Academic literature on the topic 'White construction bath'

The paper describes problems of water-tight concrete constructions, their design, manufacture and testing of quality in accordance with regulations and directives used in the Czech Republic and abroad. Current knowledge of water-tight constructions and water-tight concrete imply that main focus is on problems of use of water-tight concrete for construction of so-called white bath and preventing crack formation in concrete. Laboratory work is focused mainly on design of concrete based on individual regulations. Subsequently, influence of various types of cement and additions partly replacing cement on properties of water-tight concrete is examined. Research of heat development during hydration at early stages of maturing is and inseparable part of the experimental work, as well as development of compressive strength, water-tightness and frost resistance of concrete

The article deals with issues of optimizing the composition of efficient concrete increased water resistance, reducing its cost without losing or increasing its basic properties. In recent years, the most effective method of tightness to water in the construction of buried and underground structures, as opposed to the use of bituminous and other traditional materials, is a method based on the use of concrete with increased water resistance. This type of tightness to water is called “White bath” in Europe. The essence of the technology is that the role of the impervious layer is performed directly by the concrete itself. The subject of the study is the composition of self-stressing concrete, which has a high density and fastness to water, but a high price compared to the concrete on Portland cement, which limits its wide application. The aim of the study is the development and optimization of the composition or stressing concrete with desired properties using a variety of mineral and polymeric additives to reduce the cost of the finished product while maintaining or improving the significant operational indicators.

Systematical archaeological excavations at the site Gamzigrad - Felix Romuliana continued in 2007-2008 in the south-eastern part of the fortified imperial palace, in the section of the thermae according to the plan of archaeological research for this site (2005-2009). In 2007, squares L'XXIV, M'XXIV, M'XXIH and M'XXII, which were investigated in 2005 to the horizon c, dated to the end of the 5th and the beginning of the 6th centuries, were completely excavated to the level of the porch of the earlier fortification of Romuliana (Plan 1). The stratigraphy of the cultural layers in these squares is as follows (Fig. 1): Below horizon c there is a layer of construction rubble mixed with brownish-yellow, clay like, sandy soil, 50-75 cm thick, comprising the finds dated in the last quarter of the 4th-5th centuries, layer D; The level of layer D is horizon d, where a structure destroyed in a conflagration, house 1/07, was discovered in squares M'XXII and M'XXIII. It could be dated, on the basis of the preserved household (pottery, metal and antler items, coins, etc.), from the last quarter of the 4th to the middle of the 5th century; Horizon d 1 is a mortar floor discovered beneath horizon d, which presents the earlier phase of house 1/07; Horizon d 2 is the earliest mortar floor inside the house 1/07, covered with a later mortar floor (horizon d 1) and a levelling layer of yellow sand and gravel, which comprises the finds dating also to the last quarter of the 4th to the middle of the 5th centuries; Layer E, 15-40 cm thick, is below horizon d, comprising dark brown soil with rubble and lenses of soot at the bottom, together with finds dated to the second half of the 4th century; Horizon e is covered with layer E, and spread across all the squares which were investigated to the south and to the east of Galerius' bath, where 8 large postholes, which outlined a space 7 x 3 m large and probably some kind of porch, were found along with two furnaces and two pits; Layer F, about 30 cm thick, is the substructure of horizon e and it comprises crushed stone and pebbles mixed with lime mortar, and in places has a levelling of reddish-brown sand. Finds here were dated to the end of the 3rd and the first half of the 4th centuries; Horizon f is a mortar floor of the later fortification of Felix Romuliana at a level of 184.75 m in the west and 184.55 m in the east (an average level of 184.64 m), which was interrupted by a trench running in an east-west direction along the southern section of squares L'-M'XXIV. The trench was filled with soot, small rubble and reddish-brown sand and comprised a large amount of artifacts, such as pottery and glass fragments, metal and bone items and coins dated to the second half of the 3rd century (Fig. 4). Layer G consists of dark brown and yellowish-brown clay with small rubble and soot. It was a levelling layer above the intense construction rubble from the previous horizon and a substructure of horizon f. This layer comprised archaeological finds dated to the end of the 3rd and the first half of the 4th centuries and to the prehistoric period (Early Iron Age); Horizon g is a mortar floor of the porch of the southern and eastern rampart of the earlier fortification of Romuliana. 4 pillars of the eastern porch (pillars 1-4, discovered in 2004-2005), a corner pillar in an L-shape (pillar 5) and one pillar of the southern porch (pillar 6) have been ascertained. From this level the water and sewage canals were dug (Fig. 5). In squares K'XXII-XXIII a trench, measuring 4 x 2 m, in an east-west direction, was opened which aimed to investigate the layers beneath the Roman horizon g. The stratigraphy in this trench is as follows: - Layer G at a level of about 184.53 m; - Layer H, about 35 cm thick, is greenish-yellow clay in which Roman canals were buried, comprising the fragments of the Early and Late Iron Age pottery and fragments of reddish rammed earth (Fig. 2); Layer I, about 20cm thick, is greenish-brown clay, comprising the scarce fragments of the Early and Late Iron Age pottery; Virgin soil consists of yellow clay starting from a level of 184.00 m in the west and of 183.60 m in the east. In 2008, the remains of an earlier building were discovered beneath the floor of the apodyterium of Galerius' bath found in 2002 and below the foundation of the sudatorium and the tepidarium of the same structure, which were found in 2005. Also, for the purposes of conservation and restoration of the thermae, an apsidal room next to the west wall of the apodyterium, so called 'Galerius' dressing room', was completely filled with construction rubble, among which was found a part of an abraded vault (Fig. 6). Excavations proved that the apsidal room had been a pool with cold water, a frigidarium, which was twice renovated and was decorated with mosaic made of black, white and grey stone cubes (Fig. 7). The phases of reconstruction of the frigidarium could also be noticed in its eastern wall (Fig. 8). Also in the rubble inside the pool, glass mosaic cubes of deep blue and golden colours were discovered, indicating the decoration of the vault. In the latest phase, two pillars were constructed to carry the stairs made of stone slabs (Fig. 8). The earliest phase of this room, which had a rectangular layout and a mortar floor, could be part of the building dating back to before Galerius' bath (Plan 2). During the cleaning of the eastern wall of the frigidarium, a semicircular niche with a fresco decoration of geometrical and figural motives, painted in black, dark red, orange and blue on an ochre surface, was discovered (Fig. 3). Under Galerius' bath, a large earlier building was investigated (trenches 1-5/08). Only its foundation zone is preserved. The walls of the Imperial bath were founded on the earlier walls, which were 0.65 m thick and had foundations which were 0.90 m thick (Plan 2). The pilaster of the west faeade of the thermae was also founded on the earlier wall, but it destroyed a water canal (canal A discovered inside the south room of Galerius' bath in 2004), which was constructed after the earlier structure and before the Imperial bath (Fig. 9). It is interesting that the part of the earlier building to the west of the thermae was not demolished during the construction of the Imperial residence. It was adapted and incorporated into the plan of the fortified palace. The original construction was a large public building, probably theprincipia, with a row of rooms around a large courtyard, the atrium. The entrance, which had a porch and a pylon with two square towers and thresholds made of stone slabs, was in the north. (Figs. 10-14) Previously, this building was mistakenly dated to the 4th-5th centuries, because it had been reused in Late Roman and Early Byzantine periods. (Figs. 15-18) However, based on the results of the new research, it could be dated to the 3rd century. .

The Sokobanja Turkish bath is an exceptional example of twosection baths and quite particular in its style, structure type and technology used. It is one of the two of the same type that remained in Serbia and the only one that has retained its original function. About its construction we learn from the Vidin sanjak defter from the second half of the 16th century. In the lavish built heritage inventory, Turkish baths are quite unique secular public structures, playing a prominent role in the development of health culture. Based upon their specific function, these baths possess a special architectural expression, are often monumental, decorative and imaginative in their forms and ornamentation. Prince Milos initiated repair works of the Soko Banja baths and spa springs immediately after the settlement became a part of the Serbian Principality in 1834. When work on restoring the men?s baths started, a separate room with a tub was built for Prince Milos, while the women?s bath remained in ruins. In 1847, the Ministry of Interior sent Dr Emerich Lindenmayer and architect Jan Nevole, as an expert team, to assess the state of the hammam so that it could be included in the undertakings funded from the state budget. After the assessment and review of the existing issues and upon a detailed report submitted to the Ministry of Interior, complex repairs were conducted in 1850, according to Nevole?s architectural design and his constant supervision. The approach implemented in the architectural renovation process was based on highly regarded principles of the time, thus preserving both the hammam?s original function and its valuable architecture.

The spatial physical construction that takes place in the Wae bath becomes the driving force of the shift in spatial patterns and space utilization that impact on social change in the local community. The purpose of this study is to understand the process of social change that occurred and the impact of the local community caused by visitors bathing Wae Pellae. This research is a qualitative research using observation technique, interview and documentation. Data analysis was done descriptively through data reduction, presentation and data processing, and conclusion. The results showed that the spatial physical changes in Wae Pellae bathing in its development caused the high intensity of visitors coming from outside, impact on the happening of social change, pattern of interaction of society with visitor happened in the form of exchange of interest. Wae Pellae Baths as a place to conduct socio-economic production, while the negative impact is the birth of various forms of changes in mindset and behavior patterns.Keywords: Physical Spatial, Social Change, Wae Pellae

The development of technology and the demands on the speed of the construction project cause the material manufacturers compete to create a new material that can accelerate the process to build a building. Wall is one of the non-structural elements on a building. Both low-rise building and high-rise building are no doubts using this material. Wall works can use two different types of material, such as brick wall made of red clay and light brick wall made of cement, silica sand, and limestone. In the construction process wall is needed in a large amount of area, so the difference of the price should be examined in choosing the type of the material to gain efficient cost. The purpose of this study is to determine which method of wall construction is more efficient in terms of cost and time, the use of red brick wall or brick wall light. The study was conducted using survey, comparative, literature study method. Results indicate that both methods have advantages and disadvantages. Red brick wall method is cheaper in the cost of the process, while the lighter brick wall method much faster in the process.

In this article the results of research to develop energy - and resource-saving technologies of production on local raw material base of the Ural Federal district of the white portland cement with high performance are represented. An x-ray phase analysis of the obtained building material is performed. The possibility of obtaining white portland cement-based pyrophillite mining waste,the composition of the raw mix for high-temperature synthesis of clinker white portland cement at low temperatures was studied. This reduces the costs for grinding of the mixture, and firing the clinker. The result of this work was the experimental batch of cement and studied all of its construction and technical characteristics.

Drawing on depictions of bath salts use in two different mediated contexts (110 local news reports, 109 individual user reports), in this study we highlight the incongruence between accounts of use and harm in news media versus drug users’ own narratives. Findings reveal that depictions of bath salts use in local news stories drew on three overlapping frames of risk and harm: a medical/health frame, a typifying example/atrocity story frame, and a legal/regulatory frame. User narratives were comparably neutral and richly descriptive, with tempered accounts of drug effects, psychopharmacological and other experiences while using, as well as tactics used to counter unpleasant effects. We find that both media forms limit discussions of drug use and risks of harm and are similarly dependent on a medical/health frame to legitimate them. The problem with news accounts is the denial of complex social and cultural contexts and possibilities regarding alternative drug policies. The problem with user narratives is the extent to which their accounts are moderated or excluded in order to manufacture a coherent public presentation of self, serving alternate ideological aims.

In Antioch and its hinterland during late antiquity, Christian leaders frequently attacked baths and the activities that took place within them. Despite efforts to anathematize their use and to discourage their construction, baths remained important social and civic fixtures in both large cities and in semi-rural settlements continuously into the Islamic period. This survival, documented in archaeological and literary sources, offers a means to trace divergent attitudes towards their roles against their changing physical forms. Baths could be understood as places of luxury, yet also in early Christian perspectives understood by the evils produced by their excesses, while their construction could commemorate local civic patronage. Yet it is the notion of bathing as a means to promote hygiene and healing that survived to become dominant, adopted as the primary feature of baths in hagiographic texts in the fifth and sixth centuries, and further echoed in the physical transition into new smaller, more austere forms.

Master´s thesis describes foundation of reinforced concrete framed building and preliminary design of upper construction. Calculation of internal forces was performed by computer program SCIA Engineer like 3D model. This substructure is designed as water resistant construction that is supported by deep foundations.

The aim of this diploma thesis is the building-technological solutions of gross structure Multifunctional file EASTGATE Brno. This multi-functional file is divided into objects Z and Y. This thesis solves the construction of gross substructure and gross superstructure object Z and gross substructure object Y. It deals with the most optimal propsal of technological procedures, working machines, itemized budget, time schedule, check and test plans, equipment of construction site, assessment of lifting mechanism and last but not least closer transport relations. The thesis is prepared on the basis of technical documents submitted by the designer.

The diploma thesis deals with the design and assessment of reinforced concrete structure supporting two-storey building of the underground garage for cars. In the space above the garage is designed open area with public space. The project was designed especially outer water-impermeable construction method white bath and a base plate and a perimeter wall. The structure was designed as a comprehensive model. Computing analyzed by finite element method. All selected elements were assessed at the ultimate limit state and limit state, namely to limit state of cracking load and forced stress.

The intertextuality of John Rolland’s Court of Venus, announced in its opening quotation and subsequent displays of scholarship and poetic skill, is central to the poet-narrator’s self-construction as a man improved by studying literature. However, the extent of Rolland’s reading is obscured by his unacknowledged use of key sources, including dictionaries, to populate his poem with Classical figures and cultivate a learned diction. While this might be read as pretension to a literary elite Rolland associates with the bygone court of David Lyndsay, the moral vision of his poem is greatly enlarged by its attempt to align such bookish learning with knowledge gained through experience—foregrounded by allusion to Chaucer’s Wife of Bath. In this way The Court of Venus models an urbane, knowing morality working towards wisdom and self-governance while recognizing the diversity, and disruptive desire, of human nature.

This chapter analyzes the factors contributing to the debates over musical purity and sensuality that had formed a significant thread of music criticism by the early 1850s, when Brahms began his career. The construction of purity developed in two interrelated ways: First, through the German Romantic valuation of music from Bach and earlier; this early music’s contrapuntal techniques and mostly diatonic harmony were praised as pure and moral by a range of commentators from E. T. A. Hoffmann to Justus Thibaut to Dominicus Mettenleiter. Second, in Eduard Hanslick’s famous 1854 treatise, Vom Musikalisch-Schönen, he attempted to divorce music from its extra-musical and political contexts; nonetheless, his argument retained the connotations of moral superiority while claiming purity for contemporary instrumental music. Pure music stood in opposition to Wagnerian sensuality, a Young Hegelian development that presented revisionist notions not only of opera but also of music’s meaning and communicative power. In this context, ideas of musical purity came under fire just as Brahms began his compositional career.

In current explanations of third millennium BC Oman, there is simultaneously a recognition of the Hafit period as part of the Umm an-Nar culture and a sense that it is somehow distinct from the Umm an-Nar period that followed. This chapter explores the notion that the developments of the Umm an-Nar period rest solidly on Hafit creations of social, political, and economic solidarity and heterogeneity—but that the Umm an-Nar culture eventually extended beyond its foundation. Referencing Hafit practices that consolidated group identity while maintaining local autonomy was critical during the Umm an-Nar period, when communities concentrated on local resource acquisition as a strategy for access to broader resources. In spite of this, the construction and maintenance of Umm an-Nar “towers,” in oases such as Bat and ad-Dariz South, and the increasingly complex mortuary tradition suggests that local groups in the Umm an-Nar period may have experienced difficulty in maintaining a worldview of regional solidarity.

City residents expect pressurized water to flow from kitchen, bath, and laundry room taps. Access to clean water is a contemporary human necessity, but is it a human right? City water is not free—creating and maintaining urban water systems is a complex engineering process that requires political power; land and labour are necessary to obtain and store water, operate pumping stations, maintain plants for filtration and wastewater treatment, and build out the subsurface pipe network. After initial construction costs have been paid, the efficiency of an entire water system dictates the costs of residential flow. Some cities, like Detroit, have an adjacent freshwater source, in this case the Detroit River, whose water can be pumped, treated, and distributed to residents rather efficiently. Other cities, like New York, have to acquire water from distant sources. Built on an island surrounded by salt water, New York City had to wield significant political power to construct new water sources and transport water from up to 125 miles away. Access to this water allowed the urban development of Manhattan Island while selectively destroying rural communities. New York City began building reservoirs in 1776; today there are nineteen reservoirs and three controlled lakes that hold 550 billion gallons of water. Official statistics on the rural communities sacrificed for this water are only available for the six reservoirs put into service between 1915 and 1955: the Ashokan (1915), Kensico (1915), Schoharie (1926), Roundout (1950), Neversink (1954), and Pepacton (1955) reservoirs. Their construction submerged a total of seventeen villages, and displaced 4,464 living from their land and 8,093 from their graves (BWS 1950: 35, 76). Those whose lands were not taken were left to reconstruct their lives without their long-time neighbours, the fertile valleys they lived in, and the roads, railroads, and unobstructed water ways that once tied communities together and facilitated economic activity. Some residents were unable to adjust and abandoned their lands. A city land acquisition programme is currently purchasing up to an additional 355,000 acres in their watersheds. The goal is to meet pollution control requirements set by the Environmental Protection Agency.

The late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries were a time of significant social change, with the industrialization of society and a massive increase in population, but there was no sudden transformation of ideas about Roman Britain. During this period, significant new archaeological finds came to light as a result of development associated with the industrialization of society, including the excavation of quarries, the construction of sewers, canals, and railways, while deep ploughing located further buried remains in the countryside. Writing in 1849, Charles Tucker suggested that the scale of development since the mid 1820s had contributed ‘so extensively to more certain knowledge of the habits and manners of the early occupants’ of Britain. Improvements in public transport resulted in a wider popular interest in the past, with the creation of national and regional archaeological societies, including the British Archaeological Association, which held its first meeting in 1844. These new organizations held meetings at which antiquaries could discuss archaeological discoveries, while the published proceedings disseminated knowledge. The realization of the antiquity of the human race brought about a serious and sustained challenge to the biblical story of creation during the middle of the nineteenth century. Gradually, with the developing knowledge of geology, ‘prehistory’ was seen to represent a great depth of time and this made it possible to conceive of a chronologically based understanding of the ‘primeval’ past. Understandings of Roman Britain, however, were slower to change, since they were based on more firmly established roots derived from centuries of study of classical texts, artefacts, and sites. Nevertheless, important discoveries helped to formulate new ideas. The period from the 1780s to 1820 was highly significant with the impressive architectural remains discovered at Bath and at a number of Roman villa sites, demonstrating the wealth of some elements of society in Roman southern Britain. The context for reflection upon these archaeological remains was transformed through the actions of British collectors in the Eastern Mediterranean who, from the 1840s, brought home classical monuments and artefacts for display in the British Museum. A renewed focus of interest in ‘the Roman Wall’ developed in the mid nineteenth century, while significant new work was undertaken on the buried Roman remains at London, Cirencester, Silchester, and Verulamium.

The tetracyclic Lycopodium alkaloid fawcettimine 3 and its derivatives are of interest as inhibitors of acetylcholine esterase. F. Dean Toste of the University of California, Berkeley recently reported (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 7671) the first enantioselective synthesis of 3. The key to the synthesis was the rapid assembly of the enantiomerically-enriched hydrindane 2. The preparation of 2 began with the enantioselective Robinson annulation of the β-keto ester 4 with crotonaldehyde 5, mediated by the organocatalyst 6. In this protocol, originally developed by Karl Anker Jørgensen, the single stereogenic center was established by conjugate addition, presumably to the chiral iminium salt generated by the condensation of 5 with 6. Subsequent aldol (or more likely Mannich) cyclization followed by elimination gave 7. Hydrolysis and decarboxylation by heating with p-TsOH converted 7 to 1. This procedure was robust enough to allow preparation of a ten gram batch of 1. This Jørgensen annulation is the current method of choice for the enantioselective preparation of 2,5-dialkyl cyclohexenones. Conjugate addition of the propargyl anion equivalent 8 to 1 proceeded with the expected > 95:5 axial diastereoselectivity, to give the silyl enol ether 9. Exposure of the derived iodide 10 to catalytic [Ph3 PAu]Cl and AgBF4 induced smooth cyclization to the cis hydrindane 2. Before constructing the nine-membered ring amine of fawcettimine 3, it was first necessary to protect the ketone as the ketal. Pd-mediated coupling of the alkenyl iodide with the organoborane derived from 11 then proceeded smoothly, as did the subsequent hydroboration of the terminal alkene. Neither the mesylate nor the tosylate derived from 12 could be induced to cyclize. In contrast, intramolecular displacement of the iodide proceeded well, to give 13. Hydroboration followed by oxidation then gave 15, which on deprotection cyclized to (+)-fawcettimine 3. Several aspects of this synthesis are attractive. While the stereochemical outcome of the hydroboration of 14 could not necessarily be predicted with confidence, in fact it did not matter, as the stereogenic center adjacent to the ketone could be epimerized under the trifluoroacetic acid deprotection conditions, and only the desired diastereomer would be able to add in an intramolecular fashion to the cyclohexanone.

Being the only flying mammal, bats have evolved unique flight devices affording them high maneuverability and efficiency despite their low flight speeds. By selecting bats of three different ecological niches — a highly efficient fishing bat, a nimble insectivorous forager, and a large soaring bat of the ‘flying fox’ family — passive wing shapes can be demonstrated as capable of attaining very different aerodynamic performance characteristics. The aerodynamics of man-made equivalents to these wing shapes, using thin airfoils rather than skeleton and membrane construction, are studied both computationally through a lifting-line approach and experimentally with quasistatic wind tunnel data of ‘morphed’ and ‘unmorphed’ wing shapes. Results confirm that shape inspired by the larger soaring bat has higher lift-to-drag ratios, while that of the foraging bat maintains lift at higher angles of attack than the other wings. The advantages are more pronounced by morphing, increasing both lift coefficient and lift-to-drag ratios by up to 50% for certain wings. This is validated both numerically and in the Cornell University 4′×4′ wind tunnel. Analysis of these shapes provides the first phase of wing design for use on a morphing aircraft vehicle. In order to take greater advantage of vehicle morphing, wing shapes with camber and twist distributions unique from those found in nature will evolve to suit a man-made structure. In this way, a wing shape intended for cruise may extend its practicality into highly maneuverable operations through the use of wing morphing. Starting from the bat planform shapes, a series of optimizations determines the best camber and twist distributions for effective morphing. Given a fixed degree of shape change at any point along an airfoil based on mechanism constraints, improved morphing performance can be found compared to initial assumptions of the natural shape change. Heuristic optimization employing simulated annealing determines the required morphing shapes for increased performance, broadening the abilities of each wing shape by increasing parameters such as lift, rolling moment, and endurance.

A hydraulic propulsion system is a convenient choice for many earth-moving and construction machineries because of their large mass and low speed required during normal operations. Due to the increasing fuel cost occurred during the last decade, a growing attention in displacement-controlled architectures is taking place. The key factors that motivate this interest are the energy-saving actuation and the easy implementation of the regenerative braking. In this regard, solutions like hydrostatic transmissions and secondary controlled hydraulic motors were already investigated for generic applications. Nevertheless, in some machines it is necessary to have more axles driven while guaranteeing a precise control of the tractive/braking torque: this is the case of the railway machineries. Thus, this research paper is aimed at comparing the non-hybrid displacement-controlled architectures mentioned above applied to a railway track maintenance machine. Discussing the control algorithms and analyzing some virtual simulations performed with high-fidelity dynamic models are part of the work. Specifically, after confirming the proper system functioning, the final targets are gaining deeper insight into the system behaviors and determining the most convenient layout in terms of energy consumption.

Proper feedback control of dynamical systems requires models that enables stability analysis, from where control laws may be established. Development of control oriented models for digital displacement (DD) fluid power units is complicated by the non-smooth behavior, which is considered the core reason for the greatly simplified state of the art control strategies for these machines. The DD unit comprises numerous pressure chambers in a modular construction, such that the power throughput is determined by the sequence of activated pressure chambers. The dynamics of each pressure chamber is governed by non-linear differential equations, while the binary input (active or inactive) is updated discretely as function of the shaft angle. Simple dynamical approximations based on continuous or discrete system theory is often inaccurate and is not applicable for such system when it is to operate in all four quadrants. Therefore, a method of applying hybrid dynamical system theory, comprising both continuous and discrete elements is proposed in this paper. The paper presents a physical oriented hybrid model accurately describing the machine dynamics. Since development of stabilizing control laws for hybrid dynamical systems is a complicated task, a simpler hybrid model only including the fundamental machine characteristics is beneficial. Therefore, a discussion and several proposals are made on how a simpler DD hybrid model may be established and used for feedback control development.

Abstract Hydraulic pumps, which reach pressures up to 3000 bar, are often realized as plunger-piston type pumps. In the case of a common-rail pump for diesel injection systems, the plunger is driven by a cam-tappet construction and the contact during suction stroke is maintained by a helical spring. Many hydraulic piston-based high pressure pumps include gap seals, which are formed by small clearances between the two surfaces of the piston and the bushing. Usually the gap height is in the magnitude of several micrometers. Typical radial gaps are between 0.5 and 1 per mil of the nominal diameter. These gap seals are used to allow and maintain pressure build up in the piston chamber. When the gap is pressurized, a special flow regime is reached. For the description of this particular flow the Reynolds equation, which is a simplification of the Navier-Stokes equations, can be used as done in the state of the art. Furthermore, if the pressure in the gap is high enough — 500 bar and above — fluid-structure interactions must be taken into account. Pressure levels above 1500 or 2000 bar indicate the necessity for solving the energy equation of the fluid phase and the rigid bodies surrounding it. In any case, the fluid properties such as density and viscosity, have to be modelled in a pressure dependent manner. This means, a compressible flow is described in the sealing gap. Viscosity changes in magnitudes while density remains in the same magnitude, but nevertheless changes about 30 %. These facts must be taken into account when solving the Reynolds equation. In this paper the authors work out that the Reynolds equation is not suitable for every piston-bushing gap seal in hydraulic applications. It will be shown that remarkable errors are made, when the inertia terms in the Navier-Stokes equations are neglected, especially in high pressure applications. To work out the influence of the inertia terms in these flows, two simulation models are built up and calculated for the physical problem. One calculates the compressible Reynolds equation neglecting the fluid inertia. The other model, taking the fluid inertia into account, calculates the coupled Navier-Stokes equations on the same geometrical boundaries. Here, the so called SIMPLE (Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure Linked Equations) algorithm is used. The discretization is realized with the Finite Volume Method. Afterwards, the solutions of both models are compared to investigate the influence of the inertia terms on the flow in these specific high pressure applications.

In engineering design and construction, a mathematical model with which the process parameters can be studied is of extreme utility. A reliable model will often present or minimize costly mistakes in prototype development and be utilized for the process air variable (Air flow rate, drying air temperature, drying air humidity), product variables (product throughput and size distribution), dimensional variables (width, length, height of drying, number of passes, dryer configuration can be controlled. While ambient air conditions, aerodynamic properties of the drying material, exposed surface area of the product, drying rate characteristics and equilibrium moisture contents are specific and cannot be controlled. This report incorporates the design work of, and for the construction of a multi-purpose dryer. Economic consideration lent a batch operating try dryer to the choice type. A choice feed of cassava chips (70% moisture content) to produce dried chips (1% moisture content for onward production of cassava flour is used. The drying is done adiabatically, employing heated air blown over the trays at a controlled dry bulb temperature of 110°C and wet–bulb temperature of 45 °C putting together available drying equations and simplification, a pilot plant producing 3.564kg of dried chips per batch time of 1.2936 hours (excluding loading and unloading time) is being designed under achievable operability. On and economic analysis, a pay–back time of 2.53 years is conceived. This report will be subdivided into choice of process route, process design, process economic and recommendation. It will incorporate also by useful tables, appendices and the design flow diagrams.

Abstract This paper describes the evolution of subsea stimulation treatments within one field including a novel dual vessel approach that was developed and successfully implemented on multiple wells. The methodology that enabled stimulations of high volume, complexity and precision is described, including observed results and opportunities for continuous improvement. In a harsh low oil price environment such cost-efficient stimulations can unlock additional potential for many subsea developments. Three West of Shetlands (WoS) injectors stimulation campaigns successfully delivered 11 subsea well treatments with a novel dual vessel batch approach in 2020 delivering operations of outstanding efficiency and reservoir results while driving costs down. A construction vessel provided remotely operated vehicle (ROV) support including deploying the well control package, whereas the stimulation vessel ran its own downline to facilitate optimized use of its dedicated pumping system and large chemical handling capacity. To enable deep water stimulation, the quick connect downline was engineered and project specific equipment installed onto the stimulation vessel allowing deployment to 450m water depth. Notable cost reductions in excess of 34% were achieved utilizing the efficiency offered by manifold entry for batch treatments to minimise the number of subsea re-connection operations while the stimulation vessel allowed much larger bulk loadouts and optimised the number of vessel loadings for continuous operations. This novel dual vessel approach for batch subsea stimulations allowed multiple well access through ‘daisy chains’ within isolated pipeline segments, while keeping injection operations live to other wells from the Glen Lyon Floating Production Storage and Offloading Vessel (FPSO) in the Schiehallion field. Improved HSE performance was achieved through reduced chemical handling and transportation. Real time data solutions for onshore monitoring were developed which aided the management of COVID-19 risks. The post-stimulation injection rate from the stimulation has signifcantly improved in all wells, resulting in large additional injection capacity for the field. Maintaining increased injection capacity has proved to be a challenge. The acquired understanding regarding water quality and longevity of treatments will allow identification of further continuous improvement opportunities to enable sustainable stimulation results.

Diamond sawblade is an efficient tool to building renovation or demolition. Concrete used in construction is a typical composite material with random distribution, which is difficult to accurately identify and predict even under the same processing conditions, and tool life of diamond sawblade is difficult to control. In this paper, by cutting out single component of the hard and soft aggregate separately from concrete, the single component and concrete experiments were carried out to understand the sawing characteristics of different components. The wavelet decomposition was used to analyze the characteristic of each frequency band of the different components sawing force and vibration signals, and the sensitive frequency bands after correlation coefficient and energy ratio variation of each wavelet layer were extracted to judge the bluntness status of sawblade. By taking the Root-Mean-Square (RMS) value, the energy ratio of d2 and d5 wavelet layers and the standard deviation of sawing force and vibration signal as the characteristic values of the sawblade, a neural network optimized by bat algorithm was established to analyze the concrete processing signals and predict the working state of the sawblade. Evidence theory was adopted to combine the prediction results of sawing force and vibration samples to increase the overall prediction accuracy and reliability. The test sample showed that this method can correct inconsistent individual sensor predictions while being as close to the actual status value as possible. It provides an effective tool life prediction way of the diamond sawblade and a theoretical method for the monitoring of non-metallic materials with inhomogeneous components.

The government of DKI Jakarta province is attempting to build public space to change the city face by means of constructing Children Friendly Public Space (thereafter called RPTRA) as the attempt of supporting Jakarta to be Child-Friendly City. In realizing a Child-Friendly City in DKI Jakarta it is supported by several governor regulations governing RPTRA standardization, RPTRA Management Guidelines, and the DKI Jakarta government also makes Jakarta grand design towards a Child-Friendly City. According to the Governor Regulation Number 196 of 2015, Child Friendly Integrated Public Space is an open place or space that combines community activities and activities by implementing 10 (ten) family empowerment and welfare programs to integrate with child-friendly city program. This RPTRA is part of a child-worthy infrastructure to achieve the fulfillment of one of the 24 child-worthy city indicators set by the Republic of Indonesia Minister of Women Empowerment and Child Protection Regulation Number 12 of 2011 concerning District/City eligible for children Indicators. The government of DKI Jakarta province built 6 (six) RPTRA in Kemayoran, Central Jakarta with each RPTRA having different characteristics. RPTRA Mutiara Sumur Batu has the highest score of 1.66 and RPTRA Harapan Mulya, which is 1.62. The purpose of this research was to assess the suitability and characteristics of RPTRA in Kemayoran District. This research method used GAP analysis, observation, and questionnaire. The results of this research showed that the RPTRA in Kemayoran Subdistrict is still not optimal because only 2 RPTRA have good values, while the other (4 RPTRA) still have constraints in developing RPTRA as fulfilling children's infrastructure.

A blow-down wind tunnel for real gas applications has been designed to characterize an organic vapour stream by independent measurements of pressure, temperature and velocity. Experiments are meant to investigate flow fields representative of expansions taking place in Organic Rankine Cycles (ORC) turbines. Strong real gas effects, high Mach numbers and approximations affecting the calculated properties of novel compounds, make the knowledge of ORC turbine blade passage flow field still rather limited. A significant enhancement of turbines efficiency is expected from detailed investigations on expansion streams. Despite Organic Cycles have attracted large research efforts in recent years, present days design tools still suffer from a lack of relevant experimental data. So far, ideal gas test cases and equilibrium measurements have supported separately CFD and thermodynamic model validations. These considerations prove the relevance of such a test rig. This paper discusses the design and the final layout of the facility, whose construction is currently in progress. A straight axis supersonic nozzle has been chosen as test section for early tests; investigations on blade cascades are foreseen in the future. Due to high stream densities and temperatures, a throat size compatible with probes intrusion made a continuous cycle plant unaffordable, requiring an input thermal power of around 2.5 MW. A reduction to 30 kW has been achieved by adopting a blow-down tunnel: the fluid, slowly vaporized in a high pressure vessel, feeds the nozzle at a lower pressure. The vapour is then collected in a low pressure tank and condensed. The loop is closed by liquid compression through a pump. Such a batch operating system also offers the option to select test/condensation pressures and temperatures, allowing experimentation of a wide variety of working fluids, even though new ORC compounds (e.g. Siloxanes, Fluorocarbons) remain of major interest. Maximum temperature and pressure are 400 °C and 50 bar. Despite the unsteady operational mode, the inlet nozzle pressure can be kept constant by a control valve. Depending on the fluid and test pressure, experiments may last from 20 seconds to several minutes, while their set-up requires a few hours. Fast response pressure transducers, pressure probes and thermocouples have been selected for thermodynamic measurements; Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) and Schlieren techniques allow direct measurements of velocity and flow visualization. The design has been carried out with a lumped parameter approach, using Siloxane MDM and Hydrofluorocarbon R245fa as reference compounds and FluidProp® for properties calculation.