Journal articles: 'Widow burning'

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Signorelli-Pappas, Rita. "Sati: Widow Burning." Women's Review of Books 15, no. 7 (April 1998): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4022926.

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Selby, Martha Ann. "Ashes of Immortality: Widow-Burning in India:Ashes of Immortality: Widow-Burning in India." American Anthropologist 103, no. 4 (December 2001): 1214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.2001.103.4.1214.

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Stein, Dorothy, and V. N. Datta. "Sati: Widow Burning in India." Pacific Affairs 62, no. 3 (1989): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2760652.

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Nugteren, Albertina (Tineke). "The Challenge of Chronotopicity: Female Co-Cremation in India Revisited in the Light of Time–Space Sensitive Ritual Criticism." Religions 11, no. 6 (June 12, 2020): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel11060289.

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Rituals are embedded in a particular time and space, and so are their objects and meanings. The ‘chronotope’ we focus on here is the occasional—partly self-chosen, partly societally forced—ritual death of Hindu widows along with their deceased husbands. Although never widely practiced, widow-burning caught the imagination of Europeans as illustrating both Hinduism’s ‘barbarity’ and its ‘high conjugal ideals’. Although satī had been outlawed since 1829, in 1987 a new case inflamed opposing sentiments. In 2002, in a passage called ‘Ritual Criticism and Widow Burning’, Ronald Grimes drew attention to it as a rite of passage that calls for normative comments and ritual criticism. Since then, in circles of ritual studies Hindu, widow-burning has occasionally been repeated as one of the ritual practices in need of condemnation. In order to put this rare practice, banned since almost 200 years ago, back into a proper time–place perspective, both its ritual details and its sociocultural contexts are revisited. Finally, we propose some case-specific factors that could serve as retrospective ritual criticism. We conclude with a plea for time–space sensitivity.

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Yang, Anand A. "Whose Sati?: Widow Burning in Early 19th Century India." Journal of Women's History 1, no. 2 (1989): 8–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jowh.2010.0003.

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Hardgrove, Anne. "The Problem of Sati : Two Critical Views on Widow Burning." Critical Asian Studies 33, no. 3 (September 2001): 455–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713764073.

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Hardgrove, Anne. "The Problem of Sati: Two Critical Views on Widow Burning." Critical Asian Studies 33, no. 3 (September 1, 2001): 455–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/146727101750464032.

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Hammerbeck, David. "India on My Mind: French Theatre, Enlightenment Orientalism and The Burning Widow." Journal of Dramatic Theory and Criticism 29, no. 1 (2014): 45–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/dtc.2014.0013.

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Georgeson, Hanne. "Representations of Hindu Women Through Some of the Rewritings on Widow-burning." Australian Journal of Anthropology 3, no. 3 (May 1992): 150–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1835-9310.1992.tb00159.x.

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Hardgrove, Anne. "Sati Worship and Marwari Public Identity in India." Journal of Asian Studies 58, no. 3 (August 1999): 723–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2659117.

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The legal debate in india over the worship and glorification of sati (widow burning, previously spelled “suttee”) stands unresolved at present. After several years of controversy, the practice of worshipping sati was made illegal in 1987 after the death of a young Rajput woman named Roop Kanwar. At that time the Indian government revised the colonial legislation banning widow immolation to include sati glorification and thereby outlawed ceremonies, processions, or functions that eulogize any historical person who has committed sati. The law furthermore prohibited the creation of trusts or fundraising to preserve the memory of such persons. This legal debate over sati worship provides the context in which this essay examines the cultural politics of how Calcutta Marwaris, a wealthy business community, have been among the most vehement defenders of sati worship in the last several decades.

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Hawley, John Stratton. "Ashes of Immortality: Widow-Burning in India. Catherine Weinberger-Thomas , Jeffrey Mehlman , David Gordon White." Journal of Religion 81, no. 2 (April 2001): 340–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/490866.

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Kumar, Nita. "Ashes of Immortality: Widow-Burning in India. Catherine Weinberger-Thomas , Jeffrey Mehlman , David Gordon White." History of Religions 41, no. 2 (November 2001): 183–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/463677.

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Metzger, Paul Louis. "Widow Burning: An Interview with Dr. Mrinalini Sebastian and Her Husband, Dr. J. Jayakiran Sebastian." Cultural Encounters 9, no. 2 (December 31, 2013): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.11630/1550-4891.09.02.84.

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kim chin young. "A Study on the Formation of Hindu Women's Discourse on ‘Sati(burning widow)’ in Modern India." Journal of Indian Philosophy ll, no. 29 (August 2010): 173–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.32761/kjip.2010..29.006.

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Davies, Surekha. "Science, New Worlds, and the Classical Tradition: An Introduction." Journal of Early Modern History 18, no. 1-2 (February 11, 2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700658-12342382.

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Abstract The articles in this volume offer interventions in the history of encounters between new worlds and the intellectual traditions inherited from and informed by classical antiquity, in the period roughly spanning 1450-1850. Ranging in scope from medical treatments to devil-worship, from cosmography to climate theory, from rhetorical colloquies to the interpretation of widow-burning, they show how early modern scholars, artisans, and travelers drew on multiple cultural traditions within Europe, as well as on indigenous knowledge networks in Asia, Africa, Oceania, and the Americas, in their attempts to incorporate new information into their existing world-view.

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Basu, Aparna. "Book Reviews : V.N. DUTTA, Sati, Widow Burning in India, Manohar, New Delhi, 1988, pp. 277, Rs. 188." Indian Economic & Social History Review 26, no. 3 (September 1989): 374–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001946468902600308.

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Midgley, Clare. "Female emancipation in an imperial frame: english women and the campaign against sati (widow-burning) in India, 1813–30." Women's History Review 9, no. 1 (March 2000): 95–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09612020000200234.

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Gould, Rebecca Ruth, and Kayvan Tahmasebian. "The Temporality of Desire in Ḥasan Dihlavī’s ʿIshqnāma." Journal of Medieval Worlds 2, no. 3-4 (2020): 72–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jmw.2020.2.3-4.72.

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This essay traces the conception of love and desire (ʿishq) in a Persian verse romance by the Indo-Persian poet Ḥasan Dihlavī, known as ʿIshqnāma (composed in 1301). ʿIshqnāma narrates a tragic and unconsummated love affair between a young Hindu couple. When the two protagonists immolate themselves in what is at once a reworking of the Indic custom of widow burning (sati) and an allusion to the deaths of the famed lovers Laylī and Majnūn, the poet offers an innovative account of the temporality of desire. In transforming the Persian master narrative of love, Ḥasan anticipates Freud’s account of the death drive in relation to the pleasure principle in Beyond the Pleasure Principle (1921). This article initiates a dialogue between Freud and Ḥasan Dihlavī in order to suggest that desire for another may be the self’s only means of reckoning with its contingency.

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Harlan, Lindsey B. "Constructions of Sati ImmolationAshes of Immortality: Widow Burning in India. By Catherine WeinbergerThomas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999. 334 pp." Current Anthropology 43, no. 3 (June 2002): 523–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/340322.

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Menski, Werner. "Ashes of Immortality. Widow-Burning in India. By Catherine Weinberger-Thomas. pp. xii, 322. Chicago and London, The University of Chicago Press, 1999." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 12, no. 3 (October 31, 2002): 396–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186302380362.

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Segal, Naomi. "Witches: A Psychoanalytical Exploration of the Killing of Women by Evelyn Heinemann; A shes of Immortality: Widow-Burning in India by Catherine Weinberger-Thomas." Psychoanalysis and History 3, no. 1 (January 2001): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/pah.2001.3.1.109.

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Yadav, Tanvi. "Witch Hunting: A Form of violence against Dalit Women in India." CASTE / A Global Journal on Social Exclusion 1, no. 2 (October 31, 2020): 169–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.26812/caste.v1i2.203.

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Abstract The Caste system is a social reality in India, despite the Constitutional rights of equality, protection from discrimination, and the ban on untouchability, the discrimination against Dalit communities or Schedule Castes, still persists. Outside the caste and within the caste, Dalit women are placed at the very bottom in gender hierarchy, which caused double discrimination based on caste-and-gender, and violence against Dalit women. Declaring a Dalit woman as Witch, accuse her of witchcraft and persecute her as witch-hunting, is one of the most common weapons, in a patriarchal society of rural India, to maintain the suppression against Dalit women. Grabbing property, political jealousy and personal conflicts, getting sexual benefits or settling the old scores have been found the most common reasons to declare a woman as a witch and most of the victims are notices as single, old or widow. Victims of witch-hunting face physical, economic and cultural violence from social exclusion to burning alive. This paper analyses the violence against Dalit women in the form of witch-hunting and the failures of legal mechanism and judicial institutions in eradicating the menace of witch-hunting.

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Menski, Werner F. "V. N. Datta: Sati: a historical, social and philosophical enquiry into the Hindu rite of widow burning. xx, 279 pp. New Delhi: Manohar Publications, 1988." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 54, no. 2 (June 1991): 398–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00015202.

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Das, Basudevlal. "Sati Custom in Nepal: A Historical Perspective." Academic Voices: A Multidisciplinary Journal 7 (October 17, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/av.v7i0.21359.

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Sati custom was a widow-burning custom prevalent in Hindu community in Indian sub-continent. This custom refers to a woman who burns herself willingly on the funeral pyre of her husband. The rationale behind the origin of sati custom was that a husband needed all the worldly belongings like wives also after his death. According to another notion, the fighting tribes of earlier times were proud of their women, thus they did not like to leave women astray after the death of their husbands, rather they preferred to kill them. So, they originated sati custom. The custom of sati was originally confined to royal families and to some high ranking noble families. We find the references of sati custom in many ancient literatures. In the age of 4th and 5th centuries B.C., the custom of sati was prevalent, which is confirmed by the writings of the Greek writers. In the history of Nepal, the Changu pillar inscription of 464 A.D. mentions about the custom of sati. This custom was more prevalent in later age where we find that there were one to thirty-three women in number were forced to become sati. Among them, there were wives, concubines and female slaves also. Right from the beginning, we see that the custom of sati, was not necessary. It was considered as a social evil. In India, due to the efforts of social reformers, the custom of sati was stopped in 1829 A.D. In Nepal, the first attemptin this end was made by Jang Bahadur Rana. In the period of Prime Minister Bir Shamsher (1885-1901 A.D.) the law about this was amended. Finally, Prime Minister Chandra Shamsher, on his 58th birthday, 8th July, 1920 A.D., enforced a legislation abolishing the longstanding horrible custom of sati. In this way, the custom of sati ended in Nepal.

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Stein, Dorothy. "Burning Widows, Burning Brides: The Perils of Daughterhood in India." Pacific Affairs 61, no. 3 (1988): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2760461.

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Winters, Jeffrey. "Power Window." Mechanical Engineering 129, no. 04 (April 1, 2007): 38–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2007-apr-4.

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Over the time, oil companies, utilities, and the Bush administration have come around to the idea that global warming is real and a consortium of USA. Companies including PG&E, Duke Energy, and Alcoa- has reportedly asked for congressional action to control carbon emissions. The chart presented in the article shows in detail the carbon dioxide emitted across the entire US economy, as determined by a draft report of the USA. Environmental Protection Agency released in February. Each square represents 10 million tons of carbon dioxide emissions and there are 726 of them. A quick glance shows that massive amounts of carbon dioxide are produced from the burning of coal in thermal power plants and the burning of gasoline and diesel fuel in the engines of cars and trucks. Switzerland, Sweden, Japan, and France are considered as models of Western society. They owe their position to a few factors, some of which may be emulated, and some of which are geographical accidents.

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Buist, Ian. "Window-of-Opportunity for In Situ Burning." Spill Science & Technology Bulletin 8, no. 4 (August 2003): 341–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1353-2561(03)00050-1.

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Rubinstein, Amnon. "The Decline, but not Demise, of Multiculturalism." Israel Law Review 40, no. 3 (2007): 763–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021223700013558.

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This article discusses the decline of the multicultural doctrine that has governed Western political philosophy and practice in the last part of the 20thcentury. This decline is felt in the USA as well as in EU countries and manifests itself in new cultural restrictions on immigration policy, in stricter loyalty tests for immigrants who seek naturalization and in statutes regulating behavior in public places (such as the anti-veil acts in Europe) and proscribing deviant acts based on religious tradition (such as the American law criminalizing female genital circumcision). This decline is also accompanied by rethinking the theoretical foundations of the multicultural approach. This rethinking was accelerated by the onset of the Islamist—as distinct from Moslem—crisis, but started before the 9/11 events.The article surveys the state of multiculturalism in a number of Western countries and pays special attention to the cases of the USA, Britain, France, and the Netherlands. The case of Israel is discussed separately because of its unique features as a society plagued by a national conflict. In all these countries the principal issue is how to tolerate intolerant communities, how to treat religious communities whose tenets clash with the democratic and liberal values of the host country and how to balance the rights of the individual against the rights of the cultural group to which that individual belongs.The author challenges the notion that all cultures are entitled to equal treatment and excludes from this ambit cultures that clash with the values of democracy and human rights. The author denies the notion that consent of the sufferer validates such cultural practices and demonstrates this by referring to the former Hindu practice of Seti—burning a widow alive, with her consent. Such consent is irrevocable and is always subject that it was given under social and cultural duress.The main brunt of this article is that the norms of democracy, equality, and human rights are not a culture in the ordinary sense of the word, as they are distinct from all traditional cultures and are the result of an intellectual construct founded upon the autonomy of the individual and on a rejection of traditional culture. This is the reason why these liberal norms should supersede any custom, even when based on cultural tradition, when there is a clash between the two. When there is no such clash, a compromise solution ought to be reached resorting to traditional judicial means of balancing contradictory values.

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Buist, Ian, James McCourt, Steve Potter, Sy Ross, and Ken Trudel. "In Situ Burning." Pure and Applied Chemistry 71, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 43–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac199971010043.

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Introduction: The use of in situ burning as a spill response technique is not new, having been researched and used for a variety of oil spills since the late 1960s. In general, the technique has proved effective for oil spills in ice conditions and has been used successfully to remove oil spills in ice-covered waters resulting from storage tank and ship accidents in Alaska, Canada and Scandinavia.Although there have been numerous incidents of vessel oil spills that inadvertently caught fire, the intentional ignition of oil slicks on open water has only been seriously considered since the development of fire-resistant oil containment boom beginning in the early 1980s. The development of these booms offered the possibility of conducting controlled burns in open water conditions. In situ burning operations using these booms have been conducted at three spills in the last decade: a major offshore tanker spill, a burning blowout in an inshore environment, and a pipeline spill into a river. In situ burning of thick, fresh slicks can be initiated very quickly by igniting the oil with devices as simple as an oil-soaked sorbent pad. In situ burning can remove oil from the water surface very efficiently and at very high rates. Removal efficiencies for thick slicks can easily exceed 90%. Removal rates of 2000 m3/hr can be achieved with a fire area of only about 10,000 m2 or a circle of about 100 m in diameter. The use of towed fire containment boom to capture, thicken and isolate a portion of a spill, followed by ignition, is far less complex than the operations involved in mechanical recovery, transfer, storage, treatment and disposal. If the small quantities of residue from an efficient burn require collection, the viscous, taffy-like material can be collected and stored for further treatment and disposal. There is a limited window of opportunity for using in situ burning with the presently available technology. This window is defined by the time it takes the oil slick to emulsify; once water contents of stable emulsions exceed about 25%, most slicks are unignitable. Research is ongoing to overcome this limitation. Despite the strong incentives for considering in situ burning as a primary countermeasure method, there remains some resistance to the approach. There are two major concerns: first, the fear of causing secondary fires that threaten human life, property and natural resources; and, second, the potential environmental and human-health effects of the by-products of burning, primarily the smoke. The objective of this chapter is to review the science, technology, operational capabilities and limitations and ecological consequences of in situ burning as a countermeasure for oil spills on water. The main focus of this section is on marine oil spills in open water conditions. The use of in situ burning for spills in ice conditions is dealt with in another chapter. Much of the content of this chapter is updated from an in-depth review of in situ burning produced for the Marine Spill Response Corporation (MSRC) in 1994 (ref. 1). Interested readers are encouraged to refer to the original report for fully-referenced details of the summary presented here. The MSRC report is available from the American Petroleum Institute in Washington, DC.

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Horstmann, Monika. "Book Reviews : Catherine Weinberger-Thomas, Ashes of Immortality: Widow- Burning in India, translated by Jeffrey Mehlman and David Gordon White, Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, 1999 (Originally published as Cendres d'immortalité. La crémation des veuves en Inde. Paris, Editions du Seuil, 1996), pp. xii + 322 + 47 illustrations." Medieval History Journal 5, no. 1 (April 2002): 171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097194580200500109.

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Kupfer, John A., Adam J. Terando, Peng Gao, Casey Teske, and J. Kevin Hiers. "Climate change projected to reduce prescribed burning opportunities in the south-eastern United States." International Journal of Wildland Fire 29, no. 9 (2020): 764. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf19198.

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Prescribed burning is a critical tool for managing wildfire risks and meeting ecological objectives, but its safe and effective application requires that specific meteorological criteria (a ‘burn window’) are met. Here, we evaluate the potential impacts of projected climatic change on prescribed burning in the south-eastern United States by applying a set of burn window criteria that capture temperature, relative humidity and wind speed to projections from an ensemble of Global Climate Models under two greenhouse gas emission scenarios. Regionally, the percentage of suitable days for burning changes little during winter but decreases substantially in summer owing to rising temperatures by the end of the 21st century compared with historical conditions. Management implications of such changes for six representative land management units include seasonal shifts in burning opportunities from summer to cool-season months, but with considerable regional variation. We contend that the practical constraints of rising temperatures on prescribed fire activities represent a significant future challenge and show that even meeting basic burn criteria (as defined today) will become increasingly difficult over time, which speaks to the need for adaptive management strategies to prepare for such changes.

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Viegas, Savia, and Pompa Banerjee. "Burning Women: Widows, Witches, and Early Modern European Travelers in India." Sixteenth Century Journal 35, no. 4 (December 1, 2004): 1216. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20477211.

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Dong, Po, and Jin-Yue Gao. "Appearance and disappearance of hole-burning behind an electromagnetically induced transparency window." Physics Letters A 265, no. 1-2 (January 2000): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0375-9601(99)00863-4.

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Toothaker, Juliette, and Jaymelynn Farney. "PSI-8 Evaluation of two burning dates and addition of spices on stocker cattle gains on tallgrass native range." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_3 (November 2, 2020): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa054.396.

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Abstract Burning pastures in April has historically been a method to increase stocker gains for summer grazing in Kansas, yet is becoming an issue from smoke management. Finding alternative burning windows along with feed options that maintain a similar gain to April burns is important from producer’s perspective. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate spices/essential oils and timing of pasture burning on growing steer gains. 281 steers (292 ± 28 kg) were randomly assigned to one of 8 pasture of tallgrass native prairie in a completely randomized design model. The treatment structure was a 2 x 2 factorial where the first factor was pasture burning date at two levels (March and April) and the second factor was free-choice mineral type (control (CON) or spices (SPICE)). Spices include garlic oil and a 4-spice blend (Solus, Wildcat Feeds LLC, Topeka). Steers were weighed at the start and end of 90 d grazing period. Total gain, average daily gain, and final body weight were evaluated. There was no interaction between burning time and mineral type (P > 0.10) for average daily gain, total gain, nor final body weight. Steers on pastures burned in April had a 0.16 kg/d ADG advantage over burning in March which resulted in 14.3 kg more gain over 90 d (P < 0.0001). Steers on SPICE averaged 0.06 kg/d and gained 5 kg more (P = 0.02) than steers on CON mineral. Burning in April results in greater steer gains than March burning and feeding a mineral with spices increase gains, yet these two are not additive. Addition of SPICE mineral may be one method to allow producers to extend burning window and maintain cattle production.

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Singh, Geeta, Amit Kumar, Deepanshu Vaid, and Prashant Sharma. "Stubble Burning and its Impact on Air Quality in Delhi NCT: A Case Study." Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 23, no. 06 (May 31, 2021): 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.51201/jusst/21/05223.

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Stubble burning is now considered to be one of the major activities affecting air quality because it is one of the major sources of aerosol as well as gaseous pollution. There are two main reasons for biomass burning, first one is that there is a very short window of time between the harvesting and the wheat sowing of the wheat. The second being, removing the paddy residue that has remained on the field is a time-consuming job. The time period from harvesting to sowing being very low and the labor is either very expensive or unavailable this leads to the only easiest option that the farmer has i.e. burning the residue right on the field after harvest so that the farmers can quickly prepare the land for the next sowing. This method is very cheap and takes less time that’s why farmers use this method. For this specific reason with the onset of winter, stubble fires become rampant in north India. Stubble-burning emissions contain toxic chemicals which cause respiratory problems as well as diseases. The paper aims to examine the environmental impacts associated with stubble burning over the NCT of Delhi. The paper performs both qualitative and quantitative analysis on the statistical data pertaining to crop burning. The monthly variation for particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) and trace gases (NOx, CO, and SO2) during the stubble burning period (Sep-Nov) has also been studied and analyzed for 5 years (2015-19), and a noticeable increase in pollutant levels.

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Metallinou, Maria-Monika. "Emergence of and Learning Processes in a Civic Group Resuming Prescribed Burning in Norway." Sustainability 12, no. 14 (July 15, 2020): 5668. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12145668.

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Background: Coastal Norwegian heathlands have been regularly managed by burning for about 5000 years. This practice, supporting sustainable herbivore production, did, however, seize in the 1950s and was virtually absent for 60–70 years. Loss of biodiversity, increased fire hazard due to biomass accumulation and loss of visual landscape qualities recently propelled new interest in traditional landscape management. Loss of know-how makes this a dangerous activity. The present study focuses on the emergence and learning processes of a civic group established for resuming prescribed burning in Northern Rogaland in order to possibly assist similar initiatives elsewhere. Methods: Study of written information, interviews with core prescribed burners and participant observation have been undertaken. The topics at four annual prescribed burning seminars, arranged by the studied civic group, have been analyzed. Participant observation at civic group winter meetings, debriefing sessions and field work has also been undertaken. Results: Pioneers who, without guidance, resumed prescribed burning relied on experience gained as part-time firefighters and relations to farming, in particular sheep grazing. Building good relations with local fire brigades and support by local and regional environmental authorities (especially the local agricultural advisory office) enhanced the practice. Short weather window, assembling a big enough burner group on the working days, as well as possible liability issues were identified as challenges. They were self-taught through “learning by doing” and open to new technologies/artifacts, i.e., leaf blowers for fire control. Their use of artifacts, together with supporting the fire brigades during a wildfire, strengthened their group identity. A connection to academia improved the focus on safe and effective prescribed burning through deeper insight into the physical parameters that govern burning in the terrain. Conclusions: The study provides valuable insight into favorable preconditions and possible key personnel for resuming prescribed burning in other areas in Norway and elsewhere. Content and teaching methods for a possible future standardized prescribed heathland burning course are suggested.

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Lappalainen, Harri, and Heikki Simola. "The fire-adapted flatbug Aradus laeviusculus Reuter (Heteroptera, Aradidae) rediscovered in Finland (North Karelia, Koli National Park)." Entomologica Fennica 9, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.33338/ef.83959.

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We report the finding of the flatbug Aradus laeviusculus Reuter, 1875 in the Koli National Park (North Karelia, Finland). One mature female was caught by using a window trap during the period 22.VII.-24.VIII.1996 in a slash-and burning plot that had been burned earlier in summer 1996. A. laeviusculus has been listed as extinct in Finland, the last previous record being from the year 1949 (Lammi, South Finland).

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Parker, John. "Valhalla Is Burning: Theory, the Middle Ages, and Secularization." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 130, no. 3 (May 2015): 787–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2015.130.3.787.

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In 1802 the Franciscan Friary standing in Munich since the late thirteenth century was razed to make room for the national Theater. Many of its books found their way to the state library where, among further spoils swept up in the waves of secularization following the French Revolution, they fed the growth of modern medievalism. Other relics fed other tastes. A profitable brewery remained in the friary's basement, operated now under secular license, while everything else detachable—furniture, copper gutters and plates, lead and iron fittings, window frames, artwork, altars, the tower clock and organ—went to the highest bidder to pay for the theater's troubled construction. Buttresses buckled and pushed through walls. When three workers raising the roof beam fell into a pit, critics divined the hand of God in retaliation for the friary's ruin. Different observers, more favorable perhaps to the cause of art, stressed the workers' survival and took it as a miraculous omen for the theater's future—God's blessing, so to speak, on historical progress. In the short term, it wasn't. In 1823 the theater caught fire and burned to the ground, as onlookers claimed to see in the rising smoke “the face of a monstrous Franciscan.”

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McCourt, James, Ian Buist, and Joseph V. Mullin. "Operational Parameters for In Situ Burning of Six U.S. Outer Continental Shelf Crude Oils." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1999, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 1261–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1999-1-1261.

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ABSTRACT A laboratory test program was conducted with six crude oils to determine the following parameters with respect to in situ burning:The limits to ignition using gelled-gasoline igniters imposed by evaporation and emulsion-formationThe ability of commercially-available emulsion breakers and alternative fuel igniters to extend the window-of-opportunity for ignition of stable emulsionsThe effects of wave action on the combustion of emulsion slicks,The likelihood of the residues sinking after efficient burns of thick slicks of the crude oils As well as providing valuable spill-response oriented data, the study has shown that in situ burning may not be an appropriate response option for all oils. Some oils were easily ignited and burned efficiently, even when emulsified to high water contents. One oil could not be ignited even when fresh. The ability of emulsion breakers to promote emulsion ignition and burning was found to be oil-dependent.

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40

Charpinet, Stéphane, V. Van Grootel, G. Fontaine, P. Brassard, S. K. Randall, and E. M. Green. "Pulsations in hot subdwarf stars: recent advances and prospects for testing stellar physics." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 11, A29B (August 2015): 581–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921316006153.

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AbstractThe evolved, core helium burning, extreme horizontal branch stars (also known as hot B subdwarfs) host several classes of pulsators showing either p- or g-modes, or both. They offer particularly favorable conditions for probing with asteroseismology their internal structure, thus constituting arguably the most interesting seismic window for this intermediate stage of stellar evolution. G-modes in particular have the power to probe deep inside these stars, down to the convective He-burning core boundary where uncertain physics (convection, overshooting, semi-convection) is at work. Space data recently obtained with CoRoT and Kepler are offering us the possibility to probe these regions in detail and possibly shed new light on how these processes shape the core structure. In this short paper, we present the most recent advances that have taken place in this field and we provide hints of the foreseen future achievements of hot subdwarf asteroseismology.

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Michel, Jacqueline, Zach Nixon, and Heidi Hinkeldey. "Use of In Situ Burning as an Oil Spill Response Tool: Follow-Up of Four Case Studies." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2003, no. 1 (April 1, 2003): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2003-1-123.

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ABSTRACT Four in situ burning sites that varied widely in the physical setting, oil type, timing of the burn, and post-burn treatment were assessed 0.5–1.5 years post-burn: two condensate spills in intertidal marshes at Mosquito Bay, LA in April 2001 and near Sabine Lake, LA in February 2000; crude oil spill in a ponded wetland in Minnesota in July 2000; and a spill of diesel in a salt flat/wetland north of Great Salt Lake, UT in January 2000. When used quickly after a release, burning is most effective at reducing damage to vegetation and the areal extent of impact. Where crude oil was burned within hours after the release at the Minnesota site, the impact area was restricted to 3 acres. In contrast, the diesel in the Utah spill spread over 38 acres within 3 days. The window of opportunity for in situ burning to be an effective means of oil removal can be days to months, depending on the spill conditions. The condensate spill at Mosquito Bay site was effectively burned 6–7 days after the release was reported. For spills with snow and ice cover, burning may still be effective months later. In fact, it may be necessary to consider additional burns during thaw periods and during the final thaw. Burning will not reduce the toxic effects of the oil that occurred prior to the burn. It can, however, be very effective at reducing the extent and degree of impacts by quickly removing the remaining oil. In three of the four case studies, the area burned was significantly larger than the oiled area (up to 10 x). Healthy, green, unoiled vegetation is not always an effective fire break, particularly downwind; fires can quickly jump the kinds of fire breaks placed during spill emergencies in wetlands (e.g., vegetation laid down by the passage of airboats).

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Zhao, Jianlong, Yanfeng Li, Junmei Li, Youbo Huang, and Jinxiang Wu. "Experimental study on the backdraft phenomenon of solid fuel." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 2, 2021): e0255572. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255572.

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In this study, a series of small-scale experiments were conducted to investigate the backdraft phenomenon in a compartment (1.1 × 0.4 × 0.75 m) with woodblocks as fuel. This research focused on the effects of compartment window woodblock areas on backdraft time, with a video recording of the experimental phenomena. Thermocouples and a gas analyzer were used to measure the temperature and the concentration of gas components in the compartment, respectively. There was no additional heat source or ignition source pre-set in the compartment at the beginning of the experiments; the experimental processes only depended on the heat released from the burning or smoldering of woodblocks. When compartment ventilation improved, smoldering of woodblocks became intense, and backdraft occurred. The results show that backdraft time is shorten with increases of compartment window and woodblock areas, and opening the upper window of a compartment could avoid the backdraft phenomenon. The results help to understand the backdraft phenomenon of solid fuel and, more importantly, could help firefighters adopt reasonable fire-fighting strategies for restraining backdraft occurrence.

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Pierard, Richard V. "Missionaries as Role Models in the Christian Quest for Justice." Missiology: An International Review 21, no. 4 (October 1993): 469–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009182969302100409.

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Although some fail to understand the Christian commitment to justice, the history of missions is replete with instances of believers who put their faith in action. Where they labored, they challenged existing social customs and even defied European colonial authorities and white settler interests. Examples cited include missionaries who fought inhumane practices such as the caste system, widow burnings, and footbinding. Among those who stood against unjust power structures were John Philip in South Africa, William Knibb in Jamaica, the Rhine Mission workers in Southwest Africa, and Timothy Richard in China. Missionaries are appropriate role models for Christians who are seeking after justice.

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Chen, Jun Min, Xiao Lin Yao, and Shao Ping Li. "Study on the Influence of Window Glass Ignition Temperature on the Heat Release Rate of CRH Passenger Rail Car." Applied Mechanics and Materials 170-173 (May 2012): 2760–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.170-173.2760.

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The window glass ignition temperature is one of the main factors that determine the Heat Release Rate (HRR) of passenger rail car. In order to reveal the influence of window glass ignition temperature on the HRR of China Railways High-speed (CRH) passenger rail car, the HRR, ignition temperature and other thermal parameters of the individual materials and component assemblies of the CRH passenger rail car, are measured with the Cone Calorimeter, burning temperature tester and other instruments, as the input parameters of Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS), and according to the different window glass ignition temperatures ,4 fire scenarios have been designed to obtain the HRR vs. time curves of CRH passenger rail car. The comparison results show that the window glass ignition temperature exerts a significant influence on the HRR of passenger rail car; if the ignition temperature is lower than 415°C, during the fire process the windows near the ignition source will be broken, and the back draft phenomenon will take place, resulting in the extremely high second peak HRR, about 22.6MW; if the ignition temperature is higher than 470°C, during the fire process all the windows will not be broken; and so it is suggested that the window glass ignition temperature in the passenger rail car should be higher than 520°C.

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Coheur, P. F., L. Clarisse, S. Turquety, D. Hurtmans, and C. Clerbaux. "IASI measurements of reactive trace species in biomass burning plumes." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 9, no. 15 (August 10, 2009): 5655–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-5655-2009.

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Abstract. This work presents observations of a series of short-lived species in biomass burning plumes from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI), launched onboard the MetOp-A platform in October 2006. The strong fires that have occurred in the Mediterranean Basin – and particularly Greece – in August 2007, and those in Southern Siberia and Eastern Mongolia in the early spring of 2008 are selected to support the analyses. We show that the IASI infrared spectra in these fire plumes contain distinctive signatures of ammonia (NH3), ethene (C2H4), methanol (CH3OH) and formic acid (HCOOH) in the atmospheric window between 800 and 1200 cm−1, with some noticeable differences between the plumes. Peroxyacetyl nitrate (CH3COOONO2, abbreviated as PAN) was also observed with good confidence in some plumes and a tentative assignment of a broadband absorption spectral feature to acetic acid (CH3COOH) is made. For several of these species these are the first reported measurements made from space in nadir geometry. The IASI measurements are analyzed for plume height and concentration distributions of NH3, C2H4 and CH3OH. The Greek fires are studied in greater detail for the days associated with the largest emissions. In addition to providing information on the spatial extent of the plume, the IASI retrievals allow an estimate of the total mass emissions for NH3, C2H4 and CH3OH. Enhancement ratios are calculated for the latter relative to carbon monoxide (CO), giving insight in the chemical processes occurring during the transport, the first day after the emission.

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Coheur, P. F., L. Clarisse, S. Turquety, D. Hurtmans, and C. Clerbaux. "IASI measurements of reactive trace species in biomass burning plumes." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 9, no. 2 (April 1, 2009): 8757–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-9-8757-2009.

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Abstract. This work presents observations of a series of short-lived species in biomass burning plumes from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI), launched onboard the MetOp-A platform in October 2006. The strong fires that have occurred in the Mediterranean Basin – and particularly Greece – in August 2007, and those in Southern Siberia and Eastern Mongolia in the early spring of 2008 are selected to support the analyses. We show that the IASI infrared spectra in these fire plumes contain distinctive signatures of ammonia (NH3), ethene (C2H4), methanol (CH3OH) and formic acid (HCOOH) in the atmospheric window between 800 and 1200 cm−1, with some noticeable differences between the plumes. Peroxyacetyl nitrate (CH3COO2NO2, abbreviated as PAN) was also observed in some plumes and a tentative assignment of a broadband absorption spectral feature to acetic acid (CH3COOH) is made. For several of these species these are the first reported measurements made from space in nadir geometry. The IASI measurements are analyzed for plume height and concentration distributions of NH3, C2H4 and CH3OH. The Greek fires are studied in greater detail for the days associated with the largest emissions. In addition to providing information on the spatial extent of the plume, the IASI retrievals allow an estimate of the total mass emissions for NH3, C2H4 and CH3OH. Enhancement ratios are calculated for the latter relative to carbon monoxide (CO), giving insight in the chemical processes occurring during the transport, the first day after the emission.

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Clark, Tricia, and Robert D. Martin. "In Situ Burning: After-Action Review1(Successful Burn 48 Hours After Discharge)." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1999, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 1273–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1999-1-1273.

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ABSTRACT A spill in May 1997, forced responders to think “outside the box” and utilize ingenuity and skills learned from previous experiences. The Region VI RRT Guidelines for In-shore/Near-shore In Situ Burn, while providing the framework for the plan, had to be modified on site to meet the special parameters this spill presented.Responders had not had previous opportunities to burn this type of environment and were not sure what type of successes to expect.The initial burn was to be conducted well outside of what is normally considered the window of opportunity for in situ burning.PM-10 monitors were to be utilized to monitor smoke plume fallout particle size.It was determined by the Federal On-Scene Coordinator (FOSC) that RRT approval was not necessary and deferred to the consensus among state agencies having jurisdiction. This response indicates inland/nearshore burns will continue to be utilized as a response tool and points to the need for ongoing evaluations and adjustments to pre-approvals and guidance documents responders utilize.

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Goodrick, Scott L., Dan Shea, and John Blake. "Estimating Fuel Consumption for the Upper Coastal Plain of South Carolina." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 34, no. 1 (February 1, 2010): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/34.1.5.

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Abstract Recent changes in air quality regulations present a potential obstacle to continued use of prescribed fire as a land management tool. Lowering of the acceptable daily concentration of particulate matter from 65 to 35 μg/m3 will bring much closer scrutiny of prescribed burning practices from the air quality community. To work within this narrow window, land managers need simple tools to allow them to estimate their potential emissions and examine trade-offs between continued use of prescribed fire and other means of fuels management. A critical part of the emissions estimation process is determining the amount of fuel consumed during the burn. This study combines results from a number of studies along the Upper Coastal Plain of South Carolina to arrive at a simple means of estimating total fuel consumption on prescribed fires. The result is a simple linear relationship that determines the total fuel consumed as a function of the product of the preburn fuel load and the burning index of the National Fire Danger Rating System.

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Fortenberry, Claire F., Michael J. Walker, Yaping Zhang, Dhruv Mitroo, William H. Brune, and Brent J. Williams. "Bulk and molecular-level characterization of laboratory-aged biomass burning organic aerosol from oak leaf and heartwood fuels." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 3 (February 15, 2018): 2199–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-2199-2018.

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Abstract. The chemical complexity of biomass burning organic aerosol (BBOA) greatly increases with photochemical aging in the atmosphere, necessitating controlled laboratory studies to inform field observations. In these experiments, BBOA from American white oak (Quercus alba) leaf and heartwood samples was generated in a custom-built emissions and combustion chamber and photochemically aged in a potential aerosol mass (PAM) flow reactor. A thermal desorption aerosol gas chromatograph (TAG) was used in parallel with a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) to analyze BBOA chemical composition at different levels of photochemical aging. Individual compounds were identified and integrated to obtain relative decay rates for key molecules. A recently developed chromatogram binning positive matrix factorization (PMF) technique was used to obtain mass spectral profiles for factors in TAG BBOA chromatograms, improving analysis efficiency and providing a more complete determination of unresolved complex mixture (UCM) components. Additionally, the recently characterized TAG decomposition window was used to track molecular fragments created by the decomposition of thermally labile BBOA during sample desorption. We demonstrate that although most primary (freshly emitted) BBOA compounds deplete with photochemical aging, certain components eluting within the TAG thermal decomposition window are instead enhanced. Specifically, the increasing trend in the decomposition m∕z 44 signal (CO2+) indicates formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in the PAM reactor. Sources of m∕z 60 (C2H4O2+), typically attributed to freshly emitted BBOA in AMS field measurements, were also investigated. From the TAG chemical speciation and decomposition window data, we observed a decrease in m∕z 60 with photochemical aging due to the decay of anhydrosugars (including levoglucosan) and other compounds, as well as an increase in m∕z 60 due to the formation of thermally labile organic acids within the PAM reactor, which decompose during TAG sample desorption. When aging both types of BBOA (leaf and heartwood), the AMS data exhibit a combination of these two contributing effects, causing limited change to the overall m∕z 60 signal. Our observations demonstrate the importance of chemically speciated data in fully understanding bulk aerosol measurements provided by the AMS in both laboratory and field studies.

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Buist, Ian A., and Nick Glover. "IN SITU BURNING OF ALASKA NORTH SLOPE EMULSIONS." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1995, no. 1 (February 1, 1995): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1995-1-139.

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ABSTRACT The onset of water-in-oil emulsion formation in an oil slick often signals the closing of the window of opportunity for in-situ burning as a countermeasure. Water contents in excess of 25 percent in a stable emulsion generally preclude ignition of the slick. A study of in-situ burning of water-in-oil emulsions formed by weathered Alaska North Slope (ANS) crude oil has recently been completed by Alaska Clean Seas. The study consisted of three phases: laboratory-scale burns in Ottawa in a 0.13 m2 burn ring, small-scale burns in Prudhoe Bay in 1.2 m2 and 3.3 m2 pans, and meso-scale burns in a 69 m2 circle of 3M Fire Boom in a water-filled pit at Prudhoe Bay. The laboratory-scale tests showed that stable, weathered ANS crude emulsions could be ignited in-situ using conventional gelled fuel igniters only up to a water content of 25 percent. The combination of adding an oilfield emulsion breaker, Petrolite EXO 0894, and the use of gelled crude oil as an alternate igniter fuel, permitted ignition and efficient combustion of weathered ANS emulsions with water contents of 65 percent, the maximum achievable. The small-scale pan tests conducted in Prudhoe Bay proved the same: that normally unignitable emulsions of weathered ANS crude, up to 65 percent water content, could be successfully ignited and efficiently burned outdoors at 0° to 5°C in winds up to 32 km/h with the application of EXO 0894 one hour prior to ignition. Tests with the Helitorch igniter system suspended from a crane showed that a mixture of gelled gasoline and crude oil was the most effective ignition fuel for the emulsions. Attempts were made to ignite emulsion slicks with gelled igniter fuels containing the emulsion breaker; but this technique did not prove as effective as pre-mixing the breaker into the slick. These tests also indicated that the emulsion burns produced a lighter smoke than that from crude oil. Three meso-scale experimental burns were carried out: one involved approximately 13 m3 (80 bbl) of fresh ANS crude as a baseline; one used about 8 m3 (50 bbl) of a stable 50 percent water-in-weathered crude emulsion; and, the final burn was done with 17 m3 (105 bbl) of stable 60 percent water content emulsion. The oil removal efficiency for the fresh crude oil burn was approximately 98 percent. The oil removal efficiencies for the 50 and 60 percent water emulsions were 97 and 96 percent respectively.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Widow burning'

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