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Journal articles on the topic 'White Sands Missile Range (WSMR)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 16 February 2022

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1

Saxen, Thomas R., Cynthia K. Mueller, Thomas T. Warner, et al. "The Operational Mesogamma-Scale Analysis and Forecast System of the U.S. Army Test and Evaluation Command. Part IV: The White Sands Missile Range Auto-Nowcast System." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 47, no. 4 (2008): 1123–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jamc1656.1.

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Abstract During the summer months at the U.S. Army Test and Evaluation Command’s (ATEC) White Sands Missile Range (WSMR), forecasting thunderstorm activity is one of the primary duties of the range forecasters. The safety of personnel working on the range and the protection of expensive test equipment depend critically on the quality of forecasts of thunderstorms and associated hazards, including cloud-to-ground lightning, hail, strong winds, heavy rainfall, flash flooding, and tornadoes. The National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Auto-Nowcast (ANC) system is one of the key forecast tools in the ATEC Four-Dimensional Weather System (4DWX) at WSMR, where its purpose is to aid WSMR meteorologists in their mission of very short term thunderstorm forecasting. Besides monitoring the weather activity throughout the region and warning personnel of potentially hazardous thunderstorms, forecasters play a key role in assisting with the day-to-day planning of test operations on the range by providing guidance with regard to weather conditions favorable to testing. Moreover, based on climatological information about the local weather conditions, forecasters advise their range customers about scheduling tests at WSMR months in advance. This paper reviews the NCAR ANC system, provides examples of the ANC system’s use in thunderstorm forecasting, and describes climatological analyses of WSMR summertime thunderstorm activity relevant for long-range planning of tests. The climatological analysis illustrates that radar-detected convective cells with reflectivity of ≥35 dBZ at WSMR are 1) short lived, with 76% having lifetimes of less than 30 min; 2) small, with 67% occupying areas of less than 25 km2; 3) slow moving, with 79% exhibiting speeds of less than 4 m s−1; 4) moderately intense, with 80% showing reflectivities in excess of 40 dBZ; and 5) deep, with 80% of the storms reaching far enough above the freezing level to be capable of generating lightning.

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2

Vourlidas, Angelos, Samuel Tun Beltran, Georgios Chintzoglou, et al. "Investigation of the Chromosphere–Corona Interface with the Upgraded Very High Angular Resolution Ultraviolet Telescope (VAULT2.0)." Journal of Astronomical Instrumentation 05, no. 01 (2016): 1640003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2251171716400031.

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Very high angular resolution ultraviolet telescope (VAULT2.0) is a Lyman-alpha (Ly[Formula: see text]; 1216[Formula: see text]Å) spectroheliograph designed to observe the upper chromospheric region of the solar atmosphere with high spatial ([Formula: see text]) and temporal (8[Formula: see text]s) resolution. Besides being the brightest line in the solar spectrum, Ly[Formula: see text] emission arises at the temperature interface between coronal and chromospheric plasmas and may, hence, hold important clues about the transfer of mass and energy to the solar corona. VAULT2.0 is an upgrade of the previously flown VAULT rocket and was launched successfully on September 30, 2014 from White Sands Missile Range (WSMR). The target was AR12172 midway toward the southwestern limb. We obtained 33 images at 8[Formula: see text]s cadence at arc second resolution due to hardware problems. The science campaign was a resounding success, with all space and ground-based instruments obtaining high-resolution data at the same location within the AR. We discuss the science rationale, instrument upgrades, and performance during the first flight and present some preliminary science results.

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3

Magruder, Lori A., Kelly M. Brunt, and Michael Alonzo. "Early ICESat-2 on-orbit Geolocation Validation Using Ground-Based Corner Cube Retro-Reflectors." Remote Sensing 12, no. 21 (2020): 3653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12213653.

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The Ice, Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2), an Earth-observing laser altimetry mission, is currently providing global elevation measurements. Geolocation validation confirms the altimeter’s ability to accurately position the measurement on the surface of the Earth and provides insight into the fidelity of the geolocation determination process. Surfaces well characterized by independent methods are well suited to provide a measure of the ICESat-2 geolocation accuracy through statistical comparison. This study compares airborne lidar data with the ICESat-2 along-track geolocated photon data product to determine the horizontal geolocation accuracy by minimizing the vertical residuals between datasets. At the same location arrays of corner cube retro-reflectors (CCRs) provide unique signal signatures back to the satellite from their known positions to give a deterministic solution of the laser footprint diameter and the geolocation accuracy for those cases where two or more CCRs were illuminated within one ICESat-2 transect. This passive method for diameter recovery and geolocation accuracy assessment is implemented at two locations: White Sands Missile Range (WSMR) in New Mexico and along the 88°S latitude line in Antarctica. This early on-orbit study provides results as a proof of concept for this passive validation technique. For the cases studied the diameter value ranged from 10.6 to 12 m. The variability is attributed to the statistical nature of photon-counting lidar technology and potentially, variations in the atmospheric conditions that impact signal transmission. The geolocation accuracy results from the CCR technique and airborne lidar comparisons are within the mission requirement of 6.5 m.

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4

BATT, R. G., M. P. PETACH, S. A. PEABODY, and R. R. BATT. "Boundary layer entrainment of sand-sized particles at high speed." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 392 (August 10, 1999): 335–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112099005510.

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An experimental study of entrainment of sand-sized particles in turbulent boundary layers has been performed in a high-speed wind tunnel at square-pulse flow speeds of 27 to 101 ms−1 and for soil bed lengths varying from 2.1 to 5.8 m. Because of high particle drag-to-weight ratios (D/W = 100–1000) and friction velocities (uf) well above soil threshold friction velocities (uft; 10 [les ] uf/uft [les ] 40), the present results correspond to the suspension regime of dust lofting, in contrast to low-speed saltation flows (1 [les ] uf/uft [les ] 5; D/W / 15). Results are obtained characterizing particle entrainment for both a natural soil (White Sands Missile Range (WSMR) sand; 50% finer-by-weight diameter, D50 = 180 μm) and a monosized sand sample (Ottawa sand, D50 = 250 μm). Measurements of local boundary layer velocities and dust densities were performed with traversing state-of-the-art diagnostics. Scouring rate data (0.015 [les ] ms [les ] 0.30 g cm−2 s−1) and streamwise soil flux (10 [les ] Q [les ] 150 g cm−1 s−1) as a function of bed length and velocity were determined.Scouring rates were found to increase as the 3/2-power of velocity, but decay as the inverse square root of dust bed length. Corresponding streamwise soil fluxes (also known as soil loss rates) increased to the 3/2-power of velocity in contrast to the cube power dependence for low-speed results (ufree-stream [les ] 15 m s−1; Q [les ] 1.5 g cm−1 s−1). Comparison of scouring rate data (from pre/post-test soil loss measurements) with derived data based on the rate of change of streamwise flux with distance was favourable. WSMR rates were always lower than Ottawa sand rates, a result consistent with the lower repose angle for the Ottawa sand sample.Both sets of soil data demonstrate that dust edges extend vertically to higher elevations than corresponding velocity edges. This result implies that the turbulent Schmidt number for the present flows is less than unity and of the order of 0.7. Favourable collapsing of the scouring rate data base was achieved when measured rates were normalized by the friction velocity mass flux, square root of edge Mach number and sand repose angle ratio. A universal rate of 0.3±0.1 correlated well with the bulk of the data.

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5

Pope, Daniel. "Range Wars: The Environmental Contest for White Sands Missile Range." Journal of American History 104, no. 1 (2017): 256–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jax119.

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6

Neil, George R., J. A. Edighoffer, P. M. Livingston, J. M. Rawls, and I. Smith. "The induction-FEL design for the white sands missile range." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 296, no. 1-3 (1990): 257–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(90)91219-2.

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7

Alagona, Peter S. "Ryan H. Edgington. Range Wars: The Environmental Contest for White Sands Missile Range." American Historical Review 120, no. 3 (2015): 1057–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/120.3.1057.

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8

Ackland, Len. "Review: Range Wars: The Environmental Contest for White Sands Missile Range by Ryan H. Edgington." Pacific Historical Review 85, no. 1 (2016): 174–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2016.85.1.174.

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9

Nastrom, G. D., and F. D. Eaton. "A brief climatology of eddy diffusivities over White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 102, no. D25 (1997): 29819–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/97jd02208.

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10

Findlay, John M. "Range Wars: The Environmental Contest for White Sands Missile Range.By Ryan H. Edgington." Environmental History 20, no. 4 (2015): 814–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/envhis/emv085.

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11

Snow, John T., and Thomas M. McClelland. "Dust devils at White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico: 1. Temporal and spatial distributions." Journal of Geophysical Research 95, no. D9 (1990): 13707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/jd095id09p13707.

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12

Wheeler, Robert J., Stuart R. LeCroy, Charles H. Whitlock, Gerald C. Purgold, and Jeffery S. Swanson. "Surface characteristics for the alkali flats and dunes regions at white sands missile range, New Mexico." Remote Sensing of Environment 48, no. 2 (1994): 181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0034-4257(94)90140-6.

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13

Flanders, T. M., and M. H. Sparks. "Monte Carlo Calculations of the Neutron Environment Produced by the White Sands Missile Range Fast Burst Reactor." Nuclear Science and Engineering 103, no. 3 (1989): 265–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.13182/nse89-a23677.

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14

Nastrom, G. D., and F. D. Eaton. "Onset of the summer monsoon over White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico, as seen by VHF radar." Journal of Geophysical Research 98, no. D12 (1993): 23235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93jd02306.

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15

Kroll, Andrew J., Ken Boykin, Mark C. Andersen, Bruce C. Thompson, and David L. Daniel. "HABITAT CHARACTERISTICS OF ASHMUNELLA (GASTROPODA: PULMONATA: POLYGYRIDAE) AT WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE AND FORT BLISS, NEW MEXICO." Southwestern Naturalist 48, no. 1 (2003): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1894/0038-4909(2003)048<0014:hcoagp>2.0.co;2.

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16

Nastrom, G. D., and F. D. Eaton. "Turbulence eddy dissipation rates from radar observations at 5-20 km at White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 102, no. D16 (1997): 19495–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/97jd01262.

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17

Nastrom, G. D., and F. D. Eaton. "Variations of Winds and Turbulence Seen by the 50-MHz Radar at White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico." Journal of Applied Meteorology 34, no. 10 (1995): 2135–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1995)034<2135:vowats>2.0.co;2.

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18

Webster, Joseph H. "Wolves and the white sands missile range: The army's changing attitude toward its role under the endangered species act." Federal Facilities Environmental Journal 7, no. 2 (1996): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ffej.3330070210.

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19

Edgington, Ryan. "The Safari of the Southwest: Hunting, Science, and the African Oryx on White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico, 1969–2006." Western Historical Quarterly 40, no. 4 (2009): 469–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/whq/40.4.469.

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20

Eaton, Frank D., and Gregory D. Nastrom. "Preliminary estimates of the vertical profiles of inner and outer scales from White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico, VHF radar observations." Radio Science 33, no. 4 (1998): 895–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98rs01254.

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21

Hansen, Anthony R., Gregory D. Nastrom, and Frank D. Eaton. "Seasonal variation of gravity wave activity at 5-20 km observed with VHF radar at White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 106, no. D15 (2001): 17171–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001jd900137.

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22

BLAIR, TERENCE C., JEFFREY S. CLARK, and STEPHEN G. WELLS. "Quaternary continental stratigraphy, landscape evolution, and application to archeology: Jarilla piedmont and Tularosa graben floor, White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico." Geological Society of America Bulletin 102, no. 6 (1990): 749–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1990)102<0749:qcslea>2.3.co;2.

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23

Chakrabarti, Supriya, Christopher B. Mendillo, Timothy A. Cook, et al. "Planet Imaging Coronagraphic Technology Using a Reconfigurable Experimental Base (PICTURE-B): The Second in the Series of Suborbital Exoplanet Experiments." Journal of Astronomical Instrumentation 05, no. 01 (2016): 1640004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2251171716400043.

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The PICTURE-B sounding rocket mission is designed to directly image the exozodiacal light and debris disk around the Sun-like star Epsilon Eridani. The payload used a 0.5[Formula: see text]m diameter silicon carbide primary mirror and a visible nulling coronagraph which, in conjunction with a fine pointing system capable of 5[Formula: see text]milliarcsecond stability, was designed to image the circumstellar environment around a nearby star in visible light at small angles from the star and at high contrast. Besides contributing an important science result, PICTURE-B matures essential technology for the detection and characterization of visible light from exoplanetary environments for future larger missions currently being imagined. The experiment was launched from the White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico on 2015 November 24 and demonstrated the first space operation of a nulling coronagraph and a deformable mirror. Unfortunately, the experiment did not achieve null, hence did not return science results.

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24

Nastrom, G. D. "Doppler radar spectral width broadening due to beamwidth and wind shear." Annales Geophysicae 15, no. 6 (1997): 786–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-997-0786-7.

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Abstract. The spectral width observed by Doppler radars can be due to several effects including the atmospheric turbulence within the radar sample volume plus effects associated with the background flow and the radar geometry and configuration. This study re-examines simple models for the effects due to finite beamwidth and vertical shear of the horizontal wind. Analytic solutions of 1- and 2-dimensional models are presented. Comparisons of the simple 2-dimensional model with numerical integrations of a 3-dimensional model with a symmetrical Gaussian beam show that the 2-dimensional model is usually adequate. The solution of the 2-dimensional model gives a formula that can be applied easily to large data sets. Analysis of the analytic solutions of the 2-dimensional model for off-vertical beams reveals a term that has not been included in mathematical formulas for spectral broadening in the past. This term arises from the simultaneous effects of the changing geometry due to curvature within a finite beamwidth and the vertical wind shear. The magnitude of this effect can be comparable to that of the well-known effects of beam-broadening and wind shear, and since it can have either algebraic sign, it can significantly reduce (or increase) the expected spectral broadening, although under typical conditions it is smaller than the beam-broadening effect. The predictions of this simple model are found to be consistent with observations from the VHF radar at White Sands Missile Range, NM.

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25

Durrant, B., N. Ravida, D. Van Dien, C. Young, and P. Mathis. "177 IN VITRO MATURATION AND FERTILIZATION OF OVARIAN OOCYTES OF FREE-RANGING GEMSBOK (ORYX GAZELLA)." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 24, no. 1 (2012): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv24n1ab177.

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The gemsbok is a large antelope native to arid regions of southern Africa. Listed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as a species of least concern, the gemsbok is an excellent model for the development of assisted reproductive techniques for the closely related but critically endangered scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah) and addax (Addax nasomaculatus). Gemsbok were introduced to the White Sands Missile Range by the New Mexico Department of Game and Fish to preserve the habitat by providing big game hunting, which ensures the support and lobby of hunters. Gonads were collected from hunted gemsbok and transported in PBS to the laboratory, where gametes were harvested. Testes were stored at 4°C in PBS until sperm were needed for IVF (18 to 28 h). Ovaries were sliced to release follicular oocytes, which were placed in maturation medium (TCM-199 with FCS, pyruvate, gentamicin and LH, FSH and oestradiol) for 20- to 22-h in vitro maturation culture at 38.8°C in 5% CO2 in air. Oocytes were then washed [Tyrode lactate (TL)-HEPES with BSA, pyruvate and gentamicin] and placed in groups of 5 to 10 in 50-μL drops of IVF-TL medium supplemented with pyruvate, gentamicin and BSA. Sperm were allowed to swim out of sliced epididymides into room temperature IVF-TL medium and then equilibrated for 30 min at 38.8°C. Approximately 2 × 103 motile sperm were added to each oocyte drop and incubated under oil for 21 to 23 h at 38.8°C in 5% CO2 in air. Domestic cattle oocytes were matured in maturation medium at 39°C during shipment to the field site, where they were washed and transferred to IVF medium as described for gemsbok oocytes. Approximately 1.7 × 103 motile gemsbok sperm were added to each drop and oocytes were incubated as described for gemsbok oocytes. At the end of IVF culture, oocytes of both species were stripped of granulosa cells and placed in embryo medium (SOF supplemented with BSA, essential and nonessential amino acids, pyruvate and gentamicin; all media formulations from Applied Reproductive Technologies, Madison, WI, USA) at 38.8°C in 5% CO2 in air. Embryo culture medium was refreshed after 48 h. Embryos were removed from culture after 6 days, examined for cleavage and fixed in PBS:formalin for staining and further analysis. Although gemsbok sperm were capable of fertilizing domestic cow oocytes at the same rate (38.3%) as gemsbok oocytes (37.1%), the antelope oocytes cleaved at a higher rate (29% vs cattle at 15.3%). These results indicate that chilled epididymal gemsbok sperm is capable of fertilizing gemsbok and domestic cattle oocytes and that protocols designed for in vitro maturation and fertilization of cattle oocytes may be successfully used in the field to produce gemsbok embryos (Table 1). Table 1.Fertilization of in vitro-matured gemsbok and cattle oocytes by chilled epididymal gemsbok sperm The authors thank the New Mexico Department of Game and Fish, Troylyn Zimmerly, Dana Powers and the Biology Department of New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology.

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26

"Range wars: the environmental contest for White Sands Missile Range." Choice Reviews Online 52, no. 06 (2015): 52–3060. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/choice.186866.

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27

Rachmeler, Laurel A., Amy R. Winebarger, Sabrina L. Savage, et al. "The High-Resolution Coronal Imager, Flight 2.1." Solar Physics 294, no. 12 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11207-019-1551-2.

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AbstractThe third flight of the High-Resolution Coronal Imager (Hi-C 2.1) occurred on May 29, 2018; the Sounding Rocket was launched from White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico. The instrument has been modified from its original configuration (Hi-C 1) to observe the solar corona in a passband that peaks near 172 Å, and uses a new, custom-built low-noise camera. The instrument targeted Active Region 12712, and captured 78 images at a cadence of 4.4 s (18:56:22 – 19:01:57 UT; 5 min and 35 s observing time). The image spatial resolution varies due to quasi-periodic motion blur from the rocket; sharp images contain resolved features of at least 0.47 arcsec. There are coordinated observations from multiple ground- and space-based telescopes providing an unprecedented opportunity to observe the mass and energy coupling between the chromosphere and the corona. Details of the instrument and the data set are presented in this paper.

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