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KARDUMYAN, G. S., and S. I. IVANOV. "“White Bath” Protection System of Reinforced Concrete Structures against Underground Water." Stroitel'nye Materialy 765, no. 11 (2018): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31659/0585-430x-2018-765-11-21-26.
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Hubáček, Adam, and Iveta Hájková. "Water-Tight Concrete Constructions and Directives for their Design and Realization." Materials Science Forum 908 (October 2017): 154–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.908.154.
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The paper describes problems of water-tight concrete constructions, their design, manufacture and testing of quality in accordance with regulations and directives used in the Czech Republic and abroad. Current knowledge of water-tight constructions and water-tight concrete imply that main focus is on problems of use of water-tight concrete for construction of so-called white bath and preventing crack formation in concrete. Laboratory work is focused mainly on design of concrete based on individual regulations. Subsequently, influence of various types of cement and additions partly replacing cement on properties of water-tight concrete is examined. Research of heat development during hydration at early stages of maturing is and inseparable part of the experimental work, as well as development of compressive strength, water-tightness and frost resistance of concrete
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Velichko, Evgeniy, Nikita Polkovnikov, and Yuliya Sadchikova. "Efficient concrete increased water resistance modified with mineral and polymeric additives." E3S Web of Conferences 97 (2019): 02017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199702017.
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The article deals with issues of optimizing the composition of efficient concrete increased water resistance, reducing its cost without losing or increasing its basic properties. In recent years, the most effective method of tightness to water in the construction of buried and underground structures, as opposed to the use of bituminous and other traditional materials, is a method based on the use of concrete with increased water resistance. This type of tightness to water is called “White bath” in Europe. The essence of the technology is that the role of the impervious layer is performed directly by the concrete itself. The subject of the study is the composition of self-stressing concrete, which has a high density and fastness to water, but a high price compared to the concrete on Portland cement, which limits its wide application. The aim of the study is the development and optimization of the composition or stressing concrete with desired properties using a variety of mineral and polymeric additives to reduce the cost of the finished product while maintaining or improving the significant operational indicators.
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Petkovic, Sofija, and Aleksandar Kapuran. "Archaeological excavations at Gamzigrad - Romuliana in 2007-2008." Starinar, no. 63 (2013): 287–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sta1363287p.
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Systematical archaeological excavations at the site Gamzigrad - Felix Romuliana continued in 2007-2008 in the south-eastern part of the fortified imperial palace, in the section of the thermae according to the plan of archaeological research for this site (2005-2009). In 2007, squares L'XXIV, M'XXIV, M'XXIH and M'XXII, which were investigated in 2005 to the horizon c, dated to the end of the 5th and the beginning of the 6th centuries, were completely excavated to the level of the porch of the earlier fortification of Romuliana (Plan 1). The stratigraphy of the cultural layers in these squares is as follows (Fig. 1): Below horizon c there is a layer of construction rubble mixed with brownish-yellow, clay like, sandy soil, 50-75 cm thick, comprising the finds dated in the last quarter of the 4th-5th centuries, layer D; The level of layer D is horizon d, where a structure destroyed in a conflagration, house 1/07, was discovered in squares M'XXII and M'XXIII. It could be dated, on the basis of the preserved household (pottery, metal and antler items, coins, etc.), from the last quarter of the 4th to the middle of the 5th century; Horizon d 1 is a mortar floor discovered beneath horizon d, which presents the earlier phase of house 1/07; Horizon d 2 is the earliest mortar floor inside the house 1/07, covered with a later mortar floor (horizon d 1) and a levelling layer of yellow sand and gravel, which comprises the finds dating also to the last quarter of the 4th to the middle of the 5th centuries; Layer E, 15-40 cm thick, is below horizon d, comprising dark brown soil with rubble and lenses of soot at the bottom, together with finds dated to the second half of the 4th century; Horizon e is covered with layer E, and spread across all the squares which were investigated to the south and to the east of Galerius' bath, where 8 large postholes, which outlined a space 7 x 3 m large and probably some kind of porch, were found along with two furnaces and two pits; Layer F, about 30 cm thick, is the substructure of horizon e and it comprises crushed stone and pebbles mixed with lime mortar, and in places has a levelling of reddish-brown sand. Finds here were dated to the end of the 3rd and the first half of the 4th centuries; Horizon f is a mortar floor of the later fortification of Felix Romuliana at a level of 184.75 m in the west and 184.55 m in the east (an average level of 184.64 m), which was interrupted by a trench running in an east-west direction along the southern section of squares L'-M'XXIV. The trench was filled with soot, small rubble and reddish-brown sand and comprised a large amount of artifacts, such as pottery and glass fragments, metal and bone items and coins dated to the second half of the 3rd century (Fig. 4). Layer G consists of dark brown and yellowish-brown clay with small rubble and soot. It was a levelling layer above the intense construction rubble from the previous horizon and a substructure of horizon f. This layer comprised archaeological finds dated to the end of the 3rd and the first half of the 4th centuries and to the prehistoric period (Early Iron Age); Horizon g is a mortar floor of the porch of the southern and eastern rampart of the earlier fortification of Romuliana. 4 pillars of the eastern porch (pillars 1-4, discovered in 2004-2005), a corner pillar in an L-shape (pillar 5) and one pillar of the southern porch (pillar 6) have been ascertained. From this level the water and sewage canals were dug (Fig. 5). In squares K'XXII-XXIII a trench, measuring 4 x 2 m, in an east-west direction, was opened which aimed to investigate the layers beneath the Roman horizon g. The stratigraphy in this trench is as follows: - Layer G at a level of about 184.53 m; - Layer H, about 35 cm thick, is greenish-yellow clay in which Roman canals were buried, comprising the fragments of the Early and Late Iron Age pottery and fragments of reddish rammed earth (Fig. 2); Layer I, about 20cm thick, is greenish-brown clay, comprising the scarce fragments of the Early and Late Iron Age pottery; Virgin soil consists of yellow clay starting from a level of 184.00 m in the west and of 183.60 m in the east. In 2008, the remains of an earlier building were discovered beneath the floor of the apodyterium of Galerius' bath found in 2002 and below the foundation of the sudatorium and the tepidarium of the same structure, which were found in 2005. Also, for the purposes of conservation and restoration of the thermae, an apsidal room next to the west wall of the apodyterium, so called 'Galerius' dressing room', was completely filled with construction rubble, among which was found a part of an abraded vault (Fig. 6). Excavations proved that the apsidal room had been a pool with cold water, a frigidarium, which was twice renovated and was decorated with mosaic made of black, white and grey stone cubes (Fig. 7). The phases of reconstruction of the frigidarium could also be noticed in its eastern wall (Fig. 8). Also in the rubble inside the pool, glass mosaic cubes of deep blue and golden colours were discovered, indicating the decoration of the vault. In the latest phase, two pillars were constructed to carry the stairs made of stone slabs (Fig. 8). The earliest phase of this room, which had a rectangular layout and a mortar floor, could be part of the building dating back to before Galerius' bath (Plan 2). During the cleaning of the eastern wall of the frigidarium, a semicircular niche with a fresco decoration of geometrical and figural motives, painted in black, dark red, orange and blue on an ochre surface, was discovered (Fig. 3). Under Galerius' bath, a large earlier building was investigated (trenches 1-5/08). Only its foundation zone is preserved. The walls of the Imperial bath were founded on the earlier walls, which were 0.65 m thick and had foundations which were 0.90 m thick (Plan 2). The pilaster of the west faeade of the thermae was also founded on the earlier wall, but it destroyed a water canal (canal A discovered inside the south room of Galerius' bath in 2004), which was constructed after the earlier structure and before the Imperial bath (Fig. 9). It is interesting that the part of the earlier building to the west of the thermae was not demolished during the construction of the Imperial residence. It was adapted and incorporated into the plan of the fortified palace. The original construction was a large public building, probably theprincipia, with a row of rooms around a large courtyard, the atrium. The entrance, which had a porch and a pylon with two square towers and thresholds made of stone slabs, was in the north. (Figs. 10-14) Previously, this building was mistakenly dated to the 4th-5th centuries, because it had been reused in Late Roman and Early Byzantine periods. (Figs. 15-18) However, based on the results of the new research, it could be dated to the 3rd century. .
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Mitrovic, Gordana, and Marina Neskovic. "Collaboration between physician Emerich Lindenmayer and architect Jan Nevole in restoring the Sokobanja Turkish bath." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 143, no. 11-12 (2015): 769–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh1512769m.
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The Sokobanja Turkish bath is an exceptional example of twosection baths and quite particular in its style, structure type and technology used. It is one of the two of the same type that remained in Serbia and the only one that has retained its original function. About its construction we learn from the Vidin sanjak defter from the second half of the 16th century. In the lavish built heritage inventory, Turkish baths are quite unique secular public structures, playing a prominent role in the development of health culture. Based upon their specific function, these baths possess a special architectural expression, are often monumental, decorative and imaginative in their forms and ornamentation. Prince Milos initiated repair works of the Soko Banja baths and spa springs immediately after the settlement became a part of the Serbian Principality in 1834. When work on restoring the men?s baths started, a separate room with a tub was built for Prince Milos, while the women?s bath remained in ruins. In 1847, the Ministry of Interior sent Dr Emerich Lindenmayer and architect Jan Nevole, as an expert team, to assess the state of the hammam so that it could be included in the undertakings funded from the state budget. After the assessment and review of the existing issues and upon a detailed report submitted to the Ministry of Interior, complex repairs were conducted in 1850, according to Nevole?s architectural design and his constant supervision. The approach implemented in the architectural renovation process was based on highly regarded principles of the time, thus preserving both the hammam?s original function and its valuable architecture.
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Firdaus, Firdaus. "Permandian Wae Pellae (Konstruksi Fisik Spasial dan Perubahan Masyarakat Sinjai)." Equilibrium: Jurnal Pendidikan 5, no. 1 (April 1, 2019): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.26618/equilibrium.v5i1.969.
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The spatial physical construction that takes place in the Wae bath becomes the driving force of the shift in spatial patterns and space utilization that impact on social change in the local community. The purpose of this study is to understand the process of social change that occurred and the impact of the local community caused by visitors bathing Wae Pellae. This research is a qualitative research using observation technique, interview and documentation. Data analysis was done descriptively through data reduction, presentation and data processing, and conclusion. The results showed that the spatial physical changes in Wae Pellae bathing in its development caused the high intensity of visitors coming from outside, impact on the happening of social change, pattern of interaction of society with visitor happened in the form of exchange of interest. Wae Pellae Baths as a place to conduct socio-economic production, while the negative impact is the birth of various forms of changes in mindset and behavior patterns.Keywords: Physical Spatial, Social Change, Wae Pellae
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Tedja, Michael, Charleshan Charleshan, and Jefri Efendi. "Perbandingan Metode Konstruksi Dinding Bata Merah dengan Dinding Bata Ringan." ComTech: Computer, Mathematics and Engineering Applications 5, no. 1 (June 30, 2014): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/comtech.v5i1.2621.
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The development of technology and the demands on the speed of the construction project cause the material manufacturers compete to create a new material that can accelerate the process to build a building. Wall is one of the non-structural elements on a building. Both low-rise building and high-rise building are no doubts using this material. Wall works can use two different types of material, such as brick wall made of red clay and light brick wall made of cement, silica sand, and limestone. In the construction process wall is needed in a large amount of area, so the difference of the price should be examined in choosing the type of the material to gain efficient cost. The purpose of this study is to determine which method of wall construction is more efficient in terms of cost and time, the use of red brick wall or brick wall light. The study was conducted using survey, comparative, literature study method. Results indicate that both methods have advantages and disadvantages. Red brick wall method is cheaper in the cost of the process, while the lighter brick wall method much faster in the process.
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Rudnov, V. S., V. A. Belyakov, and R. T. Galiakhmetov. "New Technology of White Portland Cement Production in the Ural Federal District." Solid State Phenomena 284 (October 2018): 1047–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.284.1047.
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In this article the results of research to develop energy - and resource-saving technologies of production on local raw material base of the Ural Federal district of the white portland cement with high performance are represented. An x-ray phase analysis of the obtained building material is performed. The possibility of obtaining white portland cement-based pyrophillite mining waste,the composition of the raw mix for high-temperature synthesis of clinker white portland cement at low temperatures was studied. This reduces the costs for grinding of the mixture, and firing the clinker. The result of this work was the experimental batch of cement and studied all of its construction and technical characteristics.
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Kavanaugh, Philip R., and Zachariah Biggers. "Competing constructions of bath salts use and risk of harm in two mediated contexts." Crime, Media, Culture: An International Journal 15, no. 2 (March 22, 2018): 217–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1741659018763863.
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Drawing on depictions of bath salts use in two different mediated contexts (110 local news reports, 109 individual user reports), in this study we highlight the incongruence between accounts of use and harm in news media versus drug users’ own narratives. Findings reveal that depictions of bath salts use in local news stories drew on three overlapping frames of risk and harm: a medical/health frame, a typifying example/atrocity story frame, and a legal/regulatory frame. User narratives were comparably neutral and richly descriptive, with tempered accounts of drug effects, psychopharmacological and other experiences while using, as well as tactics used to counter unpleasant effects. We find that both media forms limit discussions of drug use and risks of harm and are similarly dependent on a medical/health frame to legitimate them. The problem with news accounts is the denial of complex social and cultural contexts and possibilities regarding alternative drug policies. The problem with user narratives is the extent to which their accounts are moderated or excluded in order to manufacture a coherent public presentation of self, serving alternate ideological aims.
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Schoolman, Edward. "Luxury, Vice, and Health." Studies in Late Antiquity 1, no. 3 (2017): 225–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sla.2017.1.3.225.
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In Antioch and its hinterland during late antiquity, Christian leaders frequently attacked baths and the activities that took place within them. Despite efforts to anathematize their use and to discourage their construction, baths remained important social and civic fixtures in both large cities and in semi-rural settlements continuously into the Islamic period. This survival, documented in archaeological and literary sources, offers a means to trace divergent attitudes towards their roles against their changing physical forms. Baths could be understood as places of luxury, yet also in early Christian perspectives understood by the evils produced by their excesses, while their construction could commemorate local civic patronage. Yet it is the notion of bathing as a means to promote hygiene and healing that survived to become dominant, adopted as the primary feature of baths in hagiographic texts in the fifth and sixth centuries, and further echoed in the physical transition into new smaller, more austere forms.
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Moyst, Howard, and Biman Das. "A Linear Programming Approach to Optimization of Ship Design and Construction Phases." Journal of Ship Production 24, no. 01 (February 1, 2008): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jsp.2008.24.1.1.
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Labor cost savings can be obtained by considering the effect of design rework on the degree of overlap of the ship design and construction phases. Based on data from a shipbuilding case study, a linear programming (LP) model was developed to investigate the optimum overlap of the design and construction phases. Two scenarios were modeled. The case study's start-up period, which involved design and the construction of four ships, and a hypothetical small batch program to determine the degree of overlap and total hours required for a new shipbuilding program. In each scenario, the LP model found the optimum overlap period for design and construction and the associated total hours. In the first scenario, the analysis demonstrates that by reducing the amount of overlap between the design and construction phases, a reduction in construction direct labor hours can be achieved while obtaining the overall duration and scheduled completion times. In the second case, the analysis recommends a zero overlap policy between the design and construction phases to minimize total hours while achieving the overall schedule duration. When compared with the actual case study results, the zero overlap policy estimates an $8 million saving. The analysis supports the policy to complete design activities with construction-dependency relationships before starting construction.
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Katic, Srdjan, and Aleksandar Krstic. "Firuz Agha and his hammam in Smederevo." Starinar, no. 68 (2018): 191–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sta1868191k.
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This paper deals with the hammam in the Smederevo fortress, erected by Firuz Agha, the head of the Sultan?s treasury, between 1485 and 1490. Using Ottoman sources, the authors are able to determine the time of construction, the method of work and the role that this public bath played for Smederevo?s inhabitants. The hammam was very important for the functioning of the great Firuz?s waqf, which included numerous buildings in the Balkans and Anatolia. Based on data on the waqf?s revenue, it may be concluded that until the mid-16th century the hammam in the Smederevo fortress was one of the most profitable facilities of its kind in the Ottoman Empire. Over a quarter of a century, Firuz, as the court agha and later as the sanjak-bey, constructed another three hammams in Tokat, Sivas and Sarajevo, which help us discern patterns and changes in the manner of construction. Based on this knowledge and information about the appearance and manner of functioning of the numerous hammams built in the second half of the 15th and the first half of the 16th century, the authors present the presumed disposition of the rooms of the public bath in the Smederevo fortress. In the female section, the rooms can be determined with great certainty, while three possible types, based on the shape and dimensions, are offered for the hot part of the male section of the hammam.
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Putra, Eddy, and Hendrik Sulistio. "PRODUKTIVITAS PEKERJA DALAM PEKERJAAN PEMASANGAN DINDING BATA DENGAN METODE CREW BALANCE CHART." JMTS: Jurnal Mitra Teknik Sipil 3, no. 3 (August 7, 2020): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/jmts.v3i3.8352.
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The determination of the magnitude of value of productivity is the first step that must be conducted to determine magnitude of increase productivity that can be applied in construction projects. The determination of value of productivity requires the completeness of data obtained from workers data collection. Data collection displayed in form of Crew Balance Chart to get unproductive time and coefficient of workers based on field conditions in the installation of brick and to increase the productivity of workers on construction project of Residential Houses Cempaka Baru. Methods of data collection using observations in the field, as well as the data processed by using simple math. From the results of the research known to time is unproductive time of workers on the job installation of brick wall construction projects Cempaka Baru on front area is 9,711%, and on back area is 48,737% so it can be called that workers in the front area is quite productive while the workers in back area tend to be not productive. The productivity of workers front area amounted to 0,98 m2/h while productivity in ideal conditions can reach 1,33 m2/h, while that for back area the productivity 1,53 m2/h while productivity ideally 2,25 m2/h.ABSTRAKPenentuan besarnya nilai produktivitas merupakan langkah awal yang harus dilakukan untuk mengetahui besarnya peningkatan produktivitas yang dapat diterapkan dalam proyek konstruksi. Penentuan nilai produktivitas memerlukan kelengkapan data yang didapat dari pendataan pekerja. Pendataan pekerja ini ditampilkan dalam bentuk diagram Crew Balance Chart untuk mendapatkan waktu tidak produktif dan koefisien pekerja berdasarkan kondisi lapangan dalam pekerjaan pemasangan dinding bata serta dapat meningkatan produktivitas pekerja pada proyek konstruksi Rumah Tinggal Cempaka Baru. Metode pengumpulan data dalam crew balance chart menggunakan observasi di lapangan, serta data diolah dengan menggunakan matematika sederhana. Dari hasil penelitian diketahui waktu tidak produktif pekerja pada pekerjaan pemasangan dinding bata proyek konstruksi Cempaka Baru pada area depan 9,711% dan pada area belakang 48,737% sehingga dapat dapat disebut pekerja pada area depan cukup produktif sementara pekerja pada area belakang cenderung tidak produktif. Produktivitas pekerja pada area depan sebesar 0,98 m2/jam sedangkan produktivitas dalam kondisi ideal dapat mencapai 1,33 m2/jam, sementara itu untuk area belakang produktivitasnya sebesar 1,53 m2/jam sedangkan produktivitas idealnya 2,25 m2/jam.
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Mayacela-Rojas, Celia Margarita, Antonio Molinari, José Luis Cortina, Oriol Gibert, Carlos Ayora, Adalgisa Tavolaro, María Fernanda Rivera-Velásquez, and Carmine Fallico. "Removal of Transition Metals from Contaminated Aquifers by PRB Technology: Performance Comparison among Reactive Materials." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11 (June 4, 2021): 6075. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18116075.
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The most common reactive material used for the construction of a permeable reactive barrier (PRB) is zero valent iron (ZVI), however, its processing can generate corrosive effects that reduce the efficiency of the barrier. The present study makes a major contribution to understanding new reactive materials as natural and synthetic, easy to obtain, economical and environmentally friendly as possible substitutes for the traditional ZHV to be used as filters in the removal of three transition metals (Zn, Cu, Cd). To assess the ability to remove these pollutants, a series of batch and column tests were carried out at laboratory scale with these materials. Through BACH tests, four of seven substances with a removal percentage higher than 99% were prioritized (cabuya, natural clinoptilolite zeolites, sodium mordenite and mordenite). From this group of substances, column tests were performed where it is evidenced that cabuya fiber presents the lowest absorption time (≈189 h) while natural zeolite mordenite shows the highest time (≈833 h). The latter being the best option for the PRB design. The experimental values were also reproduced by the RETRASO code; through this program, the trend between the observed and simulated values with respect to the best reactive substance was corroborated.
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Jusi, Ulfa, Harnedi Maizir, and Randhi Saily. "PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN KAPUR TOHOR TERHADAP SIFAT MEKANIS BATA RINGAN." INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (CESD) 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/cesd.v4i1.9377.
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<p align="center"><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>Light brick is an alternative material in the construction sector that has an efficiency value, in addition to being lighter than conventional bricks for building loads, lightweight bricks also reduce the use of materials during construction. One of the uses of light bricks is on walls. This is because the walls contribute to the heavy load on the building structure. Along with the development of the use of light bricks, research was carried out on light bricks with quick lime mixture as a substitute for part of the cement on light bricks which refers to the mechanical properties of light bricks which include free compressive strength testing, while the variation of the mixture used is 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% of the volume of cement used. The results of the compressive strength of light bricks at the age of 28 days, respectively, the variation of the lime mixture 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% obtained compressive strength of 0.96 Mpa, 0.81 Mpa, 0.43 Mpa, and 0.32 Mpa where compressive strength The maximum is obtained in the lime mixture as much as 5%, is 0.96 Mpa.</p><p> </p>
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Van Sprang, Eric N. M., Henk-Jan Ramaker, Johan A. Westerhuis, Age K. Smilde, Stephen P. Gurden, and Dietrich Wienke. "Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Monitoring of a Series of Industrial Batch Processes Using a Bilinear Grey Model." Applied Spectroscopy 57, no. 8 (August 2003): 1007–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/000370203322258986.
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A good process understanding is the foundation for process optimization, process monitoring, end-point detection, and estimation of the end-product quality. Performing good process measurements and the construction of process models will contribute to a better process understanding. To improve the process knowledge it is common to build process models. These models are often based on first principles such as kinetic rates or mass balances. These types of models are also known as hard or white models. White models are characterized by being generally applicable but often having only a reasonable fit to real process data. Other commonly used types of models are empirical or black-box models such as regression and neural nets. Black-box models are characterized by having a good data fit but they lack a chemically meaningful model interpretation. Alternative models are grey models, which are combinations of white models and black models. The aim of a grey model is to combine the advantages of both black-box models and white models. In a qualitative case study of monitoring industrial batches using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, it is shown that grey models are a good tool for detecting batch-to-batch variations and an excellent tool for process diagnosis compared to common spectroscopic monitoring tools.
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Bocco Guarneri, Andrea. "Architect Werner Schmidt's Straw-Bale Construction." Key Engineering Materials 600 (March 2014): 727–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.600.727.
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Werner Schmidt (Trübbach, Switzerland, 1953) is one of the most interesting contemporary 'green' architects, particularly experienced in straw-bale building. His accomplishments include now 20 straw-bale buildings of which 14 at least partially load-bearing. This paper extracts some essential principles from his work and explains in detail his technological solutions. This is the result of a thorough analysis, carried on during the preparation of a monograph. The success of his approach derives from many factors, among which: - Schmidt's training as a mason. In contrast with many fellow architects, his designs are rooted in practicality and feasibility. Moreover, he actively participates to the construction work. - His holistic vision of ecological building: straw bales are chosen because of the overall advantages they offer. Preferably, he adopts a modified 'Nebraska' technique, using high-density 'jumbo bales' forming more than 120 cm thick walls. This rather unique method assures rapidity of construction, and allows to solve a number of criticalities associated with 'small bale' building. - Not seeking the highest possible performances lets to focus economic and technical efforts on few elements that really need to be state-of-the-art. The envelope can be built with simple techniques, while parts that need be built precisely (stairs, cooking implements, baths, etc.) can be prefabricated. Schmidt's work shows that high ecological consideration can be coupled with convincing architectural results. The quality of his buildings in terms of energy performance, living value, and beautiful form constitutes a good practice promoting new ways to 'green' architecture.
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Li, Jinze, Kaiping Yu, and Hong Tang. "Further Assessment of Three Bathe Algorithms and Implementations for Wave Propagation Problems." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 21, no. 05 (March 8, 2021): 2150073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455421500735.
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This paper further analyzes three Bathe algorithms ([Formula: see text]-Bathe, [Formula: see text]-Bathe and [Formula: see text]-Bathe) with their unknown properties revealed. The analysis shows firstly that three Bathe algorithms can cover two common integration schemes, trapezoidal rule and backward Euler formula, and that the second-order [Formula: see text]-Bathe algorithm is algebraically identical to the [Formula: see text]-Bathe algorithm. Via formulation of the generalized two-sub-step Newmark algorithm, it is shown that the common Newmark method cannot be considered as a special case of the [Formula: see text]-Bathe algorithm. For wave propagation problems, optimal Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy (CFL) numbers for reducing dispersion errors are found for the three Bathe algorithms by considering spatial and temporal discretizations simultaneously, while the modified integration rules are used for the element mass and stiffness matrices to reduce the anisotropy in wave propagating directions. The recommended optimal algorithmic parameters are given for the three Bathe algorithms to help users effectively solve various dynamic and wave propagation problems.
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Liu, Jiarong. "Constructing the Identity of Modern Baba Nyonya." Lifelong Education 9, no. 6 (September 28, 2020): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.18282/le.v9i6.1280.
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Baba Nyonya can be traced back to about 600 years ago when the very first batch of Chinese emigrated from China to Malacca, Singapore, Penang and Java of Indonesia.It was partially assimilated into the Malay culture, especially in food, dress and language used, while retaining some of the Chinese traditions and culture. Baba Nyonya represent special part of southeast Asian culture. This paper intent to reveal how the identity of modern Baba and Nyonya is constructed and evolved from time to time, the factors that lead to disappearance of the culture, and the future of the Baba Nyonya identity.Most importantly,how the community of Baba Nyonya and Malaysia society did to protect and carry on their identity and culture. To conclude, the identity of Modern Baba Nyonya is not disappearing but evolving into another stage with further mixture of other cultures. It has not been forgotten but has transformed into the new phrase of identity.
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Ishrat, Sheikh Imran, Zahid Akhtar Khan, Arshad Noor Siddiquee, Irfan Anjum Badruddin, Ali Algahtani, Shakeel Javaid, and Rajan Gupta. "Optimising Parameters for Expanded Polystyrene Based Pod Production Using Taguchi Method." Mathematics 7, no. 9 (September 14, 2019): 847. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math7090847.
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Expanded polystyrene (EPS) is used in the building and construction industry for insulation and under flooring purposes. The objective of the study is to investigate the impact of the application of the total quality management (TQM) technique on the significant parameters of the pod production process in a New Zealand based EPS manufacturing facility. In this work, Taguchi’s L27 orthogonal array (OA) is considered for conducting experiments through three input parameters i.e., weight of untreated beads, batch duration, and temperature is investigated. Based on the results, the analyses are carried out while using statistical approaches, such as analysis of the means (ANOM) and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results from confirmatory experiment indicate that, at optimal parameters setting (17 kg of untreated bead, 130 s of batch duration and 155 °F of temperature), a reasonably streamlined pod manufacturing process can be achieved for sustainable operations.
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Mashudin, Mashudin, and Rasio Hepiyanto. "PERBANDINGAN BIAYA DAN WAKTU PEKERJAAN DINDING PASANGAN BATA MERAH DAN BATU KUMBUNG PERUMAHAN GRIYA PERMATA INSANI." Jurnal CIVILA 2, no. 2 (November 15, 2017): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.30736/cvl.v2i2.77.
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Contruction expanded rapidly and spread in Lamongan, from fairly simple residential contractor to large developer continuing to explore in building construction. This research aims to know the comparative costs of wall job using material white brick and red brick based on analysis of a contractor with the methodof 2017 SNI job and time of wall job white brick and red brick per m2 using method Daily Record Sheet that is by direct observation and recording work time couples wall field. The result of the research conducted is found the cost of work required for couples wallwhite stone per m2 using analysis of contractor is Rp. 66.020,-/m2 and a pairof red brick wall is Rp. 75.020,-/m2. The cost of the work required for the pair of wall stone kumbung per m2 based on SNI method 2017 is Rp. 109.910,-/m2 and pair of red brick wall is Rp. 113.100,-/m2. After the comparison then it can be inferred that the couple wall using white brick cheaper than the pair of red brick wall, but the difference is not too significant is Rp 9,000,-per m2 with contractor method and IDR 3,190,-per m2using SNI 2017method. The time it takes to complete the job of couple wall using red brick per m2 is 0.445 hours/m2, whereas the time required on the job of couple wall using white brick is 0.324 hours/m2. So the job of the couple wall using white brick more efficient 0.121 hours/m2 compared with red brick wall.
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Lee, Ted, and Yi-Chun Chen. "Construction and Optimization of Through-Hole LED Models for Use in Designing Traffic Signboards." Crystals 9, no. 2 (February 14, 2019): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst9020096.
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A modeling procedure was proposed for the through-hole LEDs commonly used in traffic signs. The measurements from a sample batch of LEDs were performed at several midfield distances to provide a set of representative angular intensity distributions as the target pattern in the modeling process. The flat outer dimensions of the LED were accurately measured while the curvature and refractive index of the packaging dome were roughly estimated. These physical parameters were used to build a preliminary LED model in the Monte Carlo simulation software. The simulated angular intensity distribution at each distance was generated by tracing 20,000,000 rays. The normalized cross correlation (NCC) between the measured and simulated data was calculated to represent the resemblance of the model to the real LED. The roughly estimated parameters were then varied within their physical limits to optimize the NCC value. The possibilities of two parameters having interactions were also considered. The final model has all NCCs above 98.8% between the target and simulated patterns.
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Gevorkyan, Ashot S., Alexander V. Bogdanov, and Vladimir V. Mareev. "Hidden Dynamical Symmetry and Quantum Thermodynamics from the First Principles: Quantized Small Environment." Symmetry 13, no. 8 (August 23, 2021): 1546. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13081546.
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Evolution of a self-consistent joint system (JS), i.e., a quantum system (QS) + thermal bath (TB), is considered within the framework of the Langevin–Schrödinger (L-Sch) type equation. As a tested QS, we considered two linearly coupled quantum oscillators that interact with TB. The influence of TB on QS is described by the white noise type autocorrelation function. Using the reference differential equation, the original L-Sch equation is reduced to an autonomous form on a random space–time continuum, which reflects the fact of the existence of a hidden symmetry of JS. It is proven that, as a result of JS relaxation, a two-dimensional quantized small environment is formed, which is an integral part of QS. The possibility of constructing quantum thermodynamics from the first principles of non-Hermitian quantum mechanics without using any additional axioms has been proven. A numerical algorithm has been developed for modeling various properties and parameters of the QS and its environment.
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Cristelo, Nuno, Fernando Castro, Tiago Miranda, Zahra Abdollahnejad, and Ana Fernández-Jiménez. "Iron and Aluminium Production Wastes as Exclusive Components of Alkali Activated Binders—Towards a Sustainable Alternative." Sustainability 13, no. 17 (September 4, 2021): 9938. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13179938.
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The sustainability of resources is becoming a worldwide concern, including construction and building materials, especially with the alarming increase rate in global population. Alternative solutions to ordinary Portland cement (OPC) as a concrete binder are being studied, namely the so-called alkali-activated cements (AAC). These are less harmful to the environment, as lower CO2 emissions are associated with their fabrication, and their mechanical properties can be similar to those of the OPC. The aim of developing alkali-activated materials (AAM) is the maximization of the incorporated recycled materials, which minimises the CO2 emissions and cost, while also achieving acceptable properties for construction applications. Therefore, various efforts are being made to produce sustainable construction materials based on different sources and raw materials. Recently, significant attention has been raised from the by-products of the steelmaking industry, mostly due to their widespread availability. In this paper, ladle slag (LS) resulting from steelmaking operations was studied as the main precursor to produce AAC, combined with phosphating bath sludge—or phosphate sludge (PS)—and aluminium anodising sludge (AS), two by-products of the surface treatment of metals, in replacement rates of 10 and 20 wt.%. The precursors were activated by two different alkaline solutions: a combination of commercial sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate (COM), and a disposed solution from the cleaning of aluminium extrusion steel dies (CLE). This study assesses the influence of these by-products from the steelmaking industry (PS, AS and CLE) on the performance of the alkali-activated LS, and specifically on its fresh and hardened state properties, including rheology, heat of hydration, compressive strength and microstructure and mineralogy (X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy and Fourier transform infra-red. The results showed that the CLE had no negative impact on the strength of the AAM incorporating PS or/and AS, while increasing the strength of the LS alone by 2×. Additionally, regardless of the precursor combination, the use of a commercial activator (COM) led to more fluid pastes, compared with the CLE.
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Lesser, Jeffrey. "(Re) Creating Ethnicity: Middle Eastern Immigration to Brazil." Americas 53, no. 1 (July 1996): 45–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1007473.
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There once was a group of peddlers who sold their wares in the interior of Espírito Santos, going from place to place by mule. One of the peddlers was named Aziz and his wife, Marat, was considered the leader of the women who stayed behind as the men went out to sell their goods. These women went out every day to wash clothes in a place called the “Turkish bath” (bacia das turcas). Over time, the town that grew up around the place where the women washed their clothes came to be called Marataize in honor of the wife (Marat) of Aziz.In Brazil hyphenated identities are very real in spite of the fact that elite culture aggressively rejects such social constructions. Thus, while there are no linguistic categories that acknowledge hyphenated ethnicity (a third generation Brazilian of Japanese descent remains “Japanese” while a fourth generation Brazilian of Lebanese descent may become a “turco,” an “árabe,” a “sírio” or a “sírio-libanese”), in fact immigrant communities aggressively tried to negotiate a status that allowed for both Brazilian nationality and ethnic difference. Immigrant groups in Brazil often did this by claiming a more “original” or “authentic” Brazilianess than members of the European descended elite, often via active constructions of social myths specific to the Brazilian milieu (see “The Legend of the Town of Marataize” above). This is possible since immigrant ethnicity is not some “immutable primordial indentit(ies)” but rather, as Anthony Cohen and others have suggested, a self-conscious and symbolic means by which boundaries were built.
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Pearl, Deborah L. "Political Economy for Workers: A. N. Bakh’s Tsar-Golod." Slavic Review 50, no. 4 (1991): 768–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2500460.
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“There’s a tsar in the world, a merciless tsar; / His name is—hunger!” These lines, taken from Nikolai A. Nekrasov’s poem “Zheleznaia doroga” (1864), serve as the epigraph for one of the most popular works of Russian revolutionary propaganda literature of the late nineteenth century, the pamphlet Tsar-golod by Aleksei Nikolaevich Bakh, a People’s Will activist of the early 1880s. Nekrasov’s poem vividly depicts the cost in human suffering of the construction of the Moscow to St. Petersburg railroad. As with other works by Nekrasov, the poem arouses the reader’s sympathy for Russian common folk and outrage at their plight. Bakh, when faced with the task of devising lessons for workers’ propaganda circles, picked up the striking image of Tsar Hunger, driving workers to labor and often to death, and used it as a recurring theme, while he transformed the message. Bakh’s brochure, a dissection and analysis of the capitalist system, leaves behind the world of poetry for that of cold reality. The author’s purpose is not simply to inspire sympathy for the people’s suffering, but also to lead his worker audience to understand the economic system that exploited them and to recognize the urgent need for revolution.
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Hamasaki, T., Y. Fujikawa, M. Sugahara, H. Ozaki, T. Yano, R. Imada, G. Prasai, Y. Tainaka, W. Nakamura, and F. Haruki. "Re-evaluation and re-construction of water purification system using soil II. Removal of pollutants from infiltrating water." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 5 (September 1, 2004): 369–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0351.
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Presented in this paper are the results of a series of column experiments and a pilot scale test conducted to develop the treatment system of freshwater and wastewater by their percolation through soil and the other materials at the rate of a few metres per day. Materials that had high ability to sorb fulvic acid (FA hereafter) and phosphate ion were selected based on the results of the batch sorption tests and were processed into beads before subjecting them to the column test. The results of the column experiment suggested that the reagents added to increase the strength of the beads reduced the sorption of FA, thus causing the early breakthrough of the FA injected into the column. Less effect from the bead processing was observed for the removal of phosphate ion. Pilot scale test showed that the removal of particulate fraction of phosphorus differed among the materials used. The bead processing technique that can ensure the high water permeability while maintaining the sorption capacity of the material was required for further development of the treatment system.
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Reuveni, Shlomi. "CATALAN'S TRAPEZOIDS." Probability in the Engineering and Informational Sciences 28, no. 3 (March 18, 2014): 353–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269964814000047.
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Named after the French–Belgian mathematician Eugène Charles Catalan, Catalan's numbers arise in various combinatorial problems [12]. Catalan's triangle, a triangular array of numbers somewhat similar to Pascal's triangle, extends the combinatorial meaning of Catalan's numbers and generalizes them [1,5,11]. A need for a generalization of Catalan's triangle itself arose while conducting a probabilistic analysis of the Asymmetric Simple Inclusion Process (ASIP) — a model for a tandem array of queues with unlimited batch service [7–10]. In this paper, we introduce Catalan's trapezoids, a countable set of trapezoids whose first element is Catalan's triangle. An iterative scheme for the construction of these trapezoids is presented, and a closed-form formula for the calculation of their entries is derived. We further discuss the combinatorial interpretations and applications of Catalan's trapezoids.
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Bawa, SG, AS Ahmed, PC Okonkwo, and SM Waziri. "DEVELOPMEMT OF PILOT SCALE DEALUMINATION UNIT OF 2.5 kg METAKAOLIN PER BATCH CAPACITY." Nigerian Journal of Technology 36, no. 3 (June 30, 2017): 829–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v36i3.24.
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A pilot-size dealumination unit to handle 2.5kg of metakaolin per batch was designed and fabricated and test run. The metakaolin was prepared from Kankara kaolin. The metakaolin was completely split into silica and alumina. The silica component which was inert to the sulphuric acid used during the reaction and was obtained as a solid product. While the alumina which reacted with the sulphuric acid was obtained in liquid form as aluminum sulphate, known as alum. The dealumination unit comprises of the dealumination reactor, known as dealuminator, acid holding tank and metakaolin slurry mixing tank. The material of construction selected for the dealumination reactor was stainless steel type 304 lined internally with glass to withstand the corrosive environment of the concentrated sulphuric acid at the reaction temperature > 140°C. The capacity of the componentsare; acid holding tank 5 liters;metakaolin slurry mixing tank 20 liters, with 70 W capacity motor and the dealuminator 50 liters, which had pressure relief valve, pressure gauge (0-10 bars) and temperature gauge (0 - 300°C) on the cover. Woven glass fiber cloth was used as lagging material to minimize heat lossto the surrounding. The purity level of the silica obtained from the reaction was above 95%.The endothermic nature of the dealumination process was void of external heating. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v36i3.24
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Bakhtina, Tamara А., Nikolay V. Lyubomirskiy, Aleksandr S. Bakhtin, and Vitaliy V. Nikolaenko. "Obtaining construction materials based on the dolomite lime of accelerated forced-carbonization hardening." Vestnik MGSU, no. 1 (January 2020): 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2020.1.43-57.
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Introduction. To solve the problem of increasing the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere leading to global environmental problems, searches of ways to reduce carbon dioxide emissions are conducted in the field of construction material production. lower burning temperature, lower carbon dioxide emissions, and further binding of the exuding carbon dioxide to insoluble compounds, which determine the obtainment of a dolomite lime-based material with high mechanical properties are characteristic of dolomite lime.
Materials and methods. Dolomite rock with a fraction of 5 mm to 10 mm was burned in a laboratory chamber furnace, while the calcined product was ground to pass through a 1.25 mm mesh sieve and tempered with water. The dolomite lime obtained after hydration was pressed into cylinder samples with a diameter and a height of 30 mm. The samples were subjected to forced carbonization in a particular chamber at a certain carbon dioxide concentration and for a certain chamber holding time.
Results. The physicomechanical characteristics of the experimental carbonized samples were determined (compressive strength of 2 to 36 MPa with an average density of 1500 to 1800 kg/m3). The samples got hard under conditions of an increased carbon dioxide concentration. The results obtained under laboratory conditions were tested under industrial conditions at a functioning enterprise by pressing a single brick batch, its subsequent carbonate hardening in a pilot industrial chamber for forced carbonization, and determination of the main standardized properties.
Conclusions. The low-burned carbonate-hardened dolomite lime allows reducing carbon dioxide emission during production by means of lowering the burning temperature with the subsequent use of the exuding carbon dioxide for the implementation of carbonate hardening of dolomite lime-based products.
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Ridane, N., D. Jaksic, Matthias Kleiner, and B. Heller. "Enhanced Semi-Analytical Process Simulation of Air Bending." Advanced Materials Research 6-8 (May 2005): 729–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.6-8.729.
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The air bending process is one of the most widely used process for the manufacturing of sheet metal bending parts made of thin as well as of thick sheet metal. Although the air bending process offers a very high production potential due to its great flexibility, it is associated with certain problems which can negatively influence the shape and dimensional accuracy of the bending parts. Examples for such negative influences are the springback of the material, the batch variations, or the deflections of the bending machine and tools. These differences have to be considered either in the determination of the process parameters or they have to be compensated later on in the manufacturing process itself. A well established approach to calculate process data for forming processes is the use of a process simulation. At the Institute of Forming Technology and Lightweight Construction (IUL) a simulation software called Sheet Metal Bending Simulation (SMBS) has been developed and successfully been tested for the field of sheet metal bending, based on semi-analytical approaches. Although it already provides very satisfactory results in general, disturbances such as material and batch variations as well as the deflections of C-frame, machine table, and press brake ram can still negatively affect the prediction of the punch displacement necessary to achieve a certain bend angle. While material and batch variations cannot properly be considered in a process simulation at present, the afore mentioned influences offer a promising potential for improvements. Therefore, in order to further improve the accuracy of predicted quantities such as punch displacement and bending angle, a new module describing the elastic machine behaviour of press brakes has been developed and successfully been integrated in the process simulation SMBS. Experimental investigations have been carried out on a conventional CNC press brake to verify the efficiency of the newly implemented approach.
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Khamelda, Lila, Benedictus Sonny Yoedono, and Anna Catharina S.P.S. "Analisis Perbandingan Karakteristik, Biaya dan Waktu Material Dinding Komposit dan Non Komposit." Reka Buana : Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Sipil dan Teknik Kimia 3, no. 2 (October 4, 2018): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.33366/rekabuana.v3i2.1017.
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Perkembangan kebutuhan akan hunian telah mendorong inovasi material dinding yang bersaing dari berbagai segi. Dinding merupakan struktur rumah yang dapat bersifat struktural, non struktural atau sebagai partisi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan pilihan material dinding pada rumah tipe 38 yaitu material non komposit (bata) dan komposit (beton/bata ringan (AAC), batako, M-Panel). Bata, AAC dan batako merupakan material yang telah umum digunakan, sedangkan M-Panel belum terlalu umum digunakan. M-panel merupakan material komposit yang berbentuk panel atau plat (papan tipis) yang dapat digunakan sebagai dinding, tangga, atap dan lantai. Analisa Harga Satuan Pekerjaan terhadap konstruksi dinding dalam penelitian ini menggunakan AHSP Dirjen PU 2016. Ditemukan bahwa biaya terendah untuk aplikasi material dinding diperoleh dari batu bata dan sebaliknya yang tertinggi diperoleh dari M-Panel. Juga ditemukan bahwa durasi terpendek diperoleh dari M-Panel dan durasi terpanjang diperoleh dari batako. Karakteristik material yang didapatkan dari responden tidak sepenuhnya memenuhi proposisi peneliti, diperkirakan hal tersebut disebabkan karena kurangnya pengetahuan terkait salah satu material yaitu M-Panel. ABSTRACTThe development of residential needs has encouraged the innovation of wall materials that competitive in various aspects. Walls are home structures that can be structural, non-structural or as partitions. This study aims to provide a choice of wall materials in houses type 38, which are covering non-composite (brick) and composite materials (concrete/light brick (AAC), concrete brick (batako), M-Panel). Brick, AAC and concrete brick are commonly used, while M-Panel is not too commonly used. M-panel is a composite material in the form of panels or plates (thin boards) that can be used as walls, stairs, roofs and floors. Work Unit Price Analysis of wall construction in this study uses AHSP Director General of Public Works 2016. It is found that the lowest cost for wall material application is obtained by brick and the contrary the highest is obtained by M-Panel. It is also found that the shortest duration is obtained by M-Panel and the longest is obtained by concrete brick. Material characteristics obtained from respondents did not fully fulfill the researchers' propositions, it was estimated that things were caused by a lack of knowledge regarding one of the materials, namely the M-Panel.
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Albertson, O. E., R. F. Scott, H. D. Stensel, and R. W. Okey. "Expansion and Upgrading of Columbus, OH WWTPs to Advanced Wastewater Treatment." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 4-5 (February 1, 1992): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0475.
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In December 1985, the City of Columbus, OH initiated a $220 million program for upgrading capacity and treatment from secondary to advanced wastewater treatment (AWT). The two plants (4990 L/s and 2630 L/s) were required to be fully operational by July 1988. The existing plants had a history of bulking sludges and it was necessary that design/construction proceed concurrently with a laboratory 18-month sequencing batch reactor (SBR) study to evaluate bulking sludge control while producing the required effluent quality of CBOD5, TSS and NH4N of 8,16 and 1 mg/L, respectively. Completion was on schedule and full-scale results paralleled those produced by the SBR sludge. Average effluent concentrations from the larger plant for the 2.5 years of operation were 2 mg/L CBOD5, 5.5 mg/L TSS, 1.5 mg/L TKN, 0.13 mg/L NH4N and 1.1 mg/L TP. The problems resulting from unexpectedly high sludge yields and inadequate sludge transport capacity in the 61 mø clarifiers are discussed and resolutions presented.
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Zhang, Ziyang, Yuxiu Li, Hongrui Chen, Xiaoran Zhang, and Haiyan Li. "The Systematic Adsorption of Diclofenac onto Waste Red Bricks Functionalized with Iron Oxides." Water 10, no. 10 (September 28, 2018): 1343. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10101343.
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In this study, waste red bricks were incorporated with iron oxides (goethite and hematite) and used for the removal of diclofenac (DCF) from aqueous solutions. The prepared waste red bricks were systematically characterized by XRF, XRD, BET, and SEM. The batch experiments were systematically conducted by investigating the adsorption kinetics, isotherms, thermodynamics, pH, and ionic strength effect. Results showed that the incorporation of iron oxides could enhance the adsorption capacity of DCF onto waste bricks, while the increased effect of hematite was better than goethite. DCF was adsorbed rapidly onto waste bricks, and the adsorption kinetic fitted the pseudo-second-order model perfectly, which could be attributed to the strong interaction between DCF and iron oxides. The increasing pH values decreased the adsorption capacity greatly, which may be due to the electrostatic repulsive interactions. The adsorption of DCF onto waste bricks was an exothermic reaction, and the adsorption isotherms fitted well with the Langmuir model. This study offers new guidelines for the utilization of construction waste, and shows useful methods for the elimination of micropollutants from aqueous solution.
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Sankhye, Sidharth, and Guiping Hu. "Machine Learning Methods for Quality Prediction in Production." Logistics 4, no. 4 (December 21, 2020): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/logistics4040035.
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The rising popularity of smart factories and Industry 4.0 has made it possible to collect large amounts of data from production stages. Thus, supervised machine learning methods such as classification can viably predict product compliance quality using manufacturing data collected during production. Elimination of uncertainty via accurate prediction provides significant benefits at any stage in a supply chain. Thus, early knowledge of product batch quality can save costs associated with recalls, packaging, and transportation. While there has been thorough research on predicting the quality of specific manufacturing processes, the adoption of classification methods to predict the overall compliance of production batches has not been extensively investigated. This paper aims to design machine learning based classification methods for quality compliance and validate the models via case study of a multi-model appliance production line. The proposed classification model could achieve an accuracy of 0.99 and Cohen’s Kappa of 0.91 for the compliance quality of unit batches. Thus, the proposed method would enable implementation of a predictive model for compliance quality. The case study also highlights the importance of feature construction and dataset knowledge in training classification models.
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Kvasnička, V., and J. Pospíchal. "A Study of Replicators and Hypercycles by Hofstadter's Typogenetics." International Journal of Signs and Semiotic Systems 3, no. 1 (January 2014): 10–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsss.2014010102.
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A Typogenetics is a formal system designed to study origins of life from a “primordial soup” of DNA molecules, enzymes and other building materials. It was introduced by Hofstadter (1979) in his seminal book Dialogues with Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid. Autoreplicating molecules and systems of mutually replicating and catalyzing molecules (autoreplicators and hypercycles) are modeled in the present paper in a form composed of two strands of symbols. These strands are vehicle of two fold information: The first one corresponds to information that is transferred by strands. The second type of information specifies a process of strand replication. The used replicating molecules - strands are created by an approach closely related to evolutionary algorithms. While a small hypercycle of two molecules mutually supporting their reproduction can be created without extreme difficulties, it is nearly impossible to create a hypercycle involving more than 4 autoreplicators at once. This paper demonstrates that larger hypercycles can be created by an optimization and inclusion of new molecules into a smaller hypercycle. Such a sequential construction of hypercycles can substantially reduce the combinatorial complexity in comparison with a simultaneous optimization of single components of a large hypercycle.
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Denisov, Oleg, Mikhail Pleshko, Irina Ponomareva, and Vitaliy Merenyashev. "Scale factor management in the studies of affine models of shockproof garment elements." E3S Web of Conferences 33 (2018): 03068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183303068.
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New samples of protective garment for performing construction work at height require numerous tests in conditions close to real conditions of extreme vital activity. The article presents some results of shockproof garment element studies and a description of a patented prototype. The tests were carried out on a model which geometric dimensions were convenient for manufacturing it in a limited batch. In addition, the used laboratory equipment (for example, a unique power pendulum), blanks made of a titanium-nickel alloy with a shape memory effect also imposed their limitations. The problem of the adequacy of the obtained experimental results transfer to mass-produced products was solved using tools of the classical similarity theory. Scale factor management influence in the affine modeling of the shockproof element, studied on the basis of the equiatomic titanium-nickel alloy with the shape memory effect, allowed us to assume, with a sufficient degree of reliability, the technical possibility of extrapolating the results of experimental studies to full-scale objects for the formation of the initial data of the mathematical model of shockproof garment dynamics elastoplastic deformation (while observing the similarity of the features of external loading).
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Bacarreza, L., C. Singam, M. Buchan, A. May, A. Leung, Z. Pallikathekathil, M. Shehryar, et al. "An integrated operations team, to drill the Prelude big bore gas wells in Western Australia. Working together delivers solutions." APPEA Journal 57, no. 1 (2017): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj16110.
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The Prelude gas field – located in the Browse Basin, north-western Australia, 260 nautical miles from the port of Broome, WA – was selected for the implementation of a revolutionary technology for stranded gas reserves. The wells drilled and completed in this field are intended to feed the floating liquefied natural gas facility (Prelude FLNG) for the next 25 years, so integrity, robustness and equipment reliability were key issues in their construction. The field development plan consisted of seven high-rate, high-angle wells drilled in batch mode using a semi-submersible. It very quickly became clear that the lessons captured during the vertical exploration and appraisal phases were insufficient for high-angle directional development wells. While the offset information was important, it did not address the intra-reservoir challenges (i.e. fractures, loss zones), wellbore instability, string vibration, stick-slip, high torque and drag, or reduced operational mud weight window. This paper presents the measures implemented to mitigate those challenges. It also addresses the enablers that allowed the successful delivery of this project. Prelude was the first project in the Browse Basin to drill horizontal wells.
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Orlowski, Natalie, Lutz Breuer, Nicolas Angeli, Pascal Boeckx, Christophe Brumbt, Craig S. Cook, Maren Dubbert, et al. "Inter-laboratory comparison of cryogenic water extraction systems for stable isotope analysis of soil water." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 22, no. 7 (July 6, 2018): 3619–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-3619-2018.
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Abstract. For more than two decades, research groups in hydrology, ecology, soil science, and biogeochemistry have performed cryogenic water extractions (CWEs) for the analysis of δ2H and δ18O of soil water. Recent studies have shown that extraction conditions (time, temperature, and vacuum) along with physicochemical soil properties may affect extracted soil water isotope composition. Here we present results from the first worldwide round robin laboratory intercomparison. We test the null hypothesis that, with identical soils, standards, extraction protocols, and isotope analyses, cryogenic extractions across all laboratories are identical. Two standard soils with different physicochemical characteristics along with deionized (DI) reference water of known isotopic composition were shipped to 16 participating laboratories. Participants oven-dried and rewetted the soils to 8 and 20 % gravimetric water content (WC), using the deionized reference water. One batch of soil samples was extracted via predefined extraction conditions (time, temperature, and vacuum) identical to all laboratories; the second batch was extracted via conditions considered routine in the respective laboratory. All extracted water samples were analyzed for δ18O and δ2H by the lead laboratory (Global Institute for Water Security, GIWS, Saskatoon, Canada) using both a laser and an isotope ratio mass spectrometer (OA-ICOS and IRMS, respectively). We rejected the null hypothesis. Our results showed large differences in retrieved isotopic signatures among participating laboratories linked to soil type and soil water content with mean differences compared to the reference water ranging from +18.1 to −108.4 ‰ for δ2H and +11.8 to −14.9 ‰ for δ18O across all laboratories. In addition, differences were observed between OA-ICOS and IRMS isotope data. These were related to spectral interferences during OA-ICOS analysis that are especially problematic for the clayey loam soils used. While the types of cryogenic extraction lab construction varied from manifold systems to single chambers, no clear trends between system construction, applied extraction conditions, and extraction results were found. Rather, observed differences in the isotope data were influenced by interactions between multiple factors (soil type and properties, soil water content, system setup, extraction efficiency, extraction system leaks, and each lab's internal accuracy). Our results question the usefulness of cryogenic extraction as a standard for water extraction since results are not comparable across laboratories. This suggests that defining any sort of standard extraction procedure applicable across laboratories is challenging. Laboratories might have to establish calibration functions for their specific extraction system for each natural soil type, individually.
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Chakartnarodom, Parinya, and Pitcharat Ineure. "Foam Glass Development Using Glass Cullet and Fly Ash or Rice Husk Ash as the Raw Materials." Key Engineering Materials 608 (April 2014): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.608.73.
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The aim of this work is to study the recycling of glass cullet (waste glass), fly ash, and rice husk ash as the foam glass, a porous construction material having high compressive strength but low density, which are similar to the light weight brick. The foam glasses were prepared by mixing the ground glass cullet/ash mixtures with calcium carbonate (foaming agent) at 1 wt% and sodium silicate solution (binder) at 10 wt%, and then compacted into the rectangle shapes (30 cm × 30 cm × 7cm) which were fired at 650 °C for 30 min, and then for 1 hour at 750, 800, 850, or 900 °C. The sources of glass cullet were art glass factory and glass window industry. The percentages of ash in the ground glass cullet/ash (fly ash or rice husk ash) mixtures were 20, 40, and 60 wt%. The results showed that the foam glass that was made from 80wt% window glass/ 20wt% fly ash and fired at 750 °C had the most suitable properties for being produced commercially because it had good alkaline resistant, and the compressive strength and degree of water absorption better than the light weight brick (G2-type and G4-type autoclaved aerated concrete) while the density was similar to G2-type but lower than G4-type. The compressive strength, density, and degree of water absorption of this foam glass were 59.9 kg/cm2, 421 kg/m3, and 2.1 % respectively. Furthermore, as of September 2013, the total production cost (materials, labor, energy, etc.) of this foam glass is about 16 baht per piece (20 cm × 60 cm × 7.5 cm) which is 12.5 to 43.75% lower than the wholesale price of a light weight brick (18-23 baht per piece for G2-type and G4-type autoclaved aerated concrete).
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Mahmood, Ali, and Sepehr Abrishami. "BIM for lean building surveying services." Construction Innovation 20, no. 3 (May 14, 2020): 447–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ci-11-2019-0131.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to determine whether the implementation of building information modelling (BIM) concepts of the various processes involved in building surveying practice can lead to a reduction in waste. In turn leading to a synergy between BIM functionalities and lean production concepts. Design/methodology/approach To verify and validate the existence of this synergy between the two methods in building surveying, evidences were gathered from previous literature that supports these interactions. Next, a questionnaire was conducted for the purpose of identifying new interactions and providing further evidence to support existing interactions. Finally, based on the findings from previous literature and the results of the questionnaire, an interaction matrix was constructed linking the two concepts with the relevant evidence found. Findings The results of the questionnaire show that the BIM functionality with the highest interactions, maintenance of information integrity, had a high correlation with the reduction of variability, cycle time, batch size and promoting standardization of value flow. 4 D model-based scheduling, the second highest functionality, showed a high correlation with the reduction of variability, cycle time, batch size and an increase in the use of visual management. Finally, the results of the interaction matrix between the two concepts showed that the BIM functionalities with the most interactions were maintenance of information integrity, visualization of form and the automated generation of models and documents. The lean principles with the most interactions were reducing variability, cycle time, batch size as well as “enables visual management”. While most of these interactions were positive, negative interactions were also observed. These negative interactions were due to the fact that the level of competency and knowledge in BIM for building surveyors is at reduced levels which can lead to increased human errors. Originality/value The significance of this study is to provide the basis for building surveying organizations who wish to implement BIM and how this would lead to a synergy between BIM functionalities and lean principles. Both positive and negative interactions were considered to provide these organizations with different options for waste elimination.
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Cifrian, Eva, Juan Dacuba, Tamara Llano, María del Carmen Díaz-Fernández, and Ana Andrés. "Coal Fly Ash–Clay Based Geopolymer-Incorporating Electric Arc Furnace Dust (EAFD): Leaching Behavior and Geochemical Modeling." Applied Sciences 11, no. 2 (January 16, 2021): 810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11020810.
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The recent recovery processes of electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) include stabilization within materials with potential uses in the construction sector. The stabilization of EAFD by alkaline activation of different alumina-silicates, resulting in low-cost and environmentally friendly materials. The leaching standards within the different European regulations allow evaluating waste materials and products. This work aims to study the introduction of EAFD in FA–clay geopolymers, assessing the environmental and geochemical behavior in two different scenarios, disposal, and utilization. For it, the compliance equilibrium-based batch test (EN 12457-2) and pH dependence test (EN 14429) have been used. The dosages of EAFD in the geopolymeric matrix are 5% to 20% with curing temperatures of 75 °C and 225 °C. The introduction of EAFD favors the development of the flexural strength. From the environmental point of view, metals related to EAFD, such as Zn, Pb, or Cu, are retained in the matrix. While As or Se, comes mainly from clay, present a high concentration. Therefore, the role of clay should be analyzed in future research. As expected by the high iron content in the EAFD, the iron complexes on the surface of the material are responsible for immobilization of metals in this type of matrix.
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Su, Shengchang, Sharik R. Khan, and Stephen K. Farrand. "Induction and Loss of Ti Plasmid Conjugative Competence in Response to the Acyl-Homoserine Lactone Quorum-Sensing Signal." Journal of Bacteriology 190, no. 13 (January 18, 2008): 4398–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01684-07.
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ABSTRACT Conjugative transfer of the Ti plasmids of Agrobacterium tumefaciens is controlled by a quorum-sensing system composed of TraR and its signal N-(3-oxo-octanoyl)-l-homoserine lactone. This system is, in turn, controlled by the conjugative opines produced by crown gall tumors induced on plants by the bacteria. Using nonpolar traI mutants, we examined the kinetics of induction of conjugative transfer in response to exogenous acyl-homoserine lactone. In the absence of the antiactivator TraM, onset of induction of transfer requires about 30 min, 15 to 20 min of which is needed for expression and construction of the conjugative apparatus. TraM delays the onset of conjugation by 30 min. While the rate of development of conjugative competence was not significantly affected by levels of TraR, maximum efficiencies of transfer were correlated with amounts of the activator in the donors. Donors harboring Ti plasmids lacking TraM were fully induced by the quormone at concentrations as low as 100 pM. TraM raised the concentration of signal required for maximum activity to 1 nM. Donors grown in batch culture retained conjugative competence following signal removal, even when in stationary phase. However, donors kept in balanced growth rapidly lost transfer ability following signal removal. Loss of transfer was mirrored by a decrease in levels of active TraR. Decreases in TraR activity and conjugative competence could be accounted for by dilution associated with cell division, suggesting that while induction of Ti plasmid conjugation is an active process, the cells lack a mechanism for disassembling the conjugative apparatus when signals become limiting.
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Ikeda, Masato, and Ryoichi Katsumata. "Hyperproduction of Tryptophan byCorynebacterium glutamicum with the Modified Pentose Phosphate Pathway." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, no. 6 (June 1, 1999): 2497–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.6.2497-2502.1999.
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ABSTRACT A classically derived tryptophan-producing Corynebacterium glutamicum strain was recently significantly improved both by plasmid-mediated amplification of the genes for the rate-limiting enzymes in the terminal pathways and by construction of a plasmid stabilization system so that it produced more tryptophan. This engineered strain, KY9218 carrying pKW9901, produced 50 g of tryptophan per liter from sucrose after 80 h in fed-batch cultivation without antibiotic pressure. Analysis of carbon balances showed that at the late stage of the fermentation, tryptophan yield decreased with a concomitant increase in CO2 yield, suggesting a transition in the distribution of carbon flow from aromatic biosynthesis toward the tricarboxylic acid cycle via glycolysis. To circumvent this transition by increasing the supply of erythrose 4-phosphate, a direct precursor of aromatic biosynthesis, the transketolase gene of C. glutamicum was coamplified in the engineered strain by using low- and high-copy-number plasmids which were compatible with the resident plasmid pKW9901. The presence of the gene in low copy numbers contributed to improvement of tryptophan yield, especially at the late stage, and led to accumulation of more tryptophan (57 g/liter) than did its absence, while high-copy-number amplification of the gene resulted in a tryptophan production level even lower than that resulting from the absence of the gene due to reduced growth and sugar consumption. In order to assemble all the cloned genes onto a low-copy-number plasmid, the high-copy-number origin of pKW9901 was replaced with the low-copy-number one, generating low-copy-number plasmid pSW9911, and the transketolase gene was inserted to yield pIK9960. The pSW9911-carrying producer showed almost the same fermentation profiles as the pKW9901 carrier in fed-batch cultivation without antibiotic pressure. Under the same culture conditions, however, the pIK9960 carrier achieved a final tryptophan titer of 58 g/liter, which represented a 15% enhancement over the titers achieved by the pKW9901 and pSW9911 carriers.
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El-Sabbagh, Salwa H., Doaa Samir Mahmoud, Nivin M. Ahmed, A. A. Ward, and Magdy Wadid Sabaa. "Composites of styrene butadiene rubber/modified clay: mechanical, dielectric and morphological properties." Pigment & Resin Technology 46, no. 3 (May 2, 2017): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prt-03-2016-0034.
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Purpose This paper aims to study the role of organobentonite (OB) as a filler to improve the mechanical strength of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR). Organoclay was first prepared by modifying bentonite with different concentrations of N-cetyl-N, N, N-triethyl ammonium bromide. A series of SBR composites reinforced with OB were prepared using master-batch method. Design/methodology/approach The curing characteristics, mechanical properties, thermal behavior, dielectric properties and morphology of SBR/OB composites were investigated. Findings The elastic modulus and tensile strength of composites were increased by inclusion of OB, while the elongation at break was decreased, due to the increase in the degree of cross-linking density. Thermal gravimetric analysis revealed an improvement in the thermal stability of the composite containing 0.5 cation exchange capacity (CEC) OB, while the scanning electron micrographs confirmed more homogenous distribution of 0.5CEC OB in the rubber matrix. Also, SBR/0.5CEC OB showed low relative permittivity and electrical insulating properties. Research limitations/implications Bentonite has been recognized as a potentially useful filler in polymer matrix composites because of their high swelling capacity and plate morphology. Practical implications OB improves the cured rubber by increasing the tensile strength and the stiffness of the vulcanizate. Social implications Using cheap clay in rubber industry lead to production of low cost products with high efficiency. Originality/value The clay represents a convenient source because of their environmental compatibility. The low cost and easy availability make the modified clay used as fillers in rubber matrices, and the resultant composites can be applied in variety industrial of applications such as automobile industries, shoe outsoles, packaging materials and construction engineering.
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Adiga, Manoor Narasimha Sachidananda, Swathi Acharya, and Rajendra Holla. "Item Analysis of Multiple-Choice Questions in Pharmacology in an Indian Medical School." Journal of Health and Allied Sciences NU 11, no. 03 (February 10, 2021): 130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1722822.
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Abstract Introduction Student assessment by multiple-choice questions (MCQs) is an integral part of student evaluation in medicine. The medical teacher should be trained to construct an item with proper stem and valid options. Periodic item analyses will make the process of assessment more meaningful. Hence, we conducted the study to analyze MCQs (item analysis) tested on a batch of MBBS students in pharmacology in their three internal assessment examinations. Methods The study was conducted in the Department of Pharmacology of a medical college in Mangaluru on 150 students. The MCQs of the three internal assessment examinations (20 each) respectively were analyzed. We analyzed each question for difficulty index (DI), discrimination index (DsI), and distracter efficacy or functionality and expressed the percentage results. Results The DI was in an acceptable range of 60, 75, and 90%, respectively, in the three internal assessments. The percentage of “too difficult” questions was 10, 20, and 10% and the average DsI was 0.32 ± 0.04, 0.28 ± 0.02, and 0.26 ± 0.02, respectively. In the second and third internal assessments, 95% of questions had functional distracters, while in the first internal assessment, only 60% of questions had functional distracters. Conclusion We conclude from our study that even though the items (MCQs) framed for the internal assessments were in the acceptable range of quality in terms of the parameters assessed, we must improve MCQ’s construction in selecting distracters in some topics.
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Leite, Adilson do Lago, Antenor Braga Paraguassú, and R. Kerry Rowe. "Sorption of Cd2+, K+, F, and Cl on some tropical soils." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 40, no. 3 (June 1, 2003): 629–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t03-011.
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The potential for the retention of K+, Cd2+, F, and Cl by lateritic soils from the Botucatu (an important sandy aquifer in the southeastern part of Brazil) and Serra Geral (a clayey material) formations and three mixtures of these soils is examined. Batch equilibrium results are presented for both single salt (CdCl2 and KF) and multiple salt (CdCl2 + KF) solutions. The soil retention parameters are obtained by fitting sorption models (linear, Freundlich, and Langmuir) to the experimental isotherm plots using linear and nonlinear regression analyses. The results show that the so called varying soil:solution ratio isotherms (VSI) are in fact less variant in terms of pH than constant soil:solution isotherms (CSI). However, because of restrictions related to the VSI approach and the "soil solution ratio effect," the CSI approach is considered to be a more reasonable way of constructing sorption isotherms. It is shown that under certain conditions, the Cl anion can be sorbed while for others it is not sorbed. Sorption was observed for F and K+. The sorption of Cd2+ is also shown to be highly sensitive to leachate chemistry. It is shown that a knowledge of pH0 is quite important for the interpretation of sorption data.Key words: sorption, inorganic chemicals, isotherms, tropical soils.
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Lehrman, B. "Green Roof Systems: A Guide to the Planning, Design, and Construction of Landscapes Over Structure by Susan K. Weiler and Katrin Scholz-Barth. 2009. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 320 pages, black and white photographs. $75. cloth. ISBN 978-0-471674-95-5." Landscape Journal 29, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 92–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/lj.29.1.92.
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Soundararaj, B., and C. Pettit. "USING EYE-TRACKING TO SUPPORT BIG DATA DRIVEN PROPERTY VALUATION TOOLS." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVI-4/W1-2021 (September 3, 2021): 111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlvi-4-w1-2021-111-2021.
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Abstract. Building and using large scale, Automated Valuation Models (AVM) is one of the key multi-disciplinary pursuits in the study of cities and their economies. The methods used in building these AVMs such as ‘hedonic price modelling’ require a ‘co-design’ approach which needs significant collaboration and feedback between the modellers and the users of these models. The success of this collaborative approach depends crucially on our ability to capture the inputs and feedback from users without the bias and uncertainties present in traditional data collecting methods. In this paper, we explore and demonstrate the use of ‘eye-tracking’ technology in devising an objective methodology for collecting user feedback for co-design exercises. We employed a remote eye tracker in conjunction with traditional questionnaires to capture the decision making process of participants as buyers while selecting a property among a set of available options. We then compared the factors they reported to be important in their decision-making process to the factors they actually considered when looking at property listings. In our experiments, we found that pictures and maps captured more than 95% of the attention from buyers compared to the descriptive or statistical information showing the significance of the interface and medium of the valuation process. When responding to questionnaires, participants as property buyers reported that the attributes of a property such as number of beds, baths, quality of construction from pictures and location are equally important in selecting one over others. In contrast, when measured by an eye-tracker, we found that the participants gave significantly more attention to the quality of construction and location of the property compared to other factors. These preliminary results, though not definitive, demonstrate the value and usefulness of eye-tracking as a technique for capturing and measuring the factors that influence the desirability and in turn the price of a property. This methodology when controlled for characteristics of the participants, the properties and the medium of communication has the potential to help us to identifying and quantifying the relevance of parameters during property valuation and hence improve the accuracy and effectiveness of the corresponding hedonic price models.
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Hristov Hristov, Yancho, and Ganka Rumyanova Kolchakova. "Sinthesis and Properties of Marble-Like Glass-Ceramics Using of Ash from Thermal Power Plants." Scientific Review, no. 510 (October 25, 2019): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/sr.510.173.178.
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Color marble-like glass-ceramic materials were obtained through thermal treatment of glasses of the system CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 by using natural materials with the introduction of waste materials - ash from thermal power plants (TPP). The melting of the glass batch was in corundum crucibles at 1450oC with an isothermal hold of 60 min. The glasses obtained was fritted in distilled water and dried for 6 hours at 100oC, then completely crushed and divided into fractions with grain size of 0.8 mm, 1.0 mm, 2 mm, 2.5 mm and over 2.5 mm. It was found that the use of ash from TPP lead to higher values of degree of transformation (crystallization) than using base composition. Values of Avramy parameter’s in the range n=1,0 ÷ 1,6 are showed that crystallization of the glass frit is largely heterogeneous and crystal growing starts from the surface. The introduction of ash from TPP to native glasses carry out to significant reduction of energy of crystallization by Ес=289 kJ/mol to Ec=221 kJ/mol. The glass-ceramic materials were obtained through a one stage crystallization - 1050÷1070оС and an isothermal hold of 60 min., colored white, yellow brown to dark brown. The main crystalline phase in glass-ceramics is β-vollastonite with needle habit, size of crystals - ĺ = 40 ÷ 120 μm and d <5 μm in quantities 37 ÷ 42%. As secondary phases depending on the amount of ash have been identified - the anorthite, gehlenite and α-quartz with prismatic habit were appeared. The obtained glass-ceramic materials have a marble-like effect and technical parameters compared with natural granite and marble and have higher values of density, micro hardness, speed grinding, bending strength and chemical resistance. That’s why they can be used in construction such as lining materials.