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Journal articles on the topic 'Widowhood'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Barrett, Anne, and Jessica Noblitt. "THE LINGERING EFFECTS OF LOSS: WIDOWHOOD AND SUBSTANCE USE IN THE LGBT POPULATION." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 627–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.2330.

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Abstract The immense stress of widowhood can lead to unhealthy coping strategies, including substance use. Relatively little is known, however, about widowhood’s effects on substance use among sexual minorities. Of the few studies examining LGB widowhood, none employ large, nationally representative samples or consider whether effects depend on current partner status. We address these issues using a sample of 2,258 respondents aged 50 and older who participated in the 2010 Aging with Pride: National Health, Ageing, and Sexuality/Gender Study. Multivariate regression analyses reveal that widowhood is associated with higher odds of being a current smoker and of using drugs in the past year. These results are found for individuals who are currently partnered, as well as those who are not. This observation suggests that widowhood’s negative effects on use of these substances are not attenuated by the potentially protective effect of current partnership. In contrast, the effects of widowhood on alcohol use do appear to be diminished by current partnership. Among those who have experienced widowhood, those with a current partner are less likely than those without a partner to report problematic drinking. Our results suggest that current partnership may protect against problematic use of more socially acceptable substances like alcohol, but it may not prevent less acceptable behaviors like smoking or drug use. In sum, our study suggests that current partnership may not completely counter the lingering effects of partner loss in the LGB population.

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2

Myck, Michal, Maja Adena, Daniel Hamermesh, and Monika Oczkowska. "HOME ALONE: WIDOWS' WELL-BEING AND TIME." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.470.

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Abstract We provide a comprehensive picture of well-being in widowhood. Most importantly, our analysis accounts for time use in widowhood, an aspect which has not been studied previously. Based on data from several European countries we trace the evolution of well-being of women who become widowed by comparing them with their matched non-widowed ‘statistical twins’ and examine the role of an exceptionally broad set of potential moderators of widowhood’s impact on well-being. We confirm a dramatic decrease in mental health and life satisfaction after the loss of partner, followed by a slow recovery. An extensive set of controls recorded prior to widowhood, including detailed family ties and social networks, provides little help in explaining the deterioration in well-being. Unique data from time-diaries kept by older women from several European countries and the U.S. tell us why: the key factor behind widows’ reduced well-being is increased time spent alone.

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3

Farber, Ruth S. "Widowhood." Psychotherapy Patient 6, no. 3-4 (August 29, 1990): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j358v06n03_03.

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4

Dunn, Robert J., and Amelia Vernon. "Widowhood." Psychotherapy Patient 6, no. 3-4 (August 29, 1990): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j358v06n03_10.

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5

Rees, Elizabeth. "Christian Widowhood." New Blackfriars 76, no. 896 (September 1995): 393–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-2005.1995.tb07118.x.

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6

ROBERTO, KAREN A., and JEAN PEARSON SCOTT. "Confronting Widowhood." American Behavioral Scientist 29, no. 4 (March 1986): 497–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000276486029004010.

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7

Rollins, Diane, David Waterman, and Donna Esmay. "Married Widowhood." Activities, Adaptation & Aging 7, no. 2 (October 19, 1985): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j016v07n02_08.

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8

Shubsachs, Alexander P. W. "Beyond widowhood." Journal of Psychosomatic Research 34, no. 4 (1990): 474–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3999(90)90073-d.

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9

Hawes, Frances, Jane Tavares, Corina Ronneberg, and Edward Miller. "The Effects of Religiosity on Depression Trajectories Before and After Widowhood." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 570. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.2189.

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Abstract Widowhood is associated with decreased emotional well-being, particularly increased depression. Religiosity may help improve mental health among widowed individuals. However, longitudinal studies exploring the role of religiosity on emotional well-being among widowed older adults is lacking, as are studies which examine this relationship using different dimensions of religiosity. This study analyzed data from the 2006-2016 waves of the nationally representative Health and Retirement Study (HRS). Trajectories of depression among older adults >50 years (N=5,486) were examined to explore patterns of depression among those entering widowhood and the potential impact of religiosity on depressive symptoms during widowhood. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analysis was used to examine the association between widowhood and depression as well as the role of religiosity as a moderator of this association. Older adults experienced an increase in depressive symptomology after the onset of widowhood, and although the levels of depressive symptomology decrease post-widowhood, they do not return to their pre-widowhood levels. Additionally, high religious service attendance and higher intrinsic religiosity were both associated with lower depressive symptomology. High religious service attendance moderated the relationship between widowhood and depression. The relationship between high religious service attendance and depression was stronger among widowed older adults living alone. This study highlights the long-term effects of widowhood on depressive symptomology among older adults. The findings also suggest that higher religious service attendance can lessen the effects of widowhood on depressive symptoms, especially for those living alone. These findings may inform intervention development around increased screening and treatment for depression.

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10

Howie, Linsey. "Old Women and Widowhood: A Dying Status Passage." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 26, no. 3 (May 1993): 223–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/u71h-239a-9dg8-06f8.

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Widowhood for old women involves an orientation to an awareness that life is now limited and the timing of death, while uncertain, is now inevitable. In this context, old widowhood can be likened to a dying status passage. Removing the focus of widowhood for old women from a preoccupation with bereavement, to a concern for the social implications of the extended years of widowed life, is central to this discussion. Placing widowhood within the domain of the dying career is intended to increase understanding of the lived experience of widowhood for old women, and to achieve a more satisfying resolution to old age, dying, and death.

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11

Brown, Susan L., and I.-Fen Lin. "‘TIL DEATH DO US PART? DECLINING WIDOWHOOD AND RISING GRAY DIVORCE, 1980-2017." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S805—S806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.2966.

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Abstract Roughly one-third of dissolutions among married persons aged 50 and older occur through divorce rather than widowhood, reflecting the rising gray divorce rate and lengthening life expectancies. We use data from the 1980 Vital Statistics and the 2017 American Community Survey (ACS) to estimate the divorce and widowhood rates among married individuals (aged 50+) in 1980 and 2017 to track how much the widowhood rate has declined and the divorce rate has risen. In 1980, women’s widowhood rates exceeded their divorce rates at all ages. For men, the rate of divorce outpaced the rate of widowhood through ages 50-54. By 2017, divorce rates were higher for women through ages 55-59 and for men through ages 60-64, coinciding with the growth in gray divorce. We also examine subgroup variation in the 2017 patterns and the sociodemographic correlates of having experienced divorce versus widowhood during the past year using the ACS data.

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12

Dion, Kathy. "LIVING THROUGH WIDOWHOOD." Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services 41, no. 10 (October 2003): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0279-3695-20031001-03.

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13

Hasan, Zeba. "Widowhood in India." Journal of Exclusion Studies 3, no. 2 (2013): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/j.2231-4555.3.2.016.

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14

Lee, Gary R., Marion C. Willetts, and Karen Seccombe. "Widowhood and Depression." Research on Aging 20, no. 5 (September 1998): 611–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0164027598205004.

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15

Elwert, Felix, and Nicholas A. Christakis. "Widowhood and Race." American Sociological Review 71, no. 1 (February 2006): 16–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000312240607100102.

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16

Olson, P. Richard, Joe A. Suddeth, Patricia J. Peterson, and Claudia Egelhoff. "Hallucinations of Widowhood." Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 33, no. 8 (August 1985): 543–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1985.tb04619.x.

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17

Wu, Zheng, Christoph M. Schimmele, and Nadia Ouellet. "Repartnering After Widowhood." Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 70, no. 3 (June 12, 2014): 496–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbu060.

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18

Cavanaugh, John C. "Dealing With Widowhood." Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews 37, no. 7 (July 1992): 674. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/032346.

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19

Remondet, Jacqueline H., Robert O. Hansson, Bonnie Rule, and Glynna Winfrey. "Rehearsal for Widowhood." Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 5, no. 3 (September 1987): 285–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jscp.1987.5.3.285.

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20

Yang, Fang, and Danan Gu. "Widowhood, widowhood duration, and loneliness among older adults in China." Social Science & Medicine 283 (August 2021): 114179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114179.

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21

Lee, Yura, and Yanping Jiang. "EXAMINING SOCIOCULTURAL RESILIENCE FACTORS IN WIDOWHOOD AND COGNITIVE FUNCTION AMONG OLDER CHINESE IMMIGRANTS." Innovation in Aging 7, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2023): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igad104.0828.

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Abstract Loss of a spouse is one of the most stressful life events in later life and often entails significant physical and mental health outcomes for widowed individuals. Although there is growing evidence on widowhood and cognitive function, existing studies have shown mixed results. Little is known about resilience factors that may attenuate the adverse effect of widowhood on cognition among older Asian immigrants. This study explored potential moderators (i.e., social support, acculturation, leisure activities), which may contribute to resilience in the association between widowhood and cognitive function among older Chinese immigrants. The study sample included 2,515 adults aged 60 or older who completed two waves (2011–2013 and 2013–2015) of the Population Study of Chinese Elderly in Chicago. Cognitive function was measured by global cognitive function and episodic memory. Widowhood group was categorized into three groups based on the marital status at two waves: 1) married, 2) recently widowed and 3) previously widowed. Linear regression analyses were conducted with interaction terms. Our results show that social support moderated the relationship between widowhood and global cognitive function, and acculturation moderated the relationship between widowhood and episodic memory. Specifically, the findings indicate that adverse effect of widowhood on cognitive function is more pronounced at lower levels of social support and acculturation. This implies buffering roles of social support and acculturation in cognitive health among older Chinese immigrants who experience widowhood. Providing supportive programs and interventions to increase social support and acculturation is suggested to promote cognitive function in this population.

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22

MIN, JOOHONG, YAWEN LI, LING XU, and IRIS CHI. "Psychological vulnerability of widowhood: financial strain, social engagement and worry about having no care-giver as mediators and moderators." Ageing and Society 38, no. 11 (July 19, 2017): 2356–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x17000654.

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ABSTRACTThis study examined how financial strain, worry about having no care-giver and social engagement modify the association between widowhood and depressive symptoms among older adults in China. Using national representative data from older adults in China in 2006, we ran structural equation models and ordinary least square regressions to investigate the mediating and moderating effects of financial strain, worry about having no care-giver and social engagement on the association between widowhood and depressive symptoms. All three variables significantly mediated the association between widowhood and depressive symptoms. Compared to their married counterparts, widowed older adults showed more worry about having no care-giver, increased financial strain and lower social engagement, which were significantly associated with depressive symptoms. Higher level of worry about having no care-giver and lower social engagement significantly exacerbated the adverse effects of widowhood on depressive symptoms in the moderation analyses. Our finding of mediating effects suggests that widowhood is negatively related to psychological wellbeing via financial strain, social engagement and care resources. The results regarding moderating effects suggest that alleviating worry about having no care-giver and increasing social engagement may buffer the deleterious effect of widowhood on psychological wellbeing in later life.

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23

Hawes, Frances, and Jane Tavares. "LONG-TERM GENDERED PATHWAYS OF RELIGIOUS INVOLVEMENT POST WIDOWHOOD." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.1693.

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Abstract Widowhood is associated with decreased emotional well-being, particularly increased depression. Prior research suggests that religiosity may help improve mental health among widowed individuals. However, longitudinal studies exploring the role of religiosity on emotional well-being among widowed older adults is lacking, as are studies which examine different dimensions of religiosity. This longitudinal study analyzed data from the 2006-2018 waves of the nationally representative Health and Retirement Study (HRS). Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between widowhood and depression as well as the role of religiosity as a moderator of this association. Analysis was stratified by gender to further explore these interactions. Results show that men and women show similar levels of depression at widowhood, but men are far less likely to be depressed prior to widowhood. Women also show a better recovery pattern over time post-widowhood. Furthermore, religiosity (particularly attending church) is an effective way of coping with widowhood and mitigating depression for both genders. However, men are significantly less religious than women. This study highlights the long-term effects of widowhood on depressive symptomology among older adults. Practical implications of this study include intervention development around increased screening and treatment for depression for widowed older adults (in particular, for widowers) as well as connecting this vulnerable population with resources. These findings may also inform program outreach (such as hospice bereavement services) that aim to facilitate healthy grieving among widowed older adults.

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24

Rodin, Rebecca, Alex Smith, Edie Espejo, W. John Boscardin, Siqi Gan, Lauren Hunt, Katherine Ornstein, and Sean Morrison. "THE WIDOWHOOD EFFECT IN COMPLEX SERIOUS ILLNESS: THE IMPACT OF SPOUSAL DEATH ON MORTALITY IN DEMENTIA." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.1369.

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Abstract Numerous studies suggest that there is an association between widowhood and mortality. This “widowhood effect” may be heightened in patients with dementia, who have high support needs and for whom spouses typically provide extensive caregiving support. Yet there are limited data on widowhood and mortality that account for dementia status. To determine the relative mortality risk of widowhood among those with and without dementia, we conducted a retrospective cohort study among community-dwelling, married/partnered persons, ≥65 years, enrolled in the Health and Retirement Study, 2000-2018. Among the 12,308 persons (n=390 with dementia), widowhood was not associated with increased mortality, after adjusting for age and dementia status, in men or women (adjusted HR 1.04; 95%C.I.(0.95-1.13); HR 0.96; 95%C.I.(0.87-1.95), respectively). These findings suggest that dementia, age, or other unmeasured confounding variables may account for the previous finding of increased mortality following spousal death. Further research is needed to confirm these findings in diverse populations.

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25

Li, Lydia, Rita Hu, Jay Kayser, and Joonyoung Cho. "DYNAMICS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING ACROSS THE TRANSITION TO WIDOWHOOD." Innovation in Aging 7, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2023): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igad104.1671.

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Abstract The present study examines within-person changes in psychological well-being (PWB) associated with the transition to widowhood. We analyzed 9-wave data collected annually from a probability sample of Medicare beneficiaries. The analyzed sample included married respondents at baseline (N=3,711). Five hundred ten respondents, 208 men and 202 women, became widowed in the survey period. We created variables to indicate widowhood status, the time before and the time since widowhood. Depressive symptoms measured by the PHQ9 and positive well-being assessed by a 6-items scale (e.g., My life has meaning and purpose) were dependent variables. Fixed-effect linear regression, which uses only within-person change over time in the panel data, was used. Results show that immediately after the spouse’s death, depressive symptoms increased and positive well-being decreased. There is a curvilinear relationship between time since widowhood and both depressive symptoms and positive well-being. Specifically, after the widowhood transition year, depressive symptoms began to decline, positive well-being began to increase, up to about four years after widowhood when depressive symptoms slightly rose and positive well-being slightly declined. Men and women have similar patterns. The findings suggest that right after spousal loss is challenging for older adults; some may need counseling and extra support. About two years after the spouse’s death, they return to the pre-loss level of PWB and continue improving until about four years after widowhood. Improvement in depressive symptoms and positive well-being shows older adults’ resilience and potential for personal growth after adversity.

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Kinkade, Emily, and Heather Fuller. "TRANSITIONING TO WIDOWHOOD: THE ROLE OF SOCIAL INTEGRATION IN MODERATING WELL-BEING OVER TIME." Innovation in Aging 7, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2023): 586. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igad104.1917.

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Abstract Prior studies indicate that widowhood may bring declines in both physical and mental health, but that social support may buffer against these declines. Social integration has also been found to alleviate widows’ depressive symptoms over time. However, less is known about whether social integration moderates the trajectory of well-being declines over longer periods of time post-widowhood. This study investigates whether social integration moderates the relationship between the transition to widowhood and changes in physical and mental well-being over time. A series of longitudinal multilevel models were run with data from participants (n=244-246) from five waves of the Social Integration and Aging study, collected every two years between 2013 and 2021. Depressive symptoms and subjective happiness were indicators of mental well-being, whereas basic and instrumental activities of daily living and total number of diseases were indicators of physical well-being. Social integration was assessed with the Social Integration in Later Life Scale (SILLS). Social integration moderated the relationship between widowhood and depressive symptoms such that increases in social integration resulted in greater reductions of depression scores over time among widows as compared to non-widows. Social integration similarly buffered against declines in physical functioning (i.e., increased basic activities of daily living) over time after widowhood occurred. No interaction effects of social integration on the relationship between widowhood and happiness or other physical well-being outcomes were found. These findings suggest social integration may be important for maintaining mental well-being and some aspects of physical health as older adults adjust to widowhood.

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27

Lee, Jina, and Markus Schafer. "THE CO-EVOLUTION OF PERSONAL NETWORKS AND LONELINESS FOLLOWING WIDOWHOOD FOR MEN AND WOMEN." Innovation in Aging 7, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2023): 561–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igad104.1841.

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Abstract Late-life transitions such as widowhood often re-calibrate people’s close personal networks. Some network change—particularly growth in network size and closer geographic access to network members—is assumed to protect against loneliness, but scholars have yet to systematically examine these processes post widowhood. This study uses data from four waves of the German Aging Survey (DEAS), conducting gender-specific hybrid panel modeling to estimate both within- and between-individual effects of (1) network conditions up to seven years past widowhood, and (2) the effects of network change on loneliness. Results reveal that network size takes on a reversed U-shape: Germans becoming widowed tend to see an influx of new core ties from beyond their family, but this trend slows and reverses with time. There was also some evidence of non-linear change related to distance: geographic distance to core network members tended to shrink following widowhood before expanding back outward. Furthermore, moderation analyses an important role for these network characteristics on loneliness. Larger non-kin networks in the aftermath of widowhood partially alleviated the loneliness associated with that transition. The role of geographic proximity was gender-specific, as widowed men with nearby non-kin ties were most protected against loneliness, whereas widowed women fared best if their kin ties were farther away. Altogether, this study presents novel insight into how personal networks evolve after widowhood, revealing the nuanced, gendered ways that networks adapt. Efforts to reduce loneliness after widowhood may consider how gender roles and expectations shape the transmission and meaning of companionship and support.

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28

Utz, Rebecca L., Erin B. Reidy, Deborah Carr, Randolph Nesse, and Camille Wortman. "The Daily Consequences of Widowhood." Journal of Family Issues 25, no. 5 (July 2004): 683–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x03257717.

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This study examines (a) whether widowhood affects the performance of daily household activities, (b) the extent to which dependence on children mediates the effect of widowhood on subsequent housework performance, and (c) the extent to which these patterns vary by gender. Using the Changing Lives of Older Couples study, a prospective survey of married persons age 65 and older, we find that late-life widowhood is associated with an increase in men’s housework, yet does not produce a change in women’s subsequent housework performance. Dependency on children mediates the effect of widowhood on housework, suggesting that adult children assist their grieving parents with errands and other household chores. Findingsimplythat the daily consequencesof late-life widowhoodare dependenton the individual, dyadic, and intergenerational characteristics of the older adult.

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KITSON, GAY C., KAREN BENSON BABRI, MARY JOAN ROACH, and KATHLEEN S. PLACIDI. "Adjustment to Widowhood and Divorce." Journal of Family Issues 10, no. 1 (March 1989): 5–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019251389010001001.

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Authors have commented upon the theoretical similarities in adjustment to widowhood and divorce, but little research has empirically explored this issue. This review examines studies of adjustment to widowhood and/or divorce and points out those places where findings are similar or different. The impact upon adjustment of cause of death or divorce, timing of the event, demographic correlates, economic issues, social support, and attachment is explored. The review concludes with a discussion of methodological issues and topics for future research in widowhood and divorce adjustment research.

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Xiang, Nan, Erpeng Liu, Huwei Li, Xigang Qin, Hang Liang, and Zhang Yue. "The Association between Widowhood and Cognitive Function among Chinese Elderly People: Do Gender and Widowhood Duration Make a Difference?" Healthcare 9, no. 8 (August 4, 2021): 991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9080991.

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Few studies have examined the effects of widowhood on cognitive function in Chinese elderly individuals. We conducted a longitudinal study to assess the association between widowhood and cognitive function and further explored gender differences in this association and the impact of widowhood duration. The analytical sample consisted of 5872 Chinese elderly people who participated in the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) and were followed up from 2005 to 2014. We used the Chinese version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) to assess cognitive function. Widowhood duration was calculated from the self-reported year at which the spouse passed away. Multilevel growth models were employed to estimate the association between widowhood and cognitive function while adjusting for many demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Widowhood status was associated with cognitive decline among Chinese elderly individuals after adjusting for covariates (B = −0.440, 95% CI −0.727 to −0.152), and this association was only statistically significant among men (B = −0.722, 95% CI −1.104 to −0.339). Being widowed for 5 years or less (B = −0.606, 95% CI −1.112 to −0.100), 16–20 years (B = −0.937, 95% CI −1.685 to −0.190), and 21+ years (B = −1.401, 95% CI −1.967 to −0.834) predicted worse cognitive function in men, while being widowed for more than 21+ years (B = −0.655, 95% CI −1.186 to −0.124) was associated with cognitive decline in women. More attention should be directed towards widowed men and long-term widowed elderly individuals.

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31

Damilep, Jonah, Edward Dachalson, and Gray Ejikeme. "Duration of Widowhood and Perceived Social Support as Predictors of Psychological Wellbeing among the Widowed." NIU Journal of Social Sciences 9, no. 4 (December 31, 2023): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.58709/niujss.v9i4.1767.

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The study examined duration of widowhood and perceived social support as predictors of psychological wellbeing among the widowed. A sample of 425 participants drawn for the study with 147 males and 278 females with ages ranging from 20 to 85 years using purposive sampling technique. In the course of this study, three (3) hypotheses were tested using Analysis of Variance. Finding of hypothesis one (1) indicated that duration of widowhood did not significantly predicts the psychological wellbeing of the widowed, means, 13.78 (SE = .29), 14.32 (SE = .90), 17.10 (SE = 1.73), F(2, 413) = 1.912, p = .149. η2 = .009. It means the psychological wellbeing of the widowed cannot be predicted by duration of widowhood. Result of hypothesis two (2) revealed that perceived social support did not significantly predicts the psychological wellbeing of participants, means, 13.88 (SE = 1.10), 16.26 (SE = .73), F(1, 413) = 3.277, p = .071. η2 = .008. Meaning that the psychological wellbeing of the widowed cannot be predicted by perceived social support. Finding of hypothesis three (3) showed a significant interaction effect of widowhood duration and perceived social support on psychological wellbeing of the widowed, means, 13.92 (SE = .45), 13.63 (SE = .37), 11.96 (SE = 1.56), 16.68 (SE = .91), 15.75 (SE = 2.86), 18.46 (SE = 1.95), F(2, 413) = 3.743, p = .024. η2 = .018. This means the psychological wellbeing of the widowed can be predicted by the interaction of widowhood duration and perceived social support. Keywords: Duration of Widowhood, Perceived Social Support, Predictors, Psychological Wellbeing, Widowed.

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32

Lowenstein, Ariela, Ruth Landau, and Aron Rosen. "Adjustment to Loss of Spouse as a Multivariate Construct." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 28, no. 3 (May 1994): 229–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/tb4q-uu6g-50cr-j6rm.

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Interview data collected in 1985–86 from a stratified random sample of widows under the age of fifty-four ( n = 150) in Israel were analyzed in an attempt to answer the following question: is adjustment to widowhood a univariate or a multivariate construct? Using four indicators for adjustment to widowhood—functioning in everyday living, depression level, health status, and life satisfaction—factors that may affect adjustment to widowhood are examined. Multiple regressional analysis of the data reveals that the four indicators are associated with different clusters of predictors, and that only two predictors are associated with all four of them: widow's locus of control and present standard of living as compared to prior one. The results, providing evidence that adjustment to widowhood may be perceived as a multivariate construct and their implications for further research, are discussed.

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Cong, Zhen, Yaolin Pei, and Bei Wu. "RISK AND RESILIENCY IN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WIDOWHOOD AND DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS AMONG OLDER MEXICAN AMERICANS." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S817—S818. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.3014.

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Abstract This study investigated the association between widowhood and depressive symptoms and the extent to which the association is contingent upon immigration status, functional limitations, financial strains, and intergenerational support, among older Mexican Americans. A sample of 344 parent-child dyads reported by 83 older adults in a city of West Taxes completed the measures for socioeconomic status and depressive symptoms. Clustered regression analysis showed that widowhood elevated the risk of depressive symptoms. Living with functional limitations, having more children and residing in the same city with children exacerbated the adverse effects of widowhood on depressive symptoms. Residing in the same city with children increased the detrimental effects of widowhood on the depressive symptoms among men, whereas this pattern did not appear among women. The findings highlight the heterogeneity of depressive symptoms among the widowed Mexican American older adults.

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Thomas, L. Eugene, Robert C. Digiulio, and Nancy W. Sheehan. "Identity Loss and Psychological Crisis in Widowhood: A Re-Evaluation." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 26, no. 3 (April 1988): 225–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/hj85-cpv9-0wru-a8px.

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This study seeks to clarify the effect of widowhood on ego identity and psychological functioning. The sample consisted of eighty-three widows, ranging in age from twenty-two to seventy-four, who had been widowed an average of 4.9 years. A majority were found to be Identity Achievers on the Marcia instrument, and the group scored significantly higher on a structured measure of self-esteem (TSCS) in comparison to national norms. A quarter of the sample reported positive change after widowhood, 39 percent reported mixed effects, and only 30 percent reported only negative change. The results are discussed in terms of Erikson's developmental theory, suggesting that intimacy may be a more central issue of widowhood than ego identity. Further, little support is given the pathological sheen often attributed to widowhood. Rather, the data better fit a developmental or growth model of crisis resolution.

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35

Jiang, Quanbao, Xiaomin Li, and Jesús J. Sánchez-Barricarte. "Elderly widowhood in China." Asian Population Studies 11, no. 1 (December 2, 2014): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17441730.2014.981328.

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36

Lee, Gary R., and Alfred DeMaris. "Widowhood, Gender, and Depression." Research on Aging 29, no. 1 (January 2007): 56–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0164027506294098.

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37

Bartrop, Roger W. "Cardiovascular risk following widowhood." Coronary Artery Disease 28, no. 2 (March 2017): 93–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mca.0000000000000446.

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38

Davidson, Kate. "Gender, age and widowhood." Bereavement Care 19, no. 2 (June 2000): 25–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02682620008657490.

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Pieris, Rasika. "Widowhood and Religious Perception." International Journal of Asian Christianity 1, no. 2 (September 11, 2018): 307–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25424246-00102008.

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This article is based on the author’s doctoral thesis, Breaking the Barriers: A Reflection on Suffering in Buddhism and Christianity in the Perspectives of War-widows in Sri Lanka. 1 Using theoretical and empirical lines of investigation it attempts to discover the theological possibilities, challenges and relevance of the survival strategies of Buddhist and Christian war-widows by critically describing, analysing, interpreting and exploring an inter-relatedness in their situations, and relating these findings to existing systematic theological concepts. Since the research is also empirical, it includes fieldwork done with a selected group of Buddhist and Christian war-widows – Tamil Christian, Sinhala Christian and Sinhala Buddhist – in post-war Sri Lanka. These women are from different social, religious, political, cultural, economic and educational backgrounds in select provinces of Sri Lanka. The theological research is partly based on interviews, dialogues with unheard voices, and a critical analysis of the daily experiences of widows –‘everydayness’, 2 which help to reflect both on the notion of suffering in Buddhist and Christian thinking that is different, and on their influence on the perception of widows and their suffering.

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Sullivan, A. R., and A. Fenelon. "Patterns of Widowhood Mortality." Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 69B, no. 1 (September 27, 2013): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbt079.

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41

Nevins, Andrea, and Jane Porcino. "Surviving Widowhood and Divorce." Gerontologist 25, no. 3 (June 1985): 331–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geront/25.3.331.

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Nevins, Andrea, and Betty G. Foster. "Surviving Widowhood and Divorce." Gerontologist 25, no. 3 (June 1985): 332–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geront/25.3.332.

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Nevins, Andrea, and Joanne M. Pohl. "Surviving Widowhood and Divorce." Gerontologist 25, no. 3 (June 1985): 333–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geront/25.3.333.

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Fan, Jessie X., and Cathleen D. Zick. "Expenditure Flows Near Widowhood." Journal of Family and Economic Issues 27, no. 2 (April 7, 2006): 335–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10834-006-9008-9.

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Goldberg, E. L., G. W. Comstock, and S. D. Harlow. "Emotional Problems and Widowhood." Journal of Gerontology 43, no. 6 (November 1, 1988): S206—S208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronj/43.6.s206.

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Bound, J., G. J. Duncan, D. S. Laren, and L. Oleinick. "Poverty Dynamics in Widowhood." Journal of Gerontology 46, no. 3 (May 1, 1991): S115—S124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronj/46.3.s115.

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Scott, Stacey B., C. S. Bergeman, Alissa Verney, Susannah Longenbaker, Megan A. Markey, and Toni L. Bisconti. "Social Support in Widowhood." Journal of Mixed Methods Research 1, no. 3 (July 2007): 242–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558689807302453.

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Natchez, Gladys. "Separation, Widowhood, and Divorce." Psychotherapy Patient 6, no. 3-4 (August 29, 1990): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j358v06n03_06.

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Sered, Susan Starr. "The liberation of widowhood." Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology 2, no. 2 (April 1987): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00116669.

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Einiö, Elina, Niina Metsä-Simola, Saska Saarioja, Pekka Martikainen, and Kaarina Korhonen. "Is impending or actual death of a spouse with dementia bad for mental health? Antidepressant use surrounding widowhood." European Journal of Public Health 30, no. 5 (July 1, 2020): 953–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckaa099.

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Abstract Background Previous studies have shown that the risk of death is elevated after the death of a spouse. Limited evidence is available on changes in mental health before and after bereavement among individuals whose spouse dies of dementia. Methods We analyzed changes in the 3-month prevalence of antidepressant use for 5 years before and 3 years after widowhood for individuals whose spouses died of either dementia or other causes. The study used data of 41 855 widowed individuals and repeated-measures logistic regression analyses. Antidepressant use was based on the prescription register of Finland in 1995–2007. Results Five years before widowhood, the 3-month prevalence for antidepressant use was 4% among widowing men and 6–7% among widowing women, regardless of whether the spouse died of dementia or other causes. Further changes in antidepressant use depended on a spouse’s cause of death. Women whose spouses died of dementia experienced large increase in antidepressant use starting from 3 to 4 years prior to widowhood, whereas other widows did not experience large increase until after widowhood. The trajectories for men were similar. Antidepressant use following the death of a spouse with dementia stayed at a new heightened level after widowhood. Conclusions The trajectories of antidepressant use indicate that the process of losing a spouse to dementia is bad for mental health, already a few years prior to widowhood. There are no clear improvements in mental health after the death of a spouse with dementia. Support services for individuals whose spouses’ dementia progresses are needed.

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