’s financial industry, systematic scrutiny of the phenomenon of financial crime is lacking in the field of sociology. One field of research in which the illegal dimensions of capitalist dynamics have long taken center stage is the field of white-collar crime research. This article makes available to economic sociologists an overview of the most important conceptual insights generated in the white-collar crime literature. In doing so, its aim is to p

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11

Braithwaite, John. "White Collar Crime." Annual Review of Sociology 11, no. 1 (1985): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.11.080185.000245.

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12

Anggriawan, R., and M. E. Susila. "Addressing White Collar Crime with Situational Crime Prevention Approach: What’s Promising and How It Works?" Kutafin Law Review 12, no. 1 (2025): 63–87. https://doi.org/10.17803/2713-0533.2025.1.31.063-087.

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The study aims to demonstrate that white collar crimes can be prevented by limiting organizational opportunities for such crimes. By employing a situational approach to crime prevention, the research seeks to highlight practical measures businesses can adopt to reduce these opportunities. It explores the 25 techniques proposed by Cornish and Clarke, discussing their implementation within the context of organizational crime prevention. The findings reveal that while situational crime prevention measures are effective in controlling white collar crime, they cannot eradicate it entirely. These me

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13

Imran, Ali Mangrio, and Ali Abro Liaquat. "MULTI FACETED WHITE COLLAR CRIME EATING COUNTRY'S ECONOMIC FABRIC LIKE TERMITE." Al Meezan Research Journal of Social Sciences 02, no. 02 (2022): 01 to 12. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7654262.

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White collar crime is the term used to describe financially driven, nonviolent crimes committed by private or holder of public office in business and by government functionaries. Securities fraud, embezzlement, corporate fraud, cheating public at large and money laundering are a few examples of white collar crimes. A nation's legal system's primary goal is to provide justice to all of its residents without distinction. But it is true that prejudice exists in all legal systems. These are the systemic gaps that called for investigation. In our culture, a crime committed by someone of low

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14

Brody, Richard G., and Kent A. Kiehl. "From white‐collar crime to red‐collar crime." Journal of Financial Crime 17, no. 3 (2010): 351–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13590791011056318.

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15

Piquero, Nicole Leeper. "White-Collar Crime Is Crime." Criminology & Public Policy 17, no. 3 (2018): 595–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12384.

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16

Grumbles, Preslie B. "Clerical-Collar Crime: How Church Members Deal When Church Leaders Steal Church Property." Texas A&M Journal of Property Law 9, no. 1 (2023): 81–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/jpl.v9.i1.4.

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Christian churches will lose an estimated $59 billion worldwide to embezzlement in 2022. Embezzlement and other white-collar crimes are property theft crimes characterized by the violation of another’s trust. This Comment names white-collar crimes committed exclusively by church leaders or officials “clerical-collar crimes.” Distinguishing clerical-collar crime from white-collar crime gives weight to and promotes future consideration of the unique problems that arise when church leaders and officials commit clerical-collar crime.Although clerical-collar crime is subject to civil and criminal l

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Dearden, Thomas E. "How modern psychology can help us understand white-collar criminals." Journal of Financial Crime 26, no. 1 (2019): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-11-2017-0103.

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PurposeThis paper aims to add to the theoretical discussion of white-collar crime by introducing modern psychological decision-making literature and the potential effect on white-collar offending.Design/methodology/approachUsing a theoretical approach, literature on heuristics, innovation and stress, insight into why white-collar offenders decide to commit crime is posited.FindingsThe heuristics and strategies that people use to assist in decision-making process may inadvertently promote white-collar crime. For example, stress may inhibit white-collar offenders’ thinking, causing them to disco

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18

Larsson, Daniel. "The Reaction Towards White Collar Crime: When White Collar Crime Matters." Open Criminology Journal 6, no. 1 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874917801306010001.

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19

Azizul Hakim, Datuk Abdul, and Sumarno Sumarno. "Pendekatan White Collar Crime: Penanggulangan Tindak Pidana Pembayaran Upah Dibawah Minimum." Legitimasi: Jurnal Hukum Pidana dan Politik Hukum 12, no. 1 (2023): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/legitimasi.v12i1.16660.

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Abstract: The criminal act of paying wages below the minimum wage is not distinct from the criminal aspect of white collar crime, that is a criminal offense committed by a person with a high socioeconomic status and a respectable commission of a crime in the interest of his work. The corporate criminal acts frequently include white collar crimes. The company's activities give a possibility for white-collar criminality to occur. The study investigates the legal resolution of crimes involving wages below the minimum wage using the white collar crime approach. This is a juridico-normative study e

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Bundz, Rostyslav. "White-Collar Crime During the War." Visnik Nacional’nogo universitetu «Lvivska politehnika». Seria: Uridicni nauki 11, no. 44 (2024): 15–20. https://doi.org/10.23939/law2024.44.015.

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Abstract. The article focuses on the issue of white-collar crime, examining its pervasive and harmful impact on society, especially during periods of social and political instability. White-collar crime typically involves offenses committed by individuals in high-status positions—such as business executives, government officials, and politicians—who exploit their social standing and access to resources for personal or financial gain. These crimes often include actions like economic fraud, bribery, and tax evasion, which erode the foundations of trust, integrity, and transparency in public and

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21

Watt, Rochelle. "University students’ propensity towards white-collar versus street crime." SURG Journal 5, no. 2 (2012): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21083/surg.v5i2.1570.

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While several traditional criminological theories have been used to explain the causes of white-collar crime, few research studies have examined the role that personality plays in explaining the causes of these types of crimes. University students were measured on two personality scales, self-control and desire for control, to determine the extent to which these factors affect the propensity to commit either street crime or white-collar crime. The findings indicate that self-control has the most significant effect on offending, but only when students indicated that they were willing to commit

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22

Ivancevich, John M., Thomas N. Duening, Jacqueline A. Gilbert, and Robert Konopaske. "Deterring white-collar crime." Academy of Management Perspectives 17, no. 2 (2003): 114–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ame.2003.10025206.

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23

Little, Craig B. "Whither White-Collar Crime." Teaching Sociology 24, no. 3 (1996): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1318752.

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24

Savelsberg, Joachim J., and Tony G. Poveda. "Rethinking White-Collar Crime." Social Forces 73, no. 4 (1995): 1630. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2580473.

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Lackey, Chad. "visualizing white‐collar crime." Visual Sociology 16, no. 2 (2001): 75–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14725860108583836.

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26

Pontell, Henry N. "Choosing White-Collar Crime." Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews 36, no. 4 (2007): 369–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009430610703600436.

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27

Clarke, Michael. "EXPOSING WHITE COLLAR CRIME." Criminal Justice Matters 7, no. 1 (1992): 4–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09627259208553064.

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28

Levi, Michael. "Punishing white collar crime." Criminal Justice Matters 7, no. 1 (1992): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09627259208553067.

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29

Bosworth-Davies, Rowan. "REGULATING WHITE COLLAR CRIME." Criminal Justice Matters 7, no. 1 (1992): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09627259208553070.

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30

Norris, Bruce W. "White collar crime survey." Computer Fraud & Security Bulletin 11, no. 9 (1989): 9–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0142-0496(89)90178-1.

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31

Menkus, Belden. "White collar crime uncovered." Computer Fraud & Security Bulletin 1993, no. 1 (1993): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0142-0496(93)90191-x.

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32

Galvin, Miranda A. "Substance or Semantics? The Consequences of Definitional Ambiguity for White-collar Research." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 57, no. 3 (2019): 369–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022427819888012.

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Objectives: To determine whether different conceptions (Populist, Patrician) and operationalizations of “white-collar crime” produce different substantive conclusions, using the applied case of sentencing in federal criminal court. Method: Federal Justice Statistics Program data are used to identify white-collar and comparable crimes referred for prosecution in 2009 to 2011 that were also sentenced through 2013. Five different operational strategies are used to identify “white-collar crime” and are employed in separate hurdle regressions jointly capturing incarceration and sentence length. Dif

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Alkostar, Artidjo. "White Collar Crime dan Corporate Crime." Jurnal Hukum IUS QUIA IUSTUM 1, no. 2 (1994): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.20885/iustum.vol1.iss2.art1.

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KELMENDI, Magbule. "WHITE COLLAR CRIME AS ORGANIZED INSTITUTIONAL CRIME." International Journal of Legal Sciences-JUSTICIA 12, no. 21-22 (2024): 100–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.62792/ut.jus.v12.i21-22.p2759.

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The object of treatment in this paper is the problem of detection and treatment of corruption. There is no single definition for corruption and in this case it is limited to the corruption practices of white-collar crime, being a link to institutional organized crime, with confirmation of the suspicion of crime in the Prosecutor's Office - especially that of serious crimes which is the main pillar of the state in this right to enforce the law and fight the phenomenon, as well as the state courts. Its meaning is broad and cannot be defined only by accepting or giving a bribe to an official or b

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35

Sandeep, Kumar. "Preventive Measures Against White Collar Crime in India." RECENT RESEARCHES IN SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES 11, no. 2 (2024): 102–10. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13337245.

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This research analyses is based on the concepts of white collar crime in India which serves as thefoundation for this study's analysis. The term "white collar crime" refers to crimes that are committedby educated, upper-class individuals in the course of their employment. It is also known as the crimecommitted by elites who are "educated" and "professional." The common types of white-collar crimesthat have emerged in India over the past few years and how they have evolved into socio-economiccrimes have been the subject of additional discussion. Generally, a person is not a born criminal. Apers

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Brody, Richard G., and Frank S. Perri. "Fraud detection suicide: the dark side of white-collar crime." Journal of Financial Crime 23, no. 4 (2016): 786–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-09-2015-0043.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the issue of suicide, a violent act against one’s self, as it relates to white- and red-collar crimes. White-collar crime can be described as nonviolent crime committed for financial gain. Red-collar crime describes a situation where a white-collar criminal commits an act of violence, often murder, to silence someone who is in a position to report a fraud they have perpetrated. Previous research has not addressed the issue of suicide, as it relates to white- and red-collar crime. Design/methodology/approach The analysis is conceptual, focusing on

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37

Knight, Dave. "Policing white collar crime: characteristics of white collar criminals." Police Practice and Research 19, no. 6 (2017): 617–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2017.1351665.

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Ade Sakinah Pane, Handayani Harahap, and Sahlan Sahlan. "White Collar Crime Dalam Persepektif Islam." Lencana: Jurnal Inovasi Ilmu Pendidikan 2, no. 1 (2023): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.55606/lencana.v2i1.3071.

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The word white collar crime is a term used to refer to people who have a high social status who commit legal violations in a legitimate job position. In Indonesian, white collar crime is defined as white collar crime/tie crime.

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Parihar, Sachin Singh, and Anwesha Ghosh. "White collar crimes: A comprehensive analysis." International Journal of Judicial Law 2, no. 3 (2023): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.54660/ijjl.2023.2.3.25-33.

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White-collar crimes and economic offenses have increased alarmingly as a result of the modernization of crime, a disturbing trend that threatens to destroy the economy globally. White-collar crimes are admittedly very common in third-world nations and are thus by no means a new occurrence. The convergence of business and the law, as well as their interactions with innovation, moral discourse, and public perception, as well as the evolution of state regulations over time, are what give white-collar crimes their historical foundation. Since white-collar criminals were not viewed as the “typical

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Tay, Liang-Mui, Chin-Hong Puah, Rayenda Khresna Brahmana, and Nurul Izza Abdul Malek. "The effect of white collar crime announcement on stock price performance." Journal of Financial Crime 23, no. 4 (2016): 1126–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-03-2015-0016.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the connection between ethics and profitability by examining the association between published reports on white-collar crime and the share-price performance of the Malaysian-listed companies. This study aims to examine the role of white-collar crime in Malaysian-listed companies on its stock-price reaction. Design/methodology/approach Following prior research, even study methodology is used to exploit the stock-price reaction on the white-collar crime announcement. The daily bases of average abnormal returns (AARs) and cumulative average abno

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Syahdi Buamona. "WHITE COLLAR CRIME (KEJAHATAN KERAH PUTIH) DALAM PENEGAKAN HUKUM PIDANA." Madani Legal Review 3, no. 1 (2019): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31850/malrev.v3i1.343.

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this paper analyzes several problems, namely what is the white collar crime and how the white collar crime in criminal law enforcement. using the method used is normative juridical as for the results of the research, first, white collar crime is basically done by certain people who have a position, occupation, and position and are well-known in the life of society. The officials actually use their power in the wrong way, without paying attention to the impact on society and the country. Second, in the aspect of criminal law enforcement, white-collar crime is a crime in a position offense as a

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Weisburd, David, Ellen F. Chayet, and Elin J. Waring. "White-Collar Crime and Criminal Careers: Some Preliminary Findings." Crime & Delinquency 36, no. 3 (1990): 342–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128790036003003.

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The criminal career paradigm has become an increasingly important perspective in the study of street crimes, but it has generated little interest among scholars concerned with white-collar criminality. Behind this neglect lies a common assumption about white-collar criminals. Although street criminals are assumed highly likely to recidivate, white-collar offenders are thought to be “one-shot” criminals unlikely to be processed in the justice system after their initial brush with the law. This article examines the extent to which this image of white-collar criminals is reflected in the criminal

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Miller, A. "White coats and white-collar crime." Canadian Medical Association Journal 185, no. 1 (2012): E19—E20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.109-4346.

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Dearden, Thomas E. "An assessment of adults’ views on white-collar crime." Journal of Financial Crime 24, no. 2 (2017): 309–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-05-2016-0040.

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Purpose This paper aims to update our understanding of the public’s opinion of white-collar crime and explains perceptions of white-collar crime using self-interest, political affiliation and in-group/out-group characteristics. Design/methodology/approach A state-wide phone survey of adults in North Carolina was conducted, and 421 adults responded. They provided their views of white-collar crime, the need for government intervention and whether they were more concerned about white-collar crime in the public or private sector. Findings In the survey, 74 per cent of the responders agreed or stro

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45

Lee, Julak. "Formal Approaches in Controlling White Collar Crime: The Criminal Justice System and the Regulatory System." Journal of Public Administration and Governance 4, no. 4 (2015): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v5i4.8604.

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Unlike ordinary street crime, there are two formal systems of controlling white-collar crime. These systems are the criminal justice system and the regulatory system. The criminal justice system controls white-collar crime by using criminal law whereas the regulatory system depends mainly on administrative law and uses various ways such as financial penalties, product recalls, and warnings to control white-collar crime. In this paper two formal justice systems of white collar crime have been discussed. Although the criminal justice system, which is the traditional means to control white-collar

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46

Gottschalk, Petter, and Lars Glasø. "Gender in White-Collar Crime: An Empirical Study of Pink-Collar Criminals." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 4 (September 2013): 22–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.4.22.

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White-collar crime is financial crime committed by white-collar criminals. Sensational white-collar crime cases regularly appear in the international business press and studies in journals of ethics and crime. This article is based on a sample of 255 convicted white-collar criminals in Norway from 2009 to 2012. Only 20 out of 255 white-collar criminals presented in Norwegian newspapers in the years from 2009 to 2012 were women. In the popular press, white-collar crime committed by women is sometimes labeled pink-collar crime. In this article, a number of reasons for this gender discrepance are

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Jenny Eviana, Layla Fitri, Warni Fitri Sari, and Sahlan. "ASPEK KRIMIOLOGIS WHITE COLLAR CRIME." PENDALAS: Jurnal Penelitian Tindakan Kelas dan Pengabdian Masyarakat 3, no. 2 (2023): 172–81. https://doi.org/10.47006/pendalas.v3i2.294.

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White Collar Crime dimana diartikan sebagai sebuah definisi serta bentuk nyata dari suatu kejahatan baik yang dilakukan oleh seorang individu maupun kelompok, dimana mereka mempunyai hak ataupun wewenang untuk melakukan tindakan semena-mena dalam pekerjaanya. Seperti yang kita ketahui bahwasanya White Collar Crime banyak terjadi di kalangan orang-orang besar yang mempunyai wewenang dan sangat berpengaruh. Kejahatan yang biasa dilakukan di sini dimaknai sebagai perilaku serta tindakan seorang individu yang melanggar aturang perundang-undangan. Sebagian orang beranggapan bahwa adanya kesempatan

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Ivan Prawita, Hilmi Safitri, and Sahlan Sahlan. "Pengaturan dan Penegakkan Hukum Bagi Tindak PIDAN White Collar Crime." Lencana: Jurnal Inovasi Ilmu Pendidikan 2, no. 1 (2023): 154–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.55606/lencana.v2i1.3074.

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White collar crime is a crime committed by people who have a high socio-economic status and have a respected position in society. This white collar crime is very different from conventional crime in general, where the perpetrators are people from a low socio-economic class. Perpetrators of white collar crime include businesspeople, officials and professionals.

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49

Perri, Frank S. "Red Collar Crime." International Journal of Psychological Studies 8, no. 1 (2015): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijps.v8n1p61.

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<p>Traditional viewpoints held by academic and non-academic professional groups of the white-collar crime offender profile(s) are that they are non-violent. Yet research has begun to unveil a sub-group of white-collar offenders who are violent, referred to as red-collar criminals, in that their motive is to prevent the detection and or disclosure of their fraud schemes through violence. This article is the first to discuss the origin of the red-collar crime concept developed by this author coupled with debunking white-collar offender profile misperceptions that have persisted for decades

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Khurram Sultan Langraw and Adil Zaman. "Corporate social responsibility and white-collar crime: exploring how companies can promote ethical behavior and prevent white-collar crime within their organization." International Journal of Social Science & Entrepreneurship 3, no. 2 (2023): 349–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.58661/ijsse.v3i2.151.

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Corporate social responsibility (CSR) and white-collar crime are two topics that have gained increasing attention in recent years. CSR refers to a company's obligation to conduct business in an ethical and socially responsible manner. White-collar crime involves illegal activities committed by individuals in positions of power and authority within organizations. The relationship between CSR and white-collar crime is complex. Companies that prioritize CSR may still be vulnerable to white-collar crime. This is because white-collar crime often involves individuals who abuse their positions of pow

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