Academic literature on the topic 'WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission'
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Journal articles on the topic "WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission"
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Vojir, Franz, Erwin Schübl, and Ibrahim Elmadfa. "The Origins of a Global Standard for Food Quality and Safety: Codex Alimentarius Austriacus and FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 82, no. 3 (June 1, 2012): 223–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831/a000115.
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In the second half of the 19th century the incidence of food adulterations increased very rapidly, prompting many European countries to put into force food laws to fight these practices. A number of parallel attempts were undertaken to establish a collection of instructions for the assessment of food samples to warrant the comparability of results obtained and interpreted by different experts. The first official steps towards such a standardization was made in 1891 at an international meeting of food chemists and microscopic scientists in Vienna. As a consequence, Austria installed a Scientific Commission in 1891, which drafted chapters for a future Codex Alimentarius Austriacus. In 1907, a Codex Commission was installed by the Ministry of Interior, but it took about four years, from 1907 to 1911, before the first edition of this compendium was published. So far, four editions have followed. The Codex Alimentarius Austriacus is a set of standards and guidelines for stakeholders, authorities, and law courts as a base for their activities. It has evolved over the past 100 years to become a flexible instrument, which has become indispensable for Austria. After 1945, attempts were made in different parts of the world to develop standardized rules for the testing of food samples to prevent trade barriers within the respective region. In Europe for instance, the development of a Codex Alimentarius Europaeus initiated by the Austrian Hans Frenzel, and based upon the model of the Codex Alimentarius Austriacus, made good progress. A number of other European countries were involved in this project. However, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) of the United Nations were intent on impeding such regional activities to prevent trade barriers at a global level. Between 1960 and 1963, steps were taken to install a FAO/WHO Codex partly in close cooperation with the Codex Alimentarius Europaeus. Since 1963, the FAO/WHO Codex Commission has issued the FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius, which took its name and some organizational aspects from Codex Alimentarius Europaeus, that was itself modeled after the Codex Alimentarius Austriacus. The Codex Alimentarius Europaeus was incorporated into the Codex Alimentarius Commission as the regional coordinating committee for Europe, thus providing a model for the six regional coordination committees of the Codex Alimentarius Commission existing today.
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Maybury, Ronald B. "Codex Alimentarius Approach to Pesticide Residue Standards." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 72, no. 3 (May 1, 1989): 538–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/72.3.538.
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Abstract To protect consumers' health, most countries have maximum legal limits for pesticide residues in foods. Trade difficulties can arise when limits differ between countries. The Codex Alimentarius Commission was established in 1962 to implement the Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, the purpose of which is to protect consumer health and ensure fair practices in international food trade. The Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues (CCPR), an intergovernmental body which advises the Commission on matters related to pesticide residues, is responsible for establishing maximum residue limits (MRLs) for pesticides in foods and feeds that move in international trade. Codex MRLs are based on residue data obtained mainly from supervised trials that reflect approved pesticide use in accordance with "good agricultural practice." MRLs must be toxicologically acceptable in terms of estimated pesticide intake by consumers. CCPR Working Groups examine problems related to establishing and implementing MRLs, including sampling and methods of analysis. Despite time and effort expended, acceptance and application of Codex MRLs face many problems in international trade.
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Randell, A. W. "Twentieth Session of the FAO/WHO Codes Alimentarius Commission." Food Control 4, no. 4 (January 1993): 229–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-7135(93)90258-p.
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Stanković, Ivan, and Milica Zrnić-Ćirić. "Food additives: Risk analysis and legislation." Arhiv za farmaciju 71, no. 1 (2021): 22–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/arhfarm71-30117.
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Food additive is any substance not normally consumed as a food, the intentional addition of which to food for a technological purpose results in it or its by-products becoming a component of such foods. The use of each new additive is preceded by a risk analysis consisting of three interrelated components: risk assessment, risk management and risk communication. At the international level in the Codex Alimentarius system, risk assessment is performed by the Joint (FAO/WHO) Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) and risk management by Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) that, based on the results of the risk assessment, prepares international standards and recommendations that Member States incorporate into national regulations. At the level of the European Union (EU), risk assessment is performed by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) as a basis for risk management by the European Commission (EC) that prepares food additive legislation, and member states authorities responsible for official control of additives on the market. Risk communication takes place between all stakeholders including academia, food producers and consumers. The regulation on additives in the Republic of Serbia is fully harmonized with the EU legislation in this area.
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SDEPANIAN, Vera Lucia, Isabel Cristina Affonso SCALETSKY, Mauro Batista de MORAIS, and Ulysses FAGUNDES-NETO. "Pesquisa de gliadina em medicamentos: informação relevante para a orientação de pacientes com doença celíaca." Arquivos de Gastroenterologia 38, no. 3 (September 2001): 176–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-28032001000300007.
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Racional — Alguns medicamentos podem conter gliadina, portanto, sua utilização poderá ser prejudicial aos pacientes com doença celíaca. Objetivo - Detectar a presença de gliadina em medicamentos comumente comercializados no Brasil. Métodos - Foram analisados 78 medicamentos sorteados a partir de uma lista de 180 produtos comumente comercializados. Os medicamentos analisados foram: analgésicos (n = 9), anti-helmínticos (n = 3), antiácidos (n = 8), antibióticos (n = 13), anticolesterolêmicos (n = 1), anticonvulsivantes (n = 2), antidepressivos (n = 2), antidiabéticos (n = 1), antieméticos (n = 3), anti-hipertensivos (n = 3), anti-histamínicos (n = 3), antiinflamatórios (n = 7), antitérmicos (n = 2), broncodilatadores (n = 1), descongestionantes (n = 4), laxantes (n = 1), contraceptivos orais (n = 5) e vitaminas (n = 10). As amostras foram analisadas pela técnica de ELISA utilizando anticorpo monoclonal ômega-gliadina, considerada de eleição segundo o Codex Alimentarius Commission WHO/FAO. Todas as amostras foram analisadas em duplicata. O nível de detecção do teste é de 4 mg de gliadina/100 g de produto. Resultados - Dentre os 78 medicamentos analisados, em apenas 1 (1,3%) foi detectada a presença de gliadina (5,5 mg/100 g). O componente ativo do medicamento é ranitidina. De acordo com o Codex Alimentarius Commission WHO/FAO, o limite máximo diário permitido ao consumo pelos indivíduos com doença celíaca é igual a 10 mg de gliadina. Considerando a quantidade de gliadina num único comprimido de ranitidina, a quantidade ingerida seria bem menor do que a máxima permitida ao consumo pelo paciente com doença celíaca. Conclusões - Neste estudo não foi identificada gliadina em medicamentos em quantidade que constitua risco para pacientes com doença celíaca.
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Mensah, P., L. Mwamakamba, D. Nsue-Milang, and C. Mohamed. "Public health and food safety in the WHO African region." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 12, no. 52 (July 5, 2012): 6317–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.52.who-6.
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Contaminated food continues to cause numerous devastating outbreaks in the African Region. In Africa, a large proportion of ready-to-eat foods are sold by the informal sector, especially as street foods. The hygienic aspects of vending operations and the safety of these foods are problematic for food safety regulators. The global food crisis has worsened an already precarious food situation because when food is in short supply people are more concerned about satisfying hunger than the safety of the food. The aetiological agents include various pathogenic bacteria, parasites and viruses. Chemical contaminants are becoming increasingly important. Human factors including: unhygienic practices and deliberate contamination, environmental factors, such as unsafe water, unsafe waste disposal and exposure of food to insects and dust, undercooked food, and prolonged storage of cooked food without refrigeration are the main predisposing factors. WHO’s position is that food safety must be recognised as a public health function and access to safe food as a basic human right. The work of WHO in food safety is in line with its core functions and various global and regional commitments, especially the document entitled “Food Safety and Health: A Strategy for the WHO African Region (AFR/RC57/4) adopted in 2007. WHO has been supporting countries to strengthen food safety systems and partnerships and advocacy; to develop evidence-based food safety policies; strengthen laboratory capacity for foodborne disease surveillance; enhance participation of countries in the standard-setting activities of the Codex Alimentarius Commission; and strengthen food safety education using the WHO Five Keys to Safer Food . The implementation of the Regional Food Safety Strategy adopts a holistic farm-to-fork approach which addresses the entire food control system. Much has been achieved since the adoption of the document Food Safety and health: A Strategy for the WHO African Region, but commitment to food safety still remains low due to competing priorities. In particular, countries are now shifting away from fragmented food control implementation towards multi-agency and coordinated as well as single agency systems. The Codex Trust Fund has facilitated participation and capacity building for Codex work. Although funding for the Food Safety Programme has increased as compared to the levels in 2002, this remains inadequate. WHO will continue to support countries to strengthen food safety systems in line with its core functions and as enshrined in the regional food safety strategy.
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Gumienna, Małgorzata, and Barbara Górna. "Gluten hypersensitivities and their impact on the production of gluten-free beer." European Food Research and Technology 246, no. 11 (August 6, 2020): 2147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00217-020-03579-9.
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Abstract This article consists of a study of the literature and an assessment of available data on the production of gluten-free beer and its constituents. The article shows how the FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission for Nutrition and Foods for Special Dietary Uses defines celiac disease, gluten-free products, and gluten-free beer. It describes diet-dependent diseases, which require a gluten-free diet, and groups of potential consumers of gluten-free beer. This article describes the use of oats as a raw material for the production of brewing malt and its usefulness in the production of beer. It specifies how the technological process of standard beer production needs to be modified so that the product meets the requirements of patients with celiac disease. The article also provides an overview of literature data on the production of gluten-free beer from pseudocereal malts, such as sorghum malt, buckwheat malt, amaranth malt, and quinoa malt.
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Higuchi, Shoko, Yuuki Kamishiro, Maki Ishihara, Yumi Yasuoka, Yasunori Mori, Masahiro Hosoda, Kazuki Iwaoka, et al. "EVALUATION OF A RADON AIR MONITOR IN THE MEASUREMENT OF RADON CONCENTRATION IN WATER IN COMPARISON WITH A LIQUID SCINTILLATION COUNTER." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 184, no. 3-4 (April 30, 2019): 426–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncz070.
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Abstract The World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends that the concentration of radon in water should be no more than 100 kBq m−3 (100 BqL−1) and the Codex Alimentarius Commission states that the limit of quantification (LOQ) of a method should be no more than one-fifth of this value. In this study, a degassing method with an RAD7 device was used to measure radon concentrations in water, compared to a liquid scintillation counter (LSC) method used as the reference, to investigate whether the numerical value of the LOQ of this method was more than 1/5 (20 kBq m–3) of 100 kBq m–3. The degassing method with leak prevention was shown to reach a target value of 20 kBq m−3 or less under a relative humidity of 6% or lower in the chamber of the RAD7 device. Accordingly, the RAD7 degassing method with leak prevention can be used to accurately measure radon concentrations in water within the guidance level set out by the WHO.
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Ogbonna, P. C., E. C. Nzegbule, K. O. Obasi, and H. Obasi. "Heavy Metals in Soil and Accumulation in Medicinal Plants at an Industrial Area in Enyimba city, Abia State, Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Environmental Sciences and Technology 2, no. 1 (March 2018): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.36263/nijest.2018.01.0067.
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The study assessed heavy metals in the soil and subsequent accumulation in plants at an industrial site at Enyimba city, Abia State, Nigeria. Soil and medicinal plant samples were analyzed for zinc (Zn), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd). The highest concentration of Zn (142.06 ± 2.91 mg/kg), Pb (18.06 ± 1.30 mg/kg) and Cd (27.055 ± 2.468 mg/kg) were obtained at the sampling points of 2, 7 and 5, respectively. The highest concentrations of Zn (27.09 ± 1.44 mg/kg) and Cd (2.000 ± 0.156 mg/kg) were accumulated by Azadiractha indica while the highest concentration of Pb (4.58 ± 0.51 mg/kg) was accumulated by Mangifera indica. The levels of Zn and Cd in soil were 13.77 ± 1.35 to 142.06 ± 2.91 and 0.695 ± 0.106 to 27.055 ± 2.468, and their concentrations in Azadiractha indica were 5.06 ± 0.35 to 27.09 ± 1.44 and 0.002 ± 0.001 to 2.000 ± 0.156 mg/kg, respectively. The concentrations of Zn and Cd in soil and Cd in Azadiractha indica reflected a state of pollution relative to Dutch criteria for soil and the FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission for soil and herbal plants.
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Žikić, Dragan, Slobodan Stojanović, and Gordana Ušćebrka. "INTERNATIONAL REGULATION AND STANDARDS IN FOOD SAFETY." International Journal "Advanced Quality" 44, no. 4 (March 11, 2017): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.25137/ijaq.n4.v44.y2016.p33-36.
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The food production in the past period was mainly quantity-oriented. Nowadays the food production is transformed into an international System of Quality, implying production of food that has preserved its identity. This change has been caused by often incidents (Salmonella, BSE, E. coli O157:H7, dioxin), and these incidents were caused by interruption of food-safety chain. International organizations (Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations - FAO, World Health Organization - WHO, Office International des Epizooties - OIE, Codex Alimentarius Commission - CAC, International Organization for Standardization – ISO), on the basis of latest science acknowledgements, submitted new recommendations and standards of food-safety, with emphasis on integrated approach in development and applying of standards of food-safety as opportunity to access to global world market. By the other hand, high requests from developed countries could result in perplexity ‘standards as barriers’ and ‘standards as catalysts’ in the context of food safety standards in international trade in agricultural and food products. This paper explores the food safety concept through international regulation and food safety standards.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission"
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Lee, Richard Philip. "Setting science-based international food standards : defining dietary fibre in the Codex Alimentarius Commission." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/1644.
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The thesis presents a sociological analysis of international food standard-setting in the Codex Alimentarius Commission (the Codex). The Codex is an intergovernmental organisation jointly administered by the UN Food and Agricultural Organisation and the World Health Organisation. The main activity of member governments who participate in the Codex is the negotiation of international food standards, which are referenced by W orId Trade Organisation agreements. Although international food standards are significant instruments which structure the agri-food system, little social science research has been conducted on the process by which such standards are set. In order to develop an in-depth analysis of the science-based standard-setting process, the thesis analyses a case-study of the attempt to agree a definition of dietary fibre within the Codex. Agreeing a definition of dietary fibre was a protracted and contentious process within the Codex, with important implications for food product development and the creation of new markets. Methods used in the study included: observations of meetings, document analysis and thirty-two interviews with scientists, government delegates and food industry and consumer representatives. In this case-study, the concept of epistemic communities - defined by Haas (1992a: 3) as " ... a network of professionals with recognised expertise and competence in a particular domain and an authoritative claim to policy-relevant knowledge within the domain or issue-area" - was deemed to provide a weak explanation for the standard-setting process due to a failure to address the conditions giving rise to particular knowledge claims. Instead - and following critiques developed within the sociology of science and technology - the analysis suggests that international food standard-setting uses scientific knowledge claims, but cannot be said to be wholly based upon science because of the constitutive entanglement of science and politics. The thesis argues that the production of a definition for dietary fibre followed a methodology of standard-setting that required dietary fibre to became a 'boundary object' (Star and Griesemer, 1989) - an identifiable object around which conflicting groups can co-operate because the object possesses just enough ambiguity to allow for multiple interpretations. The thesis concludes that, in this case-study, on-going scientific controversy does not prevent the agreement of a food standard - despite food standards being 'science-based' - if the standard in question can be negotiated as a boundary object. The thesis provides novel social scientific insights into a little studied, but increasingly significant, area of the agri-food system.
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Powell, Thomas Courtney Irene. "The Impacts and Implications of Post-1995 Linkages Between the Codex Alimentarius Commission and the World Trade Organization: Politicization, Deadlock, and Dispute." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32077.
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This thesis examines the impacts and implications of post-1995 linkages between the Codex Alimentarius Commission and the World Trade Organization. Chapters 1 and 2 provide data on the structures, functions, and procedures of the Codex Commission and the WTO and analyze their institutional approaches to risk, danger, risk management and the precautionary principle. Chapter 3 evaluates three impacts of post-1995 linkages between these institutions (the politicization of the Codex Commission, deadlock in the Codex standard elaboration process, and dispute in the WTO) as well as three implications of that linkage (risk v. danger assessment and management, changed interpretations of â science,â and changed interpretations of â consensusâ ). Finally, Chapter 4 applies these impacts and implications to food safety cases. This chapter establishes a framework for understanding issues of food safety, Codex standard elaboration, and WTO dispute settlements in terms of scientific and political consensus and debate. This thesis argues, first, that the post-1995 linkage between the Codex Commission and the WTO changed Codex member state expectations and behaviors relative to standard elaboration procedures and that these changed expectations impacted both member state governments and the WTO. It further demonstrates that the extent of the Codex Commissionâ s ability to elaborate universal standards and the WTOâ s responsibility for dispute settlement can be explained in terms of scientific and political dispute and consensus. Finally, it illustrates that risk and danger are different concepts, require different food safety approaches, and generate different institutional and national reactions. This analysis addresses existing critiques of the Codex Commission, the WTO, and their post-1995 linkages, examines the potential of both institutions to simultaneously pursue consumer safety and open trade objectives, and points to avenues for future research.Master of Arts
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Debure, Antoine. "Crédibiliser pour expertiser : le Codex Alimentarius et les comités d'experts FAO-OMS dans la production réglementaire internationale de sécurité sanitaire des aliments." Paris, EHESS, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012EHES0054.
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L’expertise scientifique réalisée au Codex Alimentarius par les comités internationaux FAO-OMS afin d’établir des normes relatives à la sécurité sanitaire des aliments joue un rôle essentiel, sans doute de plus en plus important, dans la régulation de la production et du commerce international des aliments. C’est ce rôle, et les questions qu’il soulève du point de vue de la relation entre science et politique, que la thèse propose d’étudier à travers l’analyse des processus de crédibilisation de l’expertise. Le cadre théorique qui structure l’analyse articule sociologie des organisations et sociologie des sciences, et mobilise également les concepts centraux de la sociologie de l’action publique et politique. La relation entre science et politique se caractérise par une instabilité tant constitutive que contextuelle. L’expertise FAO-OMS s’inscrit dans le contexte plus large de normalisation internationale dont l’applicabilité s’impose aux Etats, et qui, de fait, participe à amplifier l’instabilité. La thèse montre que le processus de crédibilisation dans lequel s’investissent les différents acteurs (experts, institutionnels, régulateurs, industriels, associations, etc. ) permet d’atténuer l’instabilité de la relation. En étant opérant, le processus de crédibilisation offre aux acteurs qui s’y investissent la possibilité de négocier à leur avantage leur position dans la relation, tout en évitant une remise en cause. La thèse conçoit les processus de crédibilisation comme l’ensemble des stratégies visant à renforcer la « capacité du sujet à dire et à faire », une notion qui dépasse les limites des notions d’autorité et de légitimité. Ces processus sont saisis en analysant à la fois les stratégies et comportements des institutions mais aussi ceux des experts dans leurs réseaux transnationaux et dans les situations locales de l’expertise collective FAO-OMS. Les processus de crédibilisation reposent sur trois dimensions interdépendantes : une crédibilisation procédurale, une crédibilisation communautaire et une crédibilisation délibérative. La thèse montre ainsi une expertise indissociable des processus de crédibilisation qui l’accompagnent. La crédibilisation est à la fois le produit des interdépendances qui jalonnent l’expertise et une condition indispensable pour que ces interdépendances fonctionnent de façon à permettre la production d’une expertise. Si la thèse permet de mettre en lumière une expertise plurielle grâce à l’analyse des processus de crédibilisation sur lesquels elle s’appuie, notamment entre un modèle traditionnel et un modèle précautionneux, elle invite aussi à réfléchir sur la pertinence de la séparation entre science et politique, sans cesse recherchée et réaffirmée par les autorités sanitaires et pourtant toujours aménagée implicitement dans les pratiquesThe scientific expertise, produced for the Codex Alimentarius by international committees of the FAO and the WHO, has a growing central role in the regulation of food production and international trade. It is this role and the questions arising from the relation between science and policy that this research work explores by analyzing the “credibilization processes” of expertise. The theoretical framework articulates Sociology of organizations, Sociology of science as well as central concepts of political sociology. The relationship between science and policy is known to be unstable. The FAO-WHO’s expertise is even more unstable with regard to its participation in the international normalization/standardization which has an enforceable power over national regulation systems. This dissertation demonstrates that the “credibilization processes” in which different actors are involved (experts, institutions, regulators, industries, consumers…) enables to reduce this instability. By engaging in these processes, actors obtain the resources to negotiate their position in the relationship to their advantage, and are able to avoid criticism at the same time. We consider the “credibilization processes” as a set of strategies aiming at strengthening “the subject’s ability to state and to take action”, a notion that exceeds the limits of “authority” and “legitimacy”, other central notions. Processes are grasped by analyzing strategies and behavior of institutions as well as experts in their transnational networks and in the course of FAO-WHO collective expertise. The “credibilization processes” rest upon three interdependent dimensions: a procedural credibilization, a collaborative credibilization and a deliberative credibilization. This research illustrates an expertise that is inseparable from the “credibilization processes”. The credibilization is both the result of interdependencies along the expertise, and a prerequisite for interdependencies to exist in order to produce an expertise. The “credibilization processes” analysis unveils a plural expertise, more specifically in between a “traditional” model and a “precautionary” model. Finally, this dissertation questions the relevance of maintaining science and policy separated; a separation always reasserted by national and international authorities, but remaining however implicitly adjusted in practice
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Dratwa, Jim. "Prendre des risques avec le principe de précaution." Paris, ENMP, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ENMP1219.
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Quel est l'apport du principe de précaution dans les débats sur la science, la prise de décision et la régulation du risque? Quels sont les enjeux liés à la définition, au cadrage et à l'action du principe de précaution? Et quelles sont les innovations politiques qui sont ainsi suscitées? Divers acteurs, diverses parties, se rapportent au principe de précaution avec diverses conceptions, exigences, et aspirations. L'une des façons de comprendre cette multiplicité de sens consiste à examiner la composition de ce principe normatif controversé dans les sites et situations où elle a lieu. C'est ce que je fais dans cette enquête, m'engageant dans la composition du principe de précaution sur le terrain des organisations internationales. Ce principe de précaution, la thèse le pense et le suit - avec ses développements ainsi que ceux qui le développent - tel qu'il évolue à la Commission Européenne, au Parlement Européen, et au Codex AlimentariusThis study is a study of the political economy of the precautionary principle. An inquiry into its production, distribution, consumption, and management, but more specifically an inquiry into the _shaping or _becoming of the principle, attentive to its peculiar modes of existence as a collective enunciation. I scrutinize the elaboration of that problematic normative claim, how it has been made, but also how it has been made international and European notably, and indeed how it has made or changed Europe, the European Commission, 'the environment' or 'consumer protection' as policy domains, and various actors. In doing so, all the way through the inquiry, I strive to give heed to what these compositions of the precautionary principle make visible (and thus the possibilities they open), but also at what price -in terms of what they makes invisible, what erasures they settle. And similarly for what these compositions of the precautionary principle make safe and for what they make at risk
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Ramsingh, Brigit Lee Naida. "The History of International Food Safety Standards and the Codex alimentarius (1955-1995)." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/42553.
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Following the Second World War, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) teamed up to construct an international Codex Alimentarius (or “food code”) in 1962. Inspired by the work of its European predecessor, the Codex Europaeus, these two UN agencies assembled teams of health professionals, government civil servants, medical and scientific experts to draft food standards. Once ratified, the standards were distributed to governments for voluntary adoption and implementation. By the mid-1990s, the World Trade Organization (WTO) identified the Codex as a key reference point for scientific food standards.
The role of science within this highly political and economic organization poses interesting questions about the process of knowledge production and the scientific expertise underpinning the food standards. Standards were constructed and contested according to the Codex twin goals of: (1) protecting public health, and (2) facilitating trade. One recent criticism of Codex is that these two aims are opposed, or that one is given primacy over the other, which results in protectionism. Bearing these themes in mind, in this dissertation I examine the relationship between the scientific and the ‘social’ elements embodied by the Codex food standards since its inception after the Second World War. I argue that these attempts to reach scientific standards represent an example of coproduction– one in which the natural and social orders are produced alongside each other.
What follows from this central claim is an attempt to characterize the pre-WTO years of the Codex through a case study approach. The narrative begins with a description of the predecessor regional group the Codex europaeus, and then proceeds to key areas affecting human health: 1) food additives, 2) food hygiene, and 3) pesticides residues.
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Yen, Yu-Ju, and 嚴昱如. "The Standard-Setting of Codex Alimentarius Commission: A Critical Study on the Maximum Residue Limits for Ractopamine." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/6bfhcf.
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碩士國立交通大學
科技法律研究所
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The Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) aims at protecting the health of the consumers and ensuring fair practices in the food trade. CAC standard has great influence in the world. Since World Trade Organization has required Member’s sanitary and phytosanitary measures to base on CAC standards, under this condition, CAC is now the international authority of the food safety standards. Not only countries deem CAC important, but turn CAC into a place for competing politic, economic and scientific competence, and international food trade. Taiwan is not the member of CAC, therefore cannot participate the standard-setting procedure in CAC and with little understanding of CAC. The purposes of this thesis are to understand and analyze the CAC standard-setting procedure and its problems, and to provide suggestions for CAC. The study methods include the following three types. (1) Studying the official and relevant documents to understand the structure, principles and procedure of CAC standard-setting. (2) Case study on the standard-setting procedure of maximum residue limits for Ractopamine, which is the most controversial standard adopted without consensus in the recent years, and the pros and cons of CAC members, and meetings discussing Ractopamine draft standard. (3) Qualitative research by interviewing experts with experiences in WTO, who possess valuable information of maximum residue limits for Ractopamine. According to the aforementioned study methods, this thesis provides the findings that the standard of maximum residue limits of Ractopamine without conforming to the standard-setting principles and proposes the suggestions for CAC to get improvement. This thesis will assist CAC to improve the standard-setting procedure, and help Taiwan government to decide whether adopt standards of CAC and to understand the advantages and disadvantages of the CAC.
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Zampieri, Natalia. "A Comissão do Codex Alimentarius no contexto da governança global da alimentação. A legitimidade da normação do codex e a juridicização de standards técnicos." Doctoral thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/90524.
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Tese de Doutoramento em Direito, ramo Direito Público, apresentada à
Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de CoimbraO objetivo do presente trabalho é apresentar uma reflexão sobre aspectos relacionados à legitimação da normação dos trabalhos desenvolvidos pela Comissão do Codex Alimentarius e sobre aspectos relacionados à juridicização de standards técnicos elaborados pelo mesmo órgão, considerando, como contexto geral prévio, os esquemas da governança global da alimentação. Primeiramente, definiu-se o âmbito substantivo do tema escolhido para este trabalho a partir das considerações encontradas na introdução do trabalho e, em seguida, na apresentação geral da governança global da alimentação. A explicação da governança global da alimentação foi útil para ‘localizar’ a Comissão do Codex Alimentarius dentro do sistema. Em seguida, explicou-se o conceito, o contexto histórico na qual a Comissão do Codex Alimentarius foi criada, seu funcionamento, sua composição (considerado no Programa Conjunto da Organização das Nações Unidas para a Alimentação e a Agricultura/Organização Mundial da Saúde sobre Standards Alimentares), bem como o objetivo concreto do ‘órgão’: a elaboração de standards técnicos alimentares (Standards, diretrizes, códigos de prática e limites máximos de resíduos). Após contextualizar o tema da segurança alimentar praticada na União Europeia (em particular, quanto ao Regulamento (CE) n.º 178/2002 do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho de 28 de Janeiro de 2002 que determina os princípios e normas gerais da legislação alimentar, cria a Autoridade Europeia para a Segurança Alimentar e estabelece procedimentos em matéria de segurança dos géneros alimentícios) e na Organização Mundial do Comércio (e explicar dois importantes acordos, o Acordo Sobre Medidas Sanitárias e Fitossanitárias e o Acordo sobre Barreiras Técnicas ao Comércio) em relação ao uso dos standards do Codex nestes sistemas, bem como explicar o funcionamento organizacional de interação interna/internacional dos trabalhos da Comissão do Codex Alimentarius em Portugal e no Brasil, passou-se a explicar a terceira e última parte deste trabalho. Esta última parte é composta pela apresentação de entedimentos ‘contemporâneos’ sobre o direito global e suas implicações. A partir das características gerais do direito global e, especificamente, a partir dos questionamentos sobre o direito administrativo global (conforme considerado pela doutrina escolhida), o último capítulo deste trabalho, ao propor uma interação entre os esquemas da Comissão do Codex Alimentarius e algumas preocupações teóricas sobre o direito administrativo global, pretendeu contribuir para a tentativa da definição de questões importantes, como a legitimidade da normação do Codex e a juridicização dos standards técnicos.
The aim of this considerations is to present a reflection on aspects related to the legitimacy of the Codex Alimentarius Commission texts and on aspects related to the judicialization of the technical standards drawn up by the same body, whereas, as prior general context, the global food governance schemes. First, it was defined the substantive scope of the theme chosen for this research from the considerations found in the introduction of this work and then in the general presentation of the global food governance. The explanation of the global food governance was useful to demonstrate the ‘place’ of the Codex Alimentarius Commission within the system. Then, it was explained the concept, the historical context in which the Codex Alimentarius Commission was created, its functioning, its composition (considered in a Joint Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization Food Standards Programme) and the specific objectives of the ‘body’: the preparation of food technical standards (Standards, guidelines, codes of practice and maximum residue limits). After contextualizing the issue of food safety practiced in the European Union (in particular as regards Regulation (EC) n.º 178/2002 of the European Parliament and the Council of 28 January 2002 laying down the general principles and requirements of food law, establishing the European Food Safety Authority and laying down procedures in matters of food safety) and the World Trade Organization (in particular, the two important agreements, the Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures and the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade) regarding the use of Codex standards in these systems and explaining the the organizational interaction of the work of the Codex Alimentarius Commission in Portugal and Brazil, it comes the third and final part of this research. This last part is composed by the presentation of ‘contemporary’ understandings on the global law and its implications. From the general characteristics of the global law and, specifically, from questions about the global administrative law (as considered by the chosen doctrine), the last chapter of this research proposes an interaction between the schemes of the Codex Alimentarius Commission and some theoretical concerns of the global administrative law, intended to contribute to the attempt of the definition of important issues such as the legitimacy of the Codex texts and the judicialization of the technical standards.
Books on the topic "WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission"
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Commission, Joint FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius. Codex Alimentarius Commission procedural manual. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, World Health Organization, 2003.
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Commission, Joint FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius. Introduction Codex alimentarius. [Rome?]: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1987.
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Joint FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission. Codex Alimentarius Commission: Procedural manual. Rome: World Health Organization, 2005.
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Joint FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission and Joint FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission. Codex Alimentarius Commission: Procedural manual. Rome: World Health Organization, 2007.
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Joint FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission and Joint FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission. Codex Alimentarius Commission: Procedural manual. Rome: World Health Organization, 2006.
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Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme., Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations., and World Health Organization, eds. Codex alimentarius. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2004.
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Joint FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission. Codex alimentarius. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2001.
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Joint FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission. Codex alimentarius. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1997.
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L, Smith Barry, ed. Codex alimentarius. [Rome]: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1990.
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Joint FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission. Codex alimentarius. 2nd ed. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2001.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission"
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Pereira, Ravi Afonso. "Why Would International Administrative Activity Be Any Less Legitimate? — A Study of the Codex Alimentarius Commission." In The Exercise of Public Authority by International Institutions, 541–71. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04531-8_19.
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Masson-Matthee, Mariëlle D. "The Codex Alimentarius Commission: The Institutional Framework." In The Codex Alimentarius Commission and Its Standards, 13–50. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-515-5_2.
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Masson-Matthee, Mariëlle D. "The Codex And the EC." In The Codex Alimentarius Commission and Its Standards, 95–133. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-515-5_4.
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Masson-Matthee, Mariëlle D. "The Codex Alimentarius: Harmonisation Through Standard-Setting." In The Codex Alimentarius Commission and Its Standards, 51–94. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-515-5_3.
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Masson-Matthee, Mariëlle D. "The Wto Agreements And The Codex Alimentarius." In The Codex Alimentarius Commission and Its Standards, 135–200. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-515-5_5.
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Mendez, Eduardo R., and John R. Lupien. "FAO/WHO Food Standards Program: Codex Alimentarius." In Food Safety Handbook, 793–99. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/047172159x.ch38.
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Masson-Matthee, Mariëlle D. "Introduction." In The Codex Alimentarius Commission and Its Standards, 1–12. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-515-5_1.
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Masson-Matthee, Mariëlle D. "The Legitimacy of The Codex Alimentarius, The Standard-Setting Procedure and The Institutional Framework." In The Codex Alimentarius Commission and Its Standards, 201–67. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-515-5_6.
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Masson-Matthee, Mariëlle D. "Conclusions." In The Codex Alimentarius Commission and Its Standards, 269–84. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-515-5_7.
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Heilandt, T., CA Mulholland, and M. Younes. "Institutions Involved in Food Safety: FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC)." In Encyclopedia of Food Safety, 345–53. Elsevier, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-378612-8.00006-8.
Full textConference papers on the topic "WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission"
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Fu, Wenyi. "Conflict and Harmonization: On Codex Alimentarius Commission' Proposed Guidelines for Genetically Modified Foods Labeling." In The 2013 International Conference on Applied Social Science Research (ICASSR-2013). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icassr.2013.31.
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Sussman, Michael. "International Standards for Food Authenticity and Allergen Detection from ISO TC 34/SC 16 Horizontal Methods for Molecular Biomarker Analysis." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/mylm7606.
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ISO Technical Committee 34 “Food Products”/Subcommittee 16 “Horizontal methods for molecular biomarker analysis” works to ensure that standardized biomolecular testing and laboratory criteria are reproducible and technically sound reducing potentialdisputes between exporting and importing nations and increasing predictability in world trade. Harmonized, easy to handle methods of analysis with defined patterns and known nomenclatures bring more customers to the market. TC 34/SC 16 has increased international stakeholders’ participation in standardizing biomarker testing, improved the quality and relevance of these standards and continues to increase transparency in international markets, particularly for food authenticity, varietal identification and genetically engineered (GMO) products. ISO standards have been adopted by Codex Alimentarius and many governments throughout the world. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO.org) was formed in 1946. It is an independent, nongovernmental voluntary consensus standard body based in Geneva, Switzerland with a membership of 165 national standards bodies. The US ISO member is the American National Standards Institute (ANSI.org) a consortium of US standardization organizations. ISO TC 34/SC 16 was created in 2008. There are 45 participating countries. Contributing organizations in liaison with TC 34/SC 16 include AOAC International, Cereals and Grains Association, the European Commission, the International Seed Testing Association, the US Pharmacopeia, the European Plant Protection Organization and the International Plant Protection Convention. The scope of TC 34/SC 16 is, "Standardization of biomolecular testing methods applied to foods, feeds, seeds and other propagules of food and feed crops." The US delegation responsible for developing the US position for standards development in food authenticity and allergen detection is called the US Technical Advisory Group (TAG). It was delegated to the American Oil Chemist’s Society (AOCS.org) by ANSI. AOCS also hosts the TC 34/SC 16 international secretariat.