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1
Cline, Michael L., Benjamin F. Hoffman, Michael Cyr, and William Bragg. "Stand Damage Following Whole-Tree Partial Cutting in Northern Forests." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 8, no. 2 (1991): 72–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/8.2.72.
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Abstract Eighteen mechanically harvested, partially cut hard- and mixed-wood stands in New England were examined to determine the extent of logging damage. Frequency of crop tree damage averaged 9.6%. Tree injury, both incidence and severity, was not related to location relative to skid trails or landings. Variations in damage level between sites was not explained by numbers of trees per acre, size of trees, or basal area prior to or after harvest, but cover type, rockiness, and season of harvest in combination accounted for a small part of the site-to-site differences. Residual stand damage appeared to be most influenced by the care in harvest planning and the experience of the equipment operators. North. J. Appl. For. 8(2):72-76.
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Bird, G. A., and L. Chatarpaul. "Effect of whole-tree and conventional forest harvest on soil microarthropods." Canadian Journal of Zoology 64, no. 9 (1986): 1986–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z86-299.
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The effect of whole-tree and conventional harvest on soil microarthropods, Collembola and Acari, was investigated in a mixed conifer–hardwood forest on the Canadian Shield. Harvesting had a major effect on their populations which declined to 56 and 68% of those on the uncut plot for the whole-tree and conventional harvest plots, respectively. Species composition was unaffected by harvesting although there were shifts in dominance. Total numbers of microarthropods and numbers of Oribatei, Prostigmata, and Mesostigmata found on the uncut plot were significantly greater (P < 0.05) than on harvested plots. Slightly higher (P > 0.05) numbers of Collembola were recorded from the conventional harvest plot than the uncut plot. Oribatei, Prostigmata, and Collembola were more abundant (P < 0.01) on the conventional harvest plot than the whole-tree harvest plot. Of the two forest harvesting methods, conventional harvest had a lesser impact on soil microarthropods. Because the forest soil fauna is intimately involved in decomposition, nutrient cycling, and soil formation, our findings suggest that long-term site productivity will be greater following conventional harvest than whole-tree harvest.
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McMinn, James W. "Whole-Tree Harvesting Affects Pine Regeneration and Hardwood Competition." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 9, no. 2 (1985): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/9.2.81.
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Abstract Mixed upland hardwood-pine stands of low quality in the Upper Piedmont of Georgia were whole-tree harvested to 1-inch and 4-inch diameter limits in both winter and summer. Natural pine regeneration and hardwood sprouting were observed two growing seasons after harvesting. Early pine establishment was generally successful after winter harvesting but not after summer harvesting. Pine regeneration was excellent following the 1-inch winter harvest and acceptable following the 4-inch winter harvest. The treatment resulting in the best pine regeneration also produced the greatest coverage of hardwood sprouts.1
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Conrad, Joseph L., and Joseph Dahlen. "Productivity and Cost of Processors in Whole-Tree Harvesting Systems in Southern Pine Stands." Forest Science 65, no. 6 (2019): 767–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxz036.
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AbstractLogging businesses in the US South have not adopted cut-to-length harvesting systems. Adding dangle head processors on the landing of whole-tree harvesting systems may allow southern loggers to achieve some of the advantages of cut-to-length systems (i.e., precise length and diameter measurements) while maintaining high productivity and low costs per ton characteristic of current whole-tree systems. We conducted a designed study of conventional (i.e., feller-buncher, grapple skidder, loader) and processor (i.e., feller-buncher, grapple skidder, processor, loader) systems. Four harvest sites were split, with half of each site harvested by a conventional system and the other half by a processor system. Harvesting productivity was estimated using time-and-motion studies, and costs were estimated using the machine rate method. Cut-and-load costs averaged US$13.57 and US$14.67 ton–1 on the processor and conventional harvests, respectively (P > .10). Cost per ton was elevated on several conventional harvest tracts because of long skidding distances, indicating harvest planning is more important than harvesting system in determining harvesting costs. Processing and loading costs were US$1.70 ton–1 higher on processor harvests, which, combined with restrictive mill quotas being more problematic for processor crews, suggests loggers will require a logging rate premium in order to invest in processors.
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Hendrickson, O. Q., L. Chatarpaul, and D. Burgess. "Nutrient cycling following whole-tree and conventional harvest in northern mixed forest." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19, no. 6 (1989): 725–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x89-112.
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Soil and water chemistry and soil-respiration activity were studied in a mature, mixed conifer and hardwood forest and in adjacent whole-tree harvest (WTH) and conventional harvest (CH) areas dominated by hardwood sprouts. Compared with the uncut mature forest, forest floor contents of N and K were lower in the WTH area 3 years after harvest; Ca and Mg were higher in the CH area, probably owing to inputs in logging slash. Mineral soil Ca and pH were higher in the harvested areas than in the uncut area. During the 2nd year after harvest, cation concentrations in forest floor leachate varied in the order WTH > CH > uncut area, but differences largely disappeared the next year. Soil water NO3 concentrations were slightly elevated in the CH area, but only 1.6 kg N•ha−1•year−1 leached below the rooting zone. Bulk precipitation K and Mg concentrations were lower in the WTH area than in the CH area owing to the loss of canopy leaching from the residual stand. Slightly higher amounts of cations were found in the snowpack under the mature forest canopy. Midwinter rains caused movement of NO3 and H within the snowpack. Despite the higher soil-respiration rates in the harvested areas, no differences in soil organic matter pools were observed relative to the uncut area; harvest-related inputs of slash, decaying roots, and stumps may have offset respiratory carbon losses. Current high nutrient demands of rapidly growing sprouts in the WTH area greatly exceed nutrient inputs in bulk precipitation; this may lead to future growth declines.
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McMinn, James W., Alexander Clark, and Tommy J. Loggins. "Predicting Residuals by Stand Condition and Type of Harvest." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 12, no. 3 (1988): 190–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/12.3.190.
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Abstract In mixed pine-hardwood stands in central Georgia, the tonnage of all trees not designated for harvest accounted for 89% of the variation in tonnage of standing residuals after conventional harvesting. Standing residuals weighed 5.4 to 29.3 tons/ac after conventional harvests, but an additional 2 to 13 tons of broken and uprooted material and 1 to 8 tons of hardwood tops would hinder recovery. A whole-tree system, for which small stems were harvested first, recovered 16 to 43 tons/ac, which was 56 to 94% more material than would have been left standing after conventional harvest of the same areas. South. J. Appl. For. 12(3):190-193.
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Ring, Eva, Staffan Jacobson, Gunnar Jansson, and Lars Högbom. "Effects of whole-tree harvest on soil-water chemistry at five conifer sites in Sweden." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 47, no. 3 (2017): 349–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2016-0338.
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Logging residues, such as tops and branches, can provide a useful biofuel for large-scale energy production. However, increasing the harvest intensity may affect the soil nutrient stores and water quality. Here, effects on soil-water chemistry after stem-only and whole-tree harvesting were investigated using data from five experimental sites in Sweden, representing medium- to high-fertility sites. They were located in recharge areas on mineral soil and harvested between the years 1995 and 2001. Soil-water samples had previously been collected from below the main part of the root zone in study plots subjected to stem-only or whole-tree harvest. Soil-water chemistry data from the five sites were jointly analyzed by ANOVA using seasonal mean concentrations from the first six seasons after clear-cutting. The concentrations of NO3–-N, K+, and Mg2+were significantly different (p < 0.05) between the two harvest regimes, indicating lower levels after whole-tree harvest than after stem-only harvest. No significant differences were detected for electrical conductivity, pH, or the concentrations of NH4+-N, Al, Ca2+, SO42–-S, and Cl–. Measurements at one site suggested that the logging residues left on the ground increased the influx of Cl–to the soil. Simple budget calculations indicated that the nutrient export by logging-residue harvest was greater than the export by leaching during the regeneration phase.
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Joelsson, Di Fulvio, De La Fuente, Bergström, and Athanassiadis. "Integrated supply of stemwood and residual biomass to forest-based biorefineries." International Journal of Forest Engineering 27, no. 2 (2016): 115–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14942119.2016.1184955.
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The demand for forest biomass as raw material for a wide range of products in the developing bioeconomy is expected to increase. Along with a constant pressure on forestry to increase its productivity, this development has led to the search for new procurement methods and new assortments. The present study assessed innovative supply chain practices, with a particular focus on the integrated supply of stemwood and residual tree parts. The assortments considered included tree sections, long tops, saw logs with stump cores and small whole trees from thinnings. The assessment included geographically explicit modelling of the supply chain operations and estimation of supply cost and energy use for three industrial locations in Northern Sweden. The innovative supply chains were compared to conventional, separate, harvest of stemwood and logging residues. We conclude that integrated harvest of tops and branches with stemwood assortments, as well as whole-tree harvest in early thinnings, has a significant potential to reduce the supply cost for the non-stemwood assortments. Stump wood generally remains the most expensive assortment. The energy use analysis confirms earlier research showing that the energy input is relatively small compared to the energy content of the harvested feedstock.ABBREVIATIONSBWT, bundled whole trees; CTL, cut-to-length; ET, energy thinning; FF, final felling; FT, first thinning; LR, logging residues; LT long tops; ORN, Örnsköldsvik; PCT, pre-commercial thinning; PL, pulpwood; RS, roughly delimbed tree sections; SEK, Swedish currency; SFA, Swedish Forest Agency; SL, sawlogs; SNFI, Swedish National Forest Inventory; SP, stumps; SPC stump core; ST, second thinning; STO, Storuman; UME Umeå; WT, whole small trees;
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Hendrickson, O. Q. "Biomass and nutrients in regenerating woody vegetation following whole-tree and conventional harvest in a northern mixed forest." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 18, no. 11 (1988): 1427–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x88-221.
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Biomass and nutrient contents of regenerating woody plants and litter fall were measured after a northern mixed conifer–hardwood forest was harvested by conventional and whole-tree methods. Before harvest, the central Ontario study site was occupied by a 95-year-old pine (Pinusresinosa, P. strobus) and aspen (Populustremuloides, P. grandidentata) stand growing on gently rolling, gravel-free outwash sands. Four years after harvest, aspen abundance increased 100-fold in both harvested areas, with higher densities after whole-tree harvest (WTH) (4.1 stems/m2) than after conventional harvest (CH) (2.7 stems/m2). No self-thinning of aspen occurred between 2 and 4 years after harvest. Total aboveground woody biomass accumulated at 2.0 t•ha−1•year−1 in the WTH area and 1.5 t•ha−1•year−1 in the CH area; the preharvest rate was 2.0 t•ha−1•year−1. Peak autumn litter production occurred earlier in the harvested areas than in an adjacent uncut area. Cycling of N and K in litter fall returned to preharvest rates after 4 years. Cycling of Ca in litter fall was lower after WTH than after CH. Vegetation uptake of N and K (litter fall plus woody biomass) in the harvested areas in year 4 exceeded the preharvest value. Increased N accumulation in woody biomass (3.0 kg•ha−1•year−1 before harvest, 10.6 kg•ha−1•year−1 after WTH) would place a relatively greater demand on forest floor N pools in the WTH than in the CH area owing to lack of N input in logging slash. Although WTH did not reduce initial rates of biomass production, Populus spp. had lower concentrations of N, Ca, and Mg in the WTH area than in the CH area. There may be a danger that WTH on less fertile sites in the region will produce dense, unproductive aspen stands with low rates of self-thinning.
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Smith Jr., C. T., M. L. McCormack Jr., J. W. Hornbeck, and C. W. Martin. "Nutrient and biomass removals from a red spruce – balsam fir whole-tree harvest." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16, no. 2 (1986): 381–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x86-065.
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A mechanized whole-tree harvest was conducted on a watershed in central Maine dominated by Picearubens Sarg. and Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill. The harvest removal and redistribution of biomass, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, and potassium were estimated and evaluated with respect to estimates of site nutrient reserves. Regression equations were developed to estimate the nutrient contents and ovendry weight of the aboveground components of the Picearubens and Abiesbalsamea. Unit area estimates of nutrient and biomass removals were based on the application of the regression equations to a tally of all trees on twelve 0.04-ha square plots. Unit area estimates were made of exchangeable and total nutrients contained in the forest floor and glacial till above a hardpan. The harvest removed 90% of the biomass, 91 % of the nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and calcium, and 90% of the magnesium in the above-stump portions of the forest. These removals were from two to four times the amount of nutrients that would have been removed by a bole-only harvest, while increasing biomass removals by 1.4 times. The nutrients removed by the harvest were between 0.1 and 5% of the total soil reserves. Nutrient removals are evaluated in the context of three commonly used evaluation approaches: static comparisons of nutrient pools, nutrient input–output budgets, and computer simulation.
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BIRD, G. A., and L. CHATARPAUL. "EFFECT OF FOREST HARVEST ON DECOMPOSITION AND COLONIZATION OF MAPLE LEAF LITTER BY SOIL MICROARTHROPODS." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 68, no. 1 (1988): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss88-003.
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The effect of whole-tree and conventional forest harvest on sugar maple leaf litter decomposition and the colonization of litter bags by soil microarthropods was investigated in a mixed conifer/hardwood forest on the Canadian Shield for 2 yr, beginning 17 mo after forest harvesting. Decomposition of leaves in litter bags was significantly greater (P < 0.05) on harvested plots than on the uncut plot (U), and was greater on the whole-tree harvest plot (W) than on the conventionally harvested plot (C). The increase in nitrogen (N) concentration of the litter over the 2-yr study was greater (P < 0.05) on the C than on the other plots and was in the order C > W > U. Colonization of leaf litter by soil microarthropods was greater (P < 0.05) on the U than on harvested plots, and was greater (P < 0.05) on the C than on the W plot. Thus, soil microarthropods did not appear to be responsible for the faster decomposition on harvested plots compared to the uncut plot, nor were differences in soil temperatures or moisture content among plots responsible for the faster rates of decay. More rapid decay on harvested plots suggests that harvesting increased the availability of nutrients contained in the forest floor. This may result in a loss of both nutrients and long-term productivity, especially with whole-tree harvesting, unless mechanisms are in place to conserve nutrients. Key words: Decomposition, soil microarthropods, whole-tree harvest, soil nitrogen, nutrient cycling, mineralization
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McMinn, James W. "Diversity of woody species 10 years after four harvesting treatments in the oak–pine type." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 22, no. 8 (1992): 1179–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x92-156.
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Oak–pine stands in the Upper Piedmont of Georgia were whole-tree harvested to 10- and 2.5-cm DBH limits in both the dormant and early growing season, then allowed to regenerate spontaneously with no further perturbations. After 10 years, stands harvested in the early growing season exhibited higher diversity than those harvested in the dormant season. After the dormant-season harvests, 10-cm-limit stands tended to be more diverse than 2.5-cm-limit stands. The harvest disturbance primarily affected evenness, rather than species richness.
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Retzlaff, W. A., J. A. Handest, D. M. O'Malley, S. E. McKeand, and M. A. Topa. "Whole-tree biomass and carbon allocation of juvenile trees of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda): influence of genetics and fertilization." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31, no. 6 (2001): 960–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x01-017.
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To assess the contribution of belowground biomass allocation towards total carbon (C) allocation of two provenances of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), we examined the total biomass allocation of a fast- and slow-growing family from each provenance. Since planting on a xeric, infertile site in Scotland County, N.C., U.S.A., trees in this study have been subjected to one of two nutrient treatments: optimal nutrition or control (no fertilization). Total biomass of 24 (1 tree/family plot × 2 families × 2 provenances × 2 treatments × 3 blocks) 5-year-old (juvenile) trees was harvested in January 1998. Fertilization increased total root, total shoot, and total tree biomass in all families as compared with harvested trees in control plots. Fertilization also increased biomass of coarse-root, woody-root, taproot, stem, branch, and foliar components of families as compared with trees in control plots. Although there were treatment and family differences in standing-crop biomass of the total root, total shoot, total tree, and various individual root and shoot components, the percent biomass (whole-tree) allocation to these tissues remained similar across treatments. Total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) analysis indicated some treatment, family, and provenance differences in TNC concentrations and partitioning to starch and soluble sugars. At the time of harvest, TNC concentrations of belowground tissues were much higher than those of aboveground tissues, and enhanced partitioning towards starch in root tissues indicates an important C storage role for belowground tissues at this time. Indeed, more than 90% of the trees starch content was present in root tissue in January. Although constrained by a sample size of three harvested trees per family, this study suggests that biomass allocation on a whole-tree level was similar between fast- and slow-growing families of different provenances of juvenile loblolly pine and was not affected by fertilizer treatment.
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Wünsche, Jens N., John W. Palmer, and Dennis H. Greer. "Effects of Crop Load on Fruiting and Gas-exchange Characteristics of `Braeburn'/M.26 Apple Trees at Full Canopy." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 125, no. 1 (2000): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.125.1.93.
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Effect of crop load on tree growth, leaf characteristics, photosynthesis, and fruit quality of 5-year-old `Braeburn' apple [Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf.] trees on Malling 26 (M.26) rootstock was examined during the 1994-95 growing season. Crop loads ranged from 0 to 57 kg/tree [0 to 1.6 kg fruit/cm2 trunk cross sectional area (TCA) or 0 to 8.7 fruit/cm2 TCA]. Fruit maturity as indicated by background color, starch/iodine score, and soluble solids was advanced significantly on low-cropping trees compared to high-cropping trees. Whole-canopy leaf area and percentage tree light interception increased linearly with a significant trend as crop load decreased. From midseason until fruit harvest, leaf photosynthesis decreased significantly on lighter cropping trees and similarly, a positive linear trend was found between whole-canopy gas exchange per unit area of leaf and crop load. Leaf starch concentration in midseason increased linearly as crop load decreased, providing some explanation for the increased down-regulation of photosynthesis on trees with lower crop loads. After fruit harvest, the previous crop loads had no effect on leaf photosynthesis and preharvest differences in whole-canopy gas exchange per unit area of leaf were less pronounced. At each measurement date, daily whole-canopy net carbon exchange and transpiration closely followed the diurnal pattern of incident photosynthetic photon flux. The photochemical yield and electron transport capacity depended on crop load. This was due mostly to reaction center closure before harvest and an increased nonphotochemical quenching after harvest.
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Romanowicz, Rachel B., Charles T. Driscoll, Chris E. Johnson, Timothy J. Fahey, Gene E. Likens, and Thomas G. Siccama. "Changes in the Biogeochemistry of Potassium following a Whole-Tree Harvest." Soil Science Society of America Journal 60, no. 6 (1996): 1664–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1996.03615995006000060009x.
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Zetterberg, Therese, Bengt A. Olsson, Stefan Löfgren, Riitta Hyvönen, and Per-Olov Brandtberg. "Long-term soil calcium depletion after conventional and whole-tree harvest." Forest Ecology and Management 369 (June 2016): 102–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.03.027.
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Rittenhouse, Tracy A. G., David M. MacFarland, Karl J. Martin, and Timothy R. Van Deelen. "Downed wood associated with roundwood harvest, whole-tree harvest, and unharvested stands of aspen in Wisconsin." Forest Ecology and Management 266 (February 2012): 239–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2011.11.029.
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Southwick, Stephen M., and James T. Yeager. "UTILIZATION OF POSTHARVEST GIBBERELLIC ACID SPRAYS TO REDUCE HAND THINNING IN `PATTERSON' APRICOT." HortScience 25, no. 9 (1990): 1167a—1167. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1167a.
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Heavy fruit set of apricot (Prunus armeniaca) cultivars grown in California often require hand thinning to insure that adequate fruit size is obtained. Alternatives to costly hand thinning would be welcome. GA treatments made during flower bud initiation/differentiation have been previously shown to inhibit the development of floral and vegetative buds in a number of different tree fruit species. The effects of post-harvest limb and whole tree aqueous gibberellic acid (GA) sprays on flower and fruit production were investigated over a 3 year period in `Patterson' apricot. Limb treatments indicated the potential for utilizing postharvest GA sprays to reduce the number of flowers produced in the following season. Harvest fruit size (June 1989) was increased by a 100 mg·liter-1 GA whole tree spray applied 7 July 1988 when compared to non-thinned and hand thinned trees. Yield per tree was reduced by that GA spray, but not enough to show statistical differences. No abnormal tree growth responses have been observed in GA-sprayed trees to date. These results and those from the 1989 and 1990 growing seasons will be presented in effort to identify a role for whole tree postharvest GA sprays in a chemical thinning program suitable for commercial apricots.
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Martiarena, Rodolfo Andrés, Jorge Luis Frangi, Martín Alcides Pinazo, Alejandra Von Wallis, and Roberto Antonio Fernández. "Effect of Thinning and Harvest Type on Storage and Losses of Phosphorous inPinus taedaL. Plantations in Subtropical Argentina." International Journal of Forestry Research 2011 (2011): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/761532.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of thinning intensity and different harvest types on ecosystem P conservation in 20-year-oldPinus taedaplantation ecosystems at Misiones province, Argentina. The plantation was established in 1985, thinned at three intensities—0, 33, and 66% of basal area of control plots removed by thinning—and harvested in 2005. The nutrient content at harvest was determined for tree, shrub, and herb layers, the forest floor and upper mineral soil. Two harvest types were simulated: stem only and whole tree. Total P content was 56.8, 46.8, and 38.6 kg· ha−1for 0, 33, and 66% thinning, respectively. Total P exported by harvest was different among treatments, the highest at 0% thinning treatment. Phosphorus stability index values indicated that the P most conservative management option is 66% thinning, harvest of stem only and retention of forest floor, understory, and harvest residues.
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Hendrickson, O. Q., D. M. Burgess, and L. Chatarpaul. "Biomass and nutrients in Great Lakes – St. Lawrence forest species: implications for whole-tree and conventional harvest." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17, no. 3 (1987): 210–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x87-037.
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Total aboveground biomass and nutrient contents were measured in a mixed conifer and hardwood stand in Ontario. Removal of woody stems > 9 cm dbh (conventional harvest) yielded 138 000 kg/ha; removal of essentially all aboveground woody material (whole-tree harvest) yielded an additional 52 000 kg/ha, a 38% increase. Whole-tree harvest increased N removal by 191 kg/ha (132%). Logging slash on the conventional harvest plot added 163 kg N/ha to the forest floor. Nutrients within various biomass components of seven tree species were compared. Pinusresinosa Ait., the dominant conifer, produced the greatest amount of biomass per unit mass of nutrient, combining low nutrient concentrations with a high proportion of biomass in stem wood. Populustremuloides Michx., the dominant hardwood, had high proportions of cation-rich bark but had a lower whole-tree N concentration than most other species. High nutrient contents in Abiesbalsamea (L.) (Mill.) and Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss were related to large amounts of fine branches and foliage. Compared with the dominants, shade-tolerant species had less differences in nutrient concentrations between small and large diameter portions of stems and branches, suggesting a limited capacity for retranslocation. Abiesbalsamea was particularly poor at conserving K. A conventional harvest often leaves small diameter stems of species (Abiesbalsamea, Acerrubrum L.) that accumulate large amounts of nutrients and that may be poorly adapted to low throughfall cation inputs and high light intensities following overstory removal. Replacement of stands of Pinus spp. by Populus spp. represents a less efficient use of site nutrient capital in that the latter species produce less biomass per unit nutrient retained in permanent aboveground tissues. Whole-tree harvesting on nutrient-poor sites in the Great Lakes – St. Lawrence forest may lead to establishment of aspen stands of low productivity.
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Briedis, Julia I., Jeremy S. Wilson, Jeffrey G. Benjamin, and Robert G. Wagner. "Logging Residue Volumes and Characteristics following Integrated Roundwood and Energy-Wood Whole-Tree Harvesting in Central Maine." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 28, no. 2 (2011): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/28.2.66.
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Abstract Integrated roundwood and energy-wood whole-tree, partial harvesting has become common in Maine over the past decade, yet there is limited information about the volume and characteristics of logging residues left behind on such harvest sites. To better inform forest managers about the downed woody material remaining after whole-tree partial harvesting, we measured downed wood volume and characteristics on 12 harvested sites in central Maine using line intersect sampling. All sites were harvested using mechanical systems (feller-bunchers and grapple skidders) within a year prior to sampling. The mean volume of downed wood across all sites was 726 ± 57 ft3/ac (±SE), 47% of which was residue generated by the harvest. The variability of residue volumes was higher within sites (coefficients of variation between 36 and 69%) than between sites (coefficient of variation, 27%). Coarse woody material between 3 and 6 in. in diameter at the large end dominated the postharvest debris, while logs greater than 10 in. in diameter were scarce. The majority of harvest-generated downed wood was in decay class 1, whereas preharvest debris consisted of mostly decay classes 2, 3, and 4. The volumes of downed wood remaining on the study sites were within the range of volumes found on other managed sites of similar forest types. However, further research is necessary to assess whether these amounts and characteristics are adequate for long-term maintenance of ecological processes.
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Bélanger, Nicolas, David Paré, and Stephen H. Yamasaki. "The soil acidbase status of boreal black spruce stands after whole-tree and stem-only harvesting." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33, no. 10 (2003): 1874–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x03-113.
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The effect of different harvesting practices on soil acidbase status was evaluated in black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) forests of Quebec by comparing soil from five pairs of whole-tree and stem-only harvested plots 3 years after harvest. Stem-only harvesting contributed to the enrichment of the exchangeable base cation pool, particularly in the forest floors of the pairs where whole-tree harvested plots showed the highest exchangeable Al3+. In the mineral soil, divergence between treatments was low, perhaps because these acidic soils were strongly saturated with Al3+ (about 90%), which did not favour cationic exchange reactions. Although the effects of treatment may not persist over time, improved base cation nutrition may benefit stands during the early stages of development. Over a forest rotation of about 85 years, the estimated loss of alkalinity due to whole-tree harvesting was estimated to be low (less than 20%) when compared with the effect of acidic deposition.
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Ulrich, Karl E., Thomas M. Burton, and Mark P. Oemke. "Effects of Whole-Tree Harvest on Epilithic Algal Communities in Headwater Streams." Journal of Freshwater Ecology 8, no. 2 (1993): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02705060.1993.9664836.
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Haack, Sheridan Kidd, Thomas Burton, and Karl Ulrich. "Effects of whole-tree harvest on epilithic bacterial populations in headwater streams." Microbial Ecology 16, no. 2 (1988): 165–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02018912.
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Esparza, Gaston, Ted M. DeJong, and Steve A. Weinbaum. "594 Effect of Water Stress during the Harvest Period on the Carbohydrate Reserves of Mature Almond Trees." HortScience 34, no. 3 (1999): 549C—549. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.549c.
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The effect of water stress during the harvest period on carbohydrate reserves at the end of the growing season was studied for mature, field-grown almond trees. The following irrigation treatments were imposed during 1995, 1996, and 1997: a) full irrigation (FI) (irrigation every 3–7 days), b) moderate stress (MS) (18 days of irrigation cut-off), and c) severe stress (SS) (35, 47, and 53 days of irrigation cut-off for 1995, 1996, and 1997, respectively). Midday stem (Yms) and predawn leaf (Ypd) water potentials were monitored during each season's stress. Three trees of contrasting treatments (FI vs. SS) were excavated on 10 Dec. 1997 and divided into tree components for dry weight and TNC concentration determination. Although there was no significant difference in whole-tree biomass between the excavated FI and SS trees, total new stem growth of SS trees was half of FI trees. TNC concentrations in the organs of SS trees were significantly reduced compared to FI trees. Total calculated whole tree TNC content for SS trees was 26.1% less than FI trees. The difference in TNC content between FI and SS trees was larger for roots (34.9%) than for the aerial parts (21.1%) indicating the higher sensitivity of roots for reflecting reserve status. Although roots constituted just 13.4% of the whole tree biomass, they stored 36.4% of TNC. Only roots exhibited a clear association between the minimum values of Yms and Ypd during the season and TNC concentration of 12 non-excavated additional trees that were subsampled at the end of the growing season.
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Fleming, R. L., J. D. Leblanc, P. W. Hazlett, T. Weldon, R. Irwin, and D. S. Mossa. "Effects of biomass harvest intensity and soil disturbance on jack pine stand productivity: 15-year results." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 44, no. 12 (2014): 1566–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2014-0008.
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Rising demands for forest biomass have raised concerns that the increased removal of organic residues and harvest impacts may reduce longer term site productivity. Replicated field experiments examining the effects of stem-only harvest with disc trenching (SOT), whole-tree harvest with (WTT) and without (WT) disc trenching, whole-tree harvest with forest-floor removal by blading (WTB), and blading followed by compaction (WTBC) were installed on nine sandy jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) sites in northern Ontario. At year 5, planted-tree diameters, dominant tree heights (HD), and stand aboveground biomass (jPPBio) were smaller without soil disturbance (the WT), but were otherwise similar among treatments. At year 15, planted-tree size and stand yield rankings were WTT = SOT = WT > WTB = WTBC. Biomass production by natural regeneration and total stand aboveground biomass (TotBio) treatment rankings were SOT ≥ WTT ≥ WT > WTB = WTBC. HD, jPPBio, and TotBio showed increasing divergence over time in WTB vs. WTT – SOT response, whereas statistical equivalence of the WTT and SOT treatments was shown for most tree and stand growth responses. There was some evidence of increasingly negative impacts of WTB as site index declined. Overall, negative WTB effects on tree and stand productivity have become increasingly apparent.
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Crow, T. R., G. D. Mroz, and M. R. Gale. "Regrowth and nutrient accumulations following whole-tree harvesting of a maple–oak forest." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21, no. 9 (1991): 1305–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x91-184.
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The rates of biomass and N, P, K, Ca, and Mg accumulations were measured in a mixed hardwood – Haplorthod ecosystem following whole-tree harvesting and compared with preharvest conditions. Stand biomass and net primary production averaged 150.7 Mg/ha and 7.3 Mg•ha−1•year−1, respectively, in the preharvest forest. An estimated 100 Mg/ha of biomass was removed in a commercial whole-tree harvesting operation during the dormant season. Regrowth during the 4 years after harvest was categorized into the following floristic groups: woody plants, woodland herbaceous species that were part of the preharvest forest, early successional species that colonized the site after harvest, and graminoids. Woodland herbaceous and woody species dominated the recovery vegetation and together accounted for more than 70% of the nutrients captured by vegetation throughout the postharvest measurement period. Extensive clonal structures for many woody species and two common woodland herbaceous species, Pteridiumaquilinum (L.) Kuhn and Astermacrophyllus L., resulted in their rapid recovery. Rapid growth along with high nutrient concentrations (especially K for woodland herbs) provided effective mechanisms for conserving nutrients following disturbance. After the first growing season following whole-tree harvesting, 44% of the total aboveground dry weight was in woody vegetation, 46% in woodland herbs, 9% in early successional species, and 1% in graminoids, compared with 73, 17, 7, and 3% for the same categories by year 4. Annual rates of N, K, and Mg uptake by plants should equal or exceed their preharvest rates within 5 years after harvest; those for Ca and P take longer.
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Fleming, R. L., J. D. Leblanc, T. Weldon, et al. "Effect of vegetation control, harvest intensity, and soil disturbance on 20-year jack pine stand development." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 48, no. 4 (2018): 371–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2017-0331.
Full textAbstract:
Currently, there are uncertainties regarding the impacts and (or) efficacy of biomass harvesting and silvicultural practices on stand production on coarse-textured boreal soils. Replicated factorial field experiments examining effects of complete vegetation control (repeated glyphosate application) following operational stem-only harvest with disc trenching (SOT), operational whole-tree harvest with (WTT) and without (WT) disc trenching, and whole-tree harvest with complete forest floor removal by blading (WTB) and blading followed by compaction (WTBC) were installed on four sandy northern Ontario jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) sites. Over 20 years, WTB improved planted-tree survival but decreased longer term stand productivity in comparison with other harvest intensity – soil disturbance treatments. Vegetation control improved tree growth and stand productivity initially, but over time, benefits declined substantially. SOT and WTT had similar impacts on stand production. Disc trenching improved initial planted-tree growth (WTT vs. WT), particularly without vegetation control. Jack pine natural regeneration was greatest with SOT, accounting for 25% of stand biomass at year 20. Stand structure effects included increased size inequality of naturals with WTB and reduced size inequality and asymmetry of naturals with vegetation control. Overall, impacts of forest floor removal and natural regeneration on stand development have become increasingly important over time compared with those of vegetation control.
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Cheng, Lailiang, and Richard Raba. "Accumulation of Macro- and Micronutrients and Nitrogen Demand-supply Relationship of ‘Gala’/‘Malling 26’ Apple Trees Grown in Sand Culture." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 134, no. 1 (2009): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.134.1.3.
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Six-year-old ‘Gala’/‘Malling26’ (‘M.26’) apple (Malus ×domestica Borkh.) trees grown in sand culture were provided with a total of 30 g of N per tree as enriched 15N-NH4NO3 in Hoagland's solution via fertigation to determine the magnitude and seasonal patterns of accumulation of macro- and micronutrients and the demand-supply relationship of N. Crop load was adjusted to 8.2 fruit/cm2 trunk cross-sectional area, at king fruit diameter of 10 mm by hand-thinning. At each of seven key developmental stages throughout one annual growth cycle, four trees were excavated and destructively sampled for complete nutrient analysis. Nutrient concentrations in leaves and fruit fell within the recommended optimal range, and the fruit yield was 18.8 kg/tree (equivalent to 52.45 t·ha−1) with an average fruit weight of 181 g. The net accumulation of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S from budbreak to fruit harvest was 19.8, 3.3, 36.0, 14.2, 4.4, and 1.6 g/tree, respectively, and that for B, Zn, Cu, Mn, and Fe was 93.6, 60.9, 46.5, 184.8, and 148.7 mg/tree, respectively. Nutrient accumulation by new growth (fruit plus shoots and leaves) accounted for over 90% of the net gain for N, P, K, Mg, S, and B in the whole tree and a large proportion of the net gain for Ca, Zn, Mn, and Fe (from 58.1% for Zn to 87.2% of Fe) from budbreak to fruit harvest. Differential nutrient accumulation patterns were found in shoots and leaves and fruit. The most rapid accumulation of all nutrients in shoots and leaves took place during active shoot growth from bloom to the end of shoot growth. The accumulation pattern of most nutrients corresponded well with the accumulation of dry matter, with continued accumulation observed only in total Ca and Mn in shoots and leaves after the end of shoot growth. Nutrient accumulation in fruit largely followed its dry matter accumulation, and a large proportion of the nutrient accumulation (from 58.1% for Zn to 77.4% of K) occurred from the end of shoot growth to fruit harvest. At harvest, fruit contained more P, K, B, and Fe, whereas shoots and leaves had more N, Ca, Mg, S, Zn, and Mn. Most of the N demand by new growth at bloom was provided by tree reserve N. Remobilization of N from perennial parts of the tree was found to support rapid fruit expansion from the end of shoot growth to fruit harvest. The most rapid uptake from current season's N supply occurred from bloom to the end of shoot growth, corresponding to the highest tree N demand. At harvest, 62.4% of the total N in new growth was in shoots and leaves, with the balance in fruit. Reserve N and current season's N uptake each contributed about 50% to the total N in the whole tree at harvest.
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McMinn, James W., and Wade L. Nutter. "Season and intensity of whole-tree harvesting influence regeneration in the oak–pine type." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 18, no. 6 (1988): 669–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x88-102.
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Oak–pine stands in the Upper Piedmont of Georgia were whole-tree harvested to 10-cm and 2.5-cm lower dbh limits in both the dormant and early growing seasons. Pine natural regeneration and hardwood coppice were observed through five growing seasons. Dormant-season harvesting resulted in pine stocking of over 90% and 60% for the 2.5-cm and 10-cm limit, respectively. Growing-season harvesting resulted in initial pine stocking of less than 15%. Initial coppice coverage was greatest after dormant-season harvesting, but due to pine competition was approximately equal to the growing-season harvest coverage after 5 years. Residual stems with total basal areas less than 7 m2/ha after 10-cm limit cutting suppressed growth of both the pine regeneration and the hardwood coppice. Results demonstrate that modifications in harvesting alone can substantially influence subsequent species composition and stand development.
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Francesconi, A. H. D., C. B. Watkins, A. N. Lakso, J. P. Nyrop, J. Barnard, and S. S. Denning. "Interactions of European Red Mite and Crop Load on Maturity and Quality, Mineral Concentrations, and Economic Value of `Starkrimson Delicious' Apples." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 121, no. 5 (1996): 967–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.121.5.967.
Full textAbstract:
Fruit maturity, quality, calcium concentration and economic value of `Starkrimson Delicious' (Malus domestica Borkh.) apples, under a range of crop levels and European red mite [Panonychus ulmi (Koch)] cumulative mite-days (CMD), were best explained by local surface regression models involving CMD and crop load. Fruit from trees with low CMD and a light crop (125 fruit/tree, about 20 t/ha) were the most mature at harvest. Those fruit had higher ethylene concentrations, starch pattern indices, soluble solids concentrations, and watercore incidence at harvest than fruit from trees with low CMD and a normal crop (300 fruit/tree, about 40 t/ha), or with high CMD at any crop level. Those fruit also had higher incidences of watercore and internal breakdown after 4 months of cold storage. Calcium concentrations in fruit increased as crop load and CMD increased. Whole-canopy net CO2 exchange rate per fruit related better to fruit quality and calcium concentrations than either crop load or CMD alone, but was always a much worse predictor than local surface regressions. Low CMD and normally cropped trees had the highest crop value; lightly cropped trees had an intermediate crop value; while high CMD and normally cropped trees had the lowest crop economic value. Crop load should be considered when defining action thresholds for mites, and harvest schedules for apples should reflect crop load and mite populations on apple trees.
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Vangansbeke, P., J. Osselaere, M. Van Dael, et al. "Logging operations in pine stands in Belgium with additional harvest of woody biomass: yield, economics, and energy balance." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 45, no. 8 (2015): 987–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2014-0521.
Full textAbstract:
Due to the enhanced demands for woody biomass, it is increasingly relevant to assess possibilities to harvest forest residues in addition to logs. Here, eight strategies for whole-tree harvesting from clearcuts and early thinnings of pine (Pinus nigra Arnold) stands in northern Belgium are evaluated. A detailed cost analysis using the machine-rate method was conducted along with scenario and sensitivity analyses of the variables affecting the harvesting cost. On average, we found much higher revenue for logs than for wood chips from forest residues. In clearcuts, a mobile chipper was more profitable than a roadside chipper. On the other hand, the harvesting cost of logs was higher for early thinnings than for clearcuts. However, the revenue remained higher than for chips, making the separate harvesting of logs and chips more cost effective than chipping whole trees. In the latter case, an excavator, a forwarder, and a roadside chipper were more cost effective than a harvester, a tractor with trailer, and a mobile chipper, respectively. Harvest of additional woody biomass required limited energy input compared with processing and intercontinental transportation of wood pellets. However, at present, we find very small profits from local additional biomass harvests. The low and fragmented forest cover and important sustainability issues further impede the development of a viable production sector in this region.
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Han, Hee, Woodam Chung, Ji She, Nathaniel Anderson, and Lucas Wells. "Productivity and Costs of Two Beetle-Kill Salvage Harvesting Methods in Northern Colorado." Forests 9, no. 9 (2018): 572. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f9090572.
Full textAbstract:
Two ground-based timber harvesting methods have been commonly used for beetle-kill salvage treatments after a bark beetle epidemic in northern Colorado. A “lop and scatter” method uses a mobilized stroke delimber to delimb and buck trees at the stump, leaving tree tops and limbs on the forest floor, while a whole-tree harvesting method brings the entire tree to the landing where it is delimbed and bucked, and thus produces logging residue piles at the landing as a byproduct. We conducted a detailed comparative time study of the two harvesting methods to develop productivity and cost models and compared the performance of the two methods under various site conditions. We applied the productivity and cost models to lodgepole pine forest stands totaling 3400 hectares of the Colorado State Forest State Park to estimate salvage harvesting costs for each forest stand and identify the least costly harvesting options. The results show that the estimated stump-to-truck timber production costs were $30.00 per oven dry ton (odt) for lop and scatter and $23.88 odt−1 for the whole-tree method in our study harvest unit. At the forest level, the estimated average stump-to-truck costs were $54.67 odt−1 and $56.95 odt−1 for lop and scatter and whole-tree harvesting, respectively. Skidding distance and downed trees affect the harvesting costs of both methods, but their influence appears to be more significant on the whole-tree method.
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Jurik, Thomas W., George M. Briggs, and David M. Gates. "A comparison of four methods for determining leaf area index in successional hardwood forests." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 15, no. 6 (1985): 1154–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x85-187.
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Four methods of determining leaf area index of three successional hardwood forests in northern lower Michigan were compared. Direct harvests gave values for leaf area index ranging from 1.4 to 3.6. Estimates of leaf area index derived from litter fall data were consistently higher than the harvest values and were highly dependent on the ratio of leaf area to leaf mass, which had to be estimated. A visual method using sightings through a tube gave values consistently lower (by 27–42%) than the harvest values. Calculations of leaf area index based on regressions of leaf mass versus tree diameter gave results very close to the harvest values for each site as a whole; calculations for smaller plots were more variable. The harvest method allowed measurement of the vertical distribution of leaf area; the other methods could not do so.
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Liski, Jari, Ari Pussinen, Kim Pingoud, Raisa Mäkipää, and Timo Karjalainen. "Which rotation length is favourable to carbon sequestration?" Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31, no. 11 (2001): 2004–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x01-140.
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Regulating the rotation length of tree stands is an effective way to manage the carbon budget of forests. We analyzed, using models, how a 30-year change in rotation length from the recommended 90 years would change the carbon and energy budgets of typical wood-production and wood-use chains in Finland. Shortening the rotation length towards the culmination age of mean annual increment decreased the carbon stock of trees but increased the carbon stock of soil, because the production of litter and harvest residues increased. Changes in the carbon stock of wood products varied with tree species depending on volumes and timber sorts harvested, manufacturing processes and products manufactured. The Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) chain stored the largest total amount of carbon when applying the longest rotation length and the Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) chain, when applying the shortest rotation length. Fossil carbon emissions and energy use in harvesting and manufacture increased when the rotation length was shortened and pulpwood harvests increased, especially in the spruce chain. We concluded that longer rotation length at the sites of both tree species would be favourable to carbon sequestration. The costs of this would be decreased timber harvests and decreased revenues of landowners. Our results demonstrate the importance of accounting for the whole wood-production and wood-use chain, including fossil carbon emissions, when analysing the effects of rotation length on forest carbon sequestration.
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Yanai, Ruth D. "The effect of whole-tree harvest on phosphorus cycling in a northern hardwood forest." Forest Ecology and Management 104, no. 1-3 (1998): 281–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127(97)00256-9.
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Ulrich, K. E., T. M. Burton, and D. G. Uzarski. "The effects of whole-tree harvest on benthic insects in small New Hampshire streams." SIL Proceedings, 1922-2010 27, no. 2 (2000): 1079–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03680770.1998.11901405.
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Peryesa, Frank J., and Stephen R. Drake. "EFFECT OF MID-SUMMER FOLIAR BORON SPRAYS ON QUALITY OF `DELICIOUS' APPLE FRUIT." HortScience 25, no. 9 (1990): 1147e—1147. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1147e.
Full textAbstract:
Fruit growers and shippers have suggested that excessive rates of boron (B) in foliar nutrient sprays may reduce quality of stored apples. Foliar B sprays were applied by handgun in mid-July to bearing apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Starking) at rates of 0, 11.3,22.6 g B/tree. Fruits of uniform size (220 g) were analyzed for B content at harvest and for quality indices at harvest, after 10 days ripening postharvest, after 3 months refrigerated air storage, and after 8 days ripening poststorage. Whole fruit B concentration was directly proportional to B application rate. At all sampling times fruit firmness, soluble solids, titratable acidity, and internal and external color parameters were independent of whole fruit B concentration. Fruit disorders were unrelated to treatment except for internal breakdown after 8 months refrigerated air storage, which was positively related to whole fruit B concentration. Increases in fruit B were relatively greater in the core tissue, suggesting that some of the applied B entered the fruit through the tree vascular system.
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Breitkreutz, Sarah, and James Flore. "Whole Plant Measurement of Photosynthesis and Development of Apple Trees in Relation to Pest Damage." HortScience 33, no. 3 (1998): 540e—541. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.540e.
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The objectives of this study were to determine the relationship of whole-plant photosynthesis (WPP) and overall growth of apple trees to the damage caused by insects and disease. This project was part of a larger experiment involving a pest control system consisting of different control strategies, with integrated pest management being one. WPP was measured seven times during the 1997 growing season on 16 single-tree replicates of apple trees from two varieties, `Empire' and `Liberty', on M-9 rootstocks at the Clarksville Horticulture Experiment Station. WPP was measured on trees subjected to six pesticide and fungicide treatments that were part of the established study. In addition to these measurements, the leaf number and area were determined at the time of the measurement. At three times during the growing season, an estimation of insect damage to the fruit and foliage were determined. At harvest, the total number, size distribution, and weight of the apples from each tree was measured. In addition, an estimation of pest and disease damage to the fruit was conducted. Results showed a decrease in the rate of WPP as the season progressed. All of the treatments had higher rates of photosynthesis than the control trees. In addition, the soft chemical treatments had higher rates of photosynthesis than the conventional IPM treatments, 1.8 and 1.5 mmol CO2/cm2 trunk cross sectional area per s, respectively. Further details of these results and the relationships between foliage damage, photosynthesis and tree yield will be presented.
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Morris, Dave M., and Dan R. Duckert. "Studying the impacts of harvest intensity on site productivity of Ontario's black spruce ecosystems." Forestry Chronicle 75, no. 3 (1999): 439–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc75439-3.
Full textAbstract:
As a result of a Class Environmental Assessment, the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (OMNR) was mandated to design and implement a research project pertaining to the effects of full-tree harvesting on long-term site productivity. This project, initiated in 1991, was designed to focus on ecosystem processes and the changes occurring to these processes after harvesting (e.g., quantifying the disruption and recovery) for the black spruce working group. A series of replicated, experimental harvest treatments with varying degrees of biomass removal were conducted on nine core study sites, representing different black spruce ecosites located in northwestern Ontario, Canada. The harvest treatments included: uncut — controls, tree length — delimbed at the stump, full tree — delimbed at the roadside, full-tree chipping — chipped debris was returned to the harvest plot, and whole tree — complete removal of vegetation and forest floor. Each site consisted of 16 plots, three replicates of the four harvest treatments (30 m × 30 m plots) and four replicates of the control plots (50 m × 50 m plots). Work on this project is anticipated to continue for a minimum of fifteen years to detail the early and most dynamic stages of post-harvest recovery. Key words: black spruce, site productivity, nutrient cycling, harvesting impacts
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Francesconi, A. H. D., A. N. Lakso, J. P. Nyrop, J. Barnard, and S. S. Denning. "Carbon Balance as a Physiological Basis for the Interactions of European Red Mite and Crop Load on `Starkrimson Delicious' Apple Trees." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 121, no. 5 (1996): 959–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.121.5.959.
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The hypothesis that carbon balance is the basis for differences in responses by lightly and normally cropped apple trees to European red mite (ERM) [Panonychus ulmi (Koch)] damage was tested. Mature `Starkrimson Delicious' (Malus domestica Borkh.)/M.26 apple trees were hand-thinned to light (125 fruit/tree, about 20 t/ha) or normal (300 fruit/tree, about 40 t/ha) target crop levels and infested with low [<100 cumulative mite-days (CMD)], medium (400 to 1000 CMD) or high (>1000 CMD) target levels of ERM. A range of crop loads and CMD was obtained. Mite population density, fruit growth, leaf and whole-canopy net CO2 exchange rates (NCER) were measured throughout the growing season of 1994. Leaf area and vegetative growth per tree were also measured. Yield and final mean fruit size were determined at harvest. Return bloom and fruiting were determined the following year. Total shoot length per tree was not affected by crop load or mite damage. ERM reduced leaf and whole-canopy NCER. Normally cropped trees showed fruit weight reduction earlier and more severely than lightly cropped trees with high mite injury. Variation in final fruit weight, return bloom and return fruiting was much better related to whole-canopy NCER per fruit than to CMD.
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Caruso, T., P. Inglese, M. Sidari, and F. Sottile. "Rootstock Influences Seasonal Dry Matter and Carbohydrate Content and Partitioning in Above-ground Components of `Flordaprince' Peach Trees." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 122, no. 5 (1997): 673–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.122.5.673.
Full textAbstract:
Seasonal development of leaf area, leaf area index (LAI), dry matter, and carbohydrate content were measured from harvest 1992 to harvest 1993 in above-ground components of `Flordaprince' peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] trees grafted on GF 677 (Prunus persica × Prunus amygdalus) and MrS 2/5 (Prunus cerasifera free pollinated) rootstocks, which widely differ in vigor. Whole trees were separated into fruit, leaves, shoots, 1-year-old wood and >1-year-old wood. Sampling dates were coincident with key fruit and tree developmental stages: dormancy, fruit set, pit hardening, and fruit harvest. Rootstock modified the vegetative vigor of the tree, the seasonal partitioning of dry matter, and starch content in above-ground components. Leaf area, LAI, and total above-ground dry matter were twice as high in the most vigorous combination (`Flordaprince'/GF 677), which gave the highest yield, but had the lowest harvest index. Rootstock vigor did not affect soluble sugar concentration in any of the canopy components. Starch content was greatest during dormancy and in the oldest wood of GF 677 trees. During fruit development, starch content rapidly decreased in 1-year-old wood and perennial components; at pit hardening it was four times greater in MrS 2/5 than in GF 677 trees. The vegetative-to-fruit dry mass ratio by pit hardening was 3:1 for MrS 2/5 and 9:1 for GF 677 trees. Competition with shoot growth apparently reduced fruit growth, particularly during Stage I and Stage II, as fruit size at harvest was significantly lower (17%) in GF 677 than in MrS 2/5 trees.
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Tavankar, Farzam, Mehrdad Nikooy, Angela Lo Monaco, Francesco Latterini, Rachele Venanzi, and Rodolfo Picchio. "Short-Term Recovery of Residual Tree Damage during Successive Thinning Operations." Forests 11, no. 7 (2020): 731. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11070731.
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In this study, damage to residual trees during thinning performed by motor-manual felling and whole tree skidding was studied in a loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation. Forest intervention was carried out in 2016 and tree wounds were studied and examined over a period of three years. The results indicated that 8% of the residual trees suffered damage, of which 52% was caused by felling operations and 48% by extraction operations. Among the damaged trees, 13% had damage to the root system, 53% to the bole, and 34% to the crown area. The average wound size at the time of occurrence was 71.3 cm2. This was found to be reduced to 54.4 cm2 after a three year period. Wound intensity decreased with higher wound height and increased size. Three years after wound occurrence, only 6.6% were closed, 90.6% were still open, and 2.8% were decayed. The diameter growth in damaged trees was 1.7% lower than in undamaged trees (p > 0.05). Damage to the root system of residual trees reduced diameter growth by 3% (p < 0.05). Intensive wounds (damaged wood) caused a reduction of 22.7% in diameter growth (p < 0.01). In addition, the diameter growth in trees with decayed wounds was 27.4% lower than unwounded trees (p < 0.01). Pre-harvest planning, directional tree felling, marking of the extraction path before logging operations, employment of skilled logging workers, and post-harvest assessment of damaged residual trees are essential implementations in timber plantations.
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McDaniel, M. D., R. J. Wagner, C. R. Rollinson, B. A. Kimball, M. W. Kaye, and J. P. Kaye. "Microclimate and ecological threshold responses in a warming and wetting experiment following whole tree harvest." Theoretical and Applied Climatology 116, no. 1-2 (2013): 287–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00704-013-0942-9.
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Iiames, John S., Russell Congalton, Andrew Pilant, and Timothy Lewis. "Validation of an Integrated Estimation of Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda L.) Leaf Area Index (LAI) Using Two Indirect Optical Methods in the Southeastern United States." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 32, no. 3 (2008): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/32.3.101.
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Abstract Quality assessment of satellite-derived leaf area index (LAI) products requires appropriate ground measurements for validation. Since the National Aeronautics and Space Administration launch of Terra (1999) and Aqua (2001), 1-km, 8-day composited retrievals of LAI have been produced for six biome classes worldwide. The evergreen needle leaf biome has been examined at numerous validation sites, but the dominant commercial species in the southeastern United States, loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), has not been investigated. The objective of this research was to evaluate an in situ optical LAI estimation technique combining measurements from the Tracing Radiation and Architecture of Canopies (TRAC) optical sensor and digital hemispherical photography (DHP) in the southeastern US P.taeda forests. Stand-level LAI estimated from allometric regression equations developed from whole-tree harvest data were compared to TRAC–DHP optical LAI estimates at a study site located in the North Carolina Sandhills Region. Within-shoot clumping, (i.e., the needle-to-shoot area ratio [γE]) was estimated at 1.21 and fell within the range of previously reported values for coniferous species (1.2–2.1). The woody-to-total area ratio (α = 0.31) was within the range of other published results (0.11–0.34). Overall, the indirect optical TRAC–DHP method of determining LAI was similar to LAI estimates that had been derived from allometric equations from whole-tree harvests. The TRAC–DHP yielded a value 0.14 LAI units below that retrieved from stand-level whole-tree harvest allometric equations. DHP alone yielded the best LAI estimate, a 0.04 LAI unit differential compared with the same allometrically derived LAI.
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Xia, Guohai, Lailiang Cheng, Alan Lakso, and Martin Goffinet. "Effects of Nitrogen Supply on Source-sink Balance and Fruit Size of ‘Gala’ Apple Trees." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 134, no. 1 (2009): 126–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.134.1.126.
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The objective of this study was to determine how nitrogen (N) supply affects the source-sink balance and fruit size of ‘Gala’ apple when crop load was controlled at a moderate level. Five-year-old ‘Gala’/‘M.26’ trees grown in sand culture and trained in tall spindle received a total of 3.3, 10.0, 20.0, or 40.0 g actual N through fertigation using Hoagland's solution from bloom to 3 weeks before harvest. The crop load of these trees was adjusted to 6.5 fruit/cm2 trunk cross-sectional area by hand thinning when the diameter of the largest fruit was 10 mm. As N supply increased, total shoot leaf area in the canopy increased, whereas total spur leaf area remained unchanged. Both single leaf and whole canopy net CO2 assimilation rates increased with increasing N supply. The net dry matter gain of the whole tree from budbreak to fruit harvest increased ≈74% from the lowest N supply to the highest N supply, but the proportion of net dry matter gain partitioned to fruit (harvest index) decreased from 83% to 70%. Both leaf area to fruit ratio and average final fruit size increased with increasing N supply, and a linear relationship was found between leaf area to fruit ratio and final fruit size. The number of cells per fruit increased with increasing N supply, whereas average cell size remained unchanged. As N supply increased, fruit soluble solids concentration increased, whereas fruit firmness decreased slightly. These results indicate that 1) apple trees grown under low N supply are source-limited; and 2) within the range of N supply used, increasing N supply improves leaf N status, leaf and whole tree photosynthetic capacity, and leaf area to fruit ratio, leading to more cells per fruit, larger fruit, and higher soluble solids.
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Kays, Jonathan S., David Wm Smith, Shepard M. Zedaker, and Richard E. Kreh. "Factors Affecting Natural Regeneration of Piedmont Hardwoods." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 12, no. 2 (1988): 98–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/12.2.98.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Clear felling with whole-tree utilization was performed on six similar pairs of plots with a range of SI50 48-75 ft for white oak. Pairs of plots received either dormant or growing season harvests and spanned a typical range of Piedmont upland hardwood sites characterized by low-quality stems and poor species composition: White oak (Quercus alba L.), scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea Muenchh.), and red maple (Acer rubrum L.) sprouting decreased with increasing diameter, while chestnut oak (Quercus prinus L.), yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.), and sourwood (Oxydendron arboreum L.) did not. Sprouting of white oak stumps greater than 12 in. dbh and 80 years old was significantly increased with a dormant season harvest. In general, chestnut oak, yellow-poplar, sourwood, and red maple sprouted with high frequencies regardless of season of harvest, diameter, or age. South. J. Appl. For. 12(2):98-102.
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Vitousek, Peter M., and Pamela A. Matson. "Intensive Harvesting and Site Preparation Decrease Soil Nitrogen Availability in Young Plantations." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 9, no. 2 (1985): 120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/9.2.120.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Intensive harvesting and site preparation remove large amounts of nitrogen and other nutrients. The effects of these removals on the nitrogen-supplying power of remaining soil were examined in five 1- to 5-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) plantation trials. Whole-tree harvest and shear-pile-disk site preparation reduced nitrogen availability relative to stem-only harvest and chop-and-burn preparation. Net nitrogen mineralization during 30-day incubation averaged 7.8 μg N/g of soil in stem-only/chopped plots in the two youngest sites; the corresponding value in the whole-tree/ shear-pile-disk sites was 4.2 μg N/g of soil. Herbicide applications were associated with increased nitrogen availability up to 3 years after the last application.1
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Zhang, Yimin, M. J. Mitchell, C. T. Driscoll, and G. E. Likens. "Changes in soil sulfur constituents in a forested watershed 8 years after whole-tree harvesting." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 29, no. 3 (1999): 356–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x99-004.
Full textAbstract:
Soil S constituents were evaluated before and after the whole-tree harvesting of Watershed 5 (W5) at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire. Soil solution and stream water concentrations of SO42-, NO3-, and H+ were compared between W5 and W6 (reference watershed). Whole-tree harvesting increased phosphate-extractable SO42- (PSO4) in the E horizon, from 2 mg S·kg-1 soil in pre-harvest to 9 and 10 mg S·kg-1 soil 3 and 8 years post-harvest, respectively. Harvesting increased PSO4 in the Bh horizon from 11 mg S·kg-1 soil prior to harvesting to 20 and 25 mg S·kg-1 soil 3 and 8 years after harvesting, respectively. Temporal patterns in soil chemistry were also reflected in stream SO42-, NO3-, and H+ concentrations. Eight years after harvesting, PSO4 concentrations in the mineral soil increased with elevation. This elevational pattern was likely due to the higher concentrations of SO42- and H+ in soil solutions that enhanced SO42- adsorption at the higher elevations. The high H+ concentrations were attributed to enhanced nitrification and differences in vegetation at upper elevations. The importance of these factors were discussed with respect to the effects of forest harvesting and changes in atmospheric S deposition.
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Donnelly, John R., John B. Shane, and Harry W. Yawney. "Harvesting Causes Only Minor Changes in Physical Properties of an Upland Vermont Soil." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 8, no. 1 (1991): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/8.1.33.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Bulk density, oxygen, and temperature of a northern hardwood forest soil in Vermont were measured immediately before and for 2 years following harvesting using conventional clearcut and whole-tree removal methods. Bulk density increased (P ≤ 0.10) as a result of harvesting, but there was no difference between the two harvest methods. Increases were relatively small, and essentially disappeared within 2 years. Soil oxygen was never significantly affected by treatment. Soils in uncut (control) plots were warmer in winter and cooler in summer than those of either harvest area, but these differences appear to be diminishing with establishment of vegetation cover on the harvested plots. North. J. Appl. For 8(1):33-36.