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Journal articles on the topic 'White sturgeon White sturgeon'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

DiLauro, Martin N., Wayne Kaboord, Rosemary A. Walsh, William F. Krise, and Michael A. Hendrix. "Sperm-cell ultrastructure of North American sturgeons. I. The Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrhynchus)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 76, no. 10 (1998): 1822–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z98-127.

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Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrhynchus) and lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) sperm-cell morphologies were examined using scanning electron microscopy. Major differences were found in four of nine metrics, all in the head region of the cell. Atlantic sturgeon sperm cells were much shorter than those of lake sturgeon. Anterior head width exceeded posterior head width, in contrast to the arrangement in lake sturgeon sperm cells. Lake sturgeon sperm cells are nearer in size to those of other sturgeons than are Atlantic sturgeon sperm cells. Comparisons were made with sperm-cell structures known from other sturgeon species, including the Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedti colchicus), stellate sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus), Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis), and white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus). Variation in cell morphology may indicate evolutionary relationships. In addition, the fine structure of Atlantic sturgeon sperm cells was examined using transmission electron microscopy and selected metrics are described. The cell possesses a distinct acrosome, a midpiece, and a single flagellum. A comparison is made with ultrastructural details of the sperm cells of stellate and white sturgeons. Similarities among these species include radial symmetry about the longitudinal axis, an elongate shape, a distinct acrosome, and the presence of endonuclear canals. Noteworthy differences include a smaller total length and width than stellate and white sturgeon sperm cells. The main sperm-cell body is approximately 4 µm long and the flagellum about 37 µm long, resulting in a total cell length of about 41 µm. Also, the Atlantic sturgeon sperm cell possesses only two membraned endonuclear canals, in contrast to the arrangement in white and stellate sturgeons, where three such organelles are found. A structural connection of unknown function between the nuclear fossa and proximal centriole is also present in the Atlantic sturgeon sperm cell. Sperm-cell nuclei of white and stellate sturgeons are elongate trapezoids, with the anterior end narrower, whereas in Atlantic sturgeon the anterior portion of the trapezoid is wider than the posterior. Structural similarities between species may indicate a commonality of ancestral and evolutionary relationships that may have taxonomic implications. Ultrastructure suggests a closer evolutionary relationship between the white and stellate sturgeon than between either of these species and the Atlantic sturgeon. The present findings may be used by biologists studying the reproductive physiology, forensics, taxonomy, and genetics of sturgeons.

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2

DiLauro, Martin N., Wayne S. Kaboord, and Rosemary A. Walsh. "Sperm-cell ultrastructure of North American sturgeons. III. The lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens Rafinesque, 1817)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 78, no. 3 (2000): 438–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z99-241.

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Lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) sperm cell fine structure was examined using transmission electron microscopy. The cell possesses a distinct acrosome, a defined head region, a midpiece, and a single flagellum. Sperm cells of this species share a general radial symmetry, an elongate shape, a distinct acrosome, and the presence of endonuclear canals with those of other sturgeons. The mean length of the lake sturgeon sperm cell body (acrosome + nucleus + midpiece) is approximately 7.13 µm and the length of the flagellum is about 50 µm, resulting in a total cell length of about 57 µm. The lake sturgeon sperm cell is much longer and slightly wider than that of the Atlantic sturgeon. The sperm-cell nuclei of lake, shortnose, white, and stellate sturgeons are elongate trapezoids in shape, with the anterior (acrosome) end narrowest but, in the Atlantic sturgeon, the anterior portion of the trapezoid is wider than the posterior. Although slightly smaller in total length and width, the lake sturgeon sperm cell is most similar to the shortnose sperm cell in ultrastructure, overall size, and shape; it also shares similarity of shape with the stellate and white sturgeon sperm cells. The cell nuclei of these four sturgeons have three endonuclear canals. The acrosome of the lake sturgeon sperm cell has longer posterolateral projections than that of the Atlantic or shortnose sturgeon sperm cell. A structural connection, the fibrous body, is present in the lake sturgeon sperm cell between the nuclear fossa and the proximal centriole, as in the Atlantic and shortnose sturgeon sperm cells. Our results suggest a more recent evolutionary linkage between the lake and shortnose sturgeons than with the Atlantic sturgeon. This work presents the first ultrastructural description of the lake sturgeon sperm cell.

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3

DiLauro, Martin N., Wayne S. Kaboord, and Rosemary A. Walsh. "Sperm-cell ultrastructure of North American sturgeons. II. The shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum, Lesueur, 1818)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 77, no. 2 (1999): 321–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z98-219.

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The fine structure of the sperm cell of the shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum) was examined using transmission electron microscopy and selected metrics. The cell possesses a distinct acrosome, a defined head region, a midpiece, and a single flagellum. The mean length of the sperm cell body (acrosome + nucleus + midpiece) is approximately 9.71 µm, and the length of the flagellum is about 37 µm, resulting in a total cell length of about 46 µm. The sperm cell of the shortnose sturgeon is much longer and slightly wider than that of the Atlantic sturgeon. The nuclei of shortnose, white, and stellate sturgeon sperm cells are elongate trapezoids with the anterior (acrosome) end narrowest, the opposite of that of the Atlantic sturgeon. Although slightly smaller in total length and width than the sperm cells of the stellate and white sturgeons, that of the shortnose sturgeon is most similar to them in overall ultrastructure, as all three cells have three endonuclear canals. A structural connection of unknown function between the nuclear fossa and the proximal centriole, which is similar to the fibrous body in other species, is present in the shortnose sturgeon sperm cell. Our results suggest a more recent evolutionary link between the shortnose, white, and stellate sturgeons than between any of these and the Atlantic sturgeon. This is the first description of sperm cell ultrastructure in the shortnose sturgeon, an endangered species.

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4

Trenkler, I. V. "The aquaculture of Acipenseriformes. Part 6. Northern and South America." Rybovodstvo i rybnoe hozjajstvo (Fish Breeding and Fisheries), no. 10 (October 1, 2020): 68–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-09-2010-07.

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The history and contemporary state of global aquaculture of sturgeons and paddlefish are reviewed. The paddlefish Polyodon spathula became first object of cultivation of Acipenseriformes in USA. The paddlefish has high rate of growth in ponds using natural feeds, mature females can produce about 15% of their body weight in roe similar to eggs of star sturgeon Acipenser stellatus. Some liabilities include juveniles vulnerable to bird predation, poor tolerance to high densities, low oxygen and handling stress, waiting period of at least 7 years before females produce eggs. The paddlefish farming is carried out mainly in Kentucky, Indiana, Missouri and Alabama in polyculture with canal catfish Ictalurus punctatus or freshwater shrimp Macrobrachium rosenbergii. The most important object of North-American sturgeon breeding is white sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus, the biggest and fast-growing species of Acipenser genera. The largest commercial sturgeon farms are located in California, Idaho and Florida. A research program on biotechnology of white sturgeon farming has been initiated by the University of California at Davis in December 1979. The first successful artificial propagation of white sturgeon from Sacramento River was carried out in 1980, the first hatchery females matured in 1994. The hatchery progeny of Snake River white sturgeon was received in 1988, the first females matured in 2000. The first caviar was processed only after maturation of second generation. In Florida and North Carolina farmers used for cultivation small number of Russian sturgeon A. gueldenstaedti, Siberian sturgeon A. baeri, sterlet A. ruthenus, beluga Huso huso and star sturgeon A. stellatus. The total annual volume of sturgeon farming in USA was equal to 1285 tons (1166 MT). In Canada the only object of sturgeon farming is white sturgeon with annual production near 2 tons of caviar. In South America Uruguay has developed sturgeon culture with one large farm created in 1994 using help of Russian specialists.

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5

Yakovleva, Ekaterina, Valentina Shevchenko, and Vera Gnucheva. "PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTAL WORK ON PRODUCING OFFSPRING AND COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF PURE SPECIES (WHITE STURGEON, FRINGEBARBEL STURGEON) AND THEIR INTERSPECIES HYBRIDS (WHITE STURGEON × FRINGEBARBEL STURGEON AND FRINGEBARBEL STURGEON × WHITE STURGEON)." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Fishing industry, no. 1 (March 17, 2020): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2073-5529-2020-1-111-117.

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The article presents the comparative results of the experimental work on studying valuable pure species offspring (white sturgeon, fringebarbel sturgeon) and their interspecies hybrid forms (white sturgeon × fringebarbel sturgeon and fringebarbel sturgeon × white sturgeon) in the early stages of ontogenesis. The tests were carried out in the research and experimental base BIOS (the Astrakhan region) in 2019. The fish-breeding and biological characteristics of the producers of parental species that participated in the crossing to produce reciprocal hybrid forms are presented. The interbreeding scheme was developed. The complex study was conducted at the stage of the early ontogenesis. Observing over eggs development took place at all significant stages of embryogenesis. The survival rates of one-day prolarvae of all experimental groups, in relation to the eggs laid for the incubation, and their weight data became the result of the experiment. The results of the experimental work will help to develop proposals for the exploitation of broodstock producers of pure sturgeon species to produce hybrid offspring, which may have increased growth and survival rates both at the stages of embryogenesis and the active feeding of larvae, and during juveniles rearing, which is a promising factor for commercial aquaculture.

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6

DiLauro, Martin N., Rosemary A. Walsh, Michelle Peiffer, and Randy M. Bennett. "Sperm-cell ultrastructure of North American sturgeons. IV. The pallid sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus Forbes and Richardson, 1905)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 79, no. 5 (2001): 802–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z01-036.

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Sperm-cell morphology and ultrastructure in the pallid sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus) were examined using transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Metrics and structure were compared with similar metrics obtained from other published descriptions of sturgeon sperm cells. General morphology was found to be similar to that of sperm cells of the white (Acipenser transmontanus), lake (A. fulvescens), stellate (A. stellatus), Chinese (A. sinensis), Russian (A. gueldenstaedti colchicus), and shortnose (A. brevirostrum) sturgeons, which all shared a gradual tapering of the nuclear diameter from posterior to anterior, unlike that of the Atlantic sturgeon (A. oxyrhynchus). The sperm cell of the pallid sturgeon was similar in size to that of the Atlantic sturgeon, being only slightly larger. The sperm cell of the pallid sturgeon differed from those of other sturgeons chiefly in the acrosomal region, where the posterolateral projections (PLP) have the shape of an acute triangle and are arranged in a spiral about the longitudinal axis of the cell. The PLP were longer than those of other sturgeons, being twice the length of those of the Atlantic sturgeon and 58% longer than those of the lake sturgeon. Also, in cross section the acrosome had the shape of a hollow cone rather than the cap of an oak tree acorn, as was found in ultrastructural studies of other sturgeons. In addition, we were able to confirm that the structural arrangement of the distal centriole of the midpiece is identical with that of the proximal centriole: nine sets of microtubular triplets around the periphery of the centriole. This information is of potential use to fishery biologists, forensic biologists, zoologists, reproductive physiologists, taxonomists, evolutionary biologists, and aquaculturists.

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7

Doszpoly, Andor, and Igor Shchelkunov. "Partial genome analysis of Siberian sturgeon alloherpesvirus suggests its close relation to AciHV-2 — Short communication." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 58, no. 2 (2010): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.58.2010.2.13.

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Partial genome sequence of a herpes-like virus, isolated from Siberian sturgeon ( Acipenser baeri ), was determined and subjected to phylogenetic analysis. The virus (SbSHV) has been shown to be the causative agent of an acute disease with high mortality in farmed juvenile sturgeons in Russia. Two fragments (of 7000 and 300 base pairs in length) encompassing 3 complete and 3 partial ORFs were amplified by PCR. Sturgeon herpesvirus strains, classified into species Acipenserid herpesvirus 2 (AciHV-2), have been isolated and partially sequenced from several regions (California, Idaho, Oregon and Canada) of North America from white ( A. transmontanus) and shortnose sturgeons ( A. brevirostrum ). The sequence of the SbSHV strain shared highest identity with that of the Canadian strain originating from shortnose sturgeon. The phylogenetic analysis also confirmed that SbSHV is closely related to AciHV-2 and could also be classified into this virus species. This is the first report on the occurrence of AciHV-2 in Europe. Previously, only another virus species, AciHV-1 has been detected in farmed white sturgeons in Italy. The size and position of ORFs in the examined gene block confirmed that this genomic region is highly conserved in members of the genus Ictalurivirus .

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8

Drennan, JD, SE LaPatra, JT Siple, S. Ireland, and KD Cain. "Transmission of white sturgeon iridovirus in Kootenai River white sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus." Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 70 (2006): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao070037.

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9

Burcea, Alexandru, Gina-Oana Popa, Iulia Elena Florescu (Gune), et al. "Expression Characterization of Six Genes Possibly Involved in Gonad Development for Stellate Sturgeon Individuals (Acipenser stellatus, Pallas 1771)." International Journal of Genomics 2018 (2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7835637.

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Nowadays, in sturgeon’s aquaculture, there is a necessity for sex identification at early stages in order to increase the efficiency of this commercial activity. The basis for a correct identification is studying the different factors that influence the gonad development. The research has been directed towards molecular methods that have been employed with various degrees of success in identifying genes with different expression patterns between male and female sturgeons during their development stages. For the purpose of understanding the sexual development of 4-year-old stellate sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus) individuals, we have selected six genes (foxl2, cyp17a1, ar, dmrt1, sox9, and star). We analysed the gene expression of the selected genes for gonads, anal fin, liver, body kidney, and white muscle. The cyp17a1, ar, dmrt1, and sox9 genes have a significant higher expression in male gonads than in female gonads, while the data shows no significant differences in the expression of the investigated genes in the other organs. We investigate these genes to shed light on aquaculture sturgeon sexual development.

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10

Baker, D. W., V. Matey, K. T. Huynh, J. M. Wilson, J. D. Morgan, and C. J. Brauner. "Complete intracellular pH protection during extracellular pH depression is associated with hypercarbia tolerance in white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 296, no. 6 (2009): R1868—R1880. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.90767.2008.

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Sturgeons are among the most CO2 tolerant of fishes investigated to date. However, the basis of this exceptional CO2 tolerance is unknown. Here, white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus, were exposed to elevated CO2 to investigate the mechanisms associated with short-term hypercarbia tolerance. During exposure to 1.5 kPa Pco2, transient blood pH [extracellular pH (pHe)] depression was compensated within 24 h and associated with net plasma HCO3− accumulation and equimolar Cl− loss, and changes in gill morphology, such as a decrease in apical surface area of mitochondrial-rich cells. These findings indicate that pHe recovery at this level of hypercarbia is accomplished in a manner similar to most freshwater teleost species studied to date, although branchial mechanisms involved may differ. White sturgeon exposed to more severe hypercarbia (3 and 6 kPa Pco2) for 48 h exhibited incomplete pH compensation in blood and red blood cells. Despite pHe depression, intracellular pH (pHi) of white muscle, heart, brain, and liver did not decrease during a transient (6 h of 1.5 kPa Pco2) or prolonged (48 h at 3 and 6 kPa Pco2) blood acidosis. This pHi protection was not due to high intrinsic buffering in tissues. Such tight active cellular regulation of pHi in the absence of pHe compensation represents a unique pattern for non-air-breathing fishes, and we hypothesize that it is the basis for the exceptional CO2 tolerance of white sturgeon and, likely, other CO2 tolerant fishes. Further research to elucidate the specific mechanisms responsible for this tremendous pH regulatory capacity in tissues of white sturgeon is warranted.

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11

Sillman, A. J., M. E. Sorsky, and E. R. Loew. "The visual pigments of wild white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 73, no. 4 (1995): 805–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z95-093.

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The visual pigments of the anadromous white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) taken from relatively saline estuarine water were characterized by means of in situ microspectrophotometry and partial bleaching analysis of a digitonin extract. The three cone pigments (λmax = 605, 539, and ca. 460 nm) and one rod pigment (λmax = 541 nm) of the wild sturgeon are the same as those of cultured sturgeon that spend their entire lives in fresh water. All the visual pigments incorporate a chromophore based on vitamin A2. Unlike other anadromous fishes during the "saline phase," the white sturgeon shows no evidence of the presence of any vitamin A1 based visual pigment in the retina.

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12

Doroshov, S. I., J. P. Eenennaam, and G. P. Moberg. "DEVELOPMENT OF WHITE STURGEON BROODSTOCK." Journal of Applied Ichthyology 15, no. 4-5 (1999): 326–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.1999.tb00339.x.

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13

Hardy, Ronald W. "Diet of Juvenile White Sturgeon." Journal of Nutrition 117, no. 12 (1987): 2161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/117.12.2161b.

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14

LaPatra, S. E., J. M. Groff, G. R. Jones, et al. "Occurrence of white sturgeon iridovirus infections among cultured white sturgeon in the Pacific Northwest." Aquaculture 126, no. 3-4 (1994): 201–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(94)90036-1.

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15

Jackson, Zachary J., Joshua J. Gruber, and Joel P. Van Eenennaam. "White Sturgeon Spawning in the San Joaquin River, California, and Effects of Water Management." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 7, no. 1 (2015): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/092015-jfwm-092.

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Abstract Inadequate recruitment is a hallmark of declining sturgeon populations throughout the world. Efforts to understand and address the processes that regulate recruitment are of foremost importance for successful management and recovery. Fish biologists previously only knew San Francisco Estuary white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) to spawn in the Sacramento River, California. We assessed potential white sturgeon spawning locations by deploying artificial substrate samplers during late winter and spring of 2011 and 2012 from river kilometers 115.2 to 145.3 of the San Joaquin River. Collections of fertilized eggs, coupled with hydrology data, confirm that white sturgeon spawned within one and four sites in the San Joaquin River during wet (2011; n = 23) and dry (2012; n = 65) water-year conditions. Small pulse flow augmentations intended to benefit juvenile salmonids appear to have triggered white sturgeon spawning within this system. Understanding the effects of water management on spawning and subsequent recruitment is necessary to increase white sturgeon recruitment to the San Francisco Estuary.

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16

Watson, LR, JM Groff, and RP Hedrick. "Replication and pathogenesis of white sturgeon iridovirus (WSIV) in experimentally infected white sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus juveniles and sturgeon cell lines." Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 32 (1998): 173–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao032173.

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17

Sillman, A. J., M. D. Spanfelner, and E. R. Loew. "The photoreceptors and visual pigments in the retina of the white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus." Canadian Journal of Zoology 68, no. 7 (1990): 1544–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z90-228.

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The photoreceptors in the retina of the white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus (Chondrostei), were studied by means of scanning electron microscopy, in situ microspectrophotometry, and spectrophotometric analysis of visual pigment extracts. The white sturgeon retina is simple in that it contains only two morphologically distinct photoreceptors. The retina is dominated by rods with large outer segments, but there is a substantial population (40%) of single cones. Evidence was found for only one rod visual pigment and one cone visual pigment. Peak spectral absorbance (λmax) of the rod pigment is near 539 nm, whereas λmax of the cone pigment is near 605 nm. Both visual pigments are porphyropsin types with chromophores based on vitamin A2. No detectable rhodopsin based on vitamin A1 is ever present, regardless of season or light regimen. The results are discussed in terms of the sturgeon's behavior, as well as the implications for the evolution of color vision.

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18

Georgiadis, Marios P., Ronald P. Hedrick, Wesley O. Johnson, Susan Yun, and Ian A. Gardner. "Risk factors for outbreaks of disease attributable to white sturgeon iridovirus and white sturgeon herpesvirus-2 at a commercial sturgeon farm." American Journal of Veterinary Research 61, no. 10 (2000): 1232–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.1232.

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19

Hedrick, Ronald P., Terry S. McDowell, Renee Rosemark, Diane Aronstein, and Catharine N. Lannan. "Two Cell Lines from White Sturgeon." Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 120, no. 4 (1991): 528–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1991)120<0528:tclfws>2.3.co;2.

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20

PARAGAMIAN, V. L., and V. D. WAKKINEN. "White sturgeon spawning and discharge augmentation." Fisheries Management and Ecology 18, no. 4 (2011): 314–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2400.2011.00785.x.

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21

McLeod, Curtiss, Larry Hildebrand, and Scott McKenzie. "FRASER RIVER WHITE STURGEON MONITORING PROGRAM." Journal of Applied Ichthyology 15, no. 4-5 (1999): 301–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.1999.tb00295.x.

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22

Drennan, John D., Sue Ireland, Scott E. LaPatra, Leslie Grabowski, Tarita K. Carrothers, and Kenneth D. Cain. "High-density rearing of white sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus (Richardson) induces white sturgeon iridovirus disease among asymptomatic carriers." Aquaculture Research 36, no. 8 (2005): 824–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2005.01274.x.

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23

Hofsoe-Oppermann, Paulina, Jolanta Kiełpińska, Remigiusz Panicz, and Sven M. Bergmann. "Detection of white sturgeon iridovirus (WSIV) in wild sturgeons (Actinopterygii: Acipenseriformes: Acipenseridae) in Poland." Journal of Veterinary Research 64, no. 3 (2020): 363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2020-0055.

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AbstractIntroductionWhite sturgeon iridovirus (WSIV) disease is caused by a virus of the eponymous family and is mostly triggered by stressful environmental conditions, i.e. high rearing density, excessive handling, or temporary loss of water. The aim of this study was to develop the most effective diagnostic method for quick and efficient confirmation or exclusion of the presence of WSIV.Material and MethodsA total of 42 samples (spleen, gills, intestine, skin, kidney, and brain) were collected from eight sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii and A. oxyrinchus) aged ≤5+ farmed or caught between 2010 and 2014 in open waters (Dąbie Lake and Szczecin Lagoon). They were tested for WSIV presence using conventional PCR, qPCR, and in situ hybridisation (ISH).ResultsIn gross examination, all fish appeared to be healthy. Neither species showed clinical signs typical of WSIV infection. In the majority of cases, fragments of iridoviral DNA were found using molecular methods in the kidneys, and also in the liver, gills, and skin. The detection rate using ISH was 47.37% and most commonly the brain and kidney tissues were positive. The most efficient of the methods used was real-time PCR, with 100% effectiveness in detection of WSIV DNA.ConclusionThe study demonstrates the capabilities for WSIV diagnosis available to sturgeon farmers and water administrators, indicating useful methods of adequate sensitivity as well as organs to sample in order to achieve the highest probability of viral detection.

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Loew, E. R., and A. J. Sillman. "Age-related changes in the visual pigments of the white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 71, no. 8 (1993): 1552–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z93-219.

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Using in situ microspectrophotometry, the spectral absorbance characteristics of the photoreceptors in the retinas of larval, juvenile, and adult white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) were determined. The adult has one type of rod, containing a visual pigment with maximum spectral absorbance (λmax) near 540 nm. There are three types of cones, morphologically identical but distinguished from one another by containing either a blue-sensitive (λmax 464 nm), green-sensitive (λmax 531 nm), or red-sensitive (λmax 605 nm) visual pigment. Juvenile sturgeon have visual pigments similar to those of the adult. However, no evidence could be found for the presence of either blue-sensitive or red-sensitive cones in larval white sturgeon through the age of 10 weeks. Larval sturgeon up to about 10 weeks yielded only green-sensitive rods and cones. The absence of red-sensitive cones in the larvae, and their presence in older fish, was confirmed by the use of 4,4′-diisothiocyanato-stilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid, a fluorescent substance that binds selectively to photoreceptors sensitive to long-wavelength light. Regardless of age, all visual pigments are based on vitamin A2. Also regardless of age, white sturgeon retinas yielded no evidence for the presence of photoreceptors sensitive to ultraviolet light.

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25

Oloriz, Carrie, and Brenda Parlee. "Towards Biocultural Conservation: Local and Indigenous Knowledge, Cultural Values and Governance of the White Sturgeon (Canada)." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (2020): 7320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187320.

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This paper examines the extent to which Indigenous knowledge and values have informed conservation of the Lower Fraser River population of white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) in Canada. A review of grey literature and semi-structured interviews carried out with indigenous Stó:lō fishers and fisheries managers in the Lower Fraser Basin in 2016–2018 evidences the depth of knowledge held by Stó:lō fishers about this species and its importance to local communities. A summary of Stó:lō oral histories about the sturgeon and observations and experiences of settlement and development in the Fraser region, provides context for understanding why and how the white sturgeon came to be listed as a species at risk. However, the impacts were not only ecological; Stó:lō people were also significantly impacted by European settlement and development of the Fraser Basin over the last one hundred years. The assessment of the white sturgeon, under the Canadian Species at Risk Act in 2012 was a missed opportunity to decolonize current management approaches. The paper concludes by suggesting that a biocultural diversity conservation approach, that reflects both ecological and socio-cultural values, and is informed by scientific and Indigenous knowledge systems, is a more sustainable approach to the management of the white sturgeon and other species at risk.

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26

Holliman, F. Michael, and James B. Reynolds. "Electroshock-Induced Injury in Juvenile White Sturgeon." North American Journal of Fisheries Management 22, no. 2 (2002): 494–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<0494:eiiijw>2.0.co;2.

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27

Crocker, Carlos E., Anthony P. Farrell, A. Kurt Gamperl, and Joseph J. Cech. "Cardiorespiratory responses of white sturgeon to environmental hypercapnia." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 279, no. 2 (2000): R617—R628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.2000.279.2.r617.

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Cardioventilatory variables and blood-gas, acid-base status were measured in cannulated white sturgeon ( Acipenser transmontanus) maintained at 19°C during normocapnic and hypercapnic (PwCO2 ∼20 Torr) water conditions and after the injection of adrenergic analogs. Hypercapnia produced significant increases in arterial Pco 2, ventilatory frequency, and plasma concentration of cortisol and epinephrine, and it produced significant decreases in arterial pH and plasma concentration of glucose but no change in arterial Po 2, hematocrit, and concentration of lactate or norepinephrine. Hypercapnia significantly increased cardiac output (Q) by 22%, mean arterial pressure (MAP) by 8%, and heart rate (HR) by 8%. However, gut blood flow (GBF) remained constant. In normocapnic fish, phenylephrine significantly constricted the splanchnic circulation, whereas isoproterenol significantly increased Q and produced a systemic vasodilation. During hypercapnia, propranolol significantly decreased Q, GBF, MAP, and HR, whereas phentolamine significantly decreased MAP and increased GBF. These changes suggest that cardiovascular function in the white sturgeon is sensitive to both α- and β-adrenergic modulation. We found microspheres to be unreliable in predicting GBF on the basis of our comparisons with simultaneous direct measurements of GBF. Overall, our results demonstrate that environmental hypercapnia (e.g., as is experienced in high-intensity culture situations) elicits stress responses in white sturgeon that significantly elevate steady-state cardiovascular and ventilatory activity levels.

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Anderson, Jesse T., Gregg Schumer, Paul J. Anders, Kyle Horvath, and Joseph E. Merz. "Confirmed Observation: A North American Green Sturgeon Acipenser medirostris Recorded in the Stanislaus River, California." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 9, no. 2 (2018): 624–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/012018-jfwm-006.

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AbstractTwo sturgeon species are native to the San Francisco Estuary watershed in California: White Sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus and North American Green Sturgeon Acipenser medirostris. The San Francisco Estuary has two main tributaries, the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers. Recent studies have shown that the San Joaquin River is used by Green and White Sturgeon and that at least a small number of White Sturgeon spawn there when environmental conditions allow. However, records of Green Sturgeon in the San Joaquin River and its tributaries are rare and limited to information from angler report cards. In 2006, the National Marine Fisheries Service listed the southern distinct population segment of North American Green Sturgeon as threatened under the Endangered Species Act. Federally designated critical habitat for the southern distinct population segment of Green Sturgeon does not extend upstream of the San Joaquin River's confluence with the Stanislaus River. We recently confirmed an adult Green Sturgeon holding in a deep pool near Knights Ferry, California in the Stanislaus River. We observed and recorded the fish using a GoPro® video camera and used environmental deoxyribonucleic acid sampling techniques to confirm species identification. This paper provides the first confirmed record of Green Sturgeon in any tributary of the San Joaquin River, which is beyond the designated critical habitat area. Future well-designed research focused on the San Joaquin River and its tributaries is expected to improve our understanding regarding the importance of these rivers for the various life stages of North American Green Sturgeon.

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29

Little, E. E., R. D. Calfee, and G. Linder. "Toxicity of Copper to Early-life Stage Kootenai River White Sturgeon, Columbia River White Sturgeon, and Rainbow Trout." Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 63, no. 3 (2012): 400–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00244-012-9782-3.

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30

Hedrick, R. P., J. Speas, M. L. Kent, and T. McDowell. "Adenovirus-Like Particles Associated with a Disease of Cultured White Sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 42, no. 7 (1985): 1321–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f85-165.

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Juvenile white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus, suffering from a chronic mortality had enlarged nuclei particularly in the epithelium of the straight intestine and spiral valve. These nuclei were often five times larger than those of uninfected cells and contained numerous virus particles with an average diameter of 74 nm. Although nuclear changes induced by the virus are similar to those described for certain members of the Herpesviridae, the virion morphology and absence of an envelope were, however, more characteristic of the Adenoviridae. Attempts to isolate the virus using established cell lines from selected freshwater fish and two lines recently developed from white sturgeon were unsuccessful. Nuclear enlargement indicating virus infection was, however, observed in juvenile sturgeon receiving intraperitoneal injections of homogenates of viscera from infected fish.

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31

May, B., C. C. Krueger, and H. L. Kincaid. "Genetic variation at microsatellite loci in sturgeon: primer sequence homology in Acipenser and Scaphirhynchus." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 54, no. 7 (1997): 1542–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f97-061.

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Eleven tri- and tetra-meric motif microsatellite loci were identified in a lake sturgeon genomic library and were tested against the six North American species of Acipenser (lake sturgeon, A. fulvescens; shortnose sturgeon, A. brevirostrum; white sturgeon, A. transmontanus; green sturgeon, A. medirostris; Atlantic sturgeon, A. oxyrhynchus oxyrhynchus; gulf sturgeon, A. o. desotoi) and the two species of Scaphirhynchus (pallid sturgeon, S. albus; shovelnose sturgeon, S. platorhynchus) using four to six individuals of each species. Eight loci were amplified equally well in all eight species, and the remaining three loci were amplified in two, four, and seven species, respectively. Of the eight loci that worked in all species, one was monomorphic in all species, while the other seven were polymorphic in three to eight species. Single repeat differences in these tri- and tetra-meric repeat motifs can be readily scored on 4% Metaphor agarose gels stained with ethidium bromide. In addition, dosage for those loci exhibiting four gene doses can also be readily scored with this technique. These loci provide a much needed group of genetic markers, detectable with non-invasive sampling (blood, barbel, or fin), that should work well in threatened and endangered species of sturgeon worldwide.

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32

Bennett, W. R., and A. P. Farrell. "Acute Toxicity Testing with Juvenile White Sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus)." Water Quality Research Journal 33, no. 1 (1998): 95–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1998.006.

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Abstract The primary goal of this study was to investigate the possibility of using early life stages of white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) (eggs, larvae and fry) as a species relevant to the Fraser River, B.C., for the acute and sublethal toxico-logical testing of forest industry effluents. Here we report the first successful acute toxicity tests for 8-day-old larvae and 42-day-old fry exposed to several chemicals known to be released into the Fraser River (i.e., 6 monochlorovanillin [6 MVAN], 4,5 dichloroguaiacol [4,5 DCG], 4,5 dichlorocatechol [4,5 DCAT], pentachlorophenol [PCP], and didecyldimethylammonium chloride [DDAC]). In most cases, white sturgeon fry were at the lower end of the range for acute toxicity values for chlorinated phenolic compounds, when compared with other juvenile fish species, and they were extremely sensitive to DDAC. The larval stage was usually more sensitive than the fry stage. Acute toxicity tests with fertilized eggs were unsuccessful. A postexposure growth study was inconclusive because neither control nor toxicant-exposed larvae and fry withstood the additional handling used for measuring body mass. At 62-days-old, fry were more tolerant of handling. This allowed measurement of their swimming performance. Although we have concerns about the reliability of using larvae for acute toxicity testing at this time, 60-day-old white sturgeon fry would appear to be both a sensitive and relevant species for assessing environmental impacts relevant to the Fraser River.

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33

Herold, Mark A., Silas S. O. Hung, and Kofi Fynn-Aikins. "Apparent Digestibility Coefficients of Carbohydrates for White Sturgeon." Progressive Fish-Culturist 57, no. 2 (1995): 137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1995)057<0137:adcocf>2.3.co;2.

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34

Rust, P. J. "Translocation of prespawn adult Kootenai River white sturgeon." Journal of Applied Ichthyology 27, no. 2 (2010): 450–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2010.01488.x.

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35

Cui, Yibo, and Silas S. O. Hung. "A Prototype Feeding-Growth Table for White Sturgeon." Journal of Applied Aquaculture 5, no. 4 (1996): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j028v05n04_03.

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36

Buddington, Randal K., and Serge I. Doroshov. "Digestive enzyme complement of white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus)." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology 83, no. 3 (1986): 561–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(86)90146-5.

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37

Bolker, J. A. "Gastrulation and mesoderm morphogenesis in the white sturgeon." Journal of Experimental Zoology 266, no. 2 (1993): 116–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jez.1402660206.

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38

Bolker, J. A. "The mechanism of gastrulation in the white sturgeon." Journal of Experimental Zoology 266, no. 2 (1993): 132–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jez.1402660207.

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39

Adkison, M. A., C. Lee, N. Rooijakkers, and R. P. Hedrick. "INVESTIGATIONS OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE OF WHITE STURGEON (Acipenser transmontanus) AND APPLICABILITY TO IMMUNIZATION AGAINST WHITE STURGEON HERPES VIRUS-2." Journal of Applied Ichthyology 15, no. 4-5 (1999): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.1999.tb00265.x.

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40

Watson, L. R., A. Milani, and R. P. Hedrick. "Effects of water temperature on experimentally-induced infections of juvenile white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) with the white sturgeon iridovirus (WSIV)." Aquaculture 166, no. 3-4 (1998): 213–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0044-8486(98)00283-x.

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41

Rodzen, Jeff A., and Bernie May. "Inheritance of microsatellite loci in the white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus)." Genome 45, no. 6 (2002): 1064–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g02-083.

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Nine tetramer motif (GATA)n microsatellite systems were developed for use in the white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus. We report inheritance patterns for these nine systems, which range from one possible disomic system to tetrasomy and octosomy, with some systems containing null alleles. Because of the complex modes of inheritance underlying these systems and the highly duplicated nature of the genome, we propose each allele be scored as its own dominant marker, similar to AFLPs or RAPDs. The utility of this method is validated by the observation that individual alleles within a microsatellite system generally fit the expectation for independent transmission and fit the expected transmission frequency for single copy nuclear markers.Key words: white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus, microsatellite, polyploid, inheritance, genetic markers.

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42

Poletto, Jamilynn B., Dennis E. Cocherell, Natalie Ho, Joseph J. Cech, A. Peter Klimley, and Nann A. Fangue. "Juvenile green sturgeon (Acipenser medirostris) and white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) behavior near water-diversion fish screens: experiments in a laboratory swimming flume." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 71, no. 7 (2014): 1030–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2013-0556.

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Water diversions that extract fresh water for urban, industrial, and agricultural uses, as well as export to southern California, are prevalent throughout the Sacramento–San Joaquin watershed. Many water diversions are fitted with fish-exclusion screens designed to prevent fish from entrainment (i.e., being drawn in). The impact of fish screens on the behavior of migrating juvenile fishes remains largely unknown, especially for threatened species such as sturgeon. We placed individual juvenile green (Acipenser medirostris) or white (Acipenser transmontanus) sturgeon in a laboratory swimming flume in the presence of standard fish screens (2 mm bar spacing) at two field-relevant water velocities (20.4 ± 0.1 and 37.3 ± 0.3 cm·s−1). Fish were tested at 18 °C for 15 min during the day or night and in the presence of possible behavioral deterrents. Behavioral responses, including screen contacts, impingements, and time spent near screens were quantified. Green sturgeon contacted and impinged upon the screens twice as frequently as white sturgeon and also differed in how their behaviors were altered by water velocities and time of day. Our results are informative in developing effective management strategies to mitigate the impacts of water diversions on sturgeon populations and suggest that effective restoration strategies for both species should be considered separately.

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43

Leal, Michaiah J., Joel P. Van Eenennaam, Andrea D. Schreier, and Anne E. Todgham. "Diploid and triploid white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) differ in magnitude but not kinetics of physiological responses to exhaustive exercise at ambient and elevated temperatures." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 77, no. 4 (2020): 666–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2019-0289.

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Triploid salmonids have been shown to underperform in suboptimal environments. It is thought this might be due to having larger cells to accommodate the increased number of chromosomes and therefore effects on aerobic metabolism from having smaller cellular surface area to volume ratios. The goal of this study was to examine the aerobic metabolism of diploid and triploid white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) in ambient (18 °C) and elevated water temperatures (24 °C). Resting and maximum metabolic rates, recovery time from exhaustive exercise, and surface area to volume ratios of erythrocytes and their nuclei in diploid and triploid sturgeon were evaluated. Triploid sturgeon had a reduced aerobic scope and hematological response (hematocrit and hemoglobin) to exhaustive exercise. A reduced surface area to volume ratio of erythrocytes in triploid sturgeon provides evidence that cellular surface area could be one mechanism limiting aerobic metabolism in triploid fishes. A lower aerobic scope found in triploid sturgeon may impact reproductive and somatic growth, yet more research is needed to determine implications for management decisions on farms and hatcheries.

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44

Sullivan, Annett B., Henriette I. Jager, and Ralph Myers. "Modeling white sturgeon movement in a reservoir: the effect of water quality and sturgeon density." Ecological Modelling 167, no. 1-2 (2003): 97–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3800(03)00169-8.

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45

LaPatra, S. E., J. M. Groff, T. L. Patterson, et al. "Preliminary Evidence of Sturgeon Density and Other Stressors on Manifestation of White Sturgeon Iridovirus Disease." Journal of Applied Aquaculture 6, no. 3 (1996): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j028v06n03_05.

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46

Mugetti, Davide, Paolo Pastorino, Vasco Menconi, Claudio Pedron, and Marino Prearo. "The Old and the New on Viral Diseases in Sturgeon." Pathogens 9, no. 2 (2020): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9020146.

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Although sturgeon production by aquaculture has increased worldwide, a major factor limiting its expansion are infectious diseases, although few data about viral diseases are available however. This review provides a rapid overview of viral agents detected and described to date. Following a general introduction on viral diseases are four sections arranged by virus classification: sturgeon nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses, herpesviruses, white sturgeon adenovirus 1, and other viruses. Molecular diagnosis is currently the best tool to detect viral diseases, since cell culture isolation is not yet applicable for the detection of most sturgeon viruses.

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47

Schloesser, Joshua T., and Henry R. Quinlan. "Population status and demographics of Lake Sturgeon in the Bad and White rivers, Wisconsin." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 10, no. 2 (2019): 442–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/022019-jfwm-005.

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Abstract Lake Sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens rehabilitation efforts in Lake Superior are guided by a rehabilitation plan that sets goals and criteria for a self-sustaining population, including a minimum of 1,500 mature adults, roughly equal sex ratio, and annual exploitation rates < 5%. The Bad and White rivers, Wisconsin host a genetically unique Lake Sturgeon population that is utilized by state-licensed recreational anglers and tribal subsistence fishers. Our objectives were to 1) determine if the Bad River population meets rehabilitation plan targets for a self-sustaining population, 2) assess harvest of Lake Sturgeon by recreational anglers and tribal subsistence fishers for compatibility with rehabilitation goals, 3) determine population trajectory from annual spawning runs, and 4) describe population demographics given the unique physical features of Lake Superior. We sampled Lake Sturgeon in the Bad and White rivers with gill nets over a 17-y period (2001 to 2017). The observed sex ratio in spawning runs was 2.2:1 (male : female), but calculated at 1.6:1 for the entire adult population on the basis of abundance estimates. Weight–length relationships converted to a standardized modified form factor indicated lower condition and possibly lower female fecundity compared with other large North American populations. Annual spawning run size estimates over time indicated that the population trajectory was stable to slightly increasing, and during 2016 was 739 and 241 individuals in the Bad and White rivers, respectively. Total population size (including nonspawners) exceeded 1,500 individuals, which met Lake Superior rehabilitation criteria for a self-sustaining population. Estimates of 1,426 males and 882 females were considered conservative because 472 unknown-sex fish could not be accounted for in return time and abundance models. Spawning return times were 2 or 3 y for males and 4 to 6 y for females, longer than many other populations. Exploitation by recreational anglers and tribal subsistence fishers was 1.3% or lower and met the rehabilitation plan target of < 5%, but we recommend exploitation not exceed 3.1% to maintain a self-sustaining population. These findings help gauge rehabilitation progress in Lake Superior and better describe the demographics of a remnant self-sustaining Lake Sturgeon population in Lake Superior.

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Brennan, James S., and Gregor M. Cailliet. "Comparative Age-Determination Techniques for White Sturgeon in California." Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 118, no. 3 (1989): 296–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1989)118<0296:catfws>2.3.co;2.

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49

Welch, D. W., S. Turo, and S. D. Batten. "Large-Scale Marine and Freshwater Movements of White Sturgeon." Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 135, no. 2 (2006): 386–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/t05-197.1.

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50

Jager, Henriette I., Ken B. Lepla, Webb Van Winkle, Brad W. James, and Steven O. McAdam. "The Elusive Minimum Viable Population Size for White Sturgeon." Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 139, no. 5 (2010): 1551–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/t09-069.1.

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