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Journal articles on the topic 'White sturgeon White sturgeon Caviar'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 16 February 2022

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1

Trenkler, I. V. "The aquaculture of Acipenseriformes. Part 6. Northern and South America." Rybovodstvo i rybnoe hozjajstvo (Fish Breeding and Fisheries), no. 10 (October 1, 2020): 68–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-09-2010-07.

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The history and contemporary state of global aquaculture of sturgeons and paddlefish are reviewed. The paddlefish Polyodon spathula became first object of cultivation of Acipenseriformes in USA. The paddlefish has high rate of growth in ponds using natural feeds, mature females can produce about 15% of their body weight in roe similar to eggs of star sturgeon Acipenser stellatus. Some liabilities include juveniles vulnerable to bird predation, poor tolerance to high densities, low oxygen and handling stress, waiting period of at least 7 years before females produce eggs. The paddlefish farming is carried out mainly in Kentucky, Indiana, Missouri and Alabama in polyculture with canal catfish Ictalurus punctatus or freshwater shrimp Macrobrachium rosenbergii. The most important object of North-American sturgeon breeding is white sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus, the biggest and fast-growing species of Acipenser genera. The largest commercial sturgeon farms are located in California, Idaho and Florida. A research program on biotechnology of white sturgeon farming has been initiated by the University of California at Davis in December 1979. The first successful artificial propagation of white sturgeon from Sacramento River was carried out in 1980, the first hatchery females matured in 1994. The hatchery progeny of Snake River white sturgeon was received in 1988, the first females matured in 2000. The first caviar was processed only after maturation of second generation. In Florida and North Carolina farmers used for cultivation small number of Russian sturgeon A. gueldenstaedti, Siberian sturgeon A. baeri, sterlet A. ruthenus, beluga Huso huso and star sturgeon A. stellatus. The total annual volume of sturgeon farming in USA was equal to 1285 tons (1166 MT). In Canada the only object of sturgeon farming is white sturgeon with annual production near 2 tons of caviar. In South America Uruguay has developed sturgeon culture with one large farm created in 1994 using help of Russian specialists.

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2

Wade, E. M., and J. G. Fadel. "Optimization of caviar and meat production from white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus)." Agricultural Systems 54, no. 1 (May 1997): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0308-521x(96)00051-0.

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3

Shin, Joong-Han, Alexandra C. M. Oliveira, and Barbara A. Rasco. "Quality Attributes and Microbial Storage Stability of Caviar from Cultivated White Sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus)." Journal of Food Science 75, no. 1 (January 2010): C43—C48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2009.01409.x.

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4

Caprino, Fabio, Vittorio Maria Moretti, Federica Bellagamba, Giovanni Mario Turchini, Maria Letizia Busetto, Ivan Giani, Maria Antonietta Paleari, and Mario Pazzaglia. "Fatty acid composition and volatile compounds of caviar from farmed white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus)." Analytica Chimica Acta 617, no. 1-2 (June 2008): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2008.02.005.

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5

Sanders, B. J., J. G. Fadel, and E. M. Wade. "Economic optimization modeling of white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) caviar and meat production under different management conditions." Aquaculture 217, no. 1-4 (March 2003): 409–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0044-8486(02)00577-x.

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6

Lopez, Annalaura, Mauro Vasconi, Federica Bellagamba, Tiziana Mentasti, Mario Pazzaglia, and Vittorio Maria Moretti. "Volatile Organic Compounds Profile in White Sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) Caviar at Different Stages of Ripening by Multiple Headspace Solid Phase Microextraction." Molecules 25, no. 5 (February 27, 2020): 1074. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25051074.

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Caviar is considered a delicacy by luxury product consumers, but few data are available about its flavour chemistry to date. In this study, a multiple headspace-solid phase microextraction (MHS-SPME) followed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) approach was developed and employed to identify and quantitatively estimate key volatile organic compounds (VOCs) representative in white sturgeon (A. transmontanus) caviar at five different stages of ripening: raw eggs (t0), after 60 days (t1), 120 days (t2), 180 days (t3), and 240 days (t4) of ripening. The method showed the ability to detect and estimate the quantity of 25 flavour compounds, without any severe alteration of the matrix before the analysis and in a short time. The VOCs detected as representative in caviar samples were primarily aldehydes and alcohols, already well known as responsible of fresh fish and seafood flavours, and mainly deriving from lipid peroxidation processes and microbial activity against lipids and amino acids. We found a significant (p < 0.01) increase in the amount of total aldehydes within t0 (29.64 ng/g) and t4 (121.96 ng/g); moreover, an interesting, great arise of 3-hydroxy-2-butanone at the final stage of storage (48.17 ng/g) was recorded. Alcohols were not detected in raw eggs (t0) and then a decrease from t1 (17.77 ng/g) to t4 (10.18 ng/g) was recorded in their amount, with no statistical significance.

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7

Ovissipour, Mahmoudreza, Hamzah M. Al-Qadiri, Xiaonan Lu, Yaxi Hu, Carolyn F. Ross, Joel P. Van Eenennaam, Serge I. Doroshov, and Barbara Rasco. "The effect of white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) ovarian fat deposition on caviar yield and nutritional quality: introducing image processing method for sturgeon ovary fat determination." International Aquatic Research 7, no. 4 (September 11, 2015): 263–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40071-015-0111-0.

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8

Zhang, Y., S. Doroshov, T. Famula, F. Conte, D. Kueltz, J. Linares-Casenave, J. Van Eenennaam, P. Struffenegger, K. Beer, and K. Murata. "Egg quality and plasma testosterone (T) and estradiol-17β (E2) in white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) farmed for caviar." Journal of Applied Ichthyology 27, no. 2 (March 28, 2011): 558–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2011.01694.x.

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9

Lopez, Annalaura, Federica Bellagamba, Erica Tirloni, Mauro Vasconi, Simone Stella, Cristian Bernardi, Mario Pazzaglia, and Vittorio Maria Moretti. "Evolution of Food Safety Features and Volatile Profile in White Sturgeon Caviar Treated with Different Formulations of Salt and Preservatives during a Long-Term Storage Time." Foods 10, no. 4 (April 14, 2021): 850. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10040850.

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Caviar is a semi-preserved fish preparation in which cold storage (around 0 °C) and packaging under anaerobic conditions are fundamental to guarantee adequate safety parameters. Consumers seem to prefer caviar prepared with food salt only, but according to the needs of the different distribution channels, some preservatives are used in order to prolong its shelf life and to allow less restrictive storage conditions. Traditionally, the most common preservative was sodium tetraborate (borax), a salt that contributes to the sensory profile of caviar. However, due to its toxicity, borax has been banned in many countries, and the current trend is to reduce or eliminate its use. In this study, we evaluated the evolution of food safety parameters (pH, water activity, microbiological parameters) and the volatile profile during 14 months of storage in caviar samples treated with three different preservatives: I. exclusively NaCl, II. a mixture of borax and NaCl, and III. a mixture of organic acids and salts. Microbial presence was studied by means of plate counts; volatile organic compounds were identified on the sample headspace by means of solid phase microextraction with gas-chromatography and mass spectrometry. Results showed relevant differences among the three treatments investigated, with salt samples characterized by the highest viable counts and the greatest presence of volatile products driven by oxidative and spoilage processes, mainly occurring toward lipid and amino acids. On the contrary, the mixture of organic acids and salts showed the best response during the entire storage period. Finally, the employment of a multiparametric statistic model allowed the identification of different clusters based on the time of ripening and the preservative treatments used.

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10

Gille, Daphne A., Joel P. Van Eenennaam, Thomas R. Famula, Andrea D. Schreier, Ken Beer, Peter Struffenegger, Bobby Renschler, Shaoching Bishop, and Serge I. Doroshov. "Finishing diet, genetics, and other culture conditions affect ovarian adiposity and caviar yield in cultured white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus)." Aquaculture 474 (May 2017): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2017.03.045.

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11

Lu, Xiaonan, Molly Webb, Mariah Talbott, Joel Van Eenennaam, Amanda Palumbo, Javier Linares-Casenave, Serge Doroshov, Peter Struffenegger, and Barbara Rasco. "Distinguishing Ovarian Maturity of Farmed White Sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy: A Potential Tool for Caviar Production Management." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 58, no. 7 (April 14, 2010): 4056–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf9038502.

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12

Lu, Xiaonan, Molly A. H. Webb, Mariah J. Talbott, Joel P. Van Eenennaam, Serge I. Doroshov, and Barbara A. Rasco. "A study of biochemical parameters associated with ovarian atresia and quality of caviar in farmed white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy." Aquaculture 315, no. 3-4 (May 2011): 298–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2011.01.048.

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13

Yakovleva, Ekaterina, Valentina Shevchenko, and Vera Gnucheva. "PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTAL WORK ON PRODUCING OFFSPRING AND COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF PURE SPECIES (WHITE STURGEON, FRINGEBARBEL STURGEON) AND THEIR INTERSPECIES HYBRIDS (WHITE STURGEON × FRINGEBARBEL STURGEON AND FRINGEBARBEL STURGEON × WHITE STURGEON)." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Fishing industry, no. 1 (March 17, 2020): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2073-5529-2020-1-111-117.

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The article presents the comparative results of the experimental work on studying valuable pure species offspring (white sturgeon, fringebarbel sturgeon) and their interspecies hybrid forms (white sturgeon × fringebarbel sturgeon and fringebarbel sturgeon × white sturgeon) in the early stages of ontogenesis. The tests were carried out in the research and experimental base BIOS (the Astrakhan region) in 2019. The fish-breeding and biological characteristics of the producers of parental species that participated in the crossing to produce reciprocal hybrid forms are presented. The interbreeding scheme was developed. The complex study was conducted at the stage of the early ontogenesis. Observing over eggs development took place at all significant stages of embryogenesis. The survival rates of one-day prolarvae of all experimental groups, in relation to the eggs laid for the incubation, and their weight data became the result of the experiment. The results of the experimental work will help to develop proposals for the exploitation of broodstock producers of pure sturgeon species to produce hybrid offspring, which may have increased growth and survival rates both at the stages of embryogenesis and the active feeding of larvae, and during juveniles rearing, which is a promising factor for commercial aquaculture.

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14

Drennan, JD, SE LaPatra, JT Siple, S. Ireland, and KD Cain. "Transmission of white sturgeon iridovirus in Kootenai River white sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus." Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 70 (2006): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao070037.

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15

Doroshov, S. I., J. P. Eenennaam, and G. P. Moberg. "DEVELOPMENT OF WHITE STURGEON BROODSTOCK." Journal of Applied Ichthyology 15, no. 4-5 (September 1999): 326–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.1999.tb00339.x.

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16

Hardy, Ronald W. "Diet of Juvenile White Sturgeon." Journal of Nutrition 117, no. 12 (December 1, 1987): 2161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/117.12.2161b.

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17

LaPatra, S. E., J. M. Groff, G. R. Jones, B. Munn, T. L. Patterson, R. A. Holt, A. K. Hauck, and R. P. Hedrick. "Occurrence of white sturgeon iridovirus infections among cultured white sturgeon in the Pacific Northwest." Aquaculture 126, no. 3-4 (October 1994): 201–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(94)90036-1.

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18

Watson, LR, JM Groff, and RP Hedrick. "Replication and pathogenesis of white sturgeon iridovirus (WSIV) in experimentally infected white sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus juveniles and sturgeon cell lines." Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 32 (1998): 173–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao032173.

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19

Georgiadis, Marios P., Ronald P. Hedrick, Wesley O. Johnson, Susan Yun, and Ian A. Gardner. "Risk factors for outbreaks of disease attributable to white sturgeon iridovirus and white sturgeon herpesvirus-2 at a commercial sturgeon farm." American Journal of Veterinary Research 61, no. 10 (October 2000): 1232–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.1232.

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20

Hedrick, Ronald P., Terry S. McDowell, Renee Rosemark, Diane Aronstein, and Catharine N. Lannan. "Two Cell Lines from White Sturgeon." Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 120, no. 4 (July 1991): 528–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1991)120<0528:tclfws>2.3.co;2.

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21

PARAGAMIAN, V. L., and V. D. WAKKINEN. "White sturgeon spawning and discharge augmentation." Fisheries Management and Ecology 18, no. 4 (March 2, 2011): 314–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2400.2011.00785.x.

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22

McLeod, Curtiss, Larry Hildebrand, and Scott McKenzie. "FRASER RIVER WHITE STURGEON MONITORING PROGRAM." Journal of Applied Ichthyology 15, no. 4-5 (September 1999): 301–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.1999.tb00295.x.

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23

Sokyrko, Oleksii. "“ACCORDING TO THE BROTHERHOODS’ CUSTOM” BANQUETS OF KYIV CRAFTSMEN OF THE SECOND HALF OF XVIII CENTURY." Mìsto: ìstorìâ, kulʹtura, suspìlʹstvo, no. 7 (November 25, 2019): 35–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mics2019.07.035.

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Nutrition has always been an important element of the subculture of different social communities of Early Modern Europe. Holiday feasts of craftsmen corporations in the cities performed symbolic functions, separating the socio-professional community from the rest of society, and at the same time demonstrated its status, wealth, prestige. The joint banquets of craftsmen on the occasion of church holidays and corporate events strengthened group identity, saved it from blurring, restrained the isolation and individualization of its members. The several-day banquets held after the church liturgies were accompanied by music and hearty feasts, gifts to the clergy patrons of the craft and magistrate officials, and demonstrated the material power of the craft brotherhood and the respectful social status of its members. The books of Kyiv craft corporations allow to reconstruct the middle-class townsfolk cuisine of the middle - second half of the 18th century. According to the expenditure registers contained in them, it is evident that the townsfolk gastronomic tradition retained all the features inherent in the late medieval food system. It was dominated by the meals and drinks that formed the basis of nutrition for the high and the middle-class: large amounts of meat, fresh and salted fish, thick crunchy soups and cereals, white bread, vodka (horilka), mead and beer. The culinary culture of craftsmen was no stranger to imitation of higher gastronomic patterns and habits. In early modern Kyiv, the monastic world and the everyday culture of the church hierarchs acted as a model for imitation. This is where the artisans borrowed their taste for the use of tea, caviar and sturgeon. Another model to follow was the merchants, whose table was rich in various spices, imported alcohol, vegetables, fruits and sweets. Less significant, but noticeable, was the influence of the household fashion of the Cossack officials (starshyna) and the LittleRussian nobility (shliakhta): wildfowl, lavish local and imported liquers (vodka) appeared on the townspeople's tables. For all its ostentatious personality and efforts to imitate the cuisine of the upper classes, the food style of the craftsmen was far from cosmopolitanism. In the kitchen of Kyivites we will not see manifestations of culinary fashion of the XVIII century. The periphery of Kyiv's economic and administrative status made the food of its inhabitants quite typical of the rest of the country, having preserved the noticeable features of the food structure that had been developed in the previous XVII century. In the case of craft corporate records, we can see literally microscopic changes - the appearance of cheap spices, sugars, inexpensive imported wines in the diet of burghers, which were markers of sluggish economic changes

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24

Jackson, Zachary J., Joshua J. Gruber, and Joel P. Van Eenennaam. "White Sturgeon Spawning in the San Joaquin River, California, and Effects of Water Management." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 7, no. 1 (February 1, 2015): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/092015-jfwm-092.

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Abstract Inadequate recruitment is a hallmark of declining sturgeon populations throughout the world. Efforts to understand and address the processes that regulate recruitment are of foremost importance for successful management and recovery. Fish biologists previously only knew San Francisco Estuary white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) to spawn in the Sacramento River, California. We assessed potential white sturgeon spawning locations by deploying artificial substrate samplers during late winter and spring of 2011 and 2012 from river kilometers 115.2 to 145.3 of the San Joaquin River. Collections of fertilized eggs, coupled with hydrology data, confirm that white sturgeon spawned within one and four sites in the San Joaquin River during wet (2011; n = 23) and dry (2012; n = 65) water-year conditions. Small pulse flow augmentations intended to benefit juvenile salmonids appear to have triggered white sturgeon spawning within this system. Understanding the effects of water management on spawning and subsequent recruitment is necessary to increase white sturgeon recruitment to the San Francisco Estuary.

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25

DiLauro, Martin N., Wayne Kaboord, Rosemary A. Walsh, William F. Krise, and Michael A. Hendrix. "Sperm-cell ultrastructure of North American sturgeons. I. The Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrhynchus)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 76, no. 10 (October 1, 1998): 1822–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z98-127.

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Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrhynchus) and lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) sperm-cell morphologies were examined using scanning electron microscopy. Major differences were found in four of nine metrics, all in the head region of the cell. Atlantic sturgeon sperm cells were much shorter than those of lake sturgeon. Anterior head width exceeded posterior head width, in contrast to the arrangement in lake sturgeon sperm cells. Lake sturgeon sperm cells are nearer in size to those of other sturgeons than are Atlantic sturgeon sperm cells. Comparisons were made with sperm-cell structures known from other sturgeon species, including the Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedti colchicus), stellate sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus), Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis), and white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus). Variation in cell morphology may indicate evolutionary relationships. In addition, the fine structure of Atlantic sturgeon sperm cells was examined using transmission electron microscopy and selected metrics are described. The cell possesses a distinct acrosome, a midpiece, and a single flagellum. A comparison is made with ultrastructural details of the sperm cells of stellate and white sturgeons. Similarities among these species include radial symmetry about the longitudinal axis, an elongate shape, a distinct acrosome, and the presence of endonuclear canals. Noteworthy differences include a smaller total length and width than stellate and white sturgeon sperm cells. The main sperm-cell body is approximately 4 µm long and the flagellum about 37 µm long, resulting in a total cell length of about 41 µm. Also, the Atlantic sturgeon sperm cell possesses only two membraned endonuclear canals, in contrast to the arrangement in white and stellate sturgeons, where three such organelles are found. A structural connection of unknown function between the nuclear fossa and proximal centriole is also present in the Atlantic sturgeon sperm cell. Sperm-cell nuclei of white and stellate sturgeons are elongate trapezoids, with the anterior end narrower, whereas in Atlantic sturgeon the anterior portion of the trapezoid is wider than the posterior. Structural similarities between species may indicate a commonality of ancestral and evolutionary relationships that may have taxonomic implications. Ultrastructure suggests a closer evolutionary relationship between the white and stellate sturgeon than between either of these species and the Atlantic sturgeon. The present findings may be used by biologists studying the reproductive physiology, forensics, taxonomy, and genetics of sturgeons.

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26

Sillman, A. J., M. E. Sorsky, and E. R. Loew. "The visual pigments of wild white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 73, no. 4 (April 1, 1995): 805–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z95-093.

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The visual pigments of the anadromous white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) taken from relatively saline estuarine water were characterized by means of in situ microspectrophotometry and partial bleaching analysis of a digitonin extract. The three cone pigments (λmax = 605, 539, and ca. 460 nm) and one rod pigment (λmax = 541 nm) of the wild sturgeon are the same as those of cultured sturgeon that spend their entire lives in fresh water. All the visual pigments incorporate a chromophore based on vitamin A2. Unlike other anadromous fishes during the "saline phase," the white sturgeon shows no evidence of the presence of any vitamin A1 based visual pigment in the retina.

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27

Drennan, John D., Sue Ireland, Scott E. LaPatra, Leslie Grabowski, Tarita K. Carrothers, and Kenneth D. Cain. "High-density rearing of white sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus (Richardson) induces white sturgeon iridovirus disease among asymptomatic carriers." Aquaculture Research 36, no. 8 (June 2005): 824–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2005.01274.x.

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28

Holliman, F. Michael, and James B. Reynolds. "Electroshock-Induced Injury in Juvenile White Sturgeon." North American Journal of Fisheries Management 22, no. 2 (May 2002): 494–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<0494:eiiijw>2.0.co;2.

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29

Little, E. E., R. D. Calfee, and G. Linder. "Toxicity of Copper to Early-life Stage Kootenai River White Sturgeon, Columbia River White Sturgeon, and Rainbow Trout." Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 63, no. 3 (August 14, 2012): 400–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00244-012-9782-3.

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30

DiLauro, Martin N., Wayne S. Kaboord, and Rosemary A. Walsh. "Sperm-cell ultrastructure of North American sturgeons. II. The shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum, Lesueur, 1818)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 77, no. 2 (August 1, 1999): 321–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z98-219.

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The fine structure of the sperm cell of the shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum) was examined using transmission electron microscopy and selected metrics. The cell possesses a distinct acrosome, a defined head region, a midpiece, and a single flagellum. The mean length of the sperm cell body (acrosome + nucleus + midpiece) is approximately 9.71 µm, and the length of the flagellum is about 37 µm, resulting in a total cell length of about 46 µm. The sperm cell of the shortnose sturgeon is much longer and slightly wider than that of the Atlantic sturgeon. The nuclei of shortnose, white, and stellate sturgeon sperm cells are elongate trapezoids with the anterior (acrosome) end narrowest, the opposite of that of the Atlantic sturgeon. Although slightly smaller in total length and width than the sperm cells of the stellate and white sturgeons, that of the shortnose sturgeon is most similar to them in overall ultrastructure, as all three cells have three endonuclear canals. A structural connection of unknown function between the nuclear fossa and the proximal centriole, which is similar to the fibrous body in other species, is present in the shortnose sturgeon sperm cell. Our results suggest a more recent evolutionary link between the shortnose, white, and stellate sturgeons than between any of these and the Atlantic sturgeon. This is the first description of sperm cell ultrastructure in the shortnose sturgeon, an endangered species.

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31

Anderson, Jesse T., Gregg Schumer, Paul J. Anders, Kyle Horvath, and Joseph E. Merz. "Confirmed Observation: A North American Green Sturgeon Acipenser medirostris Recorded in the Stanislaus River, California." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 9, no. 2 (September 10, 2018): 624–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/012018-jfwm-006.

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AbstractTwo sturgeon species are native to the San Francisco Estuary watershed in California: White Sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus and North American Green Sturgeon Acipenser medirostris. The San Francisco Estuary has two main tributaries, the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers. Recent studies have shown that the San Joaquin River is used by Green and White Sturgeon and that at least a small number of White Sturgeon spawn there when environmental conditions allow. However, records of Green Sturgeon in the San Joaquin River and its tributaries are rare and limited to information from angler report cards. In 2006, the National Marine Fisheries Service listed the southern distinct population segment of North American Green Sturgeon as threatened under the Endangered Species Act. Federally designated critical habitat for the southern distinct population segment of Green Sturgeon does not extend upstream of the San Joaquin River's confluence with the Stanislaus River. We recently confirmed an adult Green Sturgeon holding in a deep pool near Knights Ferry, California in the Stanislaus River. We observed and recorded the fish using a GoPro® video camera and used environmental deoxyribonucleic acid sampling techniques to confirm species identification. This paper provides the first confirmed record of Green Sturgeon in any tributary of the San Joaquin River, which is beyond the designated critical habitat area. Future well-designed research focused on the San Joaquin River and its tributaries is expected to improve our understanding regarding the importance of these rivers for the various life stages of North American Green Sturgeon.

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32

Herold, Mark A., Silas S. O. Hung, and Kofi Fynn-Aikins. "Apparent Digestibility Coefficients of Carbohydrates for White Sturgeon." Progressive Fish-Culturist 57, no. 2 (April 1995): 137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1995)057<0137:adcocf>2.3.co;2.

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33

Rust, P. J. "Translocation of prespawn adult Kootenai River white sturgeon." Journal of Applied Ichthyology 27, no. 2 (July 27, 2010): 450–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2010.01488.x.

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34

Cui, Yibo, and Silas S. O. Hung. "A Prototype Feeding-Growth Table for White Sturgeon." Journal of Applied Aquaculture 5, no. 4 (April 30, 1996): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j028v05n04_03.

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35

Crocker, Carlos E., Anthony P. Farrell, A. Kurt Gamperl, and Joseph J. Cech. "Cardiorespiratory responses of white sturgeon to environmental hypercapnia." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 279, no. 2 (August 1, 2000): R617—R628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.2000.279.2.r617.

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Cardioventilatory variables and blood-gas, acid-base status were measured in cannulated white sturgeon ( Acipenser transmontanus) maintained at 19°C during normocapnic and hypercapnic (PwCO2 ∼20 Torr) water conditions and after the injection of adrenergic analogs. Hypercapnia produced significant increases in arterial Pco 2, ventilatory frequency, and plasma concentration of cortisol and epinephrine, and it produced significant decreases in arterial pH and plasma concentration of glucose but no change in arterial Po 2, hematocrit, and concentration of lactate or norepinephrine. Hypercapnia significantly increased cardiac output (Q) by 22%, mean arterial pressure (MAP) by 8%, and heart rate (HR) by 8%. However, gut blood flow (GBF) remained constant. In normocapnic fish, phenylephrine significantly constricted the splanchnic circulation, whereas isoproterenol significantly increased Q and produced a systemic vasodilation. During hypercapnia, propranolol significantly decreased Q, GBF, MAP, and HR, whereas phentolamine significantly decreased MAP and increased GBF. These changes suggest that cardiovascular function in the white sturgeon is sensitive to both α- and β-adrenergic modulation. We found microspheres to be unreliable in predicting GBF on the basis of our comparisons with simultaneous direct measurements of GBF. Overall, our results demonstrate that environmental hypercapnia (e.g., as is experienced in high-intensity culture situations) elicits stress responses in white sturgeon that significantly elevate steady-state cardiovascular and ventilatory activity levels.

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Buddington, Randal K., and Serge I. Doroshov. "Digestive enzyme complement of white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus)." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology 83, no. 3 (January 1986): 561–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(86)90146-5.

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37

Bolker, J. A. "Gastrulation and mesoderm morphogenesis in the white sturgeon." Journal of Experimental Zoology 266, no. 2 (June 1, 1993): 116–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jez.1402660206.

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38

Bolker, J. A. "The mechanism of gastrulation in the white sturgeon." Journal of Experimental Zoology 266, no. 2 (June 1, 1993): 132–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jez.1402660207.

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39

Adkison, M. A., C. Lee, N. Rooijakkers, and R. P. Hedrick. "INVESTIGATIONS OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE OF WHITE STURGEON (Acipenser transmontanus) AND APPLICABILITY TO IMMUNIZATION AGAINST WHITE STURGEON HERPES VIRUS-2." Journal of Applied Ichthyology 15, no. 4-5 (September 1999): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.1999.tb00265.x.

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40

Watson, L. R., A. Milani, and R. P. Hedrick. "Effects of water temperature on experimentally-induced infections of juvenile white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) with the white sturgeon iridovirus (WSIV)." Aquaculture 166, no. 3-4 (July 1998): 213–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0044-8486(98)00283-x.

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41

Oloriz, Carrie, and Brenda Parlee. "Towards Biocultural Conservation: Local and Indigenous Knowledge, Cultural Values and Governance of the White Sturgeon (Canada)." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 7, 2020): 7320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187320.

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This paper examines the extent to which Indigenous knowledge and values have informed conservation of the Lower Fraser River population of white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) in Canada. A review of grey literature and semi-structured interviews carried out with indigenous Stó:lō fishers and fisheries managers in the Lower Fraser Basin in 2016–2018 evidences the depth of knowledge held by Stó:lō fishers about this species and its importance to local communities. A summary of Stó:lō oral histories about the sturgeon and observations and experiences of settlement and development in the Fraser region, provides context for understanding why and how the white sturgeon came to be listed as a species at risk. However, the impacts were not only ecological; Stó:lō people were also significantly impacted by European settlement and development of the Fraser Basin over the last one hundred years. The assessment of the white sturgeon, under the Canadian Species at Risk Act in 2012 was a missed opportunity to decolonize current management approaches. The paper concludes by suggesting that a biocultural diversity conservation approach, that reflects both ecological and socio-cultural values, and is informed by scientific and Indigenous knowledge systems, is a more sustainable approach to the management of the white sturgeon and other species at risk.

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Loew, E. R., and A. J. Sillman. "Age-related changes in the visual pigments of the white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 71, no. 8 (August 1, 1993): 1552–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z93-219.

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Using in situ microspectrophotometry, the spectral absorbance characteristics of the photoreceptors in the retinas of larval, juvenile, and adult white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) were determined. The adult has one type of rod, containing a visual pigment with maximum spectral absorbance (λmax) near 540 nm. There are three types of cones, morphologically identical but distinguished from one another by containing either a blue-sensitive (λmax 464 nm), green-sensitive (λmax 531 nm), or red-sensitive (λmax 605 nm) visual pigment. Juvenile sturgeon have visual pigments similar to those of the adult. However, no evidence could be found for the presence of either blue-sensitive or red-sensitive cones in larval white sturgeon through the age of 10 weeks. Larval sturgeon up to about 10 weeks yielded only green-sensitive rods and cones. The absence of red-sensitive cones in the larvae, and their presence in older fish, was confirmed by the use of 4,4′-diisothiocyanato-stilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid, a fluorescent substance that binds selectively to photoreceptors sensitive to long-wavelength light. Regardless of age, all visual pigments are based on vitamin A2. Also regardless of age, white sturgeon retinas yielded no evidence for the presence of photoreceptors sensitive to ultraviolet light.

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Sullivan, Annett B., Henriette I. Jager, and Ralph Myers. "Modeling white sturgeon movement in a reservoir: the effect of water quality and sturgeon density." Ecological Modelling 167, no. 1-2 (September 2003): 97–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3800(03)00169-8.

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44

LaPatra, S. E., J. M. Groff, T. L. Patterson, W. D. Shewmaker, M. Casten, J. Siple, and A. K. Hauck. "Preliminary Evidence of Sturgeon Density and Other Stressors on Manifestation of White Sturgeon Iridovirus Disease." Journal of Applied Aquaculture 6, no. 3 (September 17, 1996): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j028v06n03_05.

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DiLauro, Martin N., Wayne S. Kaboord, and Rosemary A. Walsh. "Sperm-cell ultrastructure of North American sturgeons. III. The lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens Rafinesque, 1817)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 78, no. 3 (April 1, 2000): 438–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z99-241.

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Lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) sperm cell fine structure was examined using transmission electron microscopy. The cell possesses a distinct acrosome, a defined head region, a midpiece, and a single flagellum. Sperm cells of this species share a general radial symmetry, an elongate shape, a distinct acrosome, and the presence of endonuclear canals with those of other sturgeons. The mean length of the lake sturgeon sperm cell body (acrosome + nucleus + midpiece) is approximately 7.13 µm and the length of the flagellum is about 50 µm, resulting in a total cell length of about 57 µm. The lake sturgeon sperm cell is much longer and slightly wider than that of the Atlantic sturgeon. The sperm-cell nuclei of lake, shortnose, white, and stellate sturgeons are elongate trapezoids in shape, with the anterior (acrosome) end narrowest but, in the Atlantic sturgeon, the anterior portion of the trapezoid is wider than the posterior. Although slightly smaller in total length and width, the lake sturgeon sperm cell is most similar to the shortnose sperm cell in ultrastructure, overall size, and shape; it also shares similarity of shape with the stellate and white sturgeon sperm cells. The cell nuclei of these four sturgeons have three endonuclear canals. The acrosome of the lake sturgeon sperm cell has longer posterolateral projections than that of the Atlantic or shortnose sturgeon sperm cell. A structural connection, the fibrous body, is present in the lake sturgeon sperm cell between the nuclear fossa and the proximal centriole, as in the Atlantic and shortnose sturgeon sperm cells. Our results suggest a more recent evolutionary linkage between the lake and shortnose sturgeons than with the Atlantic sturgeon. This work presents the first ultrastructural description of the lake sturgeon sperm cell.

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Hedrick, R. P., J. Speas, M. L. Kent, and T. McDowell. "Adenovirus-Like Particles Associated with a Disease of Cultured White Sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 42, no. 7 (July 1, 1985): 1321–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f85-165.

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Juvenile white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus, suffering from a chronic mortality had enlarged nuclei particularly in the epithelium of the straight intestine and spiral valve. These nuclei were often five times larger than those of uninfected cells and contained numerous virus particles with an average diameter of 74 nm. Although nuclear changes induced by the virus are similar to those described for certain members of the Herpesviridae, the virion morphology and absence of an envelope were, however, more characteristic of the Adenoviridae. Attempts to isolate the virus using established cell lines from selected freshwater fish and two lines recently developed from white sturgeon were unsuccessful. Nuclear enlargement indicating virus infection was, however, observed in juvenile sturgeon receiving intraperitoneal injections of homogenates of viscera from infected fish.

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Brennan, James S., and Gregor M. Cailliet. "Comparative Age-Determination Techniques for White Sturgeon in California." Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 118, no. 3 (May 1989): 296–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1989)118<0296:catfws>2.3.co;2.

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48

Bennett, W. R., and A. P. Farrell. "Acute Toxicity Testing with Juvenile White Sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus)." Water Quality Research Journal 33, no. 1 (February 1, 1998): 95–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1998.006.

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Abstract The primary goal of this study was to investigate the possibility of using early life stages of white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) (eggs, larvae and fry) as a species relevant to the Fraser River, B.C., for the acute and sublethal toxico-logical testing of forest industry effluents. Here we report the first successful acute toxicity tests for 8-day-old larvae and 42-day-old fry exposed to several chemicals known to be released into the Fraser River (i.e., 6 monochlorovanillin [6 MVAN], 4,5 dichloroguaiacol [4,5 DCG], 4,5 dichlorocatechol [4,5 DCAT], pentachlorophenol [PCP], and didecyldimethylammonium chloride [DDAC]). In most cases, white sturgeon fry were at the lower end of the range for acute toxicity values for chlorinated phenolic compounds, when compared with other juvenile fish species, and they were extremely sensitive to DDAC. The larval stage was usually more sensitive than the fry stage. Acute toxicity tests with fertilized eggs were unsuccessful. A postexposure growth study was inconclusive because neither control nor toxicant-exposed larvae and fry withstood the additional handling used for measuring body mass. At 62-days-old, fry were more tolerant of handling. This allowed measurement of their swimming performance. Although we have concerns about the reliability of using larvae for acute toxicity testing at this time, 60-day-old white sturgeon fry would appear to be both a sensitive and relevant species for assessing environmental impacts relevant to the Fraser River.

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Welch, D. W., S. Turo, and S. D. Batten. "Large-Scale Marine and Freshwater Movements of White Sturgeon." Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 135, no. 2 (March 2006): 386–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/t05-197.1.

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Jager, Henriette I., Ken B. Lepla, Webb Van Winkle, Brad W. James, and Steven O. McAdam. "The Elusive Minimum Viable Population Size for White Sturgeon." Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 139, no. 5 (September 2010): 1551–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/t09-069.1.

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