Journal articles: 'WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission'

1

Vojir, Franz, Erwin Schübl, and Ibrahim Elmadfa. "The Origins of a Global Standard for Food Quality and Safety: Codex Alimentarius Austriacus and FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 82, no. 3 (June 1, 2012): 223–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831/a000115.

Full text

Abstract:

In the second half of the 19th century the incidence of food adulterations increased very rapidly, prompting many European countries to put into force food laws to fight these practices. A number of parallel attempts were undertaken to establish a collection of instructions for the assessment of food samples to warrant the comparability of results obtained and interpreted by different experts. The first official steps towards such a standardization was made in 1891 at an international meeting of food chemists and microscopic scientists in Vienna. As a consequence, Austria installed a Scientific Commission in 1891, which drafted chapters for a future Codex Alimentarius Austriacus. In 1907, a Codex Commission was installed by the Ministry of Interior, but it took about four years, from 1907 to 1911, before the first edition of this compendium was published. So far, four editions have followed. The Codex Alimentarius Austriacus is a set of standards and guidelines for stakeholders, authorities, and law courts as a base for their activities. It has evolved over the past 100 years to become a flexible instrument, which has become indispensable for Austria. After 1945, attempts were made in different parts of the world to develop standardized rules for the testing of food samples to prevent trade barriers within the respective region. In Europe for instance, the development of a Codex Alimentarius Europaeus initiated by the Austrian Hans Frenzel, and based upon the model of the Codex Alimentarius Austriacus, made good progress. A number of other European countries were involved in this project. However, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) of the United Nations were intent on impeding such regional activities to prevent trade barriers at a global level. Between 1960 and 1963, steps were taken to install a FAO/WHO Codex partly in close cooperation with the Codex Alimentarius Europaeus. Since 1963, the FAO/WHO Codex Commission has issued the FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius, which took its name and some organizational aspects from Codex Alimentarius Europaeus, that was itself modeled after the Codex Alimentarius Austriacus. The Codex Alimentarius Europaeus was incorporated into the Codex Alimentarius Commission as the regional coordinating committee for Europe, thus providing a model for the six regional coordination committees of the Codex Alimentarius Commission existing today.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Maybury, Ronald B. "Codex Alimentarius Approach to Pesticide Residue Standards." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 72, no. 3 (May 1, 1989): 538–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/72.3.538.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract To protect consumers' health, most countries have maximum legal limits for pesticide residues in foods. Trade difficulties can arise when limits differ between countries. The Codex Alimentarius Commission was established in 1962 to implement the Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, the purpose of which is to protect consumer health and ensure fair practices in international food trade. The Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues (CCPR), an intergovernmental body which advises the Commission on matters related to pesticide residues, is responsible for establishing maximum residue limits (MRLs) for pesticides in foods and feeds that move in international trade. Codex MRLs are based on residue data obtained mainly from supervised trials that reflect approved pesticide use in accordance with "good agricultural practice." MRLs must be toxicologically acceptable in terms of estimated pesticide intake by consumers. CCPR Working Groups examine problems related to establishing and implementing MRLs, including sampling and methods of analysis. Despite time and effort expended, acceptance and application of Codex MRLs face many problems in international trade.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Randell, A. W. "Twentieth Session of the FAO/WHO Codes Alimentarius Commission." Food Control 4, no. 4 (January 1993): 229–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-7135(93)90258-p.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Stanković, Ivan, and Milica Zrnić-Ćirić. "Food additives: Risk analysis and legislation." Arhiv za farmaciju 71, no. 1 (2021): 22–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/arhfarm71-30117.

Full text

Abstract:

Food additive is any substance not normally consumed as a food, the intentional addition of which to food for a technological purpose results in it or its by-products becoming a component of such foods. The use of each new additive is preceded by a risk analysis consisting of three interrelated components: risk assessment, risk management and risk communication. At the international level in the Codex Alimentarius system, risk assessment is performed by the Joint (FAO/WHO) Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) and risk management by Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) that, based on the results of the risk assessment, prepares international standards and recommendations that Member States incorporate into national regulations. At the level of the European Union (EU), risk assessment is performed by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) as a basis for risk management by the European Commission (EC) that prepares food additive legislation, and member states authorities responsible for official control of additives on the market. Risk communication takes place between all stakeholders including academia, food producers and consumers. The regulation on additives in the Republic of Serbia is fully harmonized with the EU legislation in this area.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

SDEPANIAN, Vera Lucia, Isabel Cristina Affonso SCALETSKY, Mauro Batista de MORAIS, and Ulysses FAGUNDES-NETO. "Pesquisa de gliadina em medicamentos: informação relevante para a orientação de pacientes com doença celíaca." Arquivos de Gastroenterologia 38, no. 3 (September 2001): 176–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-28032001000300007.

Full text

Abstract:

Racional — Alguns medicamentos podem conter gliadina, portanto, sua utilização poderá ser prejudicial aos pacientes com doença celíaca. Objetivo - Detectar a presença de gliadina em medicamentos comumente comercializados no Brasil. Métodos - Foram analisados 78 medicamentos sorteados a partir de uma lista de 180 produtos comumente comercializados. Os medicamentos analisados foram: analgésicos (n = 9), anti-helmínticos (n = 3), antiácidos (n = 8), antibióticos (n = 13), anticolesterolêmicos (n = 1), anticonvulsivantes (n = 2), antidepressivos (n = 2), antidiabéticos (n = 1), antieméticos (n = 3), anti-hipertensivos (n = 3), anti-histamínicos (n = 3), antiinflamatórios (n = 7), antitérmicos (n = 2), broncodilatadores (n = 1), descongestionantes (n = 4), laxantes (n = 1), contraceptivos orais (n = 5) e vitaminas (n = 10). As amostras foram analisadas pela técnica de ELISA utilizando anticorpo monoclonal ômega-gliadina, considerada de eleição segundo o Codex Alimentarius Commission WHO/FAO. Todas as amostras foram analisadas em duplicata. O nível de detecção do teste é de 4 mg de gliadina/100 g de produto. Resultados - Dentre os 78 medicamentos analisados, em apenas 1 (1,3%) foi detectada a presença de gliadina (5,5 mg/100 g). O componente ativo do medicamento é ranitidina. De acordo com o Codex Alimentarius Commission WHO/FAO, o limite máximo diário permitido ao consumo pelos indivíduos com doença celíaca é igual a 10 mg de gliadina. Considerando a quantidade de gliadina num único comprimido de ranitidina, a quantidade ingerida seria bem menor do que a máxima permitida ao consumo pelo paciente com doença celíaca. Conclusões - Neste estudo não foi identificada gliadina em medicamentos em quantidade que constitua risco para pacientes com doença celíaca.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Mensah, P., L. Mwamakamba, D. Nsue-Milang, and C. Mohamed. "Public health and food safety in the WHO African region." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 12, no. 52 (July 5, 2012): 6317–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.52.who-6.

Full text

Abstract:

Contaminated food continues to cause numerous devastating outbreaks in the African Region. In Africa, a large proportion of ready-to-eat foods are sold by the informal sector, especially as street foods. The hygienic aspects of vending operations and the safety of these foods are problematic for food safety regulators. The global food crisis has worsened an already precarious food situation because when food is in short supply people are more concerned about satisfying hunger than the safety of the food. The aetiological agents include various pathogenic bacteria, parasites and viruses. Chemical contaminants are becoming increasingly important. Human factors including: unhygienic practices and deliberate contamination, environmental factors, such as unsafe water, unsafe waste disposal and exposure of food to insects and dust, undercooked food, and prolonged storage of cooked food without refrigeration are the main predisposing factors. WHO’s position is that food safety must be recognised as a public health function and access to safe food as a basic human right. The work of WHO in food safety is in line with its core functions and various global and regional commitments, especially the document entitled “Food Safety and Health: A Strategy for the WHO African Region (AFR/RC57/4) adopted in 2007. WHO has been supporting countries to strengthen food safety systems and partnerships and advocacy; to develop evidence-based food safety policies; strengthen laboratory capacity for foodborne disease surveillance; enhance participation of countries in the standard-setting activities of the Codex Alimentarius Commission; and strengthen food safety education using the WHO Five Keys to Safer Food . The implementation of the Regional Food Safety Strategy adopts a holistic farm-to-fork approach which addresses the entire food control system. Much has been achieved since the adoption of the document Food Safety and health: A Strategy for the WHO African Region, but commitment to food safety still remains low due to competing priorities. In particular, countries are now shifting away from fragmented food control implementation towards multi-agency and coordinated as well as single agency systems. The Codex Trust Fund has facilitated participation and capacity building for Codex work. Although funding for the Food Safety Programme has increased as compared to the levels in 2002, this remains inadequate. WHO will continue to support countries to strengthen food safety systems in line with its core functions and as enshrined in the regional food safety strategy.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Gumienna, Małgorzata, and Barbara Górna. "Gluten hypersensitivities and their impact on the production of gluten-free beer." European Food Research and Technology 246, no. 11 (August 6, 2020): 2147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00217-020-03579-9.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract This article consists of a study of the literature and an assessment of available data on the production of gluten-free beer and its constituents. The article shows how the FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission for Nutrition and Foods for Special Dietary Uses defines celiac disease, gluten-free products, and gluten-free beer. It describes diet-dependent diseases, which require a gluten-free diet, and groups of potential consumers of gluten-free beer. This article describes the use of oats as a raw material for the production of brewing malt and its usefulness in the production of beer. It specifies how the technological process of standard beer production needs to be modified so that the product meets the requirements of patients with celiac disease. The article also provides an overview of literature data on the production of gluten-free beer from pseudocereal malts, such as sorghum malt, buckwheat malt, amaranth malt, and quinoa malt.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Higuchi, Shoko, Yuuki Kamishiro, Maki Ishihara, Yumi Yasuoka, Yasunori Mori, Masahiro Hosoda, Kazuki Iwaoka, et al. "EVALUATION OF A RADON AIR MONITOR IN THE MEASUREMENT OF RADON CONCENTRATION IN WATER IN COMPARISON WITH A LIQUID SCINTILLATION COUNTER." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 184, no. 3-4 (April 30, 2019): 426–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncz070.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract The World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends that the concentration of radon in water should be no more than 100 kBq m−3 (100 BqL−1) and the Codex Alimentarius Commission states that the limit of quantification (LOQ) of a method should be no more than one-fifth of this value. In this study, a degassing method with an RAD7 device was used to measure radon concentrations in water, compared to a liquid scintillation counter (LSC) method used as the reference, to investigate whether the numerical value of the LOQ of this method was more than 1/5 (20 kBq m–3) of 100 kBq m–3. The degassing method with leak prevention was shown to reach a target value of 20 kBq m−3 or less under a relative humidity of 6% or lower in the chamber of the RAD7 device. Accordingly, the RAD7 degassing method with leak prevention can be used to accurately measure radon concentrations in water within the guidance level set out by the WHO.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Ogbonna, P. C., E. C. Nzegbule, K. O. Obasi, and H. Obasi. "Heavy Metals in Soil and Accumulation in Medicinal Plants at an Industrial Area in Enyimba city, Abia State, Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Environmental Sciences and Technology 2, no. 1 (March 2018): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.36263/nijest.2018.01.0067.

Full text

Abstract:

The study assessed heavy metals in the soil and subsequent accumulation in plants at an industrial site at Enyimba city, Abia State, Nigeria. Soil and medicinal plant samples were analyzed for zinc (Zn), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd). The highest concentration of Zn (142.06 ± 2.91 mg/kg), Pb (18.06 ± 1.30 mg/kg) and Cd (27.055 ± 2.468 mg/kg) were obtained at the sampling points of 2, 7 and 5, respectively. The highest concentrations of Zn (27.09 ± 1.44 mg/kg) and Cd (2.000 ± 0.156 mg/kg) were accumulated by Azadiractha indica while the highest concentration of Pb (4.58 ± 0.51 mg/kg) was accumulated by Mangifera indica. The levels of Zn and Cd in soil were 13.77 ± 1.35 to 142.06 ± 2.91 and 0.695 ± 0.106 to 27.055 ± 2.468, and their concentrations in Azadiractha indica were 5.06 ± 0.35 to 27.09 ± 1.44 and 0.002 ± 0.001 to 2.000 ± 0.156 mg/kg, respectively. The concentrations of Zn and Cd in soil and Cd in Azadiractha indica reflected a state of pollution relative to Dutch criteria for soil and the FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission for soil and herbal plants.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Žikić, Dragan, Slobodan Stojanović, and Gordana Ušćebrka. "INTERNATIONAL REGULATION AND STANDARDS IN FOOD SAFETY." International Journal "Advanced Quality" 44, no. 4 (March 11, 2017): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.25137/ijaq.n4.v44.y2016.p33-36.

Full text

Abstract:

The food production in the past period was mainly quantity-oriented. Nowadays the food production is transformed into an international System of Quality, implying production of food that has preserved its identity. This change has been caused by often incidents (Salmonella, BSE, E. coli O157:H7, dioxin), and these incidents were caused by interruption of food-safety chain. International organizations (Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations - FAO, World Health Organization - WHO, Office International des Epizooties - OIE, Codex Alimentarius Commission - CAC, International Organization for Standardization – ISO), on the basis of latest science acknowledgements, submitted new recommendations and standards of food-safety, with emphasis on integrated approach in development and applying of standards of food-safety as opportunity to access to global world market. By the other hand, high requests from developed countries could result in perplexity ‘standards as barriers’ and ‘standards as catalysts’ in the context of food safety standards in international trade in agricultural and food products. This paper explores the food safety concept through international regulation and food safety standards.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Tivana, L., J. da Cruz Francisco, B. Bergenståhl, and P. Dejmek. "Cyanogenic Potential of Roasted Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) roots Rale from Inhambane Province, Mozambique." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 27, Special Issue 1 (June 24, 2009): S375—S378. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1102-cjfs.

Full text

Abstract:

Roasted cassava roots flour is part of a common meal in Africa, it is known as rale in Mozambique. Fifty six samples of rale were collected from homes and markets in Inhambane Province, Mozambique, for cyanogenic potential (CNp) analyses. The names of cassava varieties used for preparing the rale samples could be determined in the home-collected samples, three varieties were recorded. Xinhembwe variety gave rale samples with 30 ± 8 mg CNp/kg (mean + standard error), Precoce de angola with 43 ± 11 mg CNp/kg and Rungo sabonete with 58 ± 22 mg CNp/kg dry weight. The mean cyanogenic value for all the 56 samples collected was 41 ± 16 mg CNp/kg. Cyanogenic potentials in all the rale samples were above 10 mg HCN/kg, the value regarded by the Codex Alimentarius Commission of the FAO/WHO as safe.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Cada, Dennis. "Codex Alimentarius Commission." Hospital Pharmacy 40, no. 7 (July 2005): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001857870504000701.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Cada, Dennis J. "Codex Alimentarius Commission Update." Hospital Pharmacy 44, no. 7 (July 2009): 545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1310/hpj4407-545.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Ogbonna, P. C., O. O. Osim, and E. Biose. "Determination of Heavy Metal Contamination in Soil and Accumulation in Cassava (Manihot Esculenta) in Automobile Waste Dumpsite at Ohiya Mechanic Village." Nigerian Journal of Environmental Sciences and Technology 4, no. 1 (March 2020): 54–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.36263/nijest.2020.01.0173.

Full text

Abstract:

Human health challenges resulting from consumption of food contaminated by heavy metals necessitated the investigation of soil and cassava plants around automobile waste dumpsite at Ohiya mechanic village, Abia State, Nigeria. Soil and cassava samples collected randomly at the site were analyzed for cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb) and chromium (Cr). The values of highest concentration of Cu and Pb in soil was recorded in 0-10 cm, Cr was obtained in 21-30 cm while Cd was in 11-20 cm soil depth. The concentration of Cd (0.11±0.00 to 0.26±0.00 mg/kg) in soil exceed maximum permitted level of 0.1 mg/kg (Cd) by FAO/WHO. The concentration of Pb (0.01±0.001 to 3.24±0.00 mg/kg) and Cd (0.07±0.00 to 2.08±0.00 mg/kg) in cassava plants exceed the permissible limit of 0.3 mg/kg (Pb) and 0.2 mg/kg (Cd) set by FAO/WHO. The Pearson correlation analysis show very strong positive relationship between Cu and Cu (r=0.996) and Pb and Pb (r=0.986) while strong negative relationship exist between Cr and Cr (r= -0.686) and Cd and Cd (r= -0.981) in soil and plant. Based on our findings, the concentrations of Cd in soil vis-à-vis Pb and Cd in plants which exceed maximum permitted level set by Codex Alimentarius Commission FAO/WHO will expose man and animals that relied on soil and cassava plants for food to serious health risks. Consequently, Abia State government should prevent farmers’ access to the site by fencing round the automobile waste dumpsite.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Ivanova, L. P., T. V. Adamchuk, A. P. Hrynko, O. P. Kravchuk, and H. I. Petrashenko. "Analysis of international approaches to regulation of pesticides in processed agricultural products (literature review)." One Health and Nutrition Problems of Ukraine 55, no. 2 (October 20, 2021): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.33273/2663-9726-2021-55-2-94-99.

Full text

Abstract:

Object . Analysis of pesticide regulations documents and scientific works regarding processed agricultural products. Results. The principles to establish maximum residue levels (MRLs) for active ingredients of pesticides in raw agricultural commodities (RACs) and processed products are currently available in the European Union and Ukraine and are provided by the WHO Commission “Codex Alimentarius” and the Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR) were reviewed. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) project with the overall objective is to develop a database of validated processing factors based on the residue definitions for enforcement, which is compatible with the EFSA food classification and description system was outlined. The European Association of Plant Producers of the EU Vegetable Oil and Proteinmeal Industry (FEDIOL) position on pesticide MRLs in vegetable oils and fats were described. This concept has identified two main elements allowing to give an indication of the fat solubility of an substances. In particular, variants of interpretation of the octanol/water partition coefficient (log Pow) were analyzed. It can be used to predict whether the substance is fat - or water-soluble and to provides an estimate of the tendency of a active ingredients of pesticides to bioaccumulate in fat. In the case of vegetable oils, MRLs can be approximated based on the physico/chemical properties of the pesticides and on the oil content of the raw agricultural commodities (theoretical processing factors from oilseeds seed to oil). Conclusions. The review determines the necessity of improve Ukrainian pesticides regulation procedure and the development of a risk-oriented approach to the selection of priority indicators for the set of MRLs of pesticides in agricultural processed products. Key Words: pesticides, residues, processed products, oilseeds.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Ogbonna, P. C., E. N. Kalu, and O. U, Nwankwo. "Determination of Heavy Metals in Sawdust Particles, Distribution in Soil and Accumulation in Plants at Ahiaeke Timber Market in Umuahia, Nigeria." October 2018 2, no. 2 (September 2018): 160–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.36263/nijest.2018.02.0071.

Full text

Abstract:

Farmers are constrained to farming on lands adjoined to sources of pollution without considering the health implications of consuming crops grown on such lands. The main route of entry of heavy metals in human body is via ingestion of food contaminated with heavy metals. Heavy metal toxicity has proven to be a major threat and there are several health risks associated with it. This, therefore, necessitated the determination of heavy metals in sawdust, distribution in soil and accumulation in plants at Ahiaeke timber market in Umuahia, Abia State. The study assessed metals (chromium [Cr], zinc [Zn], cadmium [Cd], and copper [Cu]) in sawdust particles, their distribution in soil and accumulation in plants. The highest concentration of Zn (51.00±1.84 mg/kg) and Cr (0.170±0.014 mg/kg) was observed at the sawdust dump 2, Cu (8.24±0.60 mg/kg) was highest at sawdust dump 1 while Cd (4.72±0.071 mg/kg) was highest at sawdust dump 3. The values of the highest concentration of Zn (119.7±7.02 mg/kg), Cu (75.85±4.80 mg/kg) and Cd (22.39±3.30 mg/kg) in soil were observed in 0-10 cm depth at the distance of 20 m. The values of Zn (119.7±7.02 mg/kg) and Cd (22.39±3.30 mg/kg) in soil is above the maximum permitted levels of 60 mg/kg (Zn) and 0.1 mg/kg (Cd) established by the Codex Alimentarius Commission. The highest concentration of Zn (34.70±7.05 mg/kg), Cu (5.34±0.11 mg/kg) and Cd (2.94±0.515) in plants was assimilated by Centrosema pubescence. The level of Cd in plants is well above the permissible limit (PL) 0.3 mg/kg set by FAO/WHO for vegetables and herbs. Consumption of such contaminated C. pubescence can be a route of entry of Cd in grazing animals’ vis-à-vis the people who depend on such herbivores for protein.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Georgieva, Olga V., L. S. Konovalova, and I. Ya Kon'. "The system of the quality control and the safety of baby food, the prospects of its development." Hygiene and sanitation 95, no. 11 (October 28, 2019): 1091–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2016-95-11-1091-1095.

Full text

Abstract:

In the article there is considered the substantiation of raise demands to the chemical composition of children’s food and indices of their safety, with taking into account the immaturity of metabolic and physiological processes and limitations of “depot” of nutrients in babies. Based on research results of leading experts in the field of children’s nutritiology and according to the recommendations of the Codex Alimentarius of the Commission of FAO/WHO, ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition, the EFSA recommendations and EUDirectives there were specified requirements for the ingredient composition, content of essential components and indices of the nutritional value of substitutes for human milk and functional products for the nutrition of infants of the first year of life. There are shown stages of the development of the Russian system of hygienic requirements for baby food, and the direction of its harmonization with international and European standards, particularly for substitutes for human milk and products of dietary therapeutic and dietary preventive nutrition for babies. There are considered aspects of the introduction ofproducts and weaning food dishes into the food ration of infants. There is presented the classification ofproducts of children’s food and the assortment of each group of weaning foods. There is provided the modern legislative framework in the field of the quality and safety for infant nutrition. There was shown the difference between domestic legislation and regulatory framework of the EurAsEC Customs Union of the European countries in the field offood products safety for children older three years. There are presented proposals on the creation of the single regulatory base within the framework of the EurAsEC Customs Union for control the quality and safety of all the baby foods

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Footer, Mary E. "The Codex Alimentarius Commission and Its Standards." International Organizations Law Review 8, no. 1 (2011): 267–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157237411x584057.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Bareki, L. "Beekeeping practices and physicochemical properties of honey produced in Lerala village, Botswana." Botswana Journal of Agriculture and Applied Sciences 13, no. 1 (March 12, 2019): 22–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.37106/bojaas.2019.4.

Full text

Abstract:

This study was conducted to evaluate the physicochemical properties of Apis mellifera honey produced in Lerala village and to assess the beekeeping practices. Sale of honey is an important source of income for beekeepers in Lerala village. There are two types of honeybee production systems in the study area: traditional backyard beekeeping and forest honey harvesting. A total of six honey samples obtained from two sources (modern hive and forest) were analysed for physicochemical properties following standard procedures. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to assess beekeeping practices by interviewing 15 individuals who have experience in beekeeping. The average values for moisture content, total ash, free acidity, reducing sugars, sucrose, pH, water-insoluble solids and hydroxymethylfurfural of honey samples obtained from modern hives were 18%, 0.24%, 31 meq/kg, 56.6%, 1.88%, 4.24, 0.05 g/100g and 26.6 mg/kg, respectively. The corresponding values for honey obtained from the forest were 17.7%, 0.28%, 27.7 meq/kg, 58%, 2%, 5.18, 0.07 g/100g and 10.9 mg/kg, respectively. Honey source significantly (P≤0.05) influenced the pH, reducing sugars and sucrose contents of the honey samples while ash, free acidity, water-insoluble solids and moisture content were not significantly (P>0.05) different between the two sources of honey. The pH, sucrose and reducing sugars content of forest honey samples were significantly (P≤0.05) higher than honey obtained from modern hives. All the parameters analysed were within the limits set by the Codex Alimentarius Commission for honey. The major challenges faced by beekeepers in the study area include lack of skills and knowledge of beekeeping, weak extension services and lack of bee handling and honey processing equipment. Thus, there is a need for training of beekeepers on improved beekeeping practices and provision of inputs such as modern hives and honey handling and processing equipment to farmers.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Ulomi, Winstone J., Fauster X. Mgaya, Zuhura Kimera, and Mecky I. Matee. "Determination of Sulphonamides and Tetracycline Residues in Liver Tissues of Broiler Chicken Sold in Kinondoni and Ilala Municipalities, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania." Antibiotics 11, no. 9 (September 8, 2022): 1222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11091222.

Full text

Abstract:

In Tanzania, the increased demand for animal-derived foods, particularly eggs, meat, and milk, has resulted in the intensification of farming systems with the use of antimicrobials, particularly sulphonamides and tetracyclines. According to the FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius commission, concentrations of antimicrobial residues in food exceeding the acceptable daily intake (ADI) and maximum residual limit (MRL) pose a health risk to consumers. This cross-sectional study determined the concentrations of sulphonamide and tetracycline residues in the liver tissues of commercial broiler chicken sold in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, to find out whether the amounts of residues were within the legally permitted and acceptable limits in food. We conveniently sampled eighty-four liver tissue samples from broiler chicken sold in two out of six large markets in Dar es Salaam. The amounts of tetracycline and sulphonamide residues were determined using an ELISA kit (Shenzhen Lvshiyuan Biotechnology Company, Shenzhen, China). The results showed that all 100% (n = 84) samples contained tetracycline residues and 21.4% (n = 18) samples contained sulphonamide residues, while 21.4% (n = 18) contained both sulphonamide and tetracycline residues. The concentrations of sulphonamide residues were within the maximum residual limit (MRL). However, 90.5% (n = 76) of the samples had tetracycline levels that exceeded the acceptable daily intake (ADI) range 0–3 µg/kg and 13.1% (n = 11) of the samples had tetracycline levels that exceeded the maximum residue limit of 300 µg/kg. The observed presence of antibiotic residues in the poultry tissues poses a health risk to consumers, and may lead to antimicrobial resistance micro-organisms, which may spread to humans and animals via the environment. Vigorous surveillance and observation of the withdrawal periods should be advocated to ensure that the food from animals is safe with regard to the residues of veterinary medicines.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Burkard, Michael. "The Ractopamine Dispute in the Codex Alimentarius Commission." European Journal of Risk Regulation 3, no. 4 (December 2012): 610–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x0000670x.

Full text

Abstract:

The dispute over ractopamine in the Codex Alimenta-rius Commission (CAC) exemplifi es changes in Codex proceedings. In its early days, the CAC resembled to an honourable Club of senior food safety offi cials aim-ing at setting food standards in a consensual manner. However, with the WTO connexion established in 1995, CAC proceedings are overshadowed by looming trade disputes and increasingly decided by majority voting. The tendency towards majority voting in the CAC may ultimately undermine the universality of food safety standards and the legitimacy of the CAC as an inter-national standard setting body.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Finardi, Corrado, and Gianluca Tognon. "“Is ‘junk food’ an ‘healthy’ concept?” the challenges of the current debate." British Food Journal 116, no. 8 (July 29, 2014): 1222–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-06-2013-0155.

Full text

Abstract:

Purpose – The term “junk food” is for the most part currently used in the widest political and media debate, without reference to something tangible. The purpose of this paper is to pinpoint the delicate issues involved in moving towards a trans-national, unified, consensual definition of the term “junk food”, including social, economic, cultural, nutritional and methodological problems. Design/methodology/approach – Departing from the work done by international bodies (WHO, FAO-Codex Alimentarius, OECD, EFSA and European Commission) authors descriptively investigate possible background elements able to frame the surrounding debate about “junk food” (“nutrient profiles”, labelling provisions, institutional aspects, etc.). Findings – Presently there is a lack of a global consensus and of scientific basis to define clearly what constitutes “junk food” either on regional areas or globally. Despite of good metrics able to classify foods according to their nutritional quality, policy making relies yet on the concept that only diets or single nutrients can be focused as “good or bad”. Practical implications – A “junk food” taxonomy could be helpful to harmonize trade policies in internal markets (i.e. the EU) and at global level; but also to gain a wider social support for “hard” policy measures intending to counteract non-communicable-diseases (NCDs), and more generally, obesity and overweight. Social implications – A clear basis for “junk food” definition could be the first step to introduce otherwise controversial and easily opposable public health policies and campaigns, due to private interests of the different stakeholders. Even consumers may perceive food policies (in the sake of “food taxes” or “traffic light labelling”) as unfair, whereas not robust scientific ground has been previously given at the highest possible level. Originality/value – The value of this descriptive paper consists in addressing the shortcomings of global and regional nutritional policies framework in front of the emerging trend of “globesity”. Conclusions stress the need to find support for broader food policies (labelling, taxes, education, bans, etc.) which currently are on the rise but lack fundamental aspects of scientific and hence social support.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

YAMADA, Yukiko. "Codex Alimentarius Commission and its Recommendations Concerning Food Irradiation." FOOD IRRADIATION, JAPAN 36, no. 1-2 (2001): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5986/jrafi.36.33.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Lee, Mi-Gyung. "Classification of Vegetable Commodities by the Codex Alimentarius Commission." Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety 34, no. 1 (February 28, 2019): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.13103/jfhs.2019.34.1.87.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

He, Lizhi, Na Li, Xuefeng Liang, Xiuling Yin, Qingqing Huang, Lin Wang, Yuebing Sun, and Yingming Xu. "Reduction of Cd accumulation in pak choi (Brassica chinensis L.) in consecutive growing seasons using mercapto-grafted palygorskite." RSC Advances 8, no. 56 (2018): 32084–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra04952a.

Full text

Abstract:

MP significantly reduced Cd accumulation in the shoots of pak choi in comparison to the control, in consecutive growing seasons, and the minimum Cd contents were less than the maximum permitted level proposed by the Codex Alimentarius Commission.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

BRUNO, A., and V. CAROLISSEN MACKAY. "Antimicrobial resistance and the activities of the Codex Alimentarius Commission." Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'OIE 31, no. 1 (April 1, 2012): 317–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/rst.31.1.2122.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Pereira, Ravi Afonso. "Why Would International Administrative Activity Be Any Less Legitimate? – A Study of the Codex Alimentarius Commission." German Law Journal 9, no. 11 (November 1, 2008): 1693–718. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200000626.

Full text

Abstract:

This article examines the regulatory activity performed by the Codex Alimentarius Commission (Commission), which is the international body responsible for setting food standards and which has been the object of growing attention by lawyers. The main problem is that Codex standards, although they are not binding, strip national regulators of their discretion. This occurs because the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phitosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement) and the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement) refer to them as relevant international standards. Furthermore, the World Trade Organization (WTO) Appellate Body has been construing its provisions in a way that makes it virtually impossible for national regulators to set higher levels of protection. From this it follows that, unless national constituencies are afforded the possibility to participate in the regulation of food safety at the outset before the Commission, when it comes down to setting national food standards national regulators are unable to fully respond to their concerns. This is all the more so if one considers that, while being undisputed that science plays a major role in the preparation of Codex standards, many issues the Commission has to address cannot be settled in strictly scientific terms. Instead, the latter enjoys a wide degree of discretion in striking a balance between fair trade and consumers' health. The political dimension surrounding the issues the Commission has to address coupled with the legal effect of Codex standards raises questions about its legitimacy. Yet any assessment of the legitimacy of the Commission is necessarily incomplete unless it takes into account the comparative performance of national regulatory authorities.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Miller, D. "Developments in the Codex Alimentarius Commission regarding drug residues in foods." Veterinary Record 118, no. 10 (March 8, 1986): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.118.10.256.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Horn, Henrik, and Joseph H. H. Weiler. "European Communities – Trade Description of Sardines: Textualism and its Discontent." World Trade Review 4, S1 (2005): 248–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147474560500131x.

Full text

Abstract:

The facts of EC – Sardines are simple enough. A European Communities (EC) regulation stipulated that the designation Sardines could be used on preserved fish only for the genus Sardina pilchardus. The broad rationale claimed for this measure was to prevent consumer confusion. Allegedly European consumers associated the appellation “Sardines” with the pilchardus genus. Subsequently the Codex Alimentarius Commission set an international standard which effectively would allow other types of fish e.g. the genus Sardinops sagax, to use the word Sardine as part of its packaging designation. Peru, which exports Sardinops to Europe could not, under the Community regulation, use the designation Sardines in any shape or manner even though this prohibition would be contrary to the international standard set by the Codex Commission.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Giorgi, Liana, and Annuradha Tandon. "Putting Risk Management to the Test or Why it is Ineffectual to Separate Risk Assessment from Risk Management: The Story of Maximum Levels for Aflatoxins." European Journal of Risk Regulation 1, no. 2 (June 2010): 123–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x00000210.

Full text

Abstract:

This article reviews the policy process of setting maximum levels for aflatoxins by the European Union and the Codex Alimentarius Commission. The differences between the two regulatory organizations and the difficulties entailed in the alignment of the two standards are illustrative of the problems inherent in risk analysis in the food sector. This case is also instructive with respect to the way in which scientific evidence is used when deciding on appropriate food safety standards.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Ellis, Richard L. "Development of veterinary drug residue controls by the Codex Alimentarius Commission: a review." Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 25, no. 12 (December 2008): 1432–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02652030802267405.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Lee, Mi-Gyung. "Classification and Nomenclature of Fruit Commodities in South Korea and Codex Alimentarius Commission." Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety 33, no. 3 (June 30, 2018): 162–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.13103/jfhs.2018.33.3.162.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Lee, Joon-Goo, Yeonkyu Lee, Chun Soo Kim, and Sang Bae Han. "Codex Alimentarius commission on ensuring food safety and promoting fair trade: harmonization of standards between Korea and codex." Food Science and Biotechnology 30, no. 9 (August 31, 2021): 1151–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10068-021-00943-7.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

VEGGELAND, FRODE, and SVEIN OLE BORGEN. "Negotiating International Food Standards: The World Trade Organization's Impact on the Codex Alimentarius Commission." Governance 18, no. 4 (October 2005): 675–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0491.2005.00297.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Halabi, Sam F. "The Codex Alimentarius Commission, Corporate Influence, and International Trade: A Perspective on FDA's Global Role." American Journal of Law & Medicine 41, no. 2-3 (May 2015): 406–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0098858815591525.

Full text

Abstract:

The FDA Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) is by all accounts the most sweeping and comprehensive update to U.S. food laws in seventy years, aiming to confront the reality that the nation's food supply has undergone fundamental shifts in its sources, distribution channels, and intermediate handlers. The law's intent is to prevent problems that can cause foodborne illness and enable the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to keep a record of facilities processing food for sale in the United States, a mandate that expands FDA's already global regulatory activities. FSMA gives FDA broad new powers to prevent food safety problems, detect and respond to food safety issues, and improve the safety of imported foods. Because the law specifically aims to update FDA authority in light of the reality of global food and food additive markets, Section 305 FSMA calls for FDA to develop a comprehensive plan to expand the “technical, scientific, and regulatory capacity of foreign governments and their respective food industries in countries that export foods to the United States.”

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Lee, Mi-Gyung. "Food Classification by the Codex Alimentarius Commission: Cereal Grains, Nuts and Seeds, Herbs and Spices." Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety 34, no. 2 (April 30, 2019): 212–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.13103/jfhs.2019.34.2.212.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Poli, Sara. "The European Community and the Adoption of International Food Standards within the Codex Alimentarius Commission." European Law Journal 10, no. 5 (September 2004): 613–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0386.2004.00234.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Hathaway, S. C. "Risk assessment procedures used by the Codex Alimentarius Commission and its subsidiary and advisory bodies." Food Control 4, no. 4 (January 1993): 189–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-7135(93)90249-n.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Akanda, Rubel, Shamshad B. Quraishi, and Sumaiya Mamun. "HEAVY METAL CONTENT IN BEEF COLLECTED FROM LOCAL MARKETS OF DHAKA AND ASSESSING THE HEALTH RISK." Bioresearch Communications 9, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 1196–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/brc.v9i1.63599.

Full text

Abstract:

Around the world, beef is consumed as a healthy source of protein, fat, niacin, vitamins B6, B12, iron, zinc, and phosphorus. There is mounting evidence that beef is becoming increasingly contaminated with heavy metals, particularly lead (Pb) and chromium (Cr). The purpose of this study was to determine the amounts of the lead (Pb) and chromium (Cr) in beef. Five large markets in Dhaka city—Mirpur-1, New Market, Karwan Bazar, Kaptan Bazar, and town hall market of Mohammadpur—were chosen to gather samples of beef. In this study, the Pb and Cr content in beef was estimated by the Zeeman method using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer (GFAAS). The microwave digester finished the digestion of beef. The Pb and Cr content in beef were estimated in mg/kg. Total lead (Pb) content in a beef sample of Mirpur -1, New Market, Karwan Bazar, Kaptan Bazar and Mohammadpur was found to be 0.563±0.084, 0.845±0.127, 0.159±0.024, 0.063±0.009 and 0.143±0.021 mg/kg respectively (Minimum detection limit is 0.06 mg/kg). On the other hand, total chromium (Cr) content in beef sample from Mirpur -1 was found below the detection limit of the method (Minimum detection limit is 0.05 mg/kg). The Cr content in beef from New market, Karwan Bazar, Kaptan bazaar and Mohammadpur was found to be 0.05±0.007, 0.052±0.008, 0.121±0.018 and 0.053±0.008 mg/kg respectively. According to Codex Alimentarium Commission (CAC), the acceptable limit of lead content in beef is 0.1 mg/kg and there is no standard for chromium set by international organization like WHO/FAO, CAC. Brazil has set 0.1 mg/kg as permissible chromium content in beef (Ihedioha et al., 2014). Except for Kaptan Bazar, the chromium content was found to be within Brazil's permissible limit. Surprisingly, only Kaptan Bazar had acceptable lead content that was within the CAC limit. Bioresearch Commu. 9(1): 1196-1202, 2023 (January)

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

TODA, Miou, and Chikako UNEYAMA. "International Challenges on Food Safety: Approach Taken by Codex Alimentarius Commission to Manage Contaminants in Food." Oleoscience 16, no. 12 (2016): 563–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5650/oleoscience.16.563.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Dawson, Richard J. "The role of the Codex Alimentarius Commission in setting food standards and the SPS agreement implementation." Food Control 6, no. 5 (January 1995): 261–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-7135(95)00033-n.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Yeboue, Apollinaire Koffi, Mida Roger Guy Kabran, Anatolievna Elena Sorokina, Axel Demel Adou, Christian Kouadio Kouassi, Akhanovna Janat Mamyrbekova-Bekro, and Yves-Alain Bekro. "Physical, physicochemical and nutritional profile of honey produced in nine localities in Côte d'Ivoire." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 15, no. 2 (June 23, 2021): 846–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v15i2.34.

Full text

Abstract:

Honey is a syrupy substance produced by bees, highly rich in monosaccharides (glucose, fructose), which give it a sweet flavor. In Côte d’Ivoire, there is very little information on the honey that is produced. The current work is to our knowledge the first of its kind. Its main objective is to assess the quality of the honey produced in nine localities in Côte d'Ivoire in terms of their physicochemical composition. All of the physicochemical characteristics (refractive index, total acidity, pH, viscosity, electrical conductivity and diastase index were within the limits established by the Codex Alimentarius Commission. The moisture content did not exceed 19.4%, which would indicate that the honey samples have long-term storage capacity and resistance to fermentation. The results were also distinguished by a high sugar content (78.60 - 83.80% of dry matter of honey), mentioning their maturity and nutritional value. In addition, the sucrose content was between 2.14 and 7.61%. Honey's total acidity index found between 7.50 and 24.20 meq/kg, is a proof of their bactericidal activity. The low HMF content (< 60 mg/kg) of most of samples taken reflects their good technological treatment and good quality. The content of fat (0.41 to 0.78 mg/100g) and protein (0.88 to 3.50%) certifies their acceptable nutritional qualities, with a significant energy value (from 396.39 to 402.70 kcal/100g of honey). Thus, the honey collected on Ivorian territory actually meets the requirements of the standards proposed by the Codex Alimentarius Commission.Keywords: Natural honey, physical parameters, physicochemical characteristics, nutritional properties, Côte d'Ivoire.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Tritscher, Angelika, Kazuaki Miyagishima, Chizuru Nishida, and Francesco Branca. "Ensuring food safety and nutrition security to protect consumer health: 50 years of the Codex Alimentarius Commission." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 91, no. 7 (July 1, 2013): 468–468. http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/blt.13.125518.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Lee, Mi-Gyung, Moo-Gi Hong, Kun-Sang Park, Dong-Mi Choi, Moo-Hyuk Lim, and Su-Rae Lee. "Procedures in Establishing Residue Limits of Pesticides on Food Crops in Codex Alimentarius Commission and Foreign Countries." Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture 24, no. 1 (March 31, 2005): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5338/kjea.2005.24.1.045.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Wootton, M., and L. Ryall. "A Comparison of Codex Alimentarius Commission and HPLC Methods for 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-Furaldehyde Determination in Honey." Journal of Apicultural Research 24, no. 2 (January 1985): 120–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00218839.1985.11100659.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Sudzina, Marián, Martin Melich, Vladimíra Kňazovická, Soňa Felšöciová, Guillermo Kociubinski, Jaroslav Andreji, Simona Pavličová, and Stanislav Kráčmar. "Physicochemical characterization of natural honeys from different regions in Slovakia." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 57, no. 2 (2009): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200957020125.

Full text

Abstract:

This study is intended to determine the physicochemical characteristics of Slovakian honeys, and compare them with specifications described in the Codex Alimentarius Standard, the European Honey directive, the Slovak Codex Alimentarius and Slovak standard No. 1/2006. In addition, we tried to find out correlations between individual constituents of honeys. Physicochemical characterization was carried out following the harmonized methods dictated by the International Honey Commission IHC. Honey samples (n=50) were collected from three honey types (blossom, blends, honeydew), and from the three main Slovakian geographical regions (named ‘east’, ‘middle’ and ‘west’). The physicochemical evaluation included moisture, reduced sugars, proline, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), conductivity, diastase and invertase activity, pH and water activity, following the techniques proposed by the European Honey Commission (EHC). The moisture content in the honey varied from 15.26 to 17.65 %, HMF levels ranged from 21.83 to 63.00 mg . kg−1, the diastase activity varied from 21.01 DN to 36.67, invertase activity varied from 121.73 to 164.11 U . kg−1, the proline content varied from 426.56 to 531.79 mg . kg−1,the fructose content values were found from 36.33 to 40.20 g . 100g−1, the glucose content values ranged from 27.67 to 31.00 g . 100g−1, the values of saccharose content were from 0.15 to 0.37 g . 100g−1, the conductivity varied from 29.48 to 97.24 mS . cm−1,the pH value varied from 4.06 to 4.80 and the water activity content varied from 0.55 to 0.57. Significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) were found between HMF and fructose, glucose and saccharose and conductivity and pH, significant differences (P ≤ 0.01) between fructose and glucose and significant differences (P ≤ 0.001) were found between HMF and conductivity. Between blossom honey and honeydew honey were found statistical significant differences in HMF (P ≤ 0.05) and conductivity between honeydew honey and blossom honey (P ≤ 0.001). Among regions were determined statistical differences between HMF and invertase (P ≤ 0.05) and conductivity (P ≤ 0.01).

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Wanwimolruk, Sompon, Kamonrat Phopin, Somchai Boonpangrak, and Virapong Prachayasittikul. "Food safety in Thailand 4: comparison of pesticide residues found in three commonly consumed vegetables purchased from local markets and supermarkets in Thailand." PeerJ 4 (September 1, 2016): e2432. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2432.

Full text

Abstract:

BackgroundThe wide use of pesticides raises concerns on the health risks associated with pesticide exposure. For developing countries, like Thailand, pesticide monitoring program (in vegetables and fruits) and also the maximum residue limits (MRL) regulation have not been entirely implemented. The MRL is a product limit, not a safety limit. The MRL is the maximum concentration of a pesticide residue (expressed as mg/kg) recommended by the Codex Alimentarius Commission to be legally permitted in or on food commodities and animal feeds (Codex Alimentarius Commission, 2015; European Commission, 2015). MRLs are based on supervised residue trial data where the pesticide has been applied in accordance with GAP (Good Agricultural Practice). This study aims at providing comparison data on pesticide residues found in three commonly consumed vegetables (Chinese kale, pakchoi and morning glory) purchased from some local markets and supermarkets in Thailand.MethodsThese vegetables were randomly bought from local markets and supermarkets. Then they were analyzed for the content of 28 pesticides by using GC-MS/MS.ResultsTypes of pesticides detected in the samples either from local markets or supermarkets were similar. The incidence of detected pesticides was 100% (local markets) and 99% (supermarkets) for the Chinese kale; 98% (local markets) and 100% (supermarkets) for the pakchoi; and 99% (local markets) and 97% (supermarkets) for the morning glory samples. The pesticides were detected exceeding their MRL at a rate of 48% (local markets) and 35% (supermarkets) for the Chinese kale; 71% (local markets) and 55% (supermarkets) for the pakchoi, and 42% (local markets) and 49% (supermarkets) for the morning glory.DiscussionThese rates are much higher than those seen in developed countries. It should be noted that these findings were assessed on basis of using criteria (such as MRL) obtained from developed countries. Our findings were also confined to these vegetables sold in a few central provinces of Thailand and did not reflect for the whole country as sample sizes were small. Risk assessment due to consuming these pesticide contaminated vegetables, still remains to be evaluated. However, remarkably high incidence rates of detected pesticides give warning to the Thai authorities to implement proper regulations on pesticide monitoring program. Similar incidence of pesticide contamination found in the vegetables bought from local markets and supermarkets raises question regarding the quality of organic vegetables domestically sold in Thailand. This conclusion excludes Thai export quality vegetables and fruits routinely monitored for pesticide contamination before exporting.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Soesilo, Nining I. "Cooperative Partnership with Milk Companies Based on Codex Alimentarius in Realizing Food Sovereignty in Indonesia." Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian 40, no. 1 (July 7, 2021): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jp3.v40n1.2021.p71-87.

Full text

Abstract:

Government of Indonesia has allocated food sovereignty’s budget through the 2016 state budget (APBN) which places the cooperation of Ministry of Cooperatives and SME’s with Ministry of Agriculture, when developing the farmer cooperatives’ corporatization. Global food sovereignty is contested by: (1) civil society in which one of the actors is cooperatives, (2) the government which is part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (UN FAO), and (3) the global private sector which is part of the World Trade Organization (WTO).This paper analyzes Karya Nugraha Jaya Multipurpose Cooperative in Kuningan (KSU KNJ)’s partnership which supplies 90% of good quality raw milk from its members to PT Ultra Jaya Milk (54%) and Diamond Milk (36%), two business actors who has implemented the WTO’s and FAO’s Codex Alimentarius for the sake of fulfilling food safety standards for worldwide food trade. These international institutions forced to revoke the word ‘mandatory’ and the article on ‘sanctions’ from Indonesia’s Ministry of Agriculture’s regulation if business actors do not enter into partnerships with farmers & cooperatives. This study shows that KSU KNJ, which is one of 9,703 Indonesian agricultural cooperatives, is an aggregator of the milk produced by its members. A strategy is needed to increase the partnership of dairy cooperatives with private companies. The possible seven strategies are: (1) Wait and see first group; (2) Driving group; (3) Chain integration group, (4) Cooperation specialist group; (5) Free specialist group; (6) Diversification cooperation group; and (7) Free cooperation group.Keywords: Food sovereignty, codex alimentarius, dairy, cooperatives, partnership AbstrakKEMITRAAN KOPERASI DENGAN PERUSAHAAN SUSU BERDASARKAN CODEX ALIMENTARIUS DALAM MEWUJUDKAN KEDAULATAN PANGAN DI INDONESIAPada tahun 2016 Pemerintah Indonesia telah mengalokasikan anggaran kedaulatan pangan melalui APBN yang memposisikan Kemenkop UKM harus bekerjasama dengan Kementerian Pertanian dalam mengembangkan korporatisasi koperasi petani. Kedaulatan pangan telah menjadi isu global karena diperebutkan oleh tiga aktor: (1) Masyarakat sipil yang mana salah satu aktornya adalah koperasi, (2) Pemerintah yang tergabung pada Organisasi Pangan dan Pertanian PBB (UN FAO), dan (3) Swasta global yang tergabung dalam Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia (WTO). Tulisan ini menelaah dan menganalisis kemitraan pada Koperasi Serba Usaha Karya Nugraha Jaya (KSU KNJ) di Kuningan yang memasok 90% susu segar berkualitas dari para anggotanya ke PT Ultra Jaya Milk (54%) dan Diamond Milk (36%), dua pelaku usaha yang sudah menerapkan Codex Alimentarius versi WTO dan FAO demi memenuhi standar keamanan pangan untuk perdagangan dunia. Institusi internasional ini menjadi salah satu acuan bagi Indonesia dalam membuat Peraturan Menteri Pertanian No 33 tahun 2018 yang mencabut kata ‘wajib’ dan pasal ‘sanksi’ jika pelaku usaha tidak melakukan kemitraan dalam dua aturan sebelumnya. Hasil telaah dan analisis menunjukan KSU KNJ yang merupakan salah satu dari 9.703 koperasi pertanian Indonesia telah berperan sebagai agregator produksi susu anggotanya. Diperlukan strategi guna meningkatkan kemitraan koperasi susu dengan perusahaan swasta. Terdapat tujuh strategi tersebut mencakup: (1) Kelompok menunggu dan lihat-lihat dahulu; (2) Kelompok penggerak; (3) Kelompok pengintegrasi rantai, (4) Kelompok spesialis kerja sama; (5) Kelompok spesialis bebas; (6) Kelompok kerja sama diversifikasi; dan (7) Kelompok kerja sama bebas.Kata kunci: Kedaulatan pangan, codex alimentarius, susu, koperasi, kemitraan

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Timilsena, Yakindra Prasad, Jyotsna Shrestha Khanal, and Anil Kumar Anal. "Acrylamide: Thermally Induced Toxicant in Foods and Its Control Measures." Journal of Food Science and Technology Nepal 6 (June 29, 2013): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfstn.v6i0.8256.

Full text

Abstract:

Acrylamide is a thermally induced toxicant present in different processed foods in varying amount. Due to its detrimental effect on human health, it has become a major concern in public health and food safety. Various reports published recently have identified different processing techniques to reduce the level of this compound in the food. This paper aims to review and focuses on the mechanisms of acrylamide formation, the effects of different processing parameters such as pre-frying treatments, pH, temperature, time, types and the amount of raw materials, its toxicity level, and its detection methods in complex food systems. Toxicity levels of acrylamide have been found to be neurotoxic and carcinogenic. Food safety authorities including Codex Alimentarius Commission are in the process of reviewing their standards to fix the limit of acrylamide in processed foods. J. Food Sci. Technol. Nepal, Vol. 6 (19-30), 2010 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfstn.v6i0.8256

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

BUCHANAN, ROBERT L., and RUTH ONI. "Use of Microbiological Indicators for Assessing Hygiene Controls for the Manufacture of Powdered Infant Formula." Journal of Food Protection 75, no. 5 (May 1, 2012): 989–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-532.

Full text

Abstract:

Microbiological testing for various indicator microorganisms is used extensively as a means of verifying the effectiveness of efforts to ensure the microbiological quality and safety of a wide variety of foods. However, for each use of an indicator organism the underlying scientific assumptions related to the behavior of the target microorganism, the characteristics of the food matrix, the details of the food manufacturing processes, environment, and distribution system, and the methodological basis for the assay must be evaluated to determine the validity, utility, and efficacy of potential microbiological indicator tests. The recent adoption by the Codex Alimentarius Commission of microbiological criteria for powdered infant formulae and related products provides an excellent example of an evidence-based approach for the establishment of consensus microbiological criteria. The present article reviews these criteria and those of various national governments in relation to emerging principles for the evidence-based establishment of effective indicator organisms.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Journal articles on the topic 'WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles