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Kehily, Dermot, Barry McAuley, and Alan Hore. "Leveraging Whole Life Cycle Costs When Utilising Building Information Modelling Technologies." International Journal of 3-D Information Modeling 1, no. 4 (October 2012): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ij3dim.2012100105.
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Building Information Modelling (BIM) is now being increasingly used as a technology tool to assist design professions in conceiving, designing, constructing, and operating the built environment in many countries. The BIM model provides design professions with the framework to perform exercises in design, programming, cost and value management, and concept energy analysis, in order to achieve the most economical and sustainable building solution. The BIM model though sophisticated is not extensively used to provide estimation software with the data requirements for Life Cycle Costing (LCC), such as, escalation of future expenditure and/or present value costs, discount rates, and study periods. Without incorporating LCC functionality within the BIM model or in an external application with a BIM interface a complete picture of the Whole Life Cycle Costs (WLCC) cannot be generated from the outputs of the model. The authors demonstrate the potential ability to customise traditional estimating packages with BIM take-off and database management interfaces, in order to find the best solution to provide complete Whole Life Cycle Costs Analysis (WLCCA). A template was produced in consultation with one of the internationally established methodologies in Life Cycle Costing (LCC) and provides the user with the financial tools to select the most economical advantageous solution, possibly without investing in new estimating software.
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Medgyasszay, Péter, and Zsuzsa Szalay. "Optimization of Building Envelope Components Based on Life Cycle Environmental Impacts and Costs." Advanced Materials Research 899 (February 2014): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.899.93.
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Recent national and international building regulations on the energy performance of buildings focus mainly on the reduction of operational energy. This can be achieved by increasing the energy efficiency of the building, installing highly efficient building service systems and applying renewable energy sources. However, these measures have a price in terms of investment costs, and also in terms of environmental impacts. The life-cycle of building materials, building constructions or whole buildings from cradle to grave can be assessed using the method of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Life Cycle Cost analysis (LCC). These tools take into account not only the heating energy saving due to additional insulation, but also the embodied environmental impacts and costs of the investment. In this paper, the optimum thickness of various insulation materials, including natural and recycled materials is examined considering three main environmental indicators and global costs. The analysis is performed for a typical Hungarian single-family house subject to retrofit.
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Przesmycka, Apolonia, and Damian Wieczorek. "Maintenance Strategies, Periodic Renovations and Building Modernisation in the Aspect of the Criterion of the Whole Life Costs." Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports 31, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 15–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ceer-2021-0017.
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Abstract The article deals with the issues of building exploitation and maintenance and focuses on the characteristics of the maintenance strategies mentioned in the ISO 15686-5:2017 Buildings and constructed assets - Service life planning - Part 5: Life-cycle costing. The article describes all three strategies recommended by the ISO standard (preventive, corrective and deferred maintenance). The purpose of the article is to conduct whole life costs analysis of three variants of modernisations, renovations and maintenance strategies for a selected building. The methods of economic efficiency assessment were used, such as net present value (NPV) method and internal rate of return (IRR) method.
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Plebankiewicz, E., K. Zima, and D. Wieczorek. "Life Cycle Cost Modelling of Buildings with Consideration of the Risk." Archives of Civil Engineering 62, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 149–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ace-2015-0071.
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Abstract The paper presents an approach to evaluating a building throughout its whole life cycle in relation to its sustainable development. It describes basic tools and techniques of evaluating and analysing the costs in the whole life cycle of the building, such as Life Cycle Assessment, Life Cycle Management, Life Cycle Cost and Social Life Cycle Assessment. The aim of the paper is to propose a model of cost evaluation throughout the building life cycle. The model is based on the fuzzy sets theory which allows the calculations to include the risks associated with the sustainable development, with the management of the investment and with social costs. Costs incurred in the subsequent phases of the building life cycle are analysed and modelled separately by means of a membership function. However, the effect of the analysis is a global cost evaluation for the whole life cycle of the building.
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Plebankiewicz, E., K. Zima, and D. Wieczorek. "Original Model for Estimating the Whole Life Costs of Buildings and its Verification." Archives of Civil Engineering 65, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 163–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ace-2019-0026.
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Abstract The model for estimating the whole life costs of the building life cycle that allows the quantification of the risk addition lets the investor to compare buildings at the initial stage of planning a construction project in terms of the following economic criteria: life cycle costs (LCC), whole life costs (WLC), life cycle equivalent annual costs (LCEAC) and cost addition for risk (ΔRLCC). The subsequent stages of the model development have been described in numerous publications of the authors, while the aim of this paper is to check the accuracy of the model in the case of changing the parameters that may affect the results of calculations. The scope of the study includes: comparison of the results generated by the model with the solutions obtained in the life cycle net present value method (LCNPV) for time and financial input data, not burdened with the risk effect; the analysis of the variability of results due to changes in input data; analysis of the variability of results as a consequence of changing the sets of membership functions for input data and methods for defuzzification the result.
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Shen, Shanshan, Brenda Vale, and Robert Vale. "A LIFE CYCLE ENERGY COMPARISON OF THREE WORLD EXPO BUILDINGS." Journal of Green Building 6, no. 3 (July 2011): 151–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.6.3.151.
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Over the last hundred years the booming exhibition industry has promoted development, which in turn has led to environmental damage. The construction of exhibition buildings has been part of this phenomenon. At first sight improvement in energy efficiency techniques would seem to offset the increased energy demand from both exhibitions and exhibition buildings. However, whether energy efficiency technologies truly help to improve building performance to the point where a building is ‘environmentally friendly’ throughout its whole life-cycle is uncertain. This research is part of investigating whether energy efficiency technologies are really the easiest means to lower costs and energy requirements when the whole useful life of an exhibition building is considered. This article investigates the energy use of three case study buildings based on their operating and embodied energy flows. The results suggest that modern technologies for making exhibition buildings more sustainable may not be as effective as the simpler strategies used over 100 years ago. This suggests a different approach may be needed for sustainable development in the twenty first century.
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Wieczorek, Damian, Edyta Plebankiewicz, and Krzysztof Zima. "MODEL ESTIMATION OF THE WHOLE LIFE COST OF A BUILDING WITH RESPECT TO RISK FACTORS." Technological and Economic Development of Economy 25, no. 1 (January 21, 2019): 20–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/tede.2019.7455.
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The paper deals with estimating the life cycle cost and the whole life cost of a building. An original model for estimating the life cycle cost and the whole life cost of a building which allows the quantification of the increase in costs resulting from the incurred and assessed risk is presented. The proposed model consists of two basic parts: module I evaluating the impact of identified risk factors on individual element of the life cycle cost, and module II allowing to assess life cycle cost including the risk factors selected in module I. In module I the model of fuzzy inference of Mamdani was used. The structure of module II is based on the theory of possibilities and fuzzy sets. The operation of the model is presented on the example of an office building.
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Zanni, Mariangela, Tim Sharpe, Philipp Lammers, Leo Arnold, and James Pickard. "Developing a Methodology for Integration of Whole Life Costs into BIM Processes to Assist Design Decision Making." Buildings 9, no. 5 (May 5, 2019): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings9050114.
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A common barrier to achieving design intent is the absence of comprehensive information about operational performance during design development. This results in uninformed decision-making which impacts on actual building performance, in particular Whole Life Costs (WLC). It is proposed that Building Information Modelling (BIM) has the potential to facilitate a more comprehensive and accurate design approach from the initial stages if the model can utilize reliable and robust cost and performance data from buildings in use. This paper describes the initial findings of a research project that has investigated the integration of WLC estimation into BIM processes. The study focusses specifically on the rapidly emerging Private Rental Sector (PRS) as the build-to-rent market has repeatable tasks and similar workflow patterns, roles and responsibilities, but impacts of WLC can significantly influence the business model. The study adopted a mixed method approach for the development and validation of a structured standardized process for timely WLC estimation through BIM. The research identified a number of barriers. These included varying definitions of WLC calculation methodologies; the availability and standards of data sources, in particular, the misalignment of coding systems for identification and classification of components at various levels of development, proprietary ownership of data, lack of knowledge and skills in team members to produce and/or utilize data sources, and limitations of software. However, the research proposes that these may be addressed by a reverse-engineered systematic process that uses the Integrated DEFinition (IDEF) 3 structured diagramming modelling technique that can be incorporated into a software model and has developed a model for a systematic approach for BIM-enabled WLC assessment based on CE principles which would include access to live data streams from completed buildings. The paper describes this model development which has the potential to enhance BIM lifecycle management through an augmented decision-making approach that is integral to the natural design development process.
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Hasik, Vaclav, Maximilian Ororbia, Gordon P. Warn, and Melissa M. Bilec. "Whole building life cycle environmental impacts and costs: A sensitivity study of design and service decisions." Building and Environment 163 (October 2019): 106316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.106316.
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Karaguzel, Omer T., Rongpeng Zhang, and Khee Poh Lam. "Coupling of whole-building energy simulation and multi-dimensional numerical optimization for minimizing the life cycle costs of office buildings." Building Simulation 7, no. 2 (July 13, 2013): 111–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12273-013-0128-5.
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Schwartz, Yair, Rokia Raslan, Ivan Korolija, and Dejan Mumovic. "A decision support tool for building design: An integrated generative design, optimisation and life cycle performance approach." International Journal of Architectural Computing 19, no. 3 (March 28, 2021): 401–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1478077121999802.
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Building performance evaluation is generally carried out through a non-automated process, where computational models are iteratively built and simulated, and their energy demand is calculated. This study presents a computational tool that automates the generation of optimal building designs in respect of their Life Cycle Carbon Footprint (LCCF) and Life Cycle Costs (LCC). This is achieved by an integration of three computational concepts: (a) A designated space-allocation generative-design application, (b) Using building geometry as a parameter in NSGA-II optimization and (c) Life Cycle performance (embodied carbon and operational carbon, through the use of thermal simulations for LCCF and LCC calculation). Examining the generation of a two-storey terrace house building, located in London, UK, the study shows that a set of building parameters combinations that resulted with a pareto front of near-optimal buildings, in terms of LCCF and LCC, could be identified by using the tool. The study shows that 80% of the optimal building’s LCCF are related to the building operational stage (σ = 2), while 77% of the building’s LCC is related to the initial capital investment (σ = 2). Analysis further suggests that space heating is the largest contributor to the building’s emissions, while it has a relatively low impact on costs. Examining the optimal building in terms compliance requirements (the building with the best operational performance), the study demonstrated how this building performs poorly in terms of Life Cycle performance. The paper further presents an analysis of various life-cycle aspects, for example, a year-by-year performance breakdown, and an investigation into operational and embodied carbon emissions.
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Kania, Gabriela, Klaudia Kwiecień, Mateusz Malinowski, and Maciej Gliniak. "Analyses of the Life Cycles and Social Costs of CO2 Emissions of Single-Family Residential Buildings: A Case Study in Poland." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (May 30, 2021): 6164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116164.
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Comprehensive environmental impact assessments of buildings and construction as a whole consider the preparation of construction and finishing materials, their transportation, the process of erecting buildings, long-term operations—including the consumption of electricity, water, and fuels—and the management of the waste generated during the demolition of facilities. In terms of the above-mentioned elements, the most negative environmental impact on a building’s life cycle is in its exploitation stage. In order to reduce this impact, modern sustainable construction uses renewable energy sources. In the area of the Polish building market, analyses of CO2 emissions, the application of LCAs for building materials, and assessments of the social impacts of modern buildings are still very limited. The aim of this study is to evaluate the environmental life cycles and social costs of the CO2 emissions of single-family residential buildings, in which four different systems providing energy (heat and electricity) from renewable and nonrenewable sources are used. In this research, it was found that the annual CO2 emissions per square meter of building surface area in the analyzed objects were in the range of 30 to 176 kg CO2. The greatest contributor to the environmental effects was energy consumption (58% to 90%). The CO2 analysis conducted showed that facilities that use a heat pump are characterized by an environmental effect that is six times lower than that of facilities that are powered by coal combustion and electricity from the network. Similarly, the social costs associated with CO2 emissions were significantly lower in the case of the use of renewable energy sources.
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Minami, Kazunobu. "Whole life appraisal of the repair and improvement work costs of Post Office buildings in Japan." Construction Management and Economics 22, no. 3 (March 2004): 311–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0144619032000108254.
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J. Liapis, Konstantinos, Dimitrios D. Kantianis, and Christos L. Galanos. "Commercial property whole-life costing and the taxation environment." Journal of Property Investment & Finance 32, no. 1 (January 28, 2014): 56–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpif-08-2013-0049.
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Purpose – The main purpose of this paper is the incorporation of life-cycle costs (LCC) and whole-life costing (WLC) method and the taxation environment into the investment appraisal procedure for commercial real property projects. Design/methodology/approach – The paper initially presents the methodologies of LCC and WLC together with the NPV measure for the evaluation of real estate investments. These methods are incorporated into a decision-making model using mathematical approaches. The model is applied to a typical commercial property project (office building) in order to explore the significance of impacts from changes in structured variables and the taxation environment by introducing direct, indirect and property taxes in the evaluation of commercial real estate projects. Findings – Testing of the methodology on the Greek economic environment revealed that time, cost, the tax regime, the financial variables of funding and the monetary and fiscal environment in a commercial real property project are the main variables of net present value (NPV) of the investment. Practical implications – From the calibration of any impact from affected variables, decision-making aiding tools can be extracted for controlling the project throughout its entire life-cycle. Originality/value – An integrated WLC mathematical model for the investment appraisal of commercial property projects is introduced. The herein proposed methodology contributes to taxation policy and real estate theory in general and assists industry professionals in effective commercial property management and decision-making.
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Sadek, Ahmed. "SYSTEM DYNAMICS APPROACH FOR WHOLE LIFE CYCLE COST MODELLING OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDING PROJECTS IN UNITED ARAB EMIRATES." Journal of Entrepreneurship and Project Management 6, no. 1 (July 5, 2021): 49–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/jepm.607.
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Purpose – Project management field is experiencing many challenges to maintain its performance within planned budget. Latest research focused on cost modelling and estimation. The significance of cost modelling comes from the forecasted information value. It is needed in the United Arab Emirates to satisfy the future vision and strategies.
Methodology – This article aims to model project's whole life cycle costs of residential buildings in UAE at the preconstruction stage, choosing VENSIM system dynamics approach. The objective is to simulate dynamically cost over time for all outputs. The approach of this research is pure quantitative. It requires mapping diagrams and mathematical computation systems. DEMO simulation and real data verification modelling are used to ensure the outputs’ validity. The mean absolute deviation and mean square error are used for measuring the estimation accuracy.
Findings – This research proved that VENSIM system dynamics approach can model and estimate residential building project’s cost and cash flow dynamically through time, with high accuracy, in the United Arab Emirates.
Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy – This research provides the first cost estimation modelling for residential projects’ whole life cycle using VENSIM system dynamics approach. It is opening new research opportunities in cost modelling and estimating fields. The theoretical-implications, practical-implications, and limitations are presented in the conclusion for future research.
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Gualeni, Paola, Giordano Flore, Matteo Maggioncalda, and Giorgia Marsano. "Life Cycle Performance Assessment Tool Development and Application with a Focus on Maintenance Aspects." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, no. 8 (August 19, 2019): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse7080280.
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Ships are among the most complex systems in the world. The always increasing interest in environmental aspects, the evolution of technologies and the introduction of new rule constraints in the maritime field have compelled the innovation of the ship design approach. At an early design stage, there is the need to compare different design solutions, also in terms of environmental performance, building and operative costs over the whole ship life cycle. In this context, the Life Cycle Performance Assessment (LCPA) tool allows an integrated design approach merging the evaluation of both costs and environmental performances on a comparative basis, among different design solutions. Starting from the first tool release, this work aims to focus on the maintenance of the propulsion system, developing a flexible calculation method for maintenance costs prediction, based on the ship operational profiles and the selected technical solution. After the improvement, the whole LCPA tool has been applied on a research vessel to evaluate, among different propulsion layout solutions, the one with the more advantageous performance in terms of costs during the whole vessel operating life. The identification of the best design solution is strictly dependent on the selection criterion and the point of view of the interested parties using the LCPA tool, e.g., the shipbuilder or the ship-owner.
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Kehily, Dermot, Trevor Woods, and Fiacra McDonnell. "Linking Effective Whole Life Cycle Cost Data Requirements to Parametric Building Information Models Using BIM Technologies." International Journal of 3-D Information Modeling 2, no. 4 (October 2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ij3dim.2013100101.
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This paper demonstrates the capabilities of BIM (Building Information Modeling) in leveraging Whole Life Cycle Cost (WLCC) data requirements to perform WLCC calculations and produce WLLC estimates. The research determines the extent to which WLCC data, such as time, interest rates, escalation rates and real costs can be attached to parametric BIM data to be used effectively to create speedier and more accurate real-time WLLC analysis. Without incorporating WLCC data in the BIM, a complete picture of a construction project's WLCC cannot be formed from the default outputs of the model. BIM 5D applications such as CostX utilise the parametric properties of the model, providing users with the ability to generate information and quantities from the BIM to be used in a formatted cost plan. The benefit of the 5D process is that selected quantity surveying information in the BIM can be live linked from the model to the cost plan providing a real-time analysis of WLLC. The authors demonstrate in this paper how they leverage BIM, by incorporating WLCC data and calculations in a customised CostX workbook, thus providing the authors with the ability to live link the output values from the model to the values in the workbook to perform WLCC. This paper demonstrates the practical application of this process on a pilot project in order to complete a WLCC analysis.
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Pučko, Zoran, Damjan Maučec, and Nataša Šuman. "Energy and Cost Analysis of Building Envelope Components Using BIM: A Systematic Approach." Energies 13, no. 10 (May 22, 2020): 2643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13102643.
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The selection of cost-effective components of the building envelope plays a significant role in a sustainable building design solution. Therefore, in terms of effective decision-making, it is important to have a complete insight into construction and running costs throughout the lifespan of the building. A systematic building information modelling (BIM) approach as a new trend in the innovative approaches in the construction (AECO) industry provides appropriate support for improvement of environmental assessments. Our study presents a new approach to automated/semi-automated comprehensive energy and the whole life-cycle cost analysis of building envelope components using BIM, and, as such, it represents a novelty for Advanced Construction Project Management. It focuses on the sequence of steps required for evaluation of energy and economic assessment, from the basic 3D BIM model, through the energy and cost analysis, to the final evaluation and decision-making. The energy balance was calculated with dynamic simulation, the results of which formed the basis for the cost analysis. Economic assessment of construction and operating costs was performed by implementation of the cost-optimal methodology. Our proposed approach contributes to the environmental assessment of building envelope components throughout the life cycle and includes the economic valuation. The applicability of the systematic approach in our case study considered 24 different variants of building envelope components at three different U-values, namely U0 = 0.28 W/m2K for external wall, U0 = 0.20 W/m2K for roof, U1 = 0.15 W/m2K and U2 = 0.10 W/m2K. Sophisticated project BIM management software was used for the economic evaluation of all elements of the life-cycle costs (LCC). In summary, the main contribution of this approach is provision of a comprehensive and simple insight into all costs in a transparent way, because a 5D BIM model allows for optimal decision-making on appropriate energy and cost-efficient envelope components.
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Godwin Adie Akeke, Melody Sunday Osok, and Clifford Ugochukwu Nwoji. "Sustainability assessment of building life cycle costing: A case study of Calabar International Conference Center." World Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology and Sciences 2, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjaets.2021.2.1.0025.
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This work presents a study of sustainability assessment of building life cycle (LCC). The analysis was conducted, information model developed. The LCC analysis was forecast for 50 years with the following discount rates 4%, 5%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 12% and 13%. The result showed, the lower the discount rates the higher the cost value and via vasa. The product of net present value (NPV) is > 0, indicating a significant benefit at the end of the study period. The construction cost was 73% of the total forecast costs of the building while operation, maintenance/repair, replacement and decommissioning cost ranks 2%, 8%, 13% and 4% respectively of the building costs. The total forecast life cycle costs ranked 30.24% of the construction cost. The energy costs contributed 54.78% of the total forecast cost. The energy costs were the most cost incurring factor, the use of alternative sources of power supply such as solar will serve as the best and more cost friendly alternative source of energy. The decommissioning costs at the end of CICC building life cycle stand at ₦355,807,000. The study explains a practical analysis on how a life cycle costing of Calabar International Conference Center project was analysed and forecast for a period of 50 years using different discount rates.
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Stevanovic, Milena, Karen Allacker, and Stéphane Vermeulen. "Development of an Approach to Assess the Life Cycle Environmental Impacts and Costs of General Hospitals through the Analysis of a Belgian Case." Sustainability 11, no. 3 (February 7, 2019): 856. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11030856.
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With the aim of moving towards a more sustainable society, hospital buildings are challenged to decrease their environmental impact while continuing to offer affordable and qualitative medical care. The aim of this paper was to gain insight into the main drivers of the environmental impacts and costs of healthcare facilities, and to identify methodological obstacles for a quantitative assessment. More specifically, the objective was to assess the environmental and financial impacts of the general hospital Sint Maarten in Mechelen (Belgium) by using a life cycle approach. The hospital building was analyzed based on a combination of a simplified life cycle assessment and life cycle costing. The “MMG+_KULeuven” assessment tool was used for the calculation of environmental impacts and financial costs. The study revealed that the environmental impact was mainly caused by electricity use for appliances and lighting, cleaning processes, material production, and spatial heating, while building construction and electricity use caused the highest financial costs. The most relevant impact categories identified were global warming, eutrophication, acidification, human toxicity (cancer and non-cancer effects), and particulate matter. Various methodological challenges were identified, such as the adaptation of existing methods to ensure applicability to hospital buildings and the extraction of data from a Revit model.
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Abdallah, Moatassem, Khaled El-Rayes, and Liang Liu. "Optimizing the selection of sustainability measures to minimize life-cycle cost of existing buildings." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 43, no. 2 (February 2016): 151–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2015-0179.
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Buildings have significant impacts on the environment and economy as they were reported by the World Business Council for Sustainable Development in 2009 to account for 40% of the global energy consumption. Building owners are increasingly seeking to integrate sustainability and green measures in their buildings to minimize energy and water consumption as well as life-cycle cost. Due to the large number of feasiblecombinations of sustainability measures, decision makers are often faced with a challenging task that requires them to identify an optimal set of upgrade measures to minimize the building life-cycle cost. This paper presents a model for optimizing the selection of building upgrade measures to minimize the life-cycle cost of existing buildings while complying with owner-specified requirements for building operational performance and budget constraints. The optimization model accounts for initial upgrade cost, operational cost and saving, escalation in utility costs, maintenance cost, replacement cost, and salvage value of building fixtures and equipment, and renewable energy systems. A case study of a rest area building in the state of Illinois in the United States was analyzed to illustrate the unique capabilities of the developed optimization model. The main findings of this analysis illustrate the capabilities of the model in identifying optimal building upgrade measures to achieve the highest savings of building life-cycle cost within a user-specified upgrade budget; and generating practical and detailed recommendations on replacing building fixtures and equipment and installing renewable energy systems.
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KIRKHAM, RICHARD J., A. HALIM BOUSSABAINE, and MATTHEW P. KIRKHAM. "Stochastic time series forecasting of electricity costs in an NHS acute care hospital building, for use in whole life cycle costing." Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 9, no. 1 (January 2002): 38–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb021205.
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Chen, Min, Jian Guo Chen, and Xin Xin Cheng. "Life Cycle Incremental Cost-Benefit Analysis of Green Building." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 4645–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.4645.
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The promotion of green building has significant contribution to the implementation of sustainable development principles. And with the enhancing awareness of environment protection, green building becomes the trend of the construction industry. While its promotion is still very difficult, the major barrier affecting the application of green strategies is the high initial cost. So the incremental costs and benefits in the life cycle of green building are identified and described by math equations in this paper. Furthermore, the evaluation indexes of incremental cost-benefit analysis, considering the social benefits and environmental benefits, are given to evaluate the economy of green project, which is of certain practical significance.
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Fazio, Paul. "A case study in integrated building design." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 17, no. 4 (August 1, 1990): 636–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l90-072.
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The review of the design and construction details of the external wall assembly of a 122 m (400 ft) tall building in a Canadian city is presented. Inadequate tolerance consideration for the steel frame structure and elements of the building envelope and changes in the fireproofing method led to a series of changes and conflicts, delay in the project, and added costs. This case study is presented to show the need to adopt integrated building design principles from the conceptual stage to achieve compatibility between building subsystems while they are being assembled and during the life of the building and to accelerate the construction process. Key words: building envelope, tolerances, integrated building design, metal air pan, tall buildings, building engineering, case study, fireproofing.
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Adamczyk, Janusz, and Robert Dylewski. "Ecological and Economic Benefits of the “Medium” Level of the Building Thermo-Modernization: A Case Study in Poland." Energies 13, no. 17 (September 1, 2020): 4509. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13174509.
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Energy saving is at the heart of sustainable development in the context of climate change. Saving energy is not only the amount of energy that we save, but also reducing emissions of pollutants to the atmosphere, as well as reducing the consumption of energy resources that are used to produce energy. Reducing pollutant emissions and the use of energy resources can be achieved by increasing the use of renewable energy sources, but at present, this method of obtaining energy in the world is not representative. It should be noted that renewable energy devices throughout the life cycle generate environmental impact. Similar to this situation, the building’s thermo-modernization, which is focused on reducing the pressure on the environment of the building’s user, also has an impact on the environment throughout the building’s life cycle. Determining this environmental impact and ecological or economic benefits or costs is the purpose of the following article. Thermo-modernization of the building, for the purposes of the article, is understood as thermal insulation of walls and replacement of the heat source for heating the building and preparation of hot utility water. The need to replace the heat source with a much more ecological one results in Poland from provincial legal regulations announced by virtue of a resolution. In the study, data from the Ecoinvent data library included in the SimaPro computer program was used for the LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) analysis. As a result of thermo-modernization of the representative buildings, large ecological benefits were obtained, while economic costs remain at a high level.
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Harris, Debra, and Lori Fitzgerald. "Life-cycle cost analysis (LCCA): a comparison of commercial flooring." Facilities 35, no. 5/6 (April 4, 2017): 303–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/f-10-2015-0071.
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Purpose The business case for facility expenditures is grounded in the knowledge that life-cycle economics is significant to the continued viability of the facility. The aim of this study is to develop an algorithm for life-cycle cost analysis (LCCA) and evaluate flooring products to inform decision makers about the long-term cost of ownership. Design/methodology/approach The protocol for executing an LCCA is defined by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, including defining the problem, identifying feasible alternatives and establishing common assumptions and parameters, as well as acquiring financial information. Data were provided by an independent third-party source. Findings The results of this study are twofold: assess functionally equivalent flooring alternatives to determine the best financial value and develop a replicable protocol and algorithm for LCCA. The study found that modular carpet was the best financial solution. As a tool for decision makers, this LCCA informs asset management about the long-term cost of ownership, providing a protocol for making practical, informed decisions for the lowest cost solution for functionally equivalent alternatives. Research limitations/implications Projecting LCCA beyond 15 years may have limited value based on potential changes in the financial climate. Further research should focus on the implications of changes in the discount rate over time and testing the algorithm on other building systems. Practical implications Maintenance costs are considerable when compared to initial cost of flooring. Equipment costs have a significant impact on long-term cost of ownership. Using LCCA to inform specifications and to determine the best solution for a building system such as flooring provides an evidence-based process for building design and facility management. Social implications Life-cycle costs have a significant impact on the financial health of an organization. Using LCCA to make informed decisions about facility design and specifications may contribute to increased financial stability and resources to benefit the organization’s long term goals. Originality/value This study contributes an algorithm instrument for buildings and building systems. The flooring tested with this protocol provides evidence to inform flooring selection based on lowest cost while considering other factors that inform appropriate selection of flooring materials.
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Petrović, Bojana, Xingxing Zhang, Ola Eriksson, and Marita Wallhagen. "Life Cycle Cost Analysis of a Single-Family House in Sweden." Buildings 11, no. 5 (May 20, 2021): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11050215.
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The objective of this paper was to explore long-term costs for a single-family house in Sweden during its entire lifetime. In order to estimate the total costs, considering construction, replacement, operation, and end-of-life costs over the long term, the life cycle cost (LCC) method was applied. Different cost solutions were analysed including various economic parameters in a sensitivity analysis. Economic parameters used in the analysis include various nominal discount rates (7%, 5%, and 3%), an inflation rate of 2%, and energy escalation rates (2–6%). The study includes two lifespans (100 and 50 years). The discounting scheme was used in the calculations. Additionally, carbon-dioxide equivalent (CO2e) emissions were considered and systematically analysed with costs. Findings show that when the discount rate is decreased from 7% to 3%, the total costs are increased significantly, by 44% for a 100-year lifespan, while for a 50 years lifespan the total costs show a minor increase by 18%. The construction costs represent a major part of total LCC, with labor costs making up half of them. Considering costs and emissions together, a full correlation was not found, while a partial relationship was investigated. Results can be useful for decision-makers in the building sector.
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Xue, Han. "Economic Analysis and Evaluation of Energy-efficient Renovation of Existing Buildings Based on the Whole Life Cycle." E3S Web of Conferences 251 (2021): 02093. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125102093.
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There has long been a lack of understanding of the costs and benefits of energy-efficient renovation of existing buildings, which discourages the participation of stakeholders. This paper studied the energy-saving renovation of existing buildings, analyzed the incremental cost and incremental benefit based on the whole life cycle, and constructed the economic evaluation model of energy-saving renovation of existing buildings to provide a scientific theoretical basis for the economic evaluation of the energy-saving renovation of existing buildings and provide references for the decision-making of stakeholders, and promote the energy-saving renovation of buildings from an economic point of view.
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Pinka, Richard. "Development the tool for demand control ventilation systems elements design and their impact to building life-cycle assessment: a review." MATEC Web of Conferences 146 (2018): 01013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814601013.
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The paper describes possible methodology for DCV – demand control ventilation design process which will lead to solving the most important problems of more accurate ventilation system design, the efficiency: time and costs of design while improving its effectivity (level of design confidence, degree of uncertainty, financial parameters). For this purpose it has been started developing the tool implementing the methodology. Furthermore, it describes steps of testing and validation design process by implementation state-of-the-art algorithms for measuring the occupancy or CO2 detection for DCV system control testing sites and their comparison with computation design results. It describes also the reasons and necessity of decomposition of whole ventilation system to specific elements for the design and assessment procedure.
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Fořt, Jan, Jiří Maděra, and Robert Černý. "Monetized environmental assessment of interior thermal insulation." MATEC Web of Conferences 282 (2019): 02106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928202106.
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Excessive production of carbon dioxide is viewed as one of the most threat to the current generation. While the industry and transportation sector significantly improve energy efficiency and more actions are awaited, the building sector still lacking similar progress. European member states committed a decrease in produced carbon emissions which emphasis energy retrofitting of current obsolete building stock. The complex assessment of used applied materials poses an important task and searching for an advanced approach is still a big challenge. On this account, the performed study contemplates the monetarization of all negative environmental externalities to support method towards acceptance of solution with long-term perspectives. Considering responsible attitude to environmental issues accompanied by whole service life of used materials. Obtained results revealed environmental costs of mineral wool production as a supporting tool for complex building retrofit assessment.
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Kirkham, Richard J., A. Halim Boussabaine, and Belal H. Awwad. "Probability distributions of facilities management costs for whole life cycle costing in acute care NHS hospital buildings." Construction Management and Economics 20, no. 3 (April 2002): 251–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01446190110113701.
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Słyś, Daniel, Agnieszka Stec, and Martina Zeleňáková. "A LCC Analysis of Rainwater Management Variants." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 19, no. 3 (January 1, 2012): 359–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10216-011-0026-7.
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A LCC Analysis of Rainwater Management VariantsThe paper presents results of the Life Cycle Cost (LCC) analysis carried out for several variants of rainfall water management in a newly designed multi-family dwelling house. According to the LCC methodology, calculations were performed for the whole undertaking life cycle with both investment outlays and operation/maintenance costs taken into account. The LCC analysis was carried out, in particular, for a variant assuming that the rainwater collected from the roof will be entirely discharged to the sewage system. On the other hand, the second variant provided for replacement of traditional building roof with a green one. Facilities of that type, thanks to their retention properties, may delay runoff of rainwater and reduce the overall quantity of water discharged from roof surface and therefore can be classified as Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems. In the third case considered, rainwater is to be utilised in the building. It was assumed that precipitation water will be stored in a tank and used in the sanitary water supply system for flushing toilets, thus reducing the overall tap water purchase costs.
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Montana, Francesco, Kai Kanafani, Kim Wittchen, Harpa Birgisdottir, Sonia Longo, Maurizio Cellura, and Eleonora Riva Sanseverino. "Multi-Objective Optimization of Building Life Cycle Performance. A Housing Renovation Case Study in Northern Europe." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 22, 2020): 7807. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187807.
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While the operational energy use of buildings is often regulated in current energy saving policies, their embodied greenhouse gas emissions still have a considerable mitigation potential. The study aims at developing a multi-objective optimization method for design and renovation of buildings incorporating the operational and embodied energy demands, global warming potential, and costs as objective functions. The optimization method was tested on the renovation of an apartment building in Denmark, mainly focusing envelope improvements as roof and exterior wall insulation and windows. Cellulose insulation has been the predominant result, together with fiber cement or aluminum-based cladding and 2-layered glazing. The annual energy demand has been reduced from 166.4 to a range between 76.5 and 83.7 kWh/(m2 y) in the optimal solutions. The fact that the legal requirements of 70 kWh/(m2 y) are nearly met without building service improvements indicates that energy requirements can be fulfilled without compromising greenhouse gas emissions and cost. Since the method relies on standard national performance reporting tools, the authors believe that this study is a preliminary step towards more cost-efficient and low-carbon building renovations by utilizing multi-optimization techniques.
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Jalilzadehazhari, Vadiee, and Johansson. "Achieving a Trade-Off Construction Solution Using BIM, an Optimization Algorithm, and a Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Method." Buildings 9, no. 4 (April 10, 2019): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings9040081.
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The Energy Performance of Building Directive obligated all European countries to reduce the energy requirements of buildings while simultaneously improving indoor environment quality. Any such improvements not only enhance the health of the occupants and their productivity, but also provide further economic benefits at the national level. Accomplishing this task requires a method that allows building professionals to resolve conflicts between visual and thermal comfort, energy demands, and life-cycle costs. To overcome these conflicts, this study exploits the incorporation of building information modelling (BIM), the design of experiments as an optimization algorithm, and the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) into a multi-criteria decision-making method. Any such incorporation can (i) create constructive communication between building professionals, such as architects, engineers, and energy experts; (ii) allow the analysis of the performance of multiple construction solutions with respect to visual and thermal comfort, energy demand, and life-cycle costs; and (iii) help to select a trade-off solution, thereby making a suitable decision. Three types of energy-efficient windows, and five types of ground floors, roofs, and external wall constructions were considered as optimization variables. The incorporation of several methods allowed the analysis of the performance of 375 construction solutions based on a combination of optimization variables, and helped to select a trade-off solution. The results showed the strength of incorporation for analyzing big-data through the intelligent use of BIM and a simulation in the field of the built environment, energy, and costs. However, when applying AHP, the results are strongly contingent on pairwise comparisons.
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Słyś, Daniel, and Agnieszka Stec. "The Analysis of Variants of Water Supply Systems in Multi-Family Residential Building." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 21, no. 4 (February 2, 2015): 623–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eces-2014-0045.
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Abstract Climate change, improper use of water resources, surface waters pollution as well as increase of water requirements are the results of growing population of people in the world. It causes water deficiency in majority of countries in the world, including Poland. Due to the water pollution advanced technologies for its treatment are in demand, what leads to increase of water price. In this connection, there are more often taken actions to reduce water consumption by using rainwater to flush toilets, wash cars, do laundry or water green areas. This publication presents results of Life Cycle Cost analysis of two variants of water supply systems designed for multi-family residential building situated in Rzeszow. In line with LCC methodology the calculations were made throughout the whole life-cycle of the building considering initial investment outlays intended for construction of water supply system as well as operation and maintenance costs. In the first of analyzed variants it was assumed that the system would be fed by municipal water supply network. In the second variant rainwater harvesting system for domestic use was additionally applied. Rainwater stored in the tank would be used in sanitary installation to flush toilets, what leads to lowering the costs of municipal water purchase, reducing fees for rainwater discharge to sewage system and consequently is beneficial for financial standing of the examined building.
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Mayes, Ronald, Nicholas Wetzel, Ben Weaver, Ken Tam, Will Parker, Andrew Brown, and Dario Pietra. "Performance based design of buildings to assess damage and downtime and implement a rating system." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 46, no. 1 (March 31, 2013): 40–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.46.1.40-55.
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The Christchurch earthquakes have highlighted the mismatch in expectations between the engineering profession and society regarding the seismic performance of buildings. While most modern buildings performed as expected, many buildings have been, or are to be, demolished. The ownership, occupancy, and societal costs of only targeting life-safety as the accepted performance standard for building design are now apparent in New Zealand.
While the structural system has a significant effect on the seismic performance of the entire building, including the contents, it is only about 20% of the total building cost. Hence, structural engineers should view the seismic performance in a wider context, looking at all the systems of the building rather than just the damage to structural items and life-safety.
The next generation of performance-based seismic design procedures, outlined in the FEMA P-58 document, provide engineers with the tools to express the seismic performance of the entire building in terms of the future life loss, facility repair cost and repair time. This paper will outline the FEMA P-58 procedure and present the results of a comparative study of six different structural systems for a three storey commercial and laboratory building: moment frame; buckling restrained braced frame; viscously damped moment frame; Pres-Lam timber coupled-walls; cast-in-place reinforced concrete shear wall; and base isolated braced frame. Each system was analysed as a fully non-linear structure and the calculated drifts and floor accelerations were input into the FEMA P-58 PACT tool to evaluate the overall building performance. The PACT tool performs loss calculations for the expected casualties, repair cost, and repair time from which a QuakeStar or SEAONC rating for the building can be obtained.
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Tokunova, Galina, Irina Drozdova, and Evgeny Shesterov. "Major repair and reconstruction of the historical housing development in Saint Petersburg." E3S Web of Conferences 138 (2019): 01002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913801002.
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The article provides results of housing technical state examination in the historical development of Saint Petersburg, performed by experts of the Saint Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering. The described methodology developed by the authors serves a basis to find the most efficient solution for issues arising in Saint Petersburg, and fully meets all social, scientific, technical and economic conditions of modern urban development. This is especially important when implementing the concepts of Smart City and Smart Home intended to become a basis for development of modern urban environment within the existing historical city. As for cultural heritage sites, it is possible to extend the useful life of a historical building by its timely reconstruction. Reconstruction shall be performed following a clear plan with account for the sequence of stages: from handing archive materials and a city plan to identify the historical appearance of a building to a possible need for reconstruction of not only a separate building but also a whole block. In case of a major repair of an apartment building, or reconstruction of historical cultural heritage sites, activities improving energy efficiency of buildings are required, which are associated with significant costs that sometimes exceed the federal or city budget.
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White, Greg. "Comparing the Cost of Rigid and Flexible Aircraft Pavements Using a Parametric Whole of Life Cost Analysis." Infrastructures 6, no. 8 (August 20, 2021): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures6080117.
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The construction and maintenance costs, as well as the residual value, were calculated for structurally equivalent rigid and flexible airfield pavements, for a range of typical commercial aircraft, as well as a range for typical subgrade conditions. Whole of life cost analysis was performed for a range of analysis periods, from 40 years to 100 years. For the standard 40-year analysis period and a residual value based on rigid pavement reconstruction, the rigid pavements had a 40% to 105% higher whole of life cost than equivalent flexible pavements, although this comparison is limited to the pavement compositions and material cost rates adopted. However, longer analysis periods had a significant impact on the relative whole of life cost, although the rigid pavements always had a higher cost than the flexible pavements. The assumed condition of the rigid pavement at the end of the design life was the most influential factor, with a 60-year service life resulting in the rigid pavements having a lower whole of life cost than the flexible pavements, but assuming a requirement for expedient rigid pavement reconstruction resulted in the rigid pavements costing approximately 4–6 times the cost of the flexible pavements over the 40-year analysis period.
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De Gaetani, Carlo Iapige, Andrea Macchi, and Pasquale Perri. "Joint Analysis of Cost and Energy Savings for Preliminary Design Alternative Assessment." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 11, 2020): 7507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187507.
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The building sector plays a central role in addressing the problem of global energy consumption. Therefore, effective design measures need to be taken to ensure efficient usage and management of new structures. The challenging task for designers is to reduce energy demands while maintaining a high-quality indoor environment and low costs of construction and operations. This study proposes a methodological framework that enables decision-makers to resolve conflicts between energy demand and life cycle costs. A case study is analyzed to validate the proposed method, adopting different solutions for walls, roofs, floors, windows, window-to-wall ratios and geographical locations. Models are created on the basis of all the possible combinations between these elements, enriched by their thermal properties and construction/management costs. After the alternative models are defined, energy analyses are carried out for an estimation of consumption. By calculating the total cost of each model as the sum of construction, energy and maintenance costs, a joint analysis is carried out for variable life cycles. The obtained results from the proposed method confirm the importance of a preliminary assessment from both energy and cost points of view, and demonstrate the impact of considering different building life cycles on the choice of design alternatives.
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Nelms, Cheryl, Alan D. Russell, and Barbara J. Lence. "Assessing the performance of sustainable technologies for building projects." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 32, no. 1 (February 1, 2005): 114–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l04-102.
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At present, the performance of sustainable technologies in buildings is generally not assessed holistically, but rather from a primarily single issue perspective, e.g., only financially or environmentally. Such an approach is limited in that it ignores the interaction of the technologies within the physical facility itself as expressed through life cycle costs, the impact on the surrounding environment, design objectives of the project and its stakeholders whose value systems may conflict. This work identifies the primary cause-and-effect relationships of selected sustainable building technologies and illustrates elements of a framework for the systematic assessment of their performance from an environmental, social, economic, and technical perspective. Rooftop garden technology is used to demonstrate application of the framework. The primary goal of this work is to improve the understanding and decision-making capabilities of the building industry and government when faced with decisions regarding investment and policy regarding sustainable building technologies. A secondary goal is to identify knowledge gaps in our understanding of sustainable technologies.Key words: risk identification, sustainable technology, knowledge management, infrastructure projects, sustainable buildings.
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A. Radkevich, K. Netesa, and T. Tkach. "Trends in facade system overhaul based on the data analysis of procurement contracts via the PROZORRO public e-procurement system." Ways to Improve Construction Efficiency, no. 45 (October 16, 2020): 120–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2707-501x.2020.45.120-130.
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Obviously, it goes without saying that sustainable economic development and an increase in the cost of energy carriers require improvements in the energy efficiency of existing buildings and structures. For this reason, intelligent energy monitoring and searching for new methods aimed at improving the performance of buildings have been of utmost importance. One of the feasible solutions to improving the performance of existing buildings would arguably be the reduction in energy costs by increasing the insulating properties of their facade systems. This paper analyses the current trends in the overhaul of facade systems in Ukraine. The research results into facade system renovation conducted via the ProZorro public e-procurement system demonstrated that a significant number of repair works were the improvements in the thermal insulation properties of facade systems by means of mineral wool panels and plaster cladding. The percentage of this type of overhaul contracts reached 67% of the total number of investigated contracts. Facade insulation renovation using expanded polystyrene plates approximately made up 20%. The restoration works of an outer layer of façade systems, including plaster restoration, spot-priming, restoration of hard putty, plaster facing and painting works, revetment, etc., which do not impact the energy efficiency of a building, made up about 13% of the total number of contracts. The area of façade works in question averaged from 200 m2 to 1500 m2. Having compared the prices per one square metre of a façade system, the average cost for such works has been calculated in the range of 1500 UAH to 2000 UAH; while the cost of advanced works ranged from 3500 UAH to 4000 UAH. Given a short maintenance-free service life of 7-10 years of the corresponding systems and guided by cost-effectiveness reasons, it has been suggested replacing these facade systems with ventilated facade systems with thermal insulation and ceramic cladding. This façade system has proved to have a significantly longer durability and maintenance-free service life, while the initial investment costs will further increase the energy efficiency properties of a building. As the result, this will enable keeping energy operating costs to minimum, which will consequently increase the building’s cost-effectiveness and its compliance with current global trends in energy conservation.
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Kaltakci, M. Y., M. Ozturk, and M. H. Arslan. "An experimental investigation for external RC shear wall applications." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 10, no. 9 (September 16, 2010): 1941–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-10-1941-2010.
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Abstract. The strength and rigidity of most reinforced concrete (RC) buildings in Turkey, which are frequently hit by destructive earthquakes, is not at a sufficient level. Therefore, the result of earthquakes is a significant loss of life and property. The strengthening method most commonly preferred for these type of RC buildings is the application of RC infilled walls (shear walls) in the frame openings of the building. However, since the whole building has to be emptied and additional heavy costs arise during this type of strengthening, users prefer not to strengthen their buildings despite the heavy risk they are exposed to. Therefore, it is necessary to develop easier-to-apply and more effective methods for the rapid strengthening of housing and the heavily-used public buildings which cannot be emptied during the strengthening process (such as hospitals and schools). This study empirically analyses the different methods of a new system which can meet this need. In this new system, named "external shear wall application", RC shear walls are applied on the external surface of the building, along the frame plane rather than in the building. To this end, 7 test samples in 1/2 and 1/3 geometrical scale were designed to analyse the efficiency of the strengthening technique where the shear wall leans on the frame from outside of the building (external shear wall application) and of the strengthening technique where a specific space is left between the frame and the external shear wall by using a coupling beam to connect elements (application of external shear wall with coupling beam). Test results showed that the maximum lateral load capacity, initial rigidity and energy dissipation behaviours of the samples strengthened with external shear wall were much better than those of the bare frames.
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Han, Rui, Wei Mo, and Ri Xue Jin. "Research on the Application of BIM Technology in Indemnificatory Houses Planning and Design." Applied Mechanics and Materials 587-589 (July 2014): 2290–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.587-589.2290.
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Building quality indemnificatory houses is an important issue to improve people's livelihood, is an important guarantee for promoting social harmony and stability. In order to adapt to the new situation, making indemnificatory houses becoming more humanized design, scientification and efficiency. Better optimizing the design by BIM (Building Information Modeling) technology, controlling construction costs, improving the efficiency of building maintenance, this move conforms to ecological architecture policy, the development strategy of energy conservation, which advocated by the government. In this study we plan to research the whole building life cycle with BIM technology. We will analysis the supply and demand data collected from housing applicants, optimize the site planning and house graphic design, till draw the construction plans. We will make full use of BIM technology advanced functions, such as collaborative production network, building performance analysis, collision detection and visualization equipment interior configuration options .we look forward to establish a new model for indemnificatory houses design, and provide a more suitable living space for housing applicants, optimize spatial pattern of urban and rural, optimize management pattern, improve the city's overall carrying capacity.
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Plebankiewicz, Edyta, Wiesław Meszek, Krzysztof Zima, and Damian Wieczorek. "Probabilistic and Fuzzy Approaches for Estimating the Life Cycle Costs of Buildings under Conditions of Exposure to Risk." Sustainability 12, no. 1 (December 26, 2019): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12010226.
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The paper discusses issues related to life cycle costs in construction. Life cycle cost is a key element in the assessment of environmental sustainability in construction and it provides a tool for the economic evaluation of alternative sustainability options exhibiting different capital, operating costs or resource usage. The authors reviewed selected models of estimating life cycle costs in construction, drew attention to the complex mathematical models developed so far, namely those which take into account only financial risks and those which involve the possibility of the influence of other risk factors and described the main assumptions accompanying the original model for estimating the whole life costs of buildings, including: reasons for choosing theory of possibility, division and parametrization of input data. The aim of this paper is to confirm the validity of the model structure assumptions adopted by the authors by comparing the originally selected fuzzy approach to calculating life cycle costs taking into account the risk with the probabilistic approach, as well as indicating the domain in which the probabilistic approach will complement the fuzzy approach chosen by the authors. The paper presents a comparison analysis of two approaches used in the authors’ model, a fuzzy and a probabilistic approach, recommended by the ISO standard 15686-5:2008. The authors used the Oracle Crystall Ball software in their simulations.
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Marchi, Lia, Ernesto Antonini, and Stefano Politi. "Green Building Rating Systems (GBRSs)." Encyclopedia 1, no. 4 (September 26, 2021): 998–1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia1040076.
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Green Building Rating Systems (GBRSs) are typically third-party, voluntary, and market driven standards that measure buildings’ sustainability level by multi-criteria assessment, and encourage the adoption of environmentally, socially and economically sustainable practices in design, construction and operation of buildings (or neighborhoods). GBRSs aim at guiding and assessing the project throughout all its life cycle, thus limiting the negative impact on the environment, as well as on the building occupants’ health and well-being, and even reducing operational costs. Hundreds of GBRSs are now available worldwide, varying in approaches, application processes, and evaluation metrics. BREEAM, CASBEE, Green Star and LEED are among the most applied worldwide. Despite some differences, they all adhere to the same general evaluation structure: project performances ares measured using a set of relevant indicators, grouped per topics such as water management, energy use, materials, site qualities. Each assessed requirement is assigned a score/judgment, the total of which determines the level of sustainability achieved. In addition to regular updates, a current trend is to improve the effectiveness of protocols, making them more comprehensive and accurate, while keeping them easy to use.
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Corti, Paolo, Luisa Capannolo, Pierluigi Bonomo, Pierluigi De Berardinis, and Francesco Frontini. "Comparative Analysis of BIPV Solutions to Define Energy and Cost-Effectiveness in a Case Study." Energies 13, no. 15 (July 25, 2020): 3827. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13153827.
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The built environment remains a strategic research and innovation domain in view of the goal of full decarbonization. The priority is the retrofitting of existing buildings as zero-emission to improve their energy efficiency with renewable energy technologies pulling the market with cost-effective strategies. From the first age of photovoltaics (PV) mainly integrated in solar roofs, we rapidly moved towards complete active building skins where all the architectural surfaces are photoactive (Building Integrated Photovoltaics - BIPV). This change of paradigm, where PV replaces a conventional building material, shifted the attention to relate construction choices with energy and cost effectiveness. However, systematic investigations which put into action a cross-disciplinary approach between construction, economic and energy related domains is still missing. This paper provides the detailed assessment of a real multifamily building, taking into account retrofit scenarios for making active the building skin, with the goal to identify the sensitive aspects of the energetic and economic effectiveness of BIPV design options. By assuming a real case study with monitored data, the analysis will consider a breakdown of the main individual parts composing the building envelope, by then combining alternative re-configurations in merged clusters with different energy and construction goals. Results will highlight the correlation between building skin construction strategies and the energy and cost parameters by identifying the cornerstones for enhancing efficiency. The outcomes, related to the total life cost, self-consumption/sufficiency, in combination with different building design options (façade, roof, balconies, surface orientations, etc.), provide a practical insight for researchers and professionals to identify renovation strategies by synergistically exploiting the solar active parts towards lower global costs and higher energy efficiency of the whole building system.
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Vaitkus, Audrius, Donatas Čygas, Algirdas Motiejūnas, Algis Pakalnis, and Dainius Miškinis. "Improvement of road pavement maintenance models and technologies." Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 11, no. 3 (September 30, 2016): 242–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bjrbe.2016.28.
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The roads as main national assets maintenance costs increase dramatically but budgets stays as it is or even decrease over the years. However, at the same time, it is required to maintain road pavements condition at high level. These trends make asset owners and administrators to search for new ways and methods for more efficient roads maintenance management. As the new road is build or old one reconstructed performance indicators should be identified for whole life cycle as it is defined by design. Pavement condition evaluation by indicating present performance indicators level should be done timely and accurate at road level and whole network level. Ongoing support of pavement condition under network level, with a long-term strategy, allows to prolong the life of the pavement, improve traffic safety and meet public expectations. The comprehensive analysis of road maintenance and management systems recommendations for their improvement and application are presented in the article.
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Alshamrani, Othman Subhi. "Life cycle assessment of low-rise office building with different structure–envelope configurations." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 43, no. 3 (March 2016): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2015-0431.
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This paper presents life cycle assessment approach to study the impact of structure and envelope types on the energy consumption and environmental impact of an office building in New York City, USA. In addition, the future costs of environmental impact for various structure and envelope options are assessed according to the current practice and market price of CO2. Eight structure and envelope types for the low-rise office building are investigated, which include concrete and steel structures with various combinations of envelopes. The parameters such as life cycle energy use, global warming potential, and water, air and land emissions are analyzed. The energy simulation is performed by using eQUEST software while the environmental impact is assessed by using ATHENA® impact estimator. The building with concrete frame is proved to have lower environmental impact compared to that with steel frame. The precast concrete building is found to be the most economical alternative due to the minimal environmental impact cost. This study is expected to enable the decision makers and building owners to select the best alternative with respect to energy use, and environmental and economic constraints.
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Krueger, Kate, Adam Stoker, and Gabrielle Gaustad. "“Alternative” materials in the green building and construction sector." Smart and Sustainable Built Environment 8, no. 4 (September 2, 2019): 270–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sasbe-09-2018-0045.
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Purpose The construction, use and demolition of buildings carry enormous environmental burdens. As one step to reduce a building’s environmental impact, green building design guidelines and certification programs, such as Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, Cradle to Cradle and the Whole Building Design Guide, promote the specification of alternative, non-traditional building materials. Alternative materials carry a variety of potential benefits: reducing the amount of energy and other resources needed to create building materials; creating healthier indoor and outdoor environments; diverting or reducing waste from landfills; reducing the use of scarce, critical or economically volatile materials; and spurring innovation in the building industry. However, a lack of clarity surrounds alternative materials and creates a barrier to their usage. The purpose of this paper is to review definitions of alternative materials in various design guidelines in order to provide context to their specification and usage. Design/methodology/approach Through a survey of green building programs and guidelines, existing literature on alternative materials, and life-cycle assessment using multiple inventory databases, this study tackles the following questions: what constitutes an alternative building material; what are the current barriers to their specification; how are they specified in the most common design guidelines; and do alternative building materials present a “greener” alternative? Findings These results show that while often alternative materials do in fact show promise for reducing environmental impacts of the built environment, by how much can be a challenging question to quantify and depends on a variety of factors. While many green building guides and certification systems provide recommendations for use of alternative materials, the sheer diversity and uncertainty of these systems coupled with the complexity in understanding their impacts still present a significant barrier to their specification. Much work remains in a variety of disciplines to tackle these barriers. A clear emphasis should be on better understanding their environmental impacts, particularly with respect to the context within the built environment that their specification will provide energy, resource and emission savings. Other key areas of significant work include reducing costs, removing regulatory and code barriers, and educating designers, consumers, and end-users. Originality/value Alternative materials are defined and specified in a diversity of contexts leaving the design and construction communities hesitant to promote their use; other work has found this to be a key barrier to their widespread usage. By compiling definitions, barriers and design guidelines instructions while also exploring analytically the benefits of specific cases, this work provides a foundation for better understanding where new, more sustainable materials can be successfully specified.
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Weiss, Tobias, Christoph Moser, David Venus, Björn Berggren, and Ase Togerro. "Parametric multi-objective energy and cost analysis in the life cycle of nearly zero energy buildings − an exhaustive search approach." Sustainable Buildings 4 (2019): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/sbuild/2019006.
Full textAbstract:
Possible cost saving potentials in planning and construction of high performing nearly zero energy buildings (nZEBs) with advanced energy standards are often not sufficiently assessed, as only a few, out of numerous possible variants of technology sets are considered in the traditional planning process. Often planning and analysis are not carried out in parallel, and the alternative technical options are discarded at an early stage. If, on the other hand, possible variants are realistically compared in the planning phase, a profound decision can be made. nZEB-design is also a multi-objective optimization problem where stakeholder interests' conflict with each other. This research addresses a methodological approach to better understand the effects that technical variables have on energy, environmental and economic performance over the whole life cycle of a multi-family residential building in Sweden. The research goal is to identify the most significant technical nZEB design variables organized into a consistent framework. In this paper, in a first step an exhaustive search method is assessed for a multi-family residential building in Sweden that systematically investigates all possible variant combinations. In a second step the derived results are applied to multiple objectives and optimisation goals for a multi-target decision-making framework so that different actors can decide between optimal solutions for different objectives. This approach seeks to explore a set of optimal solutions rather than to find a single optimal solution. On the one hand, a variety of technologies, such as insulation of the building envelope, ventilation or electricity and heat supply, and on the other hand a variation of the boundary conditions (such as observation period, user behaviour, energy price increases or CO2 costs) was investigated. The results were analysed energetically and economically over the life cycle of the building with the objectives of identifying coherences, deriving trends and optimizations over a time span of 40 years. The results show that the variance in the financing costs (20%) and the net present value (15%) is relatively low, whereas the primary energy demand (66%) and the CO2 (73%) emission vary in a broader range. The optimum cost curve in relation to CO2 emissions is very flat. Low emissions and energy requirements can, therefore, be achieved with different energy concepts as long as the envelope is very efficient. Due to the nature of an exhaustive search approach, it is also possible to find technical solution sets and design strategies with nearly equal financing cost and/or net present values, but with less primary energy consumption and/or CO2 emissions.