Journal articles: 'White House (D.C.) 2'

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Trezona, M., B. P. Mullan, D. N. D'Souza, F. R. Dunshea, D. W. Pethick, M. D'Antuono, M. McGrath, and J. R. Pluske. "Influence of housing type and age in female pigs. 2. Effects on biochemical indicators of fat metabolism and the fatty acid profile of belly fat and back fat depots." Animal Production Science 51, no. 5 (2011): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an10181.

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Weaning pigs into deep-litter (D) housing systems and then moving them into conventional (C) housing facilities affects the growth paths of the pigs and can result in differences in carcass composition which may be explained by altered fat metabolism. To examine this proposition experimentally, 160 female Large White × Landrace pigs were obtained at 3 weeks of age, average liveweight 5.5 ± 0.08 kg and were stratified by weight to four treatments. The treatments consisted of two housing treatments, C or D, across two growth periods: (i) early (3–13 weeks of age); and (ii) late (13–24 weeks of age). At ~13 weeks of age eight pigs per experimental treatment (n = 32) were slaughtered and the remaining pigs (n = 128) moved to new pens where they were housed until slaughter at ~24 weeks of age. To 13 weeks of age, the effect of housing type on lipogenesis did not reach significance (P > 0.05). At 24 weeks of age there were some treatment differences in fatty acid profile (P ≤ 0.05) and the concentration of plasma glycerol (P = 0.002) and non-esterified fatty acids (P = 0.019). There were trends for lipogenic enzyme activity to differ between treatments also (P < 0.100). Results suggested fat deposition was lower in D-finished pigs compared with C-finished pigs, rejecting the hypothesis that D-finished pigs would be fatter. However, most of the differences in the biochemical measurements were explained by the significant reduction in growth that occurred when pigs changed housing environments, rather than as an effect of the housing environment itself. Indicators of lipogenesis suggested that lipogenic rate was lowest in pigs moved from C to D housing compared with other treatment groups that had remained within the same housing, C or D, throughout the experiment or had moved from D housing to C housing at 13 weeks of age.

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Abeyrathne, Nalaka Sandun. "Use of lysozyme from chicken egg white as a nitrite replacer in an Italian-type chicken sausage." Functional Foods in Health and Disease 5, no. 9 (September 30, 2015): 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.31989/ffhd.v5i9.217.

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Background: Sodium or potassium nitrite is widely used as a curing agent in sausages and other cured meat products. Nitrite has strong antimicrobial and antioxidant effects and generates cured meat color. Nitrite, however, can react with secondary or tertiary amines in meat to form carcinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic N-nitroso compounds. Several findings have been suggested that high consumption of processed meat may increase the risk of cancer, and emphasized that dietary nitrosamines are positively associated with cancer. Lysozyme is one of the major egg proteins that have antimicrobial and antioxidant characteristics. Therefore, lysozyme can be used in meat processing to prevent microbial growth and oxidative degradation in meat products during storage. This study is focused on evaluating the antimicrobial and antioxidant effects of lysozyme extracted from egg white as a replacer of nitrite in a cooked Italian-type chicken sausage.Methods: Four curing treatments including 100% nitrite (control), 100% lysozyme (treatment 1), 25% nitrite + 75% lysozyme (treatment 2) and 50% nitrite + 50% lysozyme (treatment 3) were used to prepare Italian-type chicken sausage samples. Recipe was developed with 64% (w/w) meat, 17% (w/w) binder (bread crumble), 12% (w/w) ice, 4% (w/w) vegetable oil, 2% (w/w) salt, 1% (w/w) spices (chili, black pepper, cardamom). Prepared samples were cooked in an 80 °C smoke house to a core temperature of 65 °C and cooled in cold water to 20-25 °C subsequently packed in polyethylene and stored in a freezer (-18 °C). The antimicrobial effect lysozyme was tested using Escherichia coli and Salmonella. The growth of these pathogens at 0, 3 and 5 days of storage of spore inoculation was determined. The antioxidant activity of lysozyme was determined using the TBARS value during the 25 d storage period. The redness (a*), lightness (L*), and yellowness (b*) of sausages were analyzed using a Minolta color meter (CR 410, Konica Minolta Inc., Japan). The proximate composition (AOAC, 2002) of frozen (-18 °C) sausage samples and sensory properties of cooked samples were determined.Results: 50% nitrite + 50% lysozyme (treatment 3) was as effective as control (100% nitrite) in suppressing the growth of Escherichia coli, Salmonella and limiting lipid oxidation in the Italian-type chicken sausage. Treatment 3 was not significantly different from the control, for lightness (L*), redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) values (P > 0.05) but showed the best sensory characteristics among the treatments (p < 0.05). Moisture content of control sample was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than other treatments while crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber and ash content were not significantly differ each. In term of the cost, both treatment 3 and control have shown approximately equal values.Conclusion: This study demonstrated that lysozyme can be used as an effective nitrite replacer in the Italian-type chicken sausage. Replacing 50% of nitrate salt with 50% lysozyme did not show any negative effects in controlling microbial growth, preventing lipid oxidation, and color changes but improved the sensory characteristics.Keywords: Italian-type chicken sausage, nitrite, lysozyme, antimicrobial, antioxidant

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Nsekuye, Olivier, Edson Rwagasore, Marie Aime Muhimpundu, Ziad El-Khatib, Daniel Ntabanganyimana, Eric Noël Kamayirese, Laurent Ruyange, et al. "Investigation of Four Clusters of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Rwanda, 2020." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13 (June 30, 2021): 7018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18137018.

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We reported the findings of the first Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) four clusters identified in Rwanda. Case-investigations included contact elicitation, testing, and isolation/quarantine of confirmed cases. Socio-demographic and clinical data on cases and contacts were collected. A confirmed case was a person with laboratory confirmation of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PCR) while a contact was any person who had contact with a SARS-CoV-2 confirmed case within 72 h prior, to 14 days after symptom onset; or 14 days before collection of the laboratory-positive sample for asymptomatic cases. High risk contacts were those who had come into unprotected face-to-face contact or had been in a closed environment with a SARS-CoV-2 case for >15 min. Forty cases were reported from four clusters by 22 April 2020, accounting for 61% of locally transmitted cases within six weeks. Clusters A, B, C and D were associated with two nightclubs, one house party, and different families or households living in the same compound (multi-family dwelling). Thirty-six of the 1035 contacts tested were positive (secondary attack rate: 3.5%). Positivity rates were highest among the high-risk contacts compared to low-risk contacts (10% vs. 2.2%). Index cases in three of the clusters were imported through international travelling. Fifteen of the 40 cases (38%) were asymptomatic while 13/25 (52%) and 8/25 (32%) of symptomatic cases had a cough and fever respectively. Gatherings in closed spaces were the main early drivers of transmission. Systematic case-investigations contact tracing and testing likely contributed to the early containment of SARS-CoV-2 in Rwanda.

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Kim, Kwangwook, Yijie He, Cynthia Jinno, Seijoo Yang, Minho Song, Peng Ji, and Yanhong Liu. "142 Effects of antibiotics on blood profiles in weanling pigs experimentally infected with a pathogenic E. coli." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_2 (July 2019): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz122.143.

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Abstract The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of antibiotics on blood profiles and serum inflammatory mediators of weaned pigs experimentally infected with F18 Escherichia coli (E. coli). Twenty-six pigs (6.88 ± 1.03 kg BW) were individually housed in disease containment rooms and randomly allotted to one of three treatments with 8–12 replicate pigs per treatment. The three dietary treatments were control diet and 2 additional diets supplemented with 0.5 or 50 mg/kg carbadox, respectively. The experiment lasted 18 d (7 d before and 11 d after first inoculation [d 0]). F18 E. coli inoculum was daily and orally as 1010 cfu/3 mL for 3 d. Blood samples were collected before E. coli inoculation and on d 2, 5, 8, and 11 post-inoculation (PI). Total and differential blood cell count were analyzed by CBC test. All data were analyzed by ANOVA using PROC MIXED of SAS. Supplementation of low-dose antibiotics had greatest (P < 0.05) neutrophils but lowest (P < 0.05) monocytes on d 2 PI, compared with control and high-dose antibiotics groups. Pigs in the low-dose antibiotics group still had higher (P < 0.05) white blood cell counts and lymphocytes than pigs in the other groups on d 11 PI. In consistent with CBC results, pigs supplemented with low-dose antibiotics had greatest (P < 0.05) serum C-reactive protein on d 2 and 5 PI and serum TNF-α on d 5 PI, compared with pigs in the control and high-dose antibiotics groups. No differences were observed in the red blood cell profiles between pigs in control and low-dose antibiotics groups, whereas supplementation of high-dose antibiotics had lowest (P < 0.05) packed cell volume but highest (P < 0.05) mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration among three treatments. In conclusion, low-dose antibiotic supplementation may exacerbate systemic inflammation caused by F18 E. coli infection.

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Wilbers, Kimberly, Bruce C. Shanks, James D. Caldwell, Megan Koppen, and Kevin Adams. "PSI-12 Performance and carcass measurements by rabbits offered diets with and without a phytogenic feed additive." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_3 (November 2, 2020): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa054.400.

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Abstract Weaning stress and other environmental conditions can impact growing rabbit performance and carcass measurements. Therefore, investigating a feed ingredient that may mitigate these effects is important. The objective of this study was to determine if the addition of a phytogenic feed additive would improve performance and carcass measurements of growing rabbits. On October 22nd, 2018, a total of 16 (1.01 ± 0.02 kg BW) New Zealand White male rabbits were weaned and stratified by BW and allocated randomly to 1 of 2 groups representing 2 treatments: 1) Control (C; no phytogenic; n = 8) and 2) 454 g/ton phytogenic feed additive (PHYTO; n = 8). During the 42-d study, rabbits were housed in individual cages and offered a 18% CP and 2% fat commercial grower diet. All rabbits had ad libitum access to feed and water. Rabbits were weighed at the start of the study and weekly thereafter until the end of the feeding period when they were transported to a local abattoir, harvested, and carcass measurements recorded. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS. Start weight, weekly BW, end BW, weekly gain, total gain, weekly intake, total intake, and G:F did not differ (P ≥ 0.11) between treatments. Carcass shrink percentage was greater (P = 0.003) from PHYTO compared with C. Whereas, HCW and dressing percentage were greater (P < 0.05) from C compared with PHYTO. Loin width did not differ (P = 0.89) between treatments. Ultimate pH was lower (P = 0.02) from PHYTO compared with C. Therefore, offering this specific phytogenic to weaned rabbits may not improve performance, but may impact certain carcass measurements. Further research is warranted to explore phytogenic impacts on carcass acceptability.

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Palmateer, A. J., P. Lopez, T. E. Seijo, and N. A. R. Peres. "Severe Outbreak of Downy Mildew Caused by Plasmopara obducens on Impatiens walleriana in Florida." Plant Disease 97, no. 5 (May 2013): 687. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-08-12-0705-pdn.

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Impatiens, Impatiens walleriana Hook.f., are grown as an ornamental crop in greenhouse and shade house production in Florida and other regions of the United States. Downy mildew on impatiens was detected from numerous landscapes (Manatee, Hillsborough, Collier, Hendry, Broward, Palm Beach, and Miami-Dade counties) in the winter of 2012. Incidence reached nearly 100% on many affected landscape plantings. Symptoms initially appeared as yellowing on the lower leaves and were typically vein-delineated, although in some cases the entire leaf was affected. Diseased plants later wilted and infected leaves abscised from the stem. A white, downy growth was apparent on the abaxial leaf surface. Microscopic observation revealed coenocytic mycelium with sporangiophores that were hyaline, thin-walled, and had slightly swollen bases. Branches of sporangiophores were monopodial and formed right angles to the supporting branches. Sporangia were hyaline and obvoid with a single pore on the distal ends that was mostly flat. Sporangia measured 19 to 22.5 × 13 to 17 μm. Oospores were observed in stem and leaf tissue. Leaves of 10 potted impatiens plants, I. walleriana ‘Super Elfin XP Coral’ and ‘Super Elfin XP White,’ were inoculated with a suspension containing 1 × 105 sporangia/ml and sprayed till runoff (approximately 20 ml per plant) with a handheld pressurized Ulva sprayer. Plants were maintained outside in a shade house under 73% shade where the daytime temperatures averaged 24°C and RH averaged 74% and nighttime temperature averaged 18°C with an average of 91% RH. Ten non-inoculated impatiens plants served as controls. After 10 days, symptoms typical of downy mildew occurred on 100% of the inoculated impatiens plants and sporulation was confirmed microscopically. The non-inoculated control plants remained healthy. The 5′ end of the large ribosomal subunit gene (762 bp) from two isolates, one collected in Hillsborough County and one from Miami-Dade County, was amplified by PCR (primers NL1-GCATATCAATAAGCGGAGGAAAAG and NL4-GGTCCGTGTTTCAAGACGG) and sequenced bi-directionally (1,2,3). The consensus sequence from both isolates was identical and it was deposited into GenBank (Accession No. JX217746). Sequence data matched (99% homology) with Plasmopara obducens reported on I. walleriana in Europe and Australia (1,2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of downy mildew on I. walleriana in Florida (4). The disease has made a major impact on impatiens in landscapes throughout Florida and will likely continue to affect future production. References: (1) A. Bulajic et. al. Plant Dis. 95:491, 2011. (2) J. H. Cunnington et. al. Plant Pathol. 57:371, 2008. (3) K. O'Donnell. Curr. Genet. 22:213, 1992. (4) D. F. Farr et al. Fungi on Plants and Plant Products in the United States. The American Phytopathological Society, 1989.

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Laskin, A. A., A. A. Babakhin, O. Y. Kamishnikov, I. S. Gushchin, and M. R. Khaitov. "Allergen-specific immunotherapy with monomeric allergoid from house dust mites dermato-phagoides pteronyssinus in a mouse allergic rhinitis model." Russian Journal of Allergy 13, no. 6 (December 15, 2016): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.36691/rja367.

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Background. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of the allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) with monomeric allergoid (sD1) obtained by succinylation of the allergenic extract from house dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (D. pteronyssinus) (D1) in experimental mouse allergic rhinitis model (MARM). Materials and methods. BALB/c mice were immunized with non-modified extract D1 from house dust mite D. pteronyssinus (Der p) in mixture with aluminum hydroxide [Al(OH)3] three times in a three week intervals and then in 6 weeks after the last immunization were challenged with allergenic extract D1 by intranasal administration. Experimental ASIT was performed during the interval between the last immunization and the beginning of challenge. The first group of animals was treated with «sham ASIT» receiving of 16 subcutaneous (s.c.) injections of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS); the second group received 16 s.c. injections of non-modified D1 in increasing doses (in protein equivalent): 1; 10; 100 and 1000 pg/mouse; the third group received 8 s.c. injections ofsDl in increasing doses (in protein equivalent): 100; 550 and 1000 pg/mouse; the fourth group received combined ASIT consisted of 4 s.c. injections of sD1 in doses (in protein equivalent): 100; 550; 1000 pg/mouse and 4 sublingual (s.l.) administrations of sD1 in a dose of 1000 pg/mouse. The fifth group served as a negative control and received sham immunization, ASIT and challenge with PBS. Immediately after the last challenge and 24 hours later the clinical signs of MARM: sneezings (counts per minute) and breath frequency (assessed by non-invasive plethysmography) were evaluated. 48 hours after the last challenge animals of all groups were sacrificed and necessary material (whole head) was collected for histological assessment of the severity of allergic rhinitis in the nasal cavity. To obtain sera samples blood was collected from all groups of animals three times: 7 days after final immunization, 1 day before the challenge and 24 hours after the last challenge. Levels of anti-Der p IgE, IgG1, IgG2a in individual sera samples were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results. It is shown that all three variants of ASIT (groups 2, 3, 4) significantly reduced the number of sneezing acts. The greatest decrease was seen in the group 3 which was treated s.c with monomeric allergoid sD1. The number of respiratory acts per minute in the animals of groups 2 and 4 treated with non-modified D1 and monomeric allergoid sD1 (combined ASIT - s.c. and s.l. administration) respectively, were significantly higher than that of group 1 (MARM). The levels of anti-Der p IgE in groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 were increased after the 3rd immunization in comparison with group 5 (negative control). After ASIT the levels of anti-Der p IgE in groups 2, 3 and 4 were elevated in compare to group 5 (negative control) and group 1 (positive control - MARM). However, after the challenge the highest levels of anti-Der p IgE were observed in groups 1 and 4, while in group 3 we saw a moderate decrease of anti-Der p IgE and in the group 2 the levels of anti-Der p IgE were significantly lower than that of group 1 (MARM). The levels of anti-Der p IgG1 were significantly increased in groups 2, 3, 4 during and after ASIT as well as after challenge. The levels of anti-Der p IgG2a in groups 3 and 4 demonstrated a trend of increasing after ASIT. Anti-Der p IgG2a levels in group 4 after the challenge were significantly higher than that of group 1 (MARM). Histological evaluation has shown that overall inflammation, mucous exudation, hyperplasia of the mucosa in the nasal cavity were expressed significantly in groups 1 and 2 in comparison with group 5 (negative control). At the same time group 2 demonstrated a slight reduction of features designated above, and in groups 3 and 4 (ASIT with sD1 and combined s.c/s.l. ASIT, respectively) we observed a complete suppression of these inflammation parameters. Conclusion. These data indicate that ASIT with monomeric allergoid from house dust mite D. pteronyssinus obtained by succinylation may be a novel safe and effective approach for the treatment of allergic rhinitis including carrying out of combined course of injectable and sublingual therapy that may enhance the effect of treatment and patients’ quality of life.

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Espinosa, Charmaine D., Robert Scott Fry, Matthew Kocher, and Hans H. Stein. "125 Effects of copper hydroxychloride and increasing concentrations of dietary fat on growth performance, total tract endogenous loss of fat, and apparent total tract digestibility of fat by growing pigs." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_2 (July 2019): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz122.125.

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Abstract Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that Cu hydroxychloride (IntelliBond C, Micronutrients, LLC, Indianapolis, IN) improves gain:feed of pigs by increasing apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of fat. In experiment 1, 144 pigs (15.40 ± 2.39 kg) were allotted to 1 of 6 treatments. Four diets contained 0, 2, 4, or 6% choice white grease (CWG) and 2 diets contained 150 mg/kg Cu from Cu hydroxychloride and 0 or 2% CWG. Data for growth performance were analyzed by contrast statements, and Cu equivalency of CWG was determined using prediction equations derived from regression procedures using SAS. Results indicated that gain:feed linearly increased (P ≤ 0.05) as CWG concentration increased in diets (Table 1). Supplementation of Cu hydroxychloride to diets improved (P ≤ 0.05) gain:feed of pigs, which resulted in a CWG equivalence of 2.8 to 3.8% for 150 mg/kg Cu hydroxychloride. In experiment 2, 80 pigs (18.24 ± 1.81 kg) were housed individually in metabolism crates and randomly allotted to 1 of 10 diets. Eight diets contained 0, 15, 30, or 45% distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and 0 or 150 mg/kg Cu hydroxychloride. Two additional diets contained 2% CWG and 15% DDGS and 0 or 150 mg/kg Cu hydroxychloride. Feces were collected for 4 d after 5 d adaptation. Data were analyzed by contrast statements and regression procedures using SAS. Supplementation of Cu to diets improved (P ≤ 0.05) ATTD of fat by 20% due to reduced (P ≤ 0.05) endogenous loss of fat (from 11.23 to 7.14 g/kg dry matter intake), but did not affect energy digestibility or true total tract digestibility of fat. In conclusion, supplementation of 150 mg/kg Cu hydroxychloride to diets improved gain:feed of pigs with a CWG equivalence of 2.8 to 3.8%, but this was not due to improved energy digestibility.

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Sharov, Konstantin S. "The Problem of Transcribing and Hermeneutic Interpreting Isaac Newton’s Archival Manuscripts." Tekst. Kniga. Knigoizdanie, no. 24 (2020): 134–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/23062061/24/7.

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In the article, the current situation and future prospects of transcribing, editing, interpreting, and preparing Isaac Newton’s manuscripts for publication are studied. The author investigates manuscripts from the following Newton’s archives: (1) Portsmouth’s archive (Cambridge University Library, Cambridge, UK); (2) Yahuda collection (National Library of Israel, Jerusalem, Israel); (3) Keynes collection (King’s College Library, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK); (4) Trinity College archive (Trinity College Library, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK); (5) Oxford archive (New’s College Library, Oxford University, Oxford, UK); (6) Mint, economic and financial papers (National Archives in Kew Gardens, Richmond, Surrey, UK); (7) Bodmer’s collection (Martin Bodmer Society Library, Cologny, Switzerland); (8) Sotheby’s Auction House archive (London, UK); (9) James White collection (James White Library, Andrews University, Berrien Springs, Michigan, US); (10) St Andrews collection (University of St Andrews Library, St Andrews, UK); (11) Bodleian collection (Bodleian Library, Oxford University, Oxford, UK); (12) Grace K. Babson collection (Huntington Library, San Marino, California, US); (13) Stanford collection (Stanford University Library, Palo Alto, California, US); (14) Massachusetts collection (Massachusetts Technological Institute Library, Boston, Massachusetts, US); (15) Texas archive (Harry Ransom Humanities Research Centre, University of Texas Library, Austin, Texas, US); (16) Morgan archive (Pierpont Morgan Library, New York, US); (17) Fitzwilliam collection (Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK); (18) Royal Society collection (Royal Society Library, London, UK): (19) Dibner collection (Dibner Library, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C., US); (20) Philadelphia archive (Library of the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US). There is a great discrepancy between what Newton wrote (approx. 350 volumes) and what was published thus far (five works). It is accounted for by a number of reasons: (a) ongoing inheritance litigations involving Newton’s archives; (b) dispersing Newton’s manuscripts in countries with different legal systems, consequently, dissimilar copyright and ownership branches of civil law; (c) disappearance of nearly 15 per cent of Newton works; (d) lack of accordance of views among Newton’s researchers; (e) problems with arranging Newton’s ideas in his possible Collected Works to be published; (f) Newton’s incompliance with the official Anglican doctrine; (g) Newton’s unwillingness to disclose his compositions to the broad public. The problems of transcribing, editing, interpreting, and pre-print preparing Newton’s works, are as follows: (a) Newton’s complicated handwriting, negligence in spelling, frequent misspellings and errors; (b) constant deletion, crossing out, and palimpsest; (c) careless insertion of figures, tables in formulas in the text, with many of them being intersected; (d) the presence of glosses situated at different angles to the main text and even over it; (e) encrypting his meanings, Newton’s strict adherence to prisca sapientia tradition. Despite the obstacles described, transcribing Newton’s manuscripts allows us to understand Sir Newton’s thought better in the unity of his mathematical, philosophical, physical, historical, theological and social ideas.

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Zhang, G. Z., and C. Y. Tang. "First Report of Acrostalagmus luteo-albus Causing Red Rust of Needle Mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) in China." Plant Disease 99, no. 1 (January 2015): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-07-14-0728-pdn.

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Needle mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) is an edible and medicinal mushroom with annual production yields for China exceeding 2 million metric tons. Hebei province is one of the biggest producers of needle mushrooms in China. From 2009 to 2010, red rust-colored sporulation (fungal mycelia and conidia) was found on the substrate surface of white needle mushroom bags in more than 10 mushroom cultivation operations in Hebei. The rust-colored sporulation covered the substrate surface, where the development of the fruiting bodies was inhibited; the stipes were sparse and became light brown when the substrate was slightly affected. The fruiting bodies on severely affected substrate were unable to complete development or shriveled and died off on the substrate. More than 30 to 40% substrate bags were contaminated with the red rust mold, with approximately a 40% yield reduction in each production house. Single conidia were isolated from the red rust mold and cultured on potato dextrose agar at 25°C in the dark. The colony was round, compact, reddish-brown, and slow-growing (2 to 3 mm/d). Main conidiophore axes were erect, often branched in five to seven layers, tapered from the base to the upper part, pale reddish brown at the base, and almost hyaline at the apex. Two to five phialides usually verticillated at each level along the main stipe and its branches. Phialides were narrowly flask-shaped and only very slightly swollen at the base. Conidia were oval, measured 3.5 to 5.4 (4.5) × 2.3 to 3.6 (3.0) μm, L/W = 1.2 to 2.0 (1.5), and formed pale reddish brown, slimy heads. The isolate was tentatively identified as Acrostalagmus luteo-albus based on its morphological characteristics (2). For molecular analysis, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of ribosomal DNA from the isolate were PCR-amplified using universal primers ITS1 and ITS4. The resulting sequence (Accession No. KC127681) submitted to GenBank had a 99% identity to that of A. luteo-albus (JN545827) isolated from vineyard soil and Accession No. JQ387575 isolated from twig of declining persimmon tree. To confirm the pathogenicity of the isolate to needle mushroom, five bags of needle mushroom with stipes of 1 to 2 cm long were inoculated with a conidia suspension (105 conidia/ml) of the isolate and incubated at 13 to 15°C in the dark, while five non-inoculated bags (sprayed with sterile water only) were used as a control. Five days after inoculation, the development of the fruiting body was obviously inhibited, and a few growing fruiting bodies became light brown, compared with the non-inoculated fruiting bodies, which were growing healthily and fast and were white with no symptoms. The pathogen was re-isolated from the inoculated fruiting bodies. A. luteo-albus is primarily saprophytic but is sometimes pathogenic. Indeed, it has been associated with post-harvest rot of ginger rhizomes in Brazil (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of A. luteo-albus causing damage to needle mushroom in China. References: (1) S. I. Moreira et al. Trop. Plant Pathol. 38:218, 2013. (2) R. Zare et al. Mycol. Res. 108:576, 2004.

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Pujari, Sanjay, Sunil Gaikwad, Vivek Bele, Kedar Joshi, and Digamber Dabhade. "High Virologic Failure Rates with Maraviroc-Based Salvage Regimens Among Indian Patients: A Preliminary Analysis—Maraviroc Effectiveness in HIV-1 Subtype C." Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (JIAPAC) 17 (January 1, 2018): 232595821875921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325958218759211.

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Background: There is no information on the clinical effectiveness of Maraviroc (MVC) amongst People Living with HIV (PLHIV) in India infected with HIV-1 Subtype C viruses. Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of adult PLHIV on MVC based Antiretroviral (ARV) regimens for at least 6 months. Maraviroc was initiated amongst PLHIV with documented R5 tropic viruses (determined by in-house population sequencing of the V3 loop in triplicate and interpreted using the Geno2Pheno algorithm) in combination with an Optimized Background regimen (designed using genotypic resistance testing and past ARV history). Plasma viral loads (PVL) are performed 6 months post-initiation and annually thereafter. Primary outcome d. Median duration on MVC treatment was 1.8 years (range 1-2.9 years) while median duration of ART prior to switching to MVC was 13 years. Maraviroc was combined with Darunavir/ritonavir (DRV/r) (n=10), Atazanavir/r (ATV/r) (n=2) and Lopinavir/r (LPV/r) (n=1). All PLHIV were infected with HIV-1 Subtype C. Only 23.3% PLHIV achieved virologic suppression at 6 months and sustained it for 2.3 years. Median CD4 count change from baseline was +117 (n=13), +228 (n=10), +253 (n=9), and +331 (n=4) at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months respectively. Repeat tropism among patients with virologic failure demonstrated R5 virus. Conclusions: High rates of virologic failure was seen when MVC was used amongst treatment experienced PLHIV infected with HIV-1 Subtype C in India. was the proportion of PLHIV with virologic success (PVL<50 copies/ml) at last follow up visit. Results: Data on 13 PLHIV were analyze

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Garibaldi, A., P. Pensa, D. Bertetti, A. Poli, and M. L. Gullino. "First Report of Sclerotinia Blight Caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on Spearmint in Northern Italy." Plant Disease 97, no. 10 (October 2013): 1384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-04-13-0398-pdn.

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Spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) is an aromatic plant belonging to the family Lamiaceae, grown as well as an ornamental potted plant. During the beginning of 2013, extensive wilting was observed on 4-month-old potted plants of M. spicata ‘Moroccan’ grown in a commercial, unheated, plastic house located near Albenga (Savona, northern Italy). Initial symptoms included stem necrosis and darkening and withering of leaves. Wilting of the plant occurred 2 to 4 days after the appearance of the initial symptoms. Infected plants were characterized by the presence of cottony soft rot. In the presence of high relative humidity, lesions became covered with a whitish mycelium and irregular, dark gray sclerotia (2.0 to 9.0 × 1.8 to 4.0, average 4.0 × 2.6 mm) were produced on the mycelium. Diseased tissue was surface sterilized for 1 min in 1% NaOCl and plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with 100 mg/l streptomycin sulfate. White colonies developed from infected stem pieces and produced sclerotia, mainly at the peripheries of the plates, measuring 2.0 to 8.0 × 2.0 to 6.0 (average 4.4 × 3.1) mm. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA was amplified using the primers ITS1F/ITS4 and sequenced. BLAST analysis (1) of the 514-bp segment showed a 99% homology with the sequence of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (JN012605). The nucleotide sequence has been assigned the GenBank Accession KC848769. The morphological and molecular identification permitted to identify as S. sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary (2) the causal agent of the disease observed on M. spicata. Pathogenicity of one isolate obtained from infected plants was confirmed by inoculating three 7-month-old plants cv. Moroccan transplanted in 1 liter pots in a glasshouse in a sphagnum peat/pomix/pine bark/clay (50:20:20:10) mix. Each plant was inoculated by placing 4 g of sterile wheat kernels infested with mycelium and sclerotia in the soil and around the collar. Three non-inoculated plants served as controls. Plants were maintained in a growth chamber at 24 ± 1°C and relative humidity >90%. The inoculation trial was carried out twice. All inoculated plants developed the symptoms, consisting of stem necrosis, 5 days after soil infestation, followed by leaf yellowing. White cottony mycelium and dark sclerotia developed on stems and at the base of all inoculated plants. Eventually, infected plants wilted. Control plants remained symptomless. S. sclerotiorum was reisolated from the stems of inoculated plants. To our knowledge, this is the first report of S. sclerotiorum on M. spicata in Italy as well as worldwide. The disease has been previously reported on M. piperita in the United States (4) and on M. arvensis in India (3). The economic importance of this disease in Italy is at present limited. References: (1) S. F. Altschul et al. Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389, 1997. (2) N. F. Buchwald. Kongl. Veterisk Landb. Aarssk. 75, 1949. (3) K. Perveen et al. Indian Phytopathol. 62:310, 2009. (4) C. B. Skotland and J. D. Menzies. Plant Dis. Rep. 41:493, 1957.

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13

Hamilton, T. D. C., J. M. Roe, C. M. Hayes, P. Jones, G. R. Pearson, and A. J. F. Webster. "Contributory and Exacerbating Roles of Gaseous Ammonia and Organic Dust in the Etiology of Atrophic Rhinitis." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 6, no. 2 (March 1, 1999): 199–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.6.2.199-203.1999.

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ABSTRACT Pigs reared commercially indoors are exposed to air heavily contaminated with particulate and gaseous pollutants. Epidemiological surveys have shown an association between the levels of these pollutants and the severity of lesions associated with the upper respiratory tract disease of swine atrophic rhinitis. This study investigated the role of aerial pollutants in the etiology of atrophic rhinitis induced by Pasteurella multocida. Forty, 1-week-old Large White piglets were weaned and divided into eight groups designated A to H. The groups were housed in Rochester exposure chambers and continuously exposed to the following pollutants: ovalbumin (groups A and B), ammonia (groups C and D), ovalbumin plus ammonia (groups E and F), and unpolluted air (groups G and H). The concentrations of pollutants used were 20 mg m−3 total mass and 5 mg m−3 respirable mass for ovalbumin dust and 50 ppm for ammonia. One week after exposure commenced, the pigs in groups A, C, E, and G were infected with P. multocida type D by intranasal inoculation. After 4 weeks of exposure to pollutants, the pigs were killed and the extent of turbinate atrophy was assessed with a morphometric index (MI). Control pigs kept in clean air and not inoculated with P. multocida (group H) had normal turbinate morphology with a mean MI of 41.12% (standard deviation [SD], ± 1.59%). In contrast, exposure to pollutants in the absence of P. multocida (groups B, D, and F) induced mild turbinate atrophy with mean MIs of 49.65% (SD, ±1.96%), 51.04% (SD, ±2.06%), and 49.88% (SD, ±3.51%), respectively. A similar level of atrophy was also evoked by inoculation with P. multocida in the absence of pollutants (group G), giving a mean MI of 50.77% (SD, ±2.07%). However, when P. multocida inoculation was combined with pollutant exposure (groups A, C, and E) moderate to severe turbinate atrophy occurred with mean MIs of 64.93% (SD, ±4.64%), 59.18% (SD, ±2.79%), and 73.30% (SD, ±3.19%), respectively. The severity of atrophy was greatest in pigs exposed simultaneously to dust and ammonia. At the end of the exposure period, higher numbers of P. multocida bacteria were isolated from the tonsils than from the nasal membrane, per gram of tissue. The severity of turbinate atrophy in inoculated pigs was proportional to the number of P. multocida bacteria isolated from tonsils (r 2 = 0.909, P < 0.05) and nasal membrane (r 2 = 0.628, P< 0.05). These findings indicate that aerial pollutants contribute to the severity of lesions associated with atrophic rhinitis by facilitating colonization of the pig’s upper respiratory tract byP. multocida and also by directly evoking mild atrophy.

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Tsukiboshi, T., I. Okabe, and K. Sugawara. "First Report of Blast of Guinea Grass Caused by Pyricularia sp. LS-Group in Japan." Plant Disease 93, no. 12 (December 2009): 1350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-12-1350c.

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Guinea grass (Panicum maximum Jacq.) is an important C-4 perennial herbage in the southern part of Japan. In February 2002, a blast disease was found on the grass cultivated on the Okinawa Islands, the southern most region of Japan. Early symptoms appeared as small, round or ellipsoid lesions on leaves. Lesions later expanded to 2 to 5 × 1 to 2 mm and were spindle shaped and grayish white in the central area with dark brown margins. We obtained three single-conidia isolates of a Pyricularia-like fungus from the lesions and deposited them in the NIAS Genebank, Japan as MAFF306662, 306671, and 306672. The isolates were grown under near-UV light on V8 juice agar for 7 days to produce conidia, and guinea grass plants of the seven- to eight-leaf stage grown from seeds in a green house, five plants for each isolate, were inoculated by atomizing them with the conidial suspension of 105 conidia/ml. The same number of plants sprayed with sterilized distilled water served as the control. The experiments were repeated twice. All plants were covered with plastic bags for 24 h at 25°C to maintain high relative humidity. After 7 days, all inoculated plants showed symptoms identical to those observed in the field. Controls remained symptom free. The Pyricularia-like fungus was reisolated from lesions on inoculated leaves. The morphologies of the isolates were observed and described from the colonies grown under the condition described above. Conidiophores were pale brown, emerging singly or in small groups, straight or flexuous, geniculate toward the apex, and 36 to 197 × 2 to 5 μm. Conidia were obpyriform, straight, colorless to pale brown, smooth, and 19 to 30 × 5 to 10 μm with two to three septa. The morphologies were the same as those of the description of the genus Pyricularia. Previously, all Pyricularia isolates from Gramineae had been identified as P. grisea, except for those from rice (3,4). However, a new taxonomy of Pyricularia spp. based on DNA analyses was proposed by Couch and Kohn (1). Only the isolates from Digitaria were classified as P. grisea and those from C-3 grasses classified as P. oryzae. However, the species names for the isolates from the other C-4 grasses were not described. We analyzed the sequences of the rDNA-ITS region (ITS1-5.8s-ITS2) and β-tubulin gene of the isolates from guinea grass following Couch and Kohn (1). The sequences of rDNA-ITS (GenBank Accession No. AB512785) and β-tubulin (AB512786) of the isolate MAFF306672 matched the sequences of those of the Pyricularia sp. LS-group (AB274426 and AB274458, respectively) isolated from Leersia oryzoides. Hirata et al. (2) reclassified Pyricularia isolates from Gramineae by multilocus phylogenetic analysis and showed that non-P. oryzae and non-P. grisea isolates could be classified into two groups of the Pyricularia sp., a LS- and a CE-group, corresponding to those isolated from Leersia spp. and Setaria spp. or Cenchrus spp. of grasses, respectively. Since no Magnaporthe teleomorph was produced by the crossing tests using the isolates, we identified the isolates from guinea grass as the Pyricularia sp. LS-group on the basis of their morphology and the molecular phylogenetic analysis. To our knowledge, this is the first report of blast on guinea grass in Japan. References: (1) B. C. Couch and L. M. Kohn. Mycologia 94:683, 2002. (2) K. Hirata et al. Mycol. Res. 111:799, 2007. (3) K. D. Hyde. Australas. Plant Pathol. 22:73, 1993. (4) R. Sprague. Diseases of Cereals and Grasses in North America. Ronald Press Company, New York, 1950.

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Topa, D., E. Makovicky, H. Tajedin, H. Putz, and G. Zagler. "Barikaite, Pb10Ag3(Sb8As11)Σ19S40, a new member of the sartorite homologous series." Mineralogical Magazine 77, no. 7 (October 2013): 3039–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2013.077.7.13.

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AbstractBarikaite, ideally Pb10Ag3(Sb8As11)Σ19S40, is a new mineral species from the Barika Au-Ag deposit, Azarbaijan Province, western Iran. It was formed in fractures developed in silica bands situated in massive banded pyrite and baryte ores. These fractures house veinlets that contain a number of Ag-As-Sb-Pb-rich sulfosalts, tetrahedrite-tennantite, realgar, pyrite and electrum. Barikaite appears as inclusions in guettardite. The mineral is opaque, greyish black with a metallic lustre; it is brittle without any discernible cleavage. In reflected light barikaite is greyish white, pleochroism is distinct, white to dark grey. Internal reflections are absent. In crossed polars, anisotropism is distinct with rotation tints in shades of grey. The reflectance data (%, in air) are: 37.0, 39.3 at 470 nm, 34.1, 36.9 at 546 nm, 33.1, 36.2 at 589 nm and 31.3, 34.1 at 650 nm. The Mohs hardness is 3–3½, microhardness VHN50 exhibits the range 192 – 212, with a mean value of 200 kg mm–2. The average results of five electron-microprobe analyses in a grain are (in wt.%): Pb 35.77(33), Ag 5.8(1), Tl 0.15(08), Sb 18.33(09), As 15.64(16), S 24.00(15), total 99.69(10) wt.%, corresponding to Pb9.31Ag2.90Tl0.04(Sb8.12As11.26)Σ19.36S40.37 (on the basis of 32Me + 40S = 72 a.p.f.u.). The simplified formula, Pb10Ag3(Sb8As11)Σ19S40, is in accordance with the results of a crystal-structure analysis, and requires Pb 37.89, Ag 5.91, Sb 17.79, As 15.05 and S 23.42 (wt.%). The variation of chemical composition is minor, the empirical formula ranging from Pb10.39Ag2.32Tl0.02Sb7.52As11.27S40.49 to Pb9.24Ag2.93Tl0.04Sb8.13As11.35S40.31. Barikaite has monoclinic symmetry, space group P21/n and unit-cell parameters a 8.5325(7) Å, b 8.0749(7) Å, c 24.828(2) Å, and b 99.077(6)o, Z = 1. Calculated density for the empirical formula is 5.34 (g cm–3). The strongest eight lines in the (calculated) powder-diffraction pattern [d in Å(I)(hkl)] are: 3.835(63)(022), 3.646(100)(016), 3.441(60)(212), 3.408(62)(14), 2.972(66)(16), 2.769(91)(222), 2.752(78)(24) and 2.133(54)(402). Barikaite is the N = 4 member of the sartorite homologous series with a near-equal role of As and Sb, which have an ordered distribution pattern in the structure. It is a close homeotype of rathite and more distantly related to dufrénoysite (both distinct, pure arsenian N = 4 members) and it completes the spectrum of Sb-rich members of the sartorite homologous series. The new mineral and its name have been approved by the IMA-CNMNC (IMA 2012-055).

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Suharyo, Suharyo. "Nasib Bahasa Jawa dan Bahasa Indonesia dalam Pandangan dan Sikap Bahasa Generasi Muda Jawa." Nusa: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa dan Sastra 13, no. 2 (May 31, 2018): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/nusa.13.2.244-255.

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Abstract This study aims to reveal the fate of the Java language on the one hand and the Indonesian language on the other hand through the selection and defense of language (Indonesia and Java) by the younger generation. How young people choose language as a means of expression in the realm of house and the realm of friendship. (A) determining the location and population and sample, (b) questionnaire distribution to a number of respondents who were then analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively, (c) nonparticipant observation in the daily life of the younger generation, (d) structured interviews and depth using snowball method which then analyzed qualitatively. The population of this research is the entire younger generation of Javanese who live in Central Java. The target population of this study is the younger generation of the various regions who live in Solo, Boyolali, Pekalongan, and Tegal, while the sample was selected randomly. The result shows that (1) the younger generation of Java uses more BI (Bahasa Indonesia) than Javanese (BJ) both in the home and friendship, (2) the young generation of Java will use 100% BI when someday have a spouse, (3) the younger generation of Java has a negative attitude towards BJ, being ignorant of BI, and not proud of BI, (4) the younger generation is more familiar with the vocabulary such as downloads, stakeholders, gadgets, than in BI, and (5) estimated BJ (especially manners) in the next 2 or 3 generations will be abandoned by the younger generation of Java. Intisari Penelitian ini bertujuan mengungkap nasib bahasa bahasa Jawa di satu sisi dan bahasa Indonesia di sisi lain melalui pemilihan dan pemertahanan bahasa (Indonesia dan Jawa) oleh generasi muda. Bagiamana kaum muda memilih bahasa sebagai alat ekspresinya pada ranah rumah dan ranah persahabatan. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan tersebut dilakukan (a) menentukan lokasi dan populasi serta sampel, (b) penyebaran angket ke sejumlah responden yang kemudian dianalisis secara kualitatif dan kuantitatif, (c) observasi nonpartisipan pada kehidupan sehari-hari generasi muda, (d) wawancara terstruktur dan mendalam dengan menggunakan metode snowball yang kemudian dianalaisis secara kualitatif. Populasi penelitin ini adalah seluruh generasi muda Jawa yang tingal di Jawa Tengah. Adapun populasi sasaran penelitian ini adalah generasi muda dari berbagai daerah yang tinggal di Solo, Boyolali, Pekalongan, dan Tegal, sedangkan sampel dipilih secara acak. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa (1) generasi muda Jawa lebih banyak mengunakan BI (Bahasa Indonesia) daripada bahasa Jawa (BJ) baik pada ranah rumah maupun persahabatan, (2) generasi muda Jawa akan menggunakan 100 % BI ketika kelak memiliki pasangan hidup, (3) generasi muda Jawa memiliki sikap negatif terhadap BJ, bersikap abai terhadap BI, dan tidak bangga terhadap BI, (4) generasi muda lebih familiar terhadap kosakata-kokata seperti download, stakeholder, gadget, daripada padan katanya dalam BI, dan (5) diperkirakan BJ (terutama ragam krama) pada 2 atau 3 generasi mendatang akan ditinggalkan oleh generasi muda Jawa.

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Petkovic, Sofija, and Aleksandar Kapuran. "Archaeological excavations at Gamzigrad - Romuliana in 2007-2008." Starinar, no. 63 (2013): 287–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sta1363287p.

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Systematical archaeological excavations at the site Gamzigrad - Felix Romuliana continued in 2007-2008 in the south-eastern part of the fortified imperial palace, in the section of the thermae according to the plan of archaeological research for this site (2005-2009). In 2007, squares L'XXIV, M'XXIV, M'XXIH and M'XXII, which were investigated in 2005 to the horizon c, dated to the end of the 5th and the beginning of the 6th centuries, were completely excavated to the level of the porch of the earlier fortification of Romuliana (Plan 1). The stratigraphy of the cultural layers in these squares is as follows (Fig. 1): Below horizon c there is a layer of construction rubble mixed with brownish-yellow, clay like, sandy soil, 50-75 cm thick, comprising the finds dated in the last quarter of the 4th-5th centuries, layer D; The level of layer D is horizon d, where a structure destroyed in a conflagration, house 1/07, was discovered in squares M'XXII and M'XXIII. It could be dated, on the basis of the preserved household (pottery, metal and antler items, coins, etc.), from the last quarter of the 4th to the middle of the 5th century; Horizon d 1 is a mortar floor discovered beneath horizon d, which presents the earlier phase of house 1/07; Horizon d 2 is the earliest mortar floor inside the house 1/07, covered with a later mortar floor (horizon d 1) and a levelling layer of yellow sand and gravel, which comprises the finds dating also to the last quarter of the 4th to the middle of the 5th centuries; Layer E, 15-40 cm thick, is below horizon d, comprising dark brown soil with rubble and lenses of soot at the bottom, together with finds dated to the second half of the 4th century; Horizon e is covered with layer E, and spread across all the squares which were investigated to the south and to the east of Galerius' bath, where 8 large postholes, which outlined a space 7 x 3 m large and probably some kind of porch, were found along with two furnaces and two pits; Layer F, about 30 cm thick, is the substructure of horizon e and it comprises crushed stone and pebbles mixed with lime mortar, and in places has a levelling of reddish-brown sand. Finds here were dated to the end of the 3rd and the first half of the 4th centuries; Horizon f is a mortar floor of the later fortification of Felix Romuliana at a level of 184.75 m in the west and 184.55 m in the east (an average level of 184.64 m), which was interrupted by a trench running in an east-west direction along the southern section of squares L'-M'XXIV. The trench was filled with soot, small rubble and reddish-brown sand and comprised a large amount of artifacts, such as pottery and glass fragments, metal and bone items and coins dated to the second half of the 3rd century (Fig. 4). Layer G consists of dark brown and yellowish-brown clay with small rubble and soot. It was a levelling layer above the intense construction rubble from the previous horizon and a substructure of horizon f. This layer comprised archaeological finds dated to the end of the 3rd and the first half of the 4th centuries and to the prehistoric period (Early Iron Age); Horizon g is a mortar floor of the porch of the southern and eastern rampart of the earlier fortification of Romuliana. 4 pillars of the eastern porch (pillars 1-4, discovered in 2004-2005), a corner pillar in an L-shape (pillar 5) and one pillar of the southern porch (pillar 6) have been ascertained. From this level the water and sewage canals were dug (Fig. 5). In squares K'XXII-XXIII a trench, measuring 4 x 2 m, in an east-west direction, was opened which aimed to investigate the layers beneath the Roman horizon g. The stratigraphy in this trench is as follows: - Layer G at a level of about 184.53 m; - Layer H, about 35 cm thick, is greenish-yellow clay in which Roman canals were buried, comprising the fragments of the Early and Late Iron Age pottery and fragments of reddish rammed earth (Fig. 2); Layer I, about 20cm thick, is greenish-brown clay, comprising the scarce fragments of the Early and Late Iron Age pottery; Virgin soil consists of yellow clay starting from a level of 184.00 m in the west and of 183.60 m in the east. In 2008, the remains of an earlier building were discovered beneath the floor of the apodyterium of Galerius' bath found in 2002 and below the foundation of the sudatorium and the tepidarium of the same structure, which were found in 2005. Also, for the purposes of conservation and restoration of the thermae, an apsidal room next to the west wall of the apodyterium, so called 'Galerius' dressing room', was completely filled with construction rubble, among which was found a part of an abraded vault (Fig. 6). Excavations proved that the apsidal room had been a pool with cold water, a frigidarium, which was twice renovated and was decorated with mosaic made of black, white and grey stone cubes (Fig. 7). The phases of reconstruction of the frigidarium could also be noticed in its eastern wall (Fig. 8). Also in the rubble inside the pool, glass mosaic cubes of deep blue and golden colours were discovered, indicating the decoration of the vault. In the latest phase, two pillars were constructed to carry the stairs made of stone slabs (Fig. 8). The earliest phase of this room, which had a rectangular layout and a mortar floor, could be part of the building dating back to before Galerius' bath (Plan 2). During the cleaning of the eastern wall of the frigidarium, a semicircular niche with a fresco decoration of geometrical and figural motives, painted in black, dark red, orange and blue on an ochre surface, was discovered (Fig. 3). Under Galerius' bath, a large earlier building was investigated (trenches 1-5/08). Only its foundation zone is preserved. The walls of the Imperial bath were founded on the earlier walls, which were 0.65 m thick and had foundations which were 0.90 m thick (Plan 2). The pilaster of the west faeade of the thermae was also founded on the earlier wall, but it destroyed a water canal (canal A discovered inside the south room of Galerius' bath in 2004), which was constructed after the earlier structure and before the Imperial bath (Fig. 9). It is interesting that the part of the earlier building to the west of the thermae was not demolished during the construction of the Imperial residence. It was adapted and incorporated into the plan of the fortified palace. The original construction was a large public building, probably theprincipia, with a row of rooms around a large courtyard, the atrium. The entrance, which had a porch and a pylon with two square towers and thresholds made of stone slabs, was in the north. (Figs. 10-14) Previously, this building was mistakenly dated to the 4th-5th centuries, because it had been reused in Late Roman and Early Byzantine periods. (Figs. 15-18) However, based on the results of the new research, it could be dated to the 3rd century. .

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Wang, Feng-Juan, and Ting Niu. "A Potent Small Molecule Compound Might Overcome High Level Drug Resistant Mutations of Bcr-Abl1." Blood 128, no. 22 (December 2, 2016): 3942. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.3942.3942.

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Abstract Objective: The third-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) ponatinib can overcome many kinds of single mutations including T315I of Bcr-Abl1. Unfortunately, recent clinical studies have identified some new point mutations resistant to ponatinib and the other marketed TKIs. These mutations include compound mutations or T315M single mutation, which we called high level drug resistant mutations in this study. Therefore, it is an urgent task to find a potent small molecule inhibitors, which can overcome these high level drug resistant mutations. Methods: To screen for compounds that can overcome the high level drug resistant mutations of Bcr-Abl1, we firstly established genetic engineering cell models using the Ba/F3 cell line, including: (1) Ba/F3-Bcr-Abl1T315M; (2) Ba/F3-Bcr-Abl1T315I/E255V; (3) Ba/F3-Bcr-Abl1E255V/Y253H. The established cell lines were also carefully verified .Then we used these established cell models and others we have already obtained, including Ba/F3-Bcr-Abl1WT, Ba/F3-Bcr-Abl1T315I, and Ba/F3-Bcr- Abl1E255V, to screen an in-house chemical library. The most potent compound SKLB-518 was finally chosen to perform further studies both in vitro (cell and protein level) and in vivo (allograft subcutaneous cancer mice model). Results: In vitro assays, three marketed TKIs, namely imatinib, dasatinib, and ponatinib, were chosen as the references. The IC50 value of SKLB-518 to inhibit Ba/F3-Bcr-Abl1E255V/Y254H cells was 0.033 μM, which was more active by >100 times and 6.14 times than that of imatinib (IC50: >10 μM) and ponatinib (IC50:0.201μM), respectively, and comparable with dasatinib (IC50:0.028 μM). The IC50 of SKLB-518 to inhibit Ba/F3- Bcr-Abl1T315I/E255V cells was 0.094 μM, which was more potent by >100 times, 30~100 times, and 8.69 times than that of imatinib (IC50: >10 μM), dasatinib (IC50: 3~10 μM), and ponatinib (IC50: 0.817 μM), respectively. In vivo, thedata indicated that SKLB-518 could significantly inhibit tumor proliferation at the doses of 30 mg/kg/d and 45 mg/kg/d (%T/C was 62.1 and 72.5, respectively; both groups p<0.001), while ponatinib couldn't inhibit tumor growth at the 30 mg/kg/day dose (%T/C was 87.8, p=0.157). Immunohistochemical staining assays indicated that SKLB-518 at the doses of 45 mg/kg/d could potently inhibit Bcr-Abl1 downstream targets (Crkl and Stat5). Meanwhile, we didn't find severe toxicity of SKLB-518 in the effective doses both in cells and in mice. Conclusion:Independently developed small molecule SKLB- 518 might overcome the high level drug resistant mutations of Bcr-Abl1. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Grasso, S., A. Pane, and S. O. Cacciola. "First Report of Armillaria mellea on a Fern from Italy." Plant Disease 84, no. 5 (May 2000): 592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2000.84.5.592c.

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Several perennial species of rhizomatous herbaceous ferns are cultivated as ornamental foliage plants. During late summer 1999, in a garden at the foot of Mount Etna, eastern Sicily (Italy), we noted a fern hedge showing patches of withered or stunted plants. The fern was identified as Cyrtomium falcatum (L.f.) C. Presl. (=Polystichum falcatum (L.f.) Diels), a house holly fern or Japanese holly fern, which is an ornamental fern native to East and South Asia. Other woody plants in the immediate vicinity had died over the last few years, including apricot and cedar trees whose stumps had not been removed. A close examination of uprooted ferns revealed the presence of creamy white fan-shaped mycelial mats with an odor typical of Armillaria species that were intermixed with the felt-like tangle formed by the rhizomes and roots of the ferns. In autumn, clumps of honey mushrooms with an annulus grew around patches of the withered fern hedge and in other parts of the same garden. The spore print of the basidiocarp was light cream. Basidiospores (8 to 9 × 5 to 6.5 µm) examined under a microscope were hyaline and apiculate. The fungus was isolated in pure culture from infected rhizomes with the selective medium of Kulman and Hendrix (3). In pure culture on 2% malt agar, the fungus formed ribbon-shaped, contorted, fast-growing rhizomorphs that branched profusely. Mycelial proteins of the isolate were analyzed by both polyacrylamide slab gel and starch gel electrophoreses, as described by Bragaloni et al. (1). The electrophoretic patterns of five isozymes (esterase, glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, phospho-glucomutase, alcohol dehydrogenase, and polygalacturonase) of the isolate from fern were identical to those of the reference isolate of A. mellea (Vahl:Fr.) Kumm. from grapevine. Conversely, the patterns were clearly distinct from those of reference isolates from other species, including A. ostoyae (Romagnesi) Herink, A. bulbosa (Barla) Kile et Watling, and A. cepistipes Velenovsky. Thus, on the basis of cultural, morphological, and biochemical characteristics, the species infecting the fern was identified as A. mellea. This pathogen, very common and widespread on wooded or previously wooded sites, has an extremely wide host range, encompassing both woody and herbaceous plants (2,4). However, this is the first report of A. mellea on a fern in Italy. References: (1) M. Bragaloni and N. Anselmi. Eur. J. For. Pathol. 27:147, 1997. (2) D. F. Farr et al. 1989. Fungi on Plants and Plants Products in the United States. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. (3) E. G. Kulman and F. F. Hendrix. Phytopathology 52:1310, 1962. (4) C. G. Shaw and G. A. Kile. 1991 Armillaria root disease. Agric. Handb. No 691. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Washington, DC.

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Kim, B. S., K. S. Baek, C. H. Pak, J. H. Park, and H. D. Shin. "First Report of Leaf Spot Caused by Cercospora fukushiana on New Guinea Impatiens in Korea." Plant Disease 98, no. 9 (September 2014): 1280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-04-14-0363-pdn.

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New Guinea impatiens, Impatiens hawkeri W. Bull, is widely cultivated as a potted plant and garden plant. In July 2013, hundreds of young plants (cv. Fanfare) showing symptoms of leaf spot with approximately 50% incidence were found in polyethylene tunnels in Yongin City, Korea. Leaf spots were circular to oblong, reaching 6 mm or more in diameter. The spots were initially uniformly brown to reddish brown, turning gray with reddish brown margin. Diseased plants defoliated prematurely and were abandoned without marketing due to signs of discoloration and yellowing on leaves. A cercosporoid fungus was consistently observed in association with disease symptoms. Stromata were brown, small, and composed of a few swollen hyphal cells. Conidiophores were emerging through the cuticle, fasciculate (n = 2 to 20), olivaceous to brown, paler toward the apex, straight to mildly curved, geniculate, 30 to 260 μm long, 3.5 to 5 μm wide, 1- to 6-septate, and with conspicuous conidial scars. Conidia were hyaline and acicular. Smaller conidia were straight and longer conidia were mildly curved. Conidia were subacute to obtuse at the apex, truncate to obconically truncate at the base, 2- to 18-septate, 30 to 320 × 3.5 to 5.5 μm, and with thickened, darkened hila at the base. Morphological characteristics of the fungus were consistent with the previous reports of Cercospora fukushiana (Matsuura) W. Yamam. (1). Voucher specimens were housed in the Korea University herbarium (KUS). An isolate from KUS-F27438 was deposited in the Korean Agricultural Culture Collection (Accession No. KACC47640). Fungal DNA was extracted with DNeasy Plant Mini Kits (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, CA). The complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA was amplified with the primers ITS1/ITS4 (4) and sequenced. The resulting sequence of 497 bp was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. KJ620981). This showed >99% similarity with sequence of C. fukushiana (EF600954) on I. balsamina from Korea. Isolate of KACC47640 was used in the pathogenicity tests. Hyphal suspensions were prepared by grinding 3-week-old colonies grown on PDA with distilled water using a mortar and pestle. Five plants were inoculated with hyphal suspensions and five plants were sprayed with sterile distilled water. The plants were covered with plastic bags to maintain a relative humidity of 100% for 24 h and then transferred to a 25 ± 2°C greenhouse with a 12-h photoperiod. Typical symptoms of necrotic spots appeared on the inoculated leaves 10 days after inoculation, and were identical to the symptoms observed in the field. C. fukushiana was re-isolated from symptomatic leaf tissues, confirming Koch's postulates. No symptoms were observed on water-inoculated control plants. Previously, leaf spots of Impatiens spp. associated with C. apii, C. balsaminae, and C. fukushiana have been reported (1,2,3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. fukushiana on I. hawkeri in Korea. Our observations in the nurseries of I. hawkeri suggest that low humidity with good ventilation as well as plant hygiene in greenhouses might be main strategies for preventing this disease. References: (1) C. Chupp. A Monograph of the Fungus Genus Cercospora. Ithaca, NY, 1953. (2) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases. Syst. Mycol. Microbiol. Lab., online publication, ARS, USDA, retrieved March 25, 2014. (3) J. M. Soares et al. Plant Dis. 93:1214, 2009. (4) T. J. White et al. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1990.

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Cating, R. A., A. J. Palmateer, and R. T. McMillan. "First Report of Sclerotium rolfsii on Ascocentrum and Ascocenda Orchids in Florida." Plant Disease 93, no. 9 (September 2009): 963. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-9-0963b.

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Southern blight caused by Sclerotium rolfsii is known to occur on several economically important orchid hosts, including Vanda species and hybrids (1–3). In the summer and fall of 2008, an outbreak of southern blight on Vanda orchids was seen in several commercial nurseries and landscapes throughout South Florida. More than a dozen orchids were affected at one of the locations, and symptoms of S. rolfsii were observed on Ascocentrum and Ascocenda orchids, which are also common in the trade and demand a resale value ranging from $20 to $150 for specimens in bloom. Affected Ascocentrum and Ascocenda orchids were found severely wilted at the apex, while around the base of the plants, tan, soft, water-soaked lesions were present. As the lesions progressed, leaves around the base of the plants began to fall off, leaving the stems bare. After 2 days, white, flabellate mycelium was seen progressing up the stem and numerous, tan-to-brown sclerotia were present. Leaves and portions of the stems were plated on acidified potato dextrose agar (APDA) and grown at 25°C. White, flabellate mycelium and tan sclerotia approximately 2 mm in diameter were produced in culture and microscopic examination revealed the presence of clamp connections. The fungus was identified as S. rolfsii and a voucher specimen was deposited with the ATCC. A PCR was performed on the ITS1, 5.8S rDNA, and ITS2 and the sequence was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. GQ358518). Pathogenicity of an isolate was tested by placing 6-mm plugs taken from APDA plates directly against the stem of five different Ascocentrum and Ascocenda orchids. Five Ascocentrum and Ascocenda orchids were inoculated with 6-mm plugs of plain APDA and five were untreated controls. Plants were housed under 50% shade, 60 to 95% humidity, and temperatures ranging from 75 to 88°F. Within 7 days, all inoculated plants developed symptoms that were identical to those observed on original plants and S. rolfsii was consistently reisolated from symptomatic tissue. Ascocentrum and Ascocenda were previously reported under miscellaneous orchid species and hybrids as hosts for S. rolfsii (1). However, this report was highly ambiguous and the most current edition does not report the host fungus combination (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of S. rolfsii affecting Ascocentrum and Ascocenda orchids. References: (1) S. A. Alfieri, Jr., et al. Diseases and Disorders of Plants in Florida. Bull. No. 11. Division of Plant Industry, Gainesville, FL, 1984. (2) S. A. Alfieri, Jr., et al. Diseases and Disorders of Plants in Florida. Bull. No. 14. Division of Plant Industry, Gainesville, FL, 1994. (3) D. F. Farr et al. Fungi on Plants and Plant Products in the United States. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1989.

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Lupulović, Diana, Tamaš Petrović, Sava Lazić, Jasna Prodanov Radulović, Radoslav Došen, and Ivan Pušić. "THE SEROPREVALENCE OF HEPATITIS E VIRUS INFECTION IN WILD BOARS IN SERBIA." Archives of Veterinary Medicine 4, no. 1 (June 28, 2011): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.46784/e-avm.v4i1.175.

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Hepatitis E (HEV) belongs to one of fi ve so far described types of viral hepatitis caused by human agents (hepatitis A, B, C, D and E). The disease is characterized by clinical and epidemiological signs of acute hepatitis and is transmitted primarily by fecal-oral route via contaminated food and water. The infection is mainly detected in the developing countries of the Middle East, Asia and Africa, especially in countries with poor sanitary conditions of life. HEV infection in pigs was fi rst recorded in 1990. Numerous studies that followed proved that HEV can skip species barrier and can be transmitted from pigs to humans. HEV has been demonstrated as a new zoonotic agent. Hepatitis E virus has infected people in Japan who consumed insuffi ciently cooked meat of deer, pig liver and meat of wild boar. In humans four genotypes have been determined: I, II, III and IV, while so far tested swine isolates belong to genotypes III and IV. It is also important to note that the swine HEV isolates from one geographical region are genetically closer to human isolates from the same area than to the other isolates from pigs in the world. Th e aim of this paper is to show whether and how much HEV infection is present in the population of wild boars in Serbia, which represent a reservoir of this disease caused by a signifi cant zoonotic agent. Preliminary serological tests included the examination of 92 blood serum samples of wild boars. In 32 animals, or 34.78%, the presence of specifi c antibodies against HEV genotype was detected. Th e blood samples were collected during 2009, 2010 and 2011 from 15 hunting sites in Serbia. Laboratory testing was performed by non-commercial ELISA (in-house ELISA), where the used antigen was recombinant capsid protein-HEV genotype 3 ΔORF 2, which was obtained by laboratory cloning procedure. The test results showed that the hepatitis E virus is present in wild boars in Vojvodina, that are a potential source of this infection, as well as for many other infections of diferrent etiology.

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Park, J. H., S. E. Cho, K. S. Han, S. H. Lee, and H. D. Shin. "First Report of Choanephora Blight Caused by Choanephora infundibulifera on Hibiscus rosa-sinensis in Korea." Plant Disease 98, no. 9 (September 2014): 1275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-02-14-0218-pdn.

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Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L., commonly known as Chinese hibiscus, is an evergreen flowering shrub belonging to the Malvaceae and is widely cultivated throughout Asia including Korea. In August 2013, blight was observed on Chinese hibiscus in a commercial flower nursery in Seoul, Korea. Initial symptoms began as reddish purple spots at the tip of flowers and expanded to encompass entire flowers. Infected lesions appeared water-soaked, reddish brown, and were followed by rapid rotting of infected tissues. Approximately 50% of the plants surveyed were affected. Monosporous sporangiola formed on infected tissue were transferred to potato dextrose agar (PDA). Fungal colonies were obtained that were at first white with abundant aerial mycelium, and then became yellowish with the appearance of sporangiola. Sporangiophores bearing sporangiola were erect to slightly curved, unbranched, and hyaline. Funnel-shaped secondary vesicles formed on the primary vesicles. Sporangiola were indehiscent, ovoid to subglobose, smooth, non-striated, brown to dark brown, 10 to 27.5 × 8.5 to 17 μm, and sometimes germinated in culture. The fungus was identified as Choanephora infundibulifera (Curr.) D.D. Cunn. based on the morphological and cultural characteristics (2). Voucher specimens were housed in the Korea University Herbarium (KUS). An isolate obtained from KUS-F27535 was deposited in the Korean Agricultural Culture Collection (Accession No. KACC47643) and used for a pathogenicity test and molecular analyses. To confirm identity of the fungus, genomic DNA was extracted with DNeasy Plant Mini Kits (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, CA). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA and the D1/D2 region of the large subunit (LSU) were amplified with the primers ITS1/ITS4 and NL1/LR3, respectively (3), and sequenced. The resulting 635-bp ITS and 680-bp D1/D2 sequences were deposited in GenBank (Accession Nos. KF486539 and KF486538). A GenBank BLAST search revealed that the ITS sequences showed 100% similarity with that of C. infundibulifera (JN943009) and D1/D2 sequences also showed 100% identity with that of C. infundibulifera (JN939193). A sporangiola suspension (2 × 104 cells/ml) was sprayed over three pots of the shrub, kept in a humid chamber for 2 days, and placed in greenhouse (28°C and 80 to 100% RH). Another three potted plants of the same age were sprayed with sterile water and served as controls. After 4 days, typical blossom blight symptoms, identical to the ones observed in the nursery, developed on the inoculated flowers. No symptoms were observed on controls. C. infundibulifera was re-isolated from inoculated plants. Pathogenicity test was conducted twice with the same results, fulfilling Koch's postulates. Choanephora blight caused by C. infundibulifera on H. rosa-sinenesis has been reported in Japan, Myanmar, Nepal, Guinea, and the United States (1). In Korea, there was one record of this fungus on H. syriacus (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. infundibulifera on H. rosa-sinensis in Korea. This pathogen could be a potential threat to the production of this ornamental shrub over a prolonged period of hot and humid weather. References: (1) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases. Syst. Mycol. Microbiol. Lab., Online publication, ARS, USDA, Retrieved February 28, 2014. (2) P. M. Kirk. Mycol. Pap. 152:1, 1984. (3) G. Walther et al. Persoonia 30:11, 2013.

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Park, J. H., M. J. Park, K. S. Han, and H. D. Shin. "First Report of Black Stem Caused by Botryosporium longibrachiatum on Sweet Basil in Korea." Plant Disease 97, no. 3 (March 2013): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-09-12-0852-pdn.

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Sweet basil, Ocimum basilicum L., is cultivated mainly for fresh consumption in Korea. In March 2009, in Icheon, Korea, several dozen plants showing symptoms of black stems were found in an organic farm that used polyethylene tunnels for production. The black stems were usually covered with a fungus that gave the appearance of hoar-frost on the stems, especially when plants were grown under a cool and humid environment. According to the farmer, black stems appear during the winter season of November to March when the tunnels were mostly closed. The relative humidity (RH) during that period was around 100% every night due to poor ventilation. Beginning the middle of April when both sides of the tunnels were open, providing good ventilation, no further disease development was observed. The fungus on the stems had an elongate, upright conidiophore, reaching 5 mm in length. At intervals along its length, the main axis of conidiophores produced lateral fertile branches in acropetal succession. Each lateral branch terminated in a cluster of four or five ampullae. Conidia were hyaline, oval, and 5.5 to 9.5 × 3.5 to 6 μm. The fungus was non-pigmented and colonies on potato dextrose agar were chalk white. Morphological and cultural characteristics of the fungus were consistent with the previous reports of Botryosporium longibrachiatum (Oudem.) Maire (3,4). Voucher specimens (n = 4) were housed at Korea University Herbarium (KUS). An isolate from KUS-F24010 was deposited in the Korean Agricultural Culture Collection (Accession No. KACC44849) and used for molecular analysis and pathogenicity tests. The complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA was amplified with the primers ITS1/ITS4 and sequenced. The resulting sequence of 592 bp was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. JX666334). A BLAST search in GenBank showed that there was no comparable sequence of B. longibrachiatum and thus this was the first ITS sequence for the species submitted in GenBank. To confirm the pathogenicity, colonized mycelial plugs (3 mm in diameter) from 10-day-old PDA cultures were placed onto the stem apices (n = 10) of 2-month-old sweet basil pot plants, which were topped as normally harvested. Control plants were inoculated with uncolonized agar plugs. All plants were incubated at 22 ± 2°C in a humidified chamber with a 12-h photoperiod for 48 h, and then maintained in a greenhouse (22 ± 2°C). Three to four days after inoculation, necrotic lesions developed around the points of inoculation on all stems and expanded downwards, leading to black stems covered with the hoar-frost like fungus after 14 days. B. longibrachiatum was successfully reisolated from all inoculated stems, while control plants remained symptomless. The pathogenicity test was conducted twice with the same result. The association of B. longibrachiatum and sweet basil was previously reported (4). Several other plants including burley tobacco are also reported to be infected by this fungus (1,2). To our knowledge, this is the first etiological report of B. longibrachiatum on sweet basil globally as well as in Korea. References: (1) T. R. Anderson. Plant Dis. 67:1158, 1983. (2) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases. Systematic Mycology & Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Retrieved from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/ , September 7, 2012. (3) C. V. Subramanian. Hyphomycetes. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India, 1971. (4) H. T. Tribe and R. W. S. Weber. Mycologist 15:158, 2001.

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Kuzmina, O. A. "“The House That Jack Built” by Jessie L. Gaynor as an example of an English language operetta for children." Aspects of Historical Musicology 15, no. 15 (September 15, 2019): 231–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.34064/khnum2-15.12.

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Background. The children’s opera in all its diversity has undergone a rapid path to its formation and development, responding to changes in the art and aesthetic space of musical culture. The active being and the practical use of this phenomenon only emphasize the gaps in musicology science more acutely. Some researchers combine with the notion of «children’s opera» both works that involve children to participate in the performing process, and those which are aimed at a certain age audience. Other authors put the term «opera for children» as universal, but use it to describe various works. However, if the information about this genre is contained in the scientifi c literature, research on opera for children-performers analogue, children’s operetta which was formed and used by considerable demand in the late 19th – in the fi rst half of the 20th century in the English-speaking countries, is practically absent. This determines the relevance of the chosen subject. Objectives. The objective of this study is to consider the features of the libretto, the compositional and dramaturgical properties of the children’s operetta by J. L. Gaynor The House that Jack Built as one of the English-language samples of the genre. Methods. So far these methods were been applied: historical, structural and functional, comparative. Results. It is diffi cult to indicate the exact date of the children’s operetta emergence. It is known from available literature that it became widespread in the 1880s. In the following decades, the popularity of children’s operettas does not fade, rather, it only grows. The school authorities even were worried about such an intensity of extracurricular work. However, this fact did not affect the number of performances. There are books containing instructions and guidance, tips on probable diffi culties that could be faced by fi rst-time directors. In particular, it was recommended to divide responsibilities between school departments and draw up a general plan of action. Attention was paid to organizing an advertising campaign to attract as many viewers as possible. With such performance enthusiasm, there was a certain lack of repertoire written specifi cally for children and adolescents. Not surprisingly, the music teachers sought to replenish it. Among them was an American piano and harmony teacher Jessie Lovel Smith Gaynor (1863–1921) who composed The House that Jack Built (1902). This is not the only sample of children’s operetta in the heritage of J. L. Gaynor, she wrote a few more works, mostly after fairy tales: The Lost Princess Bo-Peep (its plot matches Jack’s one), The Toy Shop, Snow White, The Magic Wheel, Three Wishes, The Return of Proserpina, and On Plymouth Rock. The libretto of The House that Jack Built, written by A. G. D. Riley, is compiled on the basis of nursery rhymes, which are an integral part of the English-speaking countries culture. The operetta includes 24 folklore texts (full or fragmented): poems, two counters, and a ballad. To organize the plot, the librettist used the «stringing» method, or the cumulative principle, joining each subsequent element to the previous one with the help of the Mother Goose’s recitative lines. She is the key character, who greets and introduces new guests at her party. This principle is refl ected in the organization of the whole operetta. Mother Gooses’ cues are a refrain similar to the poem The House that Jack Built. Each character is not related to the previous one or the next, they are united only by belonging to the images of folk poetry. Since the libretto is mainly based on miniatures (with one or two verses), there are many participants of the performance: 43 characters, 21 thrushes, and collective characters, the number of which is not specifi ed precisely. There is no plot in common sense – as a series of related events built in accordance with certain principles – in The House that Jack Built. Rather, it reminds the carnival procession, in which characters are appearing one by one. They have bright, sometimes extravagant costumes, which vary with the speed of the pattern in the kaleidoscope. The structure of the operetta is simple and clear. It consists of two acts, divided into 19 big numbers (9 in the fi rst action, 10 in the second), which are often built in the form of a suite. The balance among solo-ensemble and choral numbers in The House that Jack Built is unequal. The choruses prevail in the operetta (there are about 20 of them). It is diffi cult to name the exact number because the author does not always clarify the exact cast. Solo and ensemble numbers are 4 times fewer; in addition, there are 2 numbers in the 2d act, in which the soloist and choir sing together. To achieve compositional and dramatic unity, there was a need to involve additional means in addition to the cross-cutting image of Mother Goose, since the Jack’s plot is deprived of the consistent development of events. This function is performed by several themes: «fairy tale» (in the future it is associated with the appearance of fairies and elves), «pastoral» (its emergence is marked by the remark Andante Pastorale), the theme of Jack, the dance motive, and the theme of King Cole. They are exhibited in the overture for the fi rst time. When the act begins, they are joined by the themes of Mother Goose and Thrushes. For the fi rst time, most of the themes are conducted in the overture. This determines the suite character of its structure: 6 episodes that contrast with each other by tempo. The piano part plays an important role in the operetta. It presents the leading themes, the main image-bearing and poetic motives, and supports the performers in the vocal appearances. The revealed signs give grounds to consider the English-language children’s operetta a national model of opera for children-performers. Conclusions. In the English-speaking countries, particularly in the USA, at the end of the 19th – in the fi rst half of the 20th century the tradition to perform operettas at schools was formed. This works from their form and contents were similar to compositions which were called children’s operas (operas for children-performers) in Europe. An analysis of The House that Jack Built by J. L. Gaynor allows us to interpret the author’s genre name in its original linguistic meaning – «small opera». A signifi cant number of such works still remain beyond the attention of scholars and require a thorough study both in historical and in theoretical directions.

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Shi, Guanfang, Kiron Nair, Preethi Ramachandran, Chi Chen, Ching Wong, Gardith Joseph, Vladimir Gotlieb, Maksim Liaukovich, and Jen-Chin Wang. "TLR, RAGE, and HMGB1 in the Inflammatory Response in Ph(-) Myeloproliferative Neoplasm." Blood 136, Supplement 1 (November 5, 2020): 31–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2020-134988.

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Recent evidence of increased constitutional symptoms and inflammatory cytokines in Philadelphia chromosome negative (Ph (-)) MPN suggests that an inflammatory response is important in the pathogenesis of Ph (-) MPN. Toll-like receptors (TLR), Receptor for Advanced Glycation End products (RAGE) and High mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1) are the important pathways for the inflammatory response. All these three important pathway proteins were studied in MPN diseases in the current studies. Materials and Methods: TLR assay. TLR 2,3, 4, 7, 9 quantification was performed by immuno-staining of 1×106 mononuclear cells (peripheral blood) which were incubated with fluorescence-conjugated anti-TLR-2,3, 4, 7, 9 antibodies and assayed by flow cytometry. HMGB1assay:HMGB1 ELISA kit from Immuno-Biological Laboratories, Inc. (IBL-America) were used. The plasma samples were diluted four times with the provided sample dilution buffer, and assayed in duplicate according to the manufacturer's suggestion. RAGE (RT-PCR) Assay: Total RNA was extracted from normal control or patient mononuclear cells. Predesigned primers for RAGE, and internal control genes were ordered from Qiagen (Germantown, MD). Real-time PCR was performed using SsoAdvanced™ Universal SYBR® Green Supermix (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA) on Bio-Rad iQ5 Multicolor Real-Time PCR Detection System. At least three house-keeping genes (ribosomal protein L4, TATA box binding protein, and tubulin-α 1b) were used as normalization controls. The expression of RAGE were compared with each internal control. Average of three was used to calculate the ratio of final patient to normal Results: Total of 97 patients with MPN were studied 1) TLR: TLR 3,7,9 was not significantly different from controls. But TLR 2 was significantly increased in both PV, as well as in the MPN group when PV, ET and MF were grouped together as MPN (Fig A). TLR 4 was not significantly increased in PV, ET, MF individually but was found to be significantly increased than the controls, when they are grouped together as MPN (Fig B). 2) RAGE: No significant difference was found between ET, PV, MF individually or when they were grouped together as MPN than the controls (Fig C). 3) HMGB1: No significant difference was seen between ET, PV, MF or when they were grouped as MPN (Fig D). Conclusion: Current study suggests that TLR pathway especially TLR2, and to a lesser extent TLR4 are the important pathways for inflammatory response with increased inflammatory cytokines in MPN, while HMGB1 and RAGE pathways were not different from controls. Figure Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Lentz, S. J., J. H. Churchill, C. Marquette, and J. Smith. "Evaluation and Recommendations for Improving the Accuracy of an Inexpensive Water Temperature Logger." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 30, no. 7 (July 1, 2013): 1576–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-12-00204.1.

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Abstract Onset's HOBO U22 Water Temp Pros are small, reliable, relatively inexpensive, self-contained temperature loggers that are widely used in studies of oceans, lakes, and streams. An in-house temperature bath calibration of 158 Temp Pros indicated root-mean-square (RMS) errors ranging from 0.01° to 0.14°C, with one value of 0.23°C, consistent with the factory specifications. Application of a quadratic calibration correction substantially reduced the RMS error to less than 0.009°C in all cases. The primary correction was a bias error typically between −0.1° and 0.15°C. Comparison of water temperature measurements from Temp Pros and more accurate temperature loggers during two oceanographic studies indicates that calibrated Temp Pros have an RMS error of ~0.02°C throughout the water column at night and beneath the surface layer influenced by penetrating solar radiation during the day. Larger RMS errors (up to 0.08°C) are observed near the surface during the day due to solar heating of the black Temp Pro housing. Errors due to solar heating are significantly reduced by wrapping the housing with white electrical tape.

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Pagliuca, Simona, Carmelo Gurnari, Hassan Awada, Cassandra M. Kerr, Bhumika J. Patel, Laila Terkawi, Misam Zawit, et al. "Immunogenomics of Aplastic Anemia: The Role of HLA Somatic Mutations and the HLA Evolutionary Divergence." Blood 136, Supplement 1 (November 5, 2020): 20–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2020-142501.

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Downregulation of class I human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-restricted antigen presentation has been identified as mechanism of immune-escape in many malignant and non-malignant disorders. In idiopathic aplastic anemia (AA), evolution of immune-privileged paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) clones has been attributed to immune escape due to deficiency of GPI-anchored protein in the context of T-cell mediated autoimmunity. However, other mechanisms of clonal selection may also operate with or independently of PNH. Our group first described the presence of both somatic uniparental disomy (UPD) and microdeletions of the HLA region leading to loss of heterozygozity (LOH) and/or haploinsuffciency.1 Later the proof-of-concept of somatic mutations in HLA class I was provided.2 Mechanistically, HLA LOH leads to loss of an allele involved in the presentation of immune-dominant peptides, while haploinsufficiency may decrease the presentation threshold. Moreover, the general level of individual structural diversity of HLA molecules may determine the ability to present diverse targets, eventually derived from auto-antigens, and functionally would operate in the opposite direction to HLA LOH. In this scenario, we hypothesize that defects in both class I and II HLA loci may constitute different patterns of immune escape, reducing respectively CD8+ and CD4+ related activation and thus contributing to rescue hematopoietic stem cells from the immune attack. Furthermore, our idea is that the immune-escape environment may be related to the grade of HLA evolutionary divergence (HED), a metric that, accounting for the degree of structural diversity within a particular locus, represents an indirect measure of the antigenic landscape that the hematopoietic target cell is able to present (see abstract #:142693). Using a deep targeted HLA NGS panel and a newly developed in-house bioinformatic pipeline (characterized by stringent criteria for alignment, preprocessing and variant calling in the HLA region, based on the IPD IMGT/HLA database, Fig.A), we studied a large cohort of patients with idiopathic bone marrow failures (AA n=75, AA/MDS=10). In addition, we determined the impact of inter-loci HED on the probability to acquire somatic hits in HLA genes. Overall, 29 somatic HLA mutations were found in 16 patients (18%) at a median VAF of 11% (range: 2-93%):12 in class I (41%) and 17 in class II (59%), with 5 patients carrying mutations in both classes (Fig.B, C, D). The majority of those events (N=21, 72%) occurred in subjects also harbouring a PNH clone of small size (12 out 16 patients, median PNH clone size 1% [range:1-46%]). Most mutated loci were A and C for class I and DQB1 for class II (Fig. C, D); 9 mutations were identified as missense, with disruptive changes, 7 were intronic indels while 13 hits were localized in 5' or 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) (Fig.E, F). Through a computational prediction of the HLA regulatory domains involved in the UTR aberrations, we identified domains essential for the binding of GATA-1, RXRbeta, SP-1 and NFKB. The impairment of those regions may affect the transcription of HLA complexes. AA HLA mutant cases had more frequently a severe disease at diagnosis (severe AA: 81% vs. 60%, respectively in HLA mutated vs non mutated cases) and were in most part responders to immunosuppressive therapy (complete/partial responses: 75% vs 50% in HLA mutated vs non mutated patients). Within the AA/MDS group instead HLA mutations were found in 4 out of 10 patients (40%), including of note three -7/del7q cases. Using Pierini and Lenz algorithm3 to determine inter-class HED, we found that HLA mutations tended to occur more often in patients with a high inter-class mean HED (94% vs 72% in non mutated group, p=.001, Fig. G), consistent with the idea that higher structural diversity of HLA molecules may induce more pervasive auto-immune responses, stronger immune pressure and ultimately the establishment of immune-escape mechanisms. In summary, our results indicate the importance of class-I and -II HLA loci somatic hits as markers of autoimmunity and thereby the severity of the immune selection pressure, configuring possibly alternative mechanisms of immune-escape, in addition to immune privileged PNH clones. This environment may ultimately facilitate leukemic clonal expansion in AA-MDS setting. Disclosures Patel: Alexion: Other: educational speaker. Peffault De Latour:Apellis: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc.: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Pfizer: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Amgen: Research Funding. Maciejewski:Novartis, Roche: Consultancy, Honoraria; Alexion, BMS: Speakers Bureau.

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Miller, Daniel R., Harold D. Pierce, Peter de Groot, Nicole Jeans-Williams, Robb Bennett, and John H. Borden. "SEX PHEROMONE OF CONOPHTHORUS PONDEROSAE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) IN A COASTAL STAND OF WESTERN WHITE PINE (PINACEAE)." Canadian Entomologist 132, no. 2 (April 2000): 243–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent132243-2.

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An isolated stand of western white pine, Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don, on Texada Island (49°40′N, 124°10′W), British Columbia, is extremely valuable as a seed-production area for progeny resistant to white pine blister rust, Cronartium ribicola J.C. Fisch. (Cronartiaceae). During the past 5 years, cone beetles, Conophthorus ponderosae Hopkins (= C. monticolae), have severely limited crops of western white pine seed from the stand. Standard management options for cone beetles in seed orchards are not possible on Texada Island. A control program in wild stands such as the one on Texada Island requires alternate tactics such as a semiochemical-based trapping program. Females of the related species, Conophthorus coniperda (Schwarz) and Conophthorus resinosae Hopkins, produce (+)-pityol, (2R,5S)-2-(1-hydroxyl-l-methylethyl)-5-methyl-tetrahydrofurana, sex pheromone that attracts males of both species (Birgersson et al. 1995; Pierce et al. 1995). The host compound a-pinene significantly increases attraction of male C. coniperda to pityol-baited traps in stands of eastern white pine, Pinus strobus L. (de Groot et al. 1998).

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Thomson, David J., David E. Beever, Michael J. Haines, Stephen B. Cammell, Roger T. Evans, Mewa S. Dhanoa, and Anthony R. Austin. "Yield and composition of milk from Friesian cows grazing either perennial ryegrass or white clover in early lactation." Journal of Dairy Research 52, no. 1 (February 1985): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029900023852.

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SUMMARYThe yield and composition of milk from Friesian cows grazing either perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) (G, ten cows) or white clover (Trifolium repens) (C, nine cows) were evaluated between d 21 and 129 post partum. The two forages, of similar digestible energy content, were the sole source of nutrients and were offeredad lib. (exp. 1). Digestion and flow at the duodenum were measured on 13 occasions in early lactation with comparable cows fitted with rumen and duodenal cannulae and grazing similar forages (exp. 2). The gross milk yield (22·2, G; 25·0, C, kg/dP< 0·05) and the yield of protein (0·66, G; 0·77, C, kg/d,P< 0·01) were higher, but the protein content was similar and the fat content lower for cows fed C compared with G. Cows fed G were heavier at the beginning of the experiment and lost weight more rapidly than cows fed C. Milk energy output, adjusted for tissue energy gain or loss, was 83·9 for cows fed C compared with 71·8 MJ/d for cows fed G (P< 0·001), during the period of tissue energy repletion (weeks 11–18). From week 18 to the end of lactation all cows from exp. 1 were fed silagead lib. and 502 kg dry matter of concentrates. The total (305 d) difference in lactation response to grazing C compared with G was 931 1 (5657 1, C; 4726 1, G); this was a direct response during the experiment of 301 1 and a residual response of 630 1. In exp. 2, more organic matter (6·47, G; 8·01, C, kg/ d,P< 0·001), and more non-ammonia N (433, G; 575, C, g/d,P< 0·001) entered the duodenum of cows grazing C compared with G.

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Zaimoku, Yoshitaka, Sharon D. Adams, Bhavisha A. Patel, Audrey Ai Chin Lee, Sachiko Kajigaya, Xingmin Feng, Olga Rios, et al. "Spectrum and Clinical Significance of HLA Class I Alleles and Their Somatic Mutations in Immune Aplastic Anemia." Blood 134, Supplement_1 (November 13, 2019): 3738. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-127359.

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Clonal hematopoiesis associated with loss of HLA class I alleles due to somatic mutations and/or 6p loss of heterozygosity (LOH) is frequent in immune aplastic anemia (AA). HLA-B*40:02 is more likely to be involved in HLA loss in Japanese AA patients, suggesting a role for this allele in immune pathophysiology (Zaimoku Y et al, Blood 2017). Mutations in non-B*40:02 HLA class I alleles have been reported in a limited number of patients from the United States (Babushok D et al, Blood Adv 2017) and Japan (Mizumaki H et al, 60th ASH meeting), but their prevalence and clinical significance are not well characterized. We investigated somatic mutations of HLA class I alleles, HLA allele frequencies, and their correlations with outcomes of therapy in a total of 532 AA patients, aged 2 years or older, treated on various Hematology Branch protocols (clinicaltrials.gov NCTs 00001964, 00061360, 00195624, 00260689, 00944749, 01193283, and 01623167). HLA allele-lacking (HLA-) monocytes from cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells were screened by flow cytometry after staining with allele-specific monoclonal antibodies for HLA-A and/or HLA-B (HLA-flow) in 172 AA patients. HLA- monocytes accounting for 0.5% to 100% (median 9.5%) of total monocytes were detected in 49 (28%) of the 172 patients and in 59 (15%) of 382 alleles analyzed (Figure 1). Loss of cell surface expression was frequent for HLA-B14 (46%), B27 (33%), B49 (33%), A68 (26%), A2 (23%), B40 (21%), and B8 (21%). One percent to 60% (median, 8.9%) of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked protein-negative (GPI-) monocytes were also present in 43% (21 of 49) of the patients with HLA- monocytes, but GPI- clones had normal HLA cell surface expression. Deep sequencing of HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-C on sorted HLA- and HLA+GPI+ monocytes was performed in 42 of the 48 patients from whom adequate cells were available. Somatic mutations and/or LOH corresponding to the lacking alleles were detected in all 42 cases (Figure 1): 9 had both somatic mutations and LOH, 20 had somatic mutations only, and 13 had LOH only. Among the 13 patients who showed only LOH in the absent allele, 6 had somatic mutations in other alleles of HLA+ monocytes that was not analyzable of HLA expression, and 2 had a breakpoint of LOH between HLA-A and HLA-C, leading to loss of a single HLA-A allele. Somatic mutations or LOH involving only one allele were present in 37 patients among 6 HLA-A alleles (in 02:01 [7 patients], 02:05 [1], 02:06 [3], 02:11 [1], 68:01 [2], 68:02 [2]) and 10 HLA-B alleles (07:02 [1], 08:01 [4], 14:01 [1], 14:02 [7], 27:05 [1], 35:02 [1], 35:05 [1], 40:01 [1], 40:02 [3], 45:01 [1]), but were not found in HLA-C alleles. HLA allele frequencies in AA patients, including 271 white Americans, 120 African-Americans, and 99 Hispanics and Latinos, were compared with ethnicity-matched individuals in bone marrow donor datasets of the National Marrow Donor Program, and underwent random-effects meta-analyses. HLA-B*07, B*14, and B*40 were overrepresented in AA, while A*02, A*68, and B*08 frequencies were similar to those of healthy donors (Figure 2). In 164 severe AA patients who were initially treated with horse antithymocyte globulin (hATG), cyclosporine, and eltrombopag between 2012 and 2018, 36 and 79 were positive and negative for HLA- monocytes, respectively, and 49 were not tested by HLA-flow. There was no significant difference in overall and complete response rates at six months among the three groups (Figure 3). Clonal evolution, defined as acquisition of abnormal bone marrow cytogenetics or morphology, especially high-risk evolution to chromosome 7 abnormalities, complex cytogenetics, or morphological MDS/AML, tended to be more frequent in patients with HLA- monocytes, compared to the other two groups, but the difference did not reach statistical significance. Clinical outcomes were also assessed according to the presence of specific HLA alleles in 400 severe AA patients who were treated with hATG-based initial immunosuppressive therapy from 2000 to 2018: there was no significant differences in probabilities of response and clonal evolution according to the alleles associated with somatic mutations. Our study revealed that somatic mutations in HLA genes in AA are broadly distributed, but some alleles are preferentially affected. Inconsistent with previous studies, we found that outcomes of therapy did not significantly correlate with HLA gene mutations or with distinct HLA alleles. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Sabia, Daniel, and Laura R. Woliver. "BETTY GLAD." PS: Political Science & Politics 43, no. 04 (October 2010): 802–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049096510001459.

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Dr. Betty Glad, 82, died August 2, 2010. She enjoyed a truly distinguished career as a scholar of American politics and foreign policy. Betty was the Olin D. Johnston Professor of Political Science and Distinguished Professor Emerita at the University of South Carolina. She was an exemplary scholar and an expert on the American presidency, U.S. foreign policy, and political leadership. She was the author ofJimmy Carter: In Search of the Great White House;Charles Evans Hughes and the Illusions of Innocence;Key Pittman: The Tragedy of a Senate Insider; and, most recently,An Outsider in the White House: Jimmy Carter, His Advisors, and the Making of American Foreign Policy(Cornell University Press, 2009). Betty was also editor or co-editor ofThe Psychological Dimensions of War,The Russian Transformation, and other books. In addition, she published dozens of articles, book chapters, and commentary. Her first book,Charles Evans Hughes, was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize.

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Maheshwari, Hera, Annissa Nuridfi Sasmita, Achmad Farajallah, Pudji Achmadi, and Koekoeh Santoso. "PENGARUH SUHU TERHADAP DIFERENSIAL LEUKOSIT SERTA KADAR MALONDIALDEHIDE (MDA) BURUNG PUYUH (Coturnix coturnix Japonica)." BIOMA 13, no. 2 (February 20, 2017): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/bioma13(2).4.

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The main problem in tropical poultry farming that often happens is a high mortality rate. Deaths occurrance mostly by heat stress, a condition which is caused by high temperature ( > 28 ° C). Prolonged heat stress was given to 24 quails grouped in four groups: A (39 ° C), B (41 ° C), C (43 ° C) and D (45 ° C). Provision of heat stress was done when the quails were 2 days old. Blood sampling was performed at the age of 6 weeks. Overall, there was an increase in the number of white blood cell, heterophile, eosinophil, monocyte, the ratio between heterophyll and lymphocyte and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in all treatment groups. While the number of lymphocytes decreased in all treatment groups. Basophils had a significant increase in group C, but there was a decrease in group B and D decreased from control. This indicates that maintenance above temperature > 25 ° C can cause oxidative stress due to heat stress in quail.

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Schäffner, Ines, Karl-Peter Rücknagel, Johanna Mansfeld, and Renate Ulbrich-Hofmann. "Genomic structure, cloning and expression of two phospholipase D isoenzymes from white cabbage." European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 104, no. 2 (February 2002): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1438-9312(200202)104:2<79::aid-ejlt79>3.0.co;2-c.

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Kpodo, Kouassi R., Alan W. Duttlinger, and Jay S. Johnson. "Effects of pen location on thermoregulation and growth performance in grow-finish pigs during late summer1." Translational Animal Science 3, no. 4 (March 23, 2019): 1375–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tas/txz033.

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Abstract The effects of pen location on swine thermoregulation and growth performance were determined over 6 weeks during late summer. A total of 128 mixed sex pigs [Duroc × (Landrace × Yorkshire)] were randomly assigned to 16 pens in two grow-finish barns (n = 8 pens/barn; 57.43 ± 1.33 kg initial body weight (BW)). Pen locations were determined based on orientation to ventilation fans and air inlets. Internal pens (IP; n = 4/barn) were in direct line of sight between the fans and air inlets while peripheral pens (PP; n = 4/barn) were located 0.70 ± 0.29 m to either side of a fan. Two sentinel gilts per pen were selected and vaginal temperature (TV) was measured in 10-min intervals using TV data loggers. Additionally, trunk skin temperature (TS) was measured with an infrared camera and respiration rate (RR) was measured by counting flank movements of the sentinel gilts twice daily (0800 and 1500 hours). Pen airspeed was measured twice daily (0800 and 1500 hours) at pig level with an anemometer. Individual pen ambient temperature (TA) and relative humidity (RH) were recorded daily in 10-min intervals. Feed consumption and BW were determined every 2 weeks. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS 9.4. Although airspeed was reduced overall (P = 0.01; 11%) in PP compared with IP, no differences (P > 0.10) in TA (27.53 ± 1.73 °C) or RH (68.47 ± 5.92%) were detected. An overall increase (P ≤ 0.02) in TV (0.23 °C), minimum TV (0.18 °C), and maximum TV (0.29 °C) was detected in PP versus IP housed pigs. Similarly, from 0800 to 1900 hours and 2000 to 0700 hours, TV was greater overall (P ≤ 0.01; 0.22 and 0.25 °C, respectively) in PP compared with IP housed pigs. An overall decrease in TS (P = 0.04) was observed in PP (37.39 ± 0.14 °C) compared with IP (37.61 ± 0.14 °C) housed pigs. No RR differences (P > 0.10; 76 ± 4 breaths per minute) were detected with any comparison. While no average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) differences were detected (P > 0.10; 0.74 ± 0.03 kg/d and 2.26 ± 0.08 kg/d, respectively), gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) was decreased (P = 0.02; 6%) in PP compared with IP housed pigs. In summary, pigs located in PP had greater body temperature and reduced G:F despite similarities in TA and RH between all pens.

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Cho, Keun Ho, Beyoung Hwa Kwack, Moo Ryong Huh, and Chiwon W. Lee. "152 Environmental Factors Affect the Growth and Transpiration Rate of Potted Oriental Cymbidium (Cymbidium goeringii)." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 416A—416. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.416a.

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The biomass yield, transpiration rate, and chlorophyll contents in Cymbidium goeringii plants grown under various light, temperature, and humidity conditions were investigated. Two-year-old plants potted in pine-bark medium were grown for 12 weeks during the summer months in polyethylene film-covered mini-greenhouses having four different environmental conditions: a) closed house (CH) with high humidity (95.1% RH), high light (800 μmol·m–2·s–1) and high temperature (37.5 °C), b) ventilated house (VH) with low humidity (41.4% RH), high light (800 μmol·m–2·s–1), and medium temperature (31.5 °C), c) shaded closed house (SCH) with high humidity (91.0% RH), low light (110 μmol·m–2·s–1) and medium temperature (33.3 °C), and d) shaded ventilated house (SVH) with medium humidity (61.5% RH), low light (110 μmol·m–2·s–1) and low temperature (30.5 °C). Plants grown in CH produced leaf chlorosis with 50% shorter leaves and 40% lower relative growth rate (7.9 mg/g fresh weight per day) compared to plants grown in SVH. Cymbidium plants grown in SCH or SVH showed higher leaf and root dry weights as compared to those grown in CH or VH. Leaf chlorophyll-a and -b contents as well as carbohydrate levels were the highest in plants grown in SVH, indicating the benefits of shading and ventilation. The rate of transpiration showed a quadratic response to increasing levels of leaf temperature (r2 = 0.81), wind velocity (r2 = 0.82), and vapor pressure deficit (VPD, r2 = 0.91). Regression analysis revealed that the maximum transpiration rate occurred at 25.4 °C leaf temperature, 2.1 m/s wind velocity, and 2.3 kPa VPD in this experiment.

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Ghosh, Sirshendu, Chandrani Pal, Sumana Paul, Manas Saha, Dulal Barman, and Subodh Kumar De. "Visible transparent white light emitting ink from a Ce3+ sensitized monodispersed Tb,Sm co-doped LaF3@C-dot nanocomposite." Chemical Communications 54, no. 100 (2018): 14124–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cc07423b.

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Snelgar, William P., Alistair J. Hall, A. Ross Ferguson, and Peter Blattmann. "Temperature influences growth and maturation of fruit on 'Hayward' kiwifruit vines." Functional Plant Biology 32, no. 7 (2005): 631. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp05062.

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The responses of fruit and shoot growth of ‘Hayward’ kiwifruit vines to changes of temperature were determined during spring, summer or autumn. Mature vines were warmed 2–5°C above ambient temperatures by enclosing them in temperature-controlled tunnel houses for 34–89 d. Increasing temperature during spring advanced the date of flowering by 17 d and increased the rate of shoot elongation by 6 mm d–1 °C–1. The fruit on these early-flowering vines were larger and had a higher dry matter concentration than control fruit during the first part of the season. Increasing temperature during summer increased the rate of shoot elongation but reduced fruit growth, accumulation of dry matter in fruit and fruit firmness. In contrast, increasing temperature during late autumn increased fruit growth but reduced the soluble solids concentration (SSC) of fruit and thus, delayed commercial maturity. When fruit growth data for summer and autumn were combined the variation in fruit growth with temperature could be described by a single quadratic curve. Maximum fruit growth occurred at 17°C and temperatures above or below this optimum reduced fruit growth. Consequently, during summer when ambient temperatures averaged 17°C, warming vines decreased fruit growth, while during late autumn, when ambient temperatures had fallen to 13°C, warming vines increased fruit growth. Warming vines during summer reduced both the SSC of ripe fruit and the vitamin C concentration. Warming vines during autumn increased SSC but reduced the vitamin C concentration.

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Gingras, Jean, and Jean-Claude Tourneur. "Timing of adult mortality, oviposition, and hatching during the underground phase of Forficula auricularia (Dermaptera: Forficulidae)." Canadian Entomologist 133, no. 2 (April 2001): 269–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent133269-2.

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AbstractWe studied the effects of frost on the survival rate of European earwigs, Forficula auricularia L., during the underground phase of their cycle and determined the timing of oviposition, hatching, and death of the adults; we selected couples and inserted them into the ground to a depth of 150 cm in an open area and along the foundations of a heated suburban house in the Montréal area. Oviposition occurred in November and December, and eggs hatched between January and early June, after an average incubation period of 79–189 d depending on experimental conditions. In the open area all adults and eggs at ground surface died, killed by frost, whereas those in the soil along the house foundation did not die. Males died during the fall and early winter; their longevity was shorter than that of females, which survived until shortly after egg hatch. Females and eggs survived temperatures as low as − 3 and − 2 °C, respectively. For successful reproduction, females must keep their developing eggs at a temperature low enough to delay hatching until mid-April.

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Larsen, M., P. Nansen, C. Grøndahl, S. M. Thamsborg, J. Grønvold, J. Wolstrup, S. A. Henriksen, and J. Monrad. "The capacity of the fungus Duddingtonia flagrans to prevent strongyle infections in foals on pasture." Parasitology 113, no. 1 (July 1996): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003118200006621x.

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SUMMARYA field trial was conducted to evaluate the potential of the nematode-destroying fungus Duddingtonia flagrans to control free-living stages of horse strongyles. In late Spring 2 groups of horses (yearlings) with mixed infections of strongyles were allowed to contaminate 2 equal-sized pastures. One of the groups (F) received a daily dose of D. flagrans mixed in a feed supplement, while the other (C) received a similar amount of supplement without fungus. During a 3-month contamination period strongyle egg counts in faeces and number of infective strongyle larvae harvested from faecal cultures were determined. Grass samples were collected fortnightly. After the contamination period the yearlings were removed and 2 groups of young tracer foals (TF and TC) grazed the fungus and control pastures respectively for 4 weeks, housed for another 15 weeks and then killed to determine their worm burdens. The number of larvae in cultures from group TF was significantly lower than that in TC and herbage infectivity was reduced to a very low level on the pasture grazed by horses fed fungi. The number of Strongylus vulgaris and Strongylus edentatus larvae was also significantly lowered in group TF. Cyathostome larvae recovered from the mucosa of the ventral and dorsal colon and from the caecum were significantly lowered in group TF foals. Also, the number of strongyles found in the gut contents of group TF foals were significantly reduced in the dorsal colon, but numbers of worms in the ventral colon and in the caecum were similar to those of the controls.

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Widanarni, Widanarni, Sukenda Sukenda, and Ghita Ryan Septiani. "APLIKASI SINBIOTIK UNTUK PENCEGAHAN INFEKSI INFECTIOUS MYONECROSIS VIRUS PADA UDANG VANAME (Litopenaeus vannamei) (Synbiotic Application for Prevention of Infectious Myonecrosis Virus Infection in White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei))." Jurnal Kedokteran Hewan - Indonesian Journal of Veterinary Sciences 10, no. 2 (September 5, 2016): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21157/j.ked.hewan.v10i2.5041.

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This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of dietary synbiotic at different giving frequencies on growth, immune responses, and resistance of white shrimp infected by infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV). Synbiotic used in this study was combination of probiotic Vibrio alginolyticus SKT-b and prebiotic oligosaccharides extracted from sweet potatoe (Ipomoea batatas L). Doses of probiotic and prebiotic used were 1% and 2% (w/w), respectively. The white shrimps (0.493±0.035 g) were divided into five treatments consisting of A and B (without supplementation of synbiotic: (A) positive control; (B) negative control), C (daily synbiotic supplementation), D (twice a week synbiotic supplementation), and E (weekly synbiotic supplementation). After 30 days of feeding trial, white shrimps were infected by IMNV (except negative control). The results showed that daily growth rate of white shrimp on all synbiotic treatments (C, D, and E) ranged from 6.93±0.025-6.97±0.019% and had higher values than controls (A and B) (P<0.05). Meanwhile, feed conversion value in C and D (1.54±0.142 and 1.58±0.117) were lower than controls (P<0.05). Supplementation of synbiotic with different frequencies also affected survival rate of white shrimp after the challenge test with IMNV; daily synbiotic supplementation (C) resulted in a 50% higher survival rate than positive control (P<0.05). This was associated with immune responses parameters values of synbiotic treatment (before and after the challenge test) which were better than positive control. In conclusion the addition of synbiotic in feed resulted in higher growth performances, immune responses,and resistance of white shrimp to IMNV infection.

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Chien, Yen-Chieh, and Jer-Chia Chang. "Net Houses Effects on Microclimate, Production, and Plant Protection of White-fleshed Pitaya." HortScience 54, no. 4 (April 2019): 692–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci13850-18.

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To evaluate the comprehensive response of commercial cultivation of the white-fleshed pitaya (Hylocereus undatus ‘VN White’) under net house in Taiwan, experiments were conducted during the natural reproductive period (from June to Sept. 2016) with fruits grown within net houses (either 16 or 24 mesh insect-proof netting, without fruit bagging) or in an open field (the control, without netting, with fruit bagging). The effects of netting on microclimate, phenological period, flowering (floral bud emergence) of current and noncurrent cladodes (shoots) (2- to 3-year-old), fruit quality, market acceptability, pests and diseases control, and level of sunburn were investigated. Indoor solar radiation in the 16 and 24 mesh net houses were 78.12% and 75.03%, respectively, and the sunlight intensities [photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), μmol·m−2·s−1] were 76.03% and 73.00%, respectively, that of control. The maximum daily temperature for the 16 and 24 mesh net houses was greater than that of the control. However, there were no significant differences in daily average temperature, minimum temperature, or relative humidity (RH). The first flowering cycle (12 June 2016) and last flowering cycle (11 Sept. 2016) in both net houses were the same as those in the control. The accumulative flowering of current cladodes was unaffected by net covering, but that of noncurrent-year cladodes in both net houses was lower than that in the control. Although the L* and C* values of fruit color in the 16 and 24 mesh net houses were lower than those in the control, the fruits still had commercial value. The average fruit weight of the 16 mesh net house was significantly greater than that of the control. Average total soluble solid (TSS) content, TSS content at the fruit center, and titratable acidity were unaffected. In addition, the 16 mesh net house blocked some large pests without exacerbating disease or sunburn. Our findings suggest that 16 mesh net houses may be useful for white-fleshed pitaya cultivation during its natural reproductive period in subtropical Taiwan.

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Bigras, Francine J., and André L. D'Aoust. "Influence of photoperiod on shoot and root frost tolerance and bud phenology of white spruce seedlings (Piceaglauca)." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23, no. 2 (February 1, 1993): 219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x93-029.

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To determine frost tolerance of shoots and roots and the phenology of apical buds under different photoperiods during hardening and dehardening, 16-week-old white spruce seedlings (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss) were hardened in growth chambers under 8-, 10-, 12-, and 14-h photoperiods for 14 d at 15:10 °C, followed by 14 d at each of the day:night temperatures of 12:8 °C, 10:5 °C, 5:2 °C under 13-h photoperiod, and finally, stored for 35 d at 0:0 °C in darkness. Afterwards, deacclimation conditions consisted of 14 d at 10:5 °C and 17 d at 15:10 °C with 15-h photoperiod. Frost tolerance was assessed at intervals, and phenology of apical buds was monitored by visual examination. The root dry mass remaining after removal of dead tissue was weighed 30 d after the freezing test to estimate frost damage to the root system. Results showed that hardening of shoots was influenced by photoperiod, whereas hardening of roots responded only to temperature. Frost tolerance of shoots was enhanced and bud formation accelerated under 8-h photoperiod. After 56 d of acclimation, frost tolerance of shoots reached −30, −17, −17, and −12 °C under photoperiods of 8, 10, 12, and 14 h, respectively. Bud break occurred earlier, in a similar fashion for plants treated with 8- and 10-h photoperiods. The root dry mass remaining after removal of dead tissue provided a reliable estimate of frost damage to root systems. Finally, we propose that short-day treatment accelerates and long-day treatment delays the dormancy development, thus causing all developmental processes to be affected. Consequently, hardiness development can also be accelerated by short-day treatment or delayed by long-day treatment, resulting in faster rates of hardening, dehardening, and bud break for seedlings of the short-day treatment, whereas long-day treatment delays those processes. These results complement the analysis of dehardening and bud break in the degree growth stage model described by L.H. Fuchigami and coworkers.

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Benedé, Sara, Leticia Pérez-Rodríguez, Mónica Martínez-Blanco, Elena Molina, and Rosina López-Fandiño. "Oral Exposure to House Dust Mite Activates Intestinal Innate Immunity." Foods 10, no. 3 (March 9, 2021): 561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10030561.

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Scope: House dust mite (HDM) induces Th2 responses in lungs and skin, but its effects in the intestine are poorly known. We aimed to study the involvement of HDM in the initial events that would promote sensitization through the oral route and eventually lead to allergy development. Methods and results: BALB/c mice were exposed intragastrically to proteolytically active and inactive HDM, as such, or in combination with egg white (EW), and inflammatory and type 2 responses were evaluated. Oral administration of HDM, by virtue of its proteolytic activity, promoted the expression, in the small intestine, of genes encoding tight junction proteins, proinflammatory and Th2-biasing cytokines, and it caused expansion of group 2 innate immune cells, upregulation of Th2 cytokines, and dendritic cell migration and activation. In lymphoid tissues, its proteolytically inactivated counterpart also exerted an influence on the expression of surface DC molecules involved in interactions with T cells and in Th2 cell differentiation, which was confirmed in in vitro experiments. However, in our experimental setting we did not find evidence for the promotion of sensitization to coadministered EW. Conclusion: Orally administered HDM upregulates tissue damage factors and also acts as an activator of innate immune cells behaving similarly to potent oral Th2 adjuvants.

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Fisher Gregory, N., R. P. Mulrooney, A. Y. Rossman, and L. A. Castlebury. "Anthracnose Caused by Discula fraxinea on the New Host Chinese Fringetree and White Ash in Delaware." Plant Disease 88, no. 4 (April 2004): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2004.88.4.427b.

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Leaf blight or anthracnose symptoms have been noted on the current year's growth of Chinese fringetree (Chionanthus retusis L.) since the early 1990s in Newark, DE. Symptoms begin as dark, greenish brown, water-soaked lesions on the edges of young leaves. With time, lesions enlarge, turn darker brown, and coalesce with necrotic areas turning dry and light brown. Isolations from infected leaves consistently yielded a golden brown fungal culture on acidified potato dextrose agar. Similar symptoms were observed on white ash (Fraxinus americana L.), from which a similar fungus was isolated. C. retusis and F. americana belong to the Oleaceae, the olive family. Acervuli were inconspicuous on leaves, but conidia were easily observed. Conidia were small, non-septate, ellipsoidal, hyaline, and averaged 5.5 × 3.5 μm. In culture, the fungus formed conspicuous, concentric zones of flocculent mycelium and spherical conidiomata when exposed to diurnal light. Isolates from C. retusis and ash were identified as Discula fraxinea (Peck) Redlin & Stack, the anamorph of Gnomoniella fraxini Redlin & Stack (Gnomoniaceae, Diaporthales) (3). Sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of rDNA indicated that the isolates from C. retusis and white ash (GenBank Accession No. AY455810-AY455818) were conspecific with D. fraxinea isolates from Maryland and Oregon, with six or fewer base pair substitutions or insertion/deletions (indels) across all isolates. Ash anthracnose has been reported from the central and eastern United States and California, the prairie provinces in Canada, and recently from British Columbia, usually under the synonyms of Gloeosporium aridum and G. fraxineum (1,2). Koch's postulates were completed when isolates of D. fraxinea from C. retusis, green ash (F.pennsylvanica Marsh.), and white ash were inoculated onto 3- to 4-year-old trees of C. retusis and F. americana in 2000 and 2001. Seven replicate branches with emerging leaves were sprayed to runoff with a conidial suspension (60,000 conidia per ml) and covered with plastic bags for 24 h. After 20 days, 85% of C. retusis branches inoculated with a C. retusis isolate developed symptoms, and D. fraxinea was isolated from 78.6% of symptomatic leaves. Isolates from green ash in Maryland and white ash in Delaware produced symptoms on 57% of C. retusis branches. Only 37% of white ash branches inoculated with isolates from C. retusis and white ash developed symptoms, but D. fraxinea was isolated from 100% of symptomatic leaves. No symptoms developed on control branches. To our knowledge, this is the first report of D. fraxinea on C. retusis or on any member of that plant genus (1,2). In addition, D. fraxinea has not previously been reported on F. americana in Delaware. Specimens and cultures of D. fraxinea from C. retusis (BPI 746408, CBS 114058) and F. americana (BPI 746411, CBS 114051) were deposited at the U.S. National Fungus Collection and the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, The Netherlands. References: (1) D. F. Farr et al. Fungi on Plants and Plant Products in the United States. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1989. (2) D. F. Farr et al. Fungal Databases. Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory, On-line publication. ARS, USDA, 2003. (3) S. C. Redlin and R. W. Stack. Mycotaxon 32:175, 1988.

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46

Gonzalez-Esquerra, R., and S. Leeson. "Effect of arginine:lysine and methionine source on amino acid digestibility and response to dietary electrolytes in chronically or acutely heat-stressed broilers." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 86, no. 2 (June 1, 2006): 263–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a05-048.

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In two experiments, the effects of arginine:lysine, NaHCO3 and methionine source on performance and amino acid digestion of heat-stressed broilers were studied. In exp. 1, corn/soy diets with argine:lysine (Arg:Lys) of 1.10, 1.25 and 1.40 were fed from 21 to 42 d. Diets were supplemented with 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)-butanoic acid (HMB) or DL-Methionine (DLM) with NaHCO3 at 0 or 1.04%. Ten replicates per treatment of four birds per cage were maintained at 31.7 ± 0.9°C. From 21 to 28 d weight gain (BWG), feed consumption and feed-to-gain (FCR) were unaffected by diet treatment. Methionine source did not influence bird performance (P > 0.05). However, from 35 to 42 d, when diets were supplemented with NaHCO3, BWG and FCR of birds fed DLM were compromised when offered diets with Arg:Lys at 1.40. In diets devoid of NaHCO3, increasing Arg:Lys to 1.25 impaired BWG and FCR for broilers fed DLM, although effects disappeared when more Arg was used. Performance of birds on HMB was mostly unaffected by Arg:Lys or NaHCO3 except when fed diets void of NaHCO3 with Arg:Lys of 1.40, when FCR was impaired. In exp. 2, broilers were maintained at thermoneutrality (TN) reaching 20°C at 33 d. Other birds were at 31°C throughout, representing chronic heat stress (CHS), while a third group changed suddenly from 20 to 31°C at 25 d representing acute heat stress (AHS). Birds within each environment were housed in one of two rooms with eight replicates of four birds per treatment. At 25 d, birds were fed Arg:Lys of 0.95 or 1.40 with DLM supplemented at requirement. Birds fed Arg:Lys of 1.40 were also offered diets with synthetic L-methionine (L-Met). Adding L-Met to high Arg diets during CHS significantly depressed ileal digestibility of all amino acids (P < 0.05). It is concluded that chronic heat stress can affect the digestibility of amino acids, and that this effect may impact performance. Key words: Broilers, methionine, arginine, heat stress, digestibility, sodium bicarbonate

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Kimsé, M., M. Y. Yapi, M. Karamoko, T. Gidenne, M. Zongo, B. I. Gnanda, A. Akoutey, N. C. Bodji, A. Fantodji, and A. Otchoumou. "Effect of tropical green forage Pueraria phaseoloides addition to a pelleted complete feed on rabbit growth performance and digestion." World Rabbit Science 25, no. 3 (September 28, 2017): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/wrs.2017.5126.

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The aim of this work was to study the effect of tropical green forage on rabbit growth performance and apparent digestibility. Thirty rabbits weaned at 35 d of age were individually caged and allotted to 2 dietary treatments. From 35 to 90 d of age, the control group C was fed ad libitum with commercial pelleted diet C only, while the test group was fed the C diet and forage Pueraria phaseoloides (Pp) ad libitum. Individual water and feed intake, body weight gain, nutrient apparent digestibility, red and white blood cells were studied. Mean housing temperature was 27.7°C. Water intake (35-90 d) did not differ between the 2 groups (mean=128 mL/d), whereas feed intake (35-90 d) was twice as high, with Pp (114 vs. 56 g; P=0.02). Forage intake doubled every 2 wk, averaging 50% of the total intake from 35 to 90 d of age. The growth rate was higher (+30%) in the Pp group after weaning (35-49 d) but did not differ between groups thereafter. The feed conversion was higher for the Pp group after weaning only (+ 87%; P<0;05). Weight of rabbits and feed efficiency were not affected by forage addition. Organic matter digestibility of diet C alone was roughly twofold higher compared to C+Pp (P=0.03). Red blood cells were not affected by treatments (4.1×1012 cells/L). However, the white blood cell count was higher in Pp than in C group (7.4×109 vs. 3.9×109 cells/L; P<0.01). P. phaseoloides may be used as a complement to a balanced pelleted feed, but further studies with a large number of rabbits are necessary to analyse the potential impact on health status.

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Yan, Zhengnan, Dongxian He, Genhua Niu, Qing Zhou, and Yinghua Qu. "Growth, Nutritional Quality, and Energy Use Efficiency of Hydroponic Lettuce as Influenced by Daily Light Integrals Exposed to White versus White Plus Red Light-emitting Diodes." HortScience 54, no. 10 (October 2019): 1737–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci14236-19.

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Few researchers examined different red light amounts added in white light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with varied daily light integrals (DLIs) for hydroponic lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). In this study, effects of DLI and LED light quality (LQ) on growth, nutritional quality, and energy use efficiency of hydroponic lettuce were investigated in a plant factory with artificial lighting (PFAL). Hydroponic lettuce plants (cv. Ziwei) were grown for 20 days under 20 combinations of five levels of DLIs at 5.04, 7.56, 10.08, 12.60, and 15.12 mol·m−2·d−1 and four LQs: two kinds of white LEDs with red to blue ratio (R:B ratio) of 0.9 and 1.8, and two white LEDs plus red chips with R:B ratio of 2.7 and 3.6, respectively. Results showed that leaf and root weights and power consumption based on fresh and dry weights increased linearly with increasing DLI, and light and electrical energy use efficiency (LUE and EUE) decreased linearly as DLI increased. However, no statistically significant differences were found in leaf fresh and dry weights and nitrate and vitamin C contents between DLI at 12.60 and 15.12 mol·m−2·d−1. Also, no effects of LQ on leaf dry weight of hydroponic lettuce were observed at a DLI of 5.04 mol·m−2·d−1. White plus red LEDs with an R:B ratio of 2.7 resulted in higher leaf fresh weight than the two white LEDs. LUE increased by more than 20% when red light fraction increased from 24.2% to 48.6%. In summary, white plus red LEDs with an R:B ratio of 2.7 at DLI at 12.60 mol·m−2·d−1 were recommended for commercial hydroponic lettuce (cv. Ziwei) production in PFALs.

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Kolář, L., M. Maršálek, J. Frelich, S. Kužel, P. Smetana, J. Zedníková, and M. Švecová. "Changes in methane release from organic matter passing through the digestive tract of horses." Czech Journal of Animal Science 54, No. 3 (March 20, 2009): 112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1677-cjas.

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Using the tests of methanogenic activity (TMA) changes in methane yield (YCH4) and anaerobic degradability (Dc) of organic matter of feeds and excrements were studied in an experimental group of six horses while complete analytical methods were applied (N-compound matters, proteins, non-protein N-compound matters, fat, nitrogen-free extract, ash, crude fibre, organic matter, NDF, ADF, hemicelluloses, cellulose, lignin and chemical oxygen demand COD) and the material balance was determined. The horses utilised 48.8% of organic matter of feeds in dry matter while the daily weight of droppings was 21 kg with 5.20% of dry matter and 4 kg of urine with 7% of organic matters. It is important that the theoretical methane yield per 24 hours corresponding to the organic matter of ingested feeds which was transferred to excrements is 1.771 m3 CH4 at 0°C and 1 013.25 hPa while the actual daily methane yield of droppings is 1.739 m3 CH4 at 0°C and 1 013.25 hPa, i.e. practically identical, because the yield from urine organic matters was not included in the actual daily methane yield. Because the anaerobic degradability of the used feed mixture and horse droppings is practically identical, it is obvious that besides the enteric fermentation according to the reaction CO2 + 4 H2 → CH4 + 2 H2O by hydrogenotrophic methanogens no classical anaerobic digestion takes place in the digestive tract of horses; it means that the horse breeding sector is not a factor contaminating the atmosphere by methane.

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ERICKSON, JOHN P., and PHYLLIS JENKINS. "Behavior of Psychrotropic Pathogens Listeria monocytogenes, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Aeromonas hydrophila in Commercially Pasteurized Eggs Held at 2, 6.7 and 12.8° C." Journal of Food Protection 55, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-55.1.8.

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Four commercially pasteurized liquid egg products were individually inoculated with Listeria monocytogenes, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Aeromonas hydrophila. They were unsalted whole egg blend, unsalted egg white, 5% NaCl whole egg blend, and 10% NaCl egg yolk. The inoculated samples and uninoculated controls were held at 2, 6.7, and 12.8°C (temperature abuse) for 14 d. Psychrotropic pathogen growth or survival risks in the unsalted and NaCl supplemented eggs were Y. enterocolitica > A. hydrophila > L. monocytogenes, and L. monocytogenes > Y. enterocolitica > A. hydrophila, respectively. Y. enterocolitica produced delayed (≥4 d) growth responses in unsalted eggs held at ≤6.7°C but was inhibited by ≥5% NaCl at all three holding temperatures. L. monocytogenes growth was prevented at ≤6.7°C in the unsalted and NaCl supplemented eggs. The organism rapidly increased in the temperature abused 5% NaCl whole egg blend. L. monocytogenes and A. hydrophila were inactivated in the unsalted egg white and NaCl supplemented eggs, respectively. Psychrotropic pathogen behavior was unaffected by the competitive growth of indigenous spoilage microflora including pseudomonads, Serratia spp., and NaCl tolerant micrococci. Properly refrigerated and hygienically handled pasteurized liquid eggs are microbiologically safe against a broad range of psychrotropic pathogen strains.

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