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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Wild animal'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 16 June 2025

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1

Faria, Catia. "Animal ethics goes wild: the problem of wild animal suffering and intervention in nature." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/385919.

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In this thesis I claim that, on the assumption that we have reasons to assist other individuals in need, there are decisive reasons to intervene in nature to prevent or reduce the harms wild animals suffer, provided that it is feasible and that the expected result is net positive. Moreover, I claim that these reasons are as strong as those we would have to intervene in order to help human beings that were in similar circumstances. This is because: (a) all sentient individuals, including nonhuman animals, are morally considerable, irrespective of their species or other alleged species-specific attributes; (b) the interests of wild animals are systematically frustrated by different natural events, so that most of them have lives of net suffering; and (c) the various objections that may be put forward against intervention in nature ultimately fail to show that our reasons against intervening are sufficiently strong.<br>En esta tesis sostengo que, bajo la asunción de que tenemos razones para ayudar a otros individuos en necesidad, tenemos razones decisivas para intervenir en la naturaleza para prevenir o reducir los daños que los animales salvajes sufren, siempre que ello sea factible y que el resultado esperado sea netamente positivo. Asimismo, sostengo que estas razones son tan fuertes como las que tendríamos para intervenir con el fin de ayudar a seres humanos que se hallaran en circunstancias similares. Ello es porque: (a) todos los individuos sintientes, incluyendo los animales no humanos, son moralmente considerables, con independencia de su especie o de otros atributos supuestamente específicos a la especie; (b) los intereses de los animales salvajes son frustrados sistemáticamente por diferentes eventos naturales, de manera que la mayoría de ellos tiene vidas de sufrimiento neto; y (c) las diversas objeciones que pueden formularse contra la intervención en la naturaleza no logran finalmente mostrar que nuestras razones en contra de intervenir sean lo suficientemente fuertes.
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2

Hampton, Jordan. "Animal welfare for wild herbivore management." Thesis, Hampton, Jordan (2017) Animal welfare for wild herbivore management. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2017. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/38031/.

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This thesis describes an approach for scientific assessment of animal welfare relevant to the management of wild herbivores. The research identifies animal welfare risks and uses quantified animal-based measures to examine welfare outcomes. The requirement for evidence-based approaches is emphasised, particularly through transparent, independent assessments. The thesis is presented as a series of case studies assessing a variety of management techniques (lethal and non-lethal) applied to wild Australian herbivores. Case study species include European rabbits, feral horses, free-ranging cattle, and eastern grey kangaroos. Management techniques examined include ground-based and helicopter-based shooting, chemical immobilisation and fertility control. Quantifying the duration of stress experienced by animals and the frequency of adverse animal welfare events for several management techniques permitted robust welfare assessment and comparison. Analysis of large datasets of animal-based measures allowed identification of explanatory variables (e.g. the skill of shooters) that may influence welfare outcomes. Limitations were identified for approaches currently used to assess welfare impacts, particularly for wildlife fertility control. An improved welfare assessment framework was developed that emphasised consideration of positive welfare states and the importance of natural behaviour. Animal welfare regulation was examined, and limitations were identified for a popular approach in wildlife management, use of procedural documents. Two key recommendations are made for future studies in this field. Firstly, animal welfare assessment should be evidence-based and outcomes should be quantified using animalbased measures, rather than the eminence-based subjectivity inherent in deeming practices to be either humane or inhumane. Secondly, the duration of stress and frequency of adverse welfare events offer a robust template for quantifying welfare outcomes. This approach does not attempt to quantify intensity of stress (which is not easily measured) but is practical for field studies and could be used to compare techniques, to designate desirable welfare standards, and to facilitate incremental improvements.
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3

Hawtree, Laura Joy. "Wild animals in Roman epic." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/3469.

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Roman epic authors extended, reinvented and created new wild animal representations that stood apart from traditional Greek epic renderings. The treatment of wild animals in seven Roman epics (Virgil’s Aeneid, Lucan’s Civil War, Ovid’s Metamorphoses, Statius’ Thebaid and Achilleid, Valerius’ Argonautica and Silius’ Punica) forms the basis of this thesis, but the extensive study of other relevant works such as Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey and Apollonius’ Argonautica allows greater insight into traditional Greek renderings and throws Roman developments into starker contrast. Initial stages of research involved collection and detailed examination of almost 900 epic references to wild animals. The findings from this preliminary research were analysed in the context of Pliny’s Natural History, Aristotle’s Historia Animalium, and other ancient works that reveal the Greeks’ and Romans’ views of wild animals. The accumulation of such a range of evidence made it possible for patterns of development to become evident. This thesis focuses on the epic representation of animals and considers a number of questions: 1) How Roman epic authors represented animals’ emotions and employed creatures’ thought processes. 2) How Roman epic authors examined the difference between wild and tame animals and manipulated the differences and similarities between humans and animals and culture and nature. 3) How wild animals were aligned with scientific and cultural beliefs that were particular to Roman society. 4) How animals were employed to signify foreign countries and how some epic animals came to be symbolic of nations. 5) How Roman epic authors represented particular aspects of animal behaviours with fresh insight, sometimes ignoring traditional representations and historiographic sources.
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4

Kalafut, Kathryn Lynn Rosales-Ruiz Jesús. "The captive animal activity tracking system a systematic method for the continuous evaluation of captive animal welfare /." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2009. http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc12137.

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5

Robertson, Peter Charles John. "Movement behaviour of wild and rehabilitated juvenile foxes (Vulpes vulpes)." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.238942.

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6

Kalafut, Kathryn Lynn. "The Captive Animal Activity Tracking System: A Systematic Method for the Continuous Evaluation of Captive Animal Welfare." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2009. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc12137/.

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Optimal animal welfare has been a long-term goal for captive animal institutions. To measure welfare a definition and identification of elements that make up welfare need to be established. Further, a method to measure welfare's elements that can be implemented into staff's daily routine is necessary to establish baseline levels and track changes in welfare. The goal of the proposed captive animal activity tracking system is to allow for the measurement of each element of welfare quickly, while providing information regarding the animal's current state of welfare and how changes to the animal's environment affect welfare. The data show that this system is effective in revealing behavioral patterns and changes in behavior that occurred in response to environmental changes.
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7

Pankhurst, Sheila Janet. "The social organisation of the mara at Whipsnade Wild Animal Park." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.624228.

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8

Barros, Paulo Menezes Holanda. "Estresse oxidativo e integridade do DNA em sêmen resfriado de gato-do-mato-pequeno (Leopardus tigrinus, SCHREBER, 1775)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10131/tde-01042008-084808/.

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A sobrevivência da maioria das espécies de Felideos selvagens conhecidas, foi colocada em risco por diversos fatores, entre eles a perda difusa de habitat, a caça ilegal e a fragmentação e degradação de suas áreas de ocorrência. Para o sucesso de um plano conservacionista faz-se necessária a utilização de biotecnologias direcionadas à preservação da variabilidade genética das populações de animais selvagens. Na prática, a aplicação de biotécnicas reprodutivas no manejo destas populações enfrenta dificuldades como a distância entre os indivíduos que se deseja acasalar ou a distância destes em relação aos centros de pesquisa onde se encontra a estrutura necessária para manipulação de seus gametas. O resfriamento é uma técnica de conservação de sêmen frequentemente utilizada para contornar estes problemas, porém pode submeter os gametas ao estresse oxidativo. Sabe-se que as espécies reativas ao oxigênio responsáveis por este estresse podem causar danos estruturais significantes às membranas e, principalmente, ao material genético dos espermatozóides. O uso de diluidores e antioxidantes que possam promover uma proteção aos espermatozóides contra os danos do estresse oxidativo pode ser uma alternativa para manter a qualidade do sêmen sob refrigeração. Para avaliar esta hipótese, o sêmen do gato-do-mato-pequeno (Leopardus tigrinus, SCHREBER, 1775) foi submetido a testes convencionais e funcionais em diferentes tempos de refrigeração a 4°C (2, 12 e 24 horas), utilizando-se três diluidores (TCM 199, Ham F10 e tris-gema-citrato) e o tratamento com glutationa reduzida (GSH) em diferentes concentrações (0; 0,5; 1,0 e 1,5mM) para obter uma melhora na qualidade do sêmen. Os testes convencionais utilizados foram a motilidade e vigor. Os funcionais compreenderam as avaliações da integridade das membranas plasmática e acrossomal, da atividade mitocondrial, e da fragmentação do material genético. Também foi avaliada a suscetibilidade das células espermáticas à peroxidação lipídica induzida através da mensuração da concentração de substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS). Os resultados obtidos para as provas convencionais e funcionais, com exceção da resistência dos espermatozóides ao estresse oxidativo por meio da dosagem TBARS, indicaram que o diluidor tris-gema-citrato (TGC) foi superior aos diluidores TCM 199 (TCM) e Ham F10 (HAM), sendo que não houve efeito do tratamento com GSH. Para todos os diluidores as variáveis referentes aos testes funcionais apresentaram correlação com as variáveis referentes aos testes convencionais. Apenas para os diluidores HAM e TGC a concentração de TBARS apresentou correlação com a atividade mitocondrial e integridade acrossomal. Nas amostras diluídas no TGC não foram verificados efeitos do tratamento com GSH, ou do tempo de refrigeração no grau de integridade do DNA das células espermáticas. Também nas amostras diluídas em TGC, a integridade do DNA correlacionou-se com a concentração de TBARS e com aatividade mitocondrial, mas não com os testes convencionais e os outros testes funcionais. Conclui-se que o melhor diluidor para manter o sêmen do gato-do-mato-pequeno sob refrigeração a 4ºC, por 24 horas, é o diluidor à base de gema de ovo (TGC), sendo que o tratamento antioxidante com GSH nas concentrações utilizadas não apresentou efeito sobre a qualidade deste sêmen.<br>The survival of most of the known wild feline species was jeopardized by diffuse habitat lost, illegal hunting and fragmentation and devastation of their occurrence areas. The use of biotechnologies aiming to preserve the genetic variability of wild animal populations is crucial for the success of a conservationist program. The practical application of reproductive biotechnologies on the management of these populations faces difficulties such as the distance between individuals included in a breeding plan or between the animals and the research centers where the necessary structure to manipulate their gametes is located. Semen cooling is a conservation technique frequently used to overcome those problems. However such technology may submit the spermatozoa to the oxidative stress. It is well known that the reactive oxygen species which are responsible for this stress can cause structural damages to the membranes and especially to the genetic material of the spermatozoa. The use of extenders and antioxidants that could protect the spermatozoa against oxidative damages can be an alternative to maintain the quality of semen samples under cooling. In order to test this hypothesis semen samples of tigrina (Leopardus tigrinus, SCHREBER, 1775) was submitted to conventional and functional tests at different cooling periods (4°C; 2, 12 and 24 hours), using three extenders (TCM 199, Ham\'s F10 and Tris-egg yolk-citrate) and treatment with reduced glutathione (GSH) in different concentrations (0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5mM). Conventional tests used in the present experiment were motility and vigor. Functional tests included the evaluation of plasmatic and acrosomal membrane integrity, of mitochondrial activity and of DNA fragmentation. The susceptibility of the spermatozoa to the induced lipidic peroxidation followed by the measurement of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances concentration (TBARS) was used as an index of oxidative stress. Results obtained for the conventional and functional tests indicated that the tris-egg yolk citrate (TGC) extender was superior to the TCM 199 (TCM) and the Ham\'s F10 (HAM). No effect of GSH was observed. For all extenders, correlations were found between the functional tests and the conventional tests variables. Only for the HAM and TGC extenders, the concentration of TBARS showed negative correlation with mitochondrial activity and acrosomal integrity. For the samples diluted in TGC, no effects of GSH treatment or cooling time was observed on the spermatic cells DNA integrity. Also in sample diluted in TGC, the DNA integrity was correlated with the concentration of TBARS and the mitochondrial activity, but not with conventional tests the others functional tests. Results of the present experiment suggested that the best extender to maintain the semen of tigrina under 4°C for 24 hours is the one containing egg yolk (TGC), and the antioxidant treatment with GSH showed no effect on semen quality.
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9

Landete-Castillejos, Tomás. "Chemical communication in wild Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout)." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1997. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11231/.

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This study examined the urine and faecal scent marking behaviour and investigatory responses of wild Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout) kept in large, semi-natural enclosures to assess the role these scents play in their communication system. For the first time, this study has shown that Norway rats deposit faecal scent marks in response to odour cues and form latrines. The spatial distribution of faeces was highly uneven. Most faeces deposited in open areas were found in clusters occupying less than 1 m2 which were termed latrines. Rats spent more time at feeders and in other areas which were almost devoid of faeces than at these latrines. This suggests that latrines were created deliberately, perhaps for communication. Rats discriminated among faeces from different donors with respect to their investigation, presumably using olfactory cues. They faecal marked in response to urine cues from rats belonging to other colonies, although they did not faecal mark in response to their own urine cues or to a novel non-social stimulus (clean tiles). Investigation and faecal marking was aimed mainly towards urine from individuals of the marker's own sex. This suggests that faecal marking may play a role in communication between competitors. Urine was deposited as discrete marks around the enclosures, in an uneven distribution. The highest density of marks was found by the enclosure walls and nest areas. Rats showed a greater urine marking response towards introduced clean surfaces than towards surfaces they had already marked, ensuring that their home area was always covered with their urine marks. Close monitoring of urine marking on clean surfaces showed that male -rats had a marking rate three times greater than that of females. This could not be attributed solely to weight differences between males and females. Rats also urine marked in response to urine deposited by rats from other colonies. Urine from unfamiliar rats of the subject's own sex stimulated more investigation than urine from the opposite sex, though donors were immature. These results suggest that urine marking also plays a role in communication between competitors. Testing individuals in their home enclosure, using scent marks deposited naturally by rats, and the contexts in which scent stimuli are deposited by donors (e. g. as part of their home range) and found by residents (e. g. finding intruder's home range marks in the resident's home range) were essential factors in determining their response to olfactory cues. The importance of these factors is discussed.
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10

Abilgos, Ramos Riza. "Folate profiling in wild and transgenic rice." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2010. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12870/.

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Quantitative profiling of mono- and polyglutamyl folates in rice was achieved using the microbiological assay (MA) and a newly developed liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. MA was used to screen 51 rice cultivars for their total folate content and LC-MS/MS was employed to measure naturally occurring mono- and polyglutamated forms of the vitamin in wild type, FPGS Os03g02030 knockout and transgenic lines with overexpressed FPGS genes and with folate binding protein from cow’s milk (cFBP) and rat’s liver (GNMT). Natural variation among rice cultivars in terms of total folate content was measured using MA screening and the validated LC-MS/MS technique of simultaneous profiling of mono- and polyglutamated folates through MeOHAA/PO4 extraction revealed that the naturally-occurring species in wild type rice are 5-CH3-H4PteGlu, 5/10-CHO-H4PteGlu, 5-CH3-H4PteGlu4, 5-CH3-H4PteGlu5 and 5/10-CHO-PteGlu5. There was a general decrease in these folate forms in the FPGS Os03g02030 knockout rice line while a dramatic increase was observed in overexpressed FPGS, cFBP and GNMT compared to Nipponbare in terms of 5-CH3-H4PteGlu4, 5/10-CHO-H4Pteglu5, 5-CH3-H4PteGlu6, and 5/10-CHO-H4Pteglu6 levels, resulting in a 2.5 to 8.8-fold increase in the total folate pool in the unpolished grains of rice. This study looked at the role of the two FPGS genes (Os03g02030 and Os10g35940) found in rice and the possible effect of introducing folate binding proteins (cFBP and GNMT) in terms of the overall folate profile in rice which can be exploited in breeding programmes designed to enhance folate content in staple crops like rice.
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11

Bashaw, Meredith J. "Social behavior and communication in a herd of captive giraffe." Diss., Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004:, 2003. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-04082004-180020/unrestricted/bashaw%5Fmeredith%5Fj%5F200312%5Fphd.pdf.

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12

Kochera, Stephanie S. "Private ownership of wild animals including endangered species conflict on the urban fringe." Ohio : Ohio University, 2002. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1029184666.

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13

Csermak, Junior Antonio Carlos. "Fauna silvestre brasileira em cativeiro: criação legalizada, distribuição geográfica e políticas públicas." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2007. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/5833.

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Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:55:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 963021 bytes, checksum: 8a96a6bbb2cfe146519a1186ac062c91 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-15<br>The Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis (IBAMA Brazilian Institute for the Environment and Renewable Natural Resources) recognize as legal activities the following purposes: Commercial, Scientific, Conservationist and Amateur. From those activities, only the amateur one will not be discussed in this study. In chapter one a geographic survey of the activity on national territory is made. The data used were supplied by the IBAMA, from the records performed between the years of 1976 and 2001. As a parameter, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was used to characterize the socioeconomic profile of the distribution of breeding sites. For this analysis, data supplied by Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE - Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistical) was used. Most wild fauna breeding sites, recorded at the IBAMA until 2001, showed significant percentage of the distribution associated with municipalities in which the service sector was predominant in the composition of GDP. It was also observed a higher concentration, of wild fauna breeding sites, on big and developed geographic regions of the country South and Southeast. The second chapter brings a revision of the Brazilians lawful diplomas related to the wild fauna. We looked forward, whenever was possible, to the official texts in chronologic sequence, for offer a vision of the evolution of these lawful devices. A relation of cause and consequence, between public politics intended to regulation of different categories of breeding sites and proliferation of these. In these considerations, not only the public politics were studied, the political framework as well as peculiarities of the different creations were sought to explain the founded behavior. However, according to the Brazilian social setting, there are questions about the execution capability of these.<br>O Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis (IBAMA) reconhece como legal as seguintes finalidades de criação: comercial, científica, conservacionista e amadorista esta última para passeriformes. Das categorias citadas, as três primeiras serão abordadas neste estudo, com o intuito de caracterizar o perfil socioeconômico da distribuição dos criadouros. Abordou-se a distribuição geográfica da atividade em associação com o PIB no território nacional. Para isto utilizou-se dados disponibilizados pelo IBAMA, referentes aos registros de criadouros efetuados entre os anos de 1976 e 2001, e a composição do Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) municipal a partir de dados do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). A maioria dos criadouros de fauna silvestre, registrados junto ao IBAMA até o ano de 2001, estavam em municípios nos quais o setor de serviços foi predominante na composição do PIB. Observou-se também uma maior concentração dos criadouros nas grandes regiões geográficas mais desenvolvidas do país Sul e Sudeste. O segundo capítulo traz uma revisão dos diplomas legais brasileiros relativos à fauna silvestre. Buscou-se dispor, sempre que possível, os textos oficiais em seqüência cronológica, para assim oferecer uma visão da evolução destes dispositivos legais. Estabeleceu-se uma relação entre as políticas públicas destinadas à regulamentação das diferentes categorias dos criadouros e a proliferação destes. O cenário político, bem como peculiaridades das diferentes criações foram buscadas para explicar o comportamento encontrado. De modo geral, foram encontradas respostas positivas para estas políticas, porém questionando-se a exeqüibilidade destas.
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14

Augustsson, Hanna. "Ethoexperimental studies of behaviour in wild and laboratory mice : risk assessment, emotional reactivity and animal welfare /." Uppsala : Dept. of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2004. http://epsilon.slu.se/v174.pdf.

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15

Hobaiter, Catherine. "Gestural communication in wild chimpanzees." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2143.

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Great ape gesture is an elaborate, flexible system of intentional communication. It has been suggested that human language originated in gesture, thus, the gestural communication of great apes is of great interest for questions on the origin of language. To date, systematic studies of great ape gesture have been limited to restricted captive settings, supplemented by the study of a few specific gestures in wild populations. To address questions about gestural communication from an evolutionary perspective it is necessary to extend the systematic study of gesture into a wild ape population. I therefore undertook a 22-month study of gesture in the wild Sonso chimpanzee community in Budongo, Uganda. Sonso chimpanzees employ a large repertoire of species-typical gestures in intentional communication; a proportion of this repertoire appears to be ape-typical, as would be expected with a biologically given trait. Chimpanzees can acquire new behavioural patterns through imitation; however, this apparently does not represent a significant means of acquiring gestures. Gesturing was employed regularly in an intentional manner from the end of the first year, and was used by chimpanzees of all ages to communicate across a range of contexts, including the evolutionarily urgent context of consortship. Immature chimpanzees used a wide range of gestures, which they combined into rapid sequences. With maturity, use of the repertoire was ‘tuned’ to focus on the most effective gestures, which were then used individually. Despite the evidence for referential pointing in captive chimpanzees, there was little evidence for the regular use of it in wild chimpanzees. Gestures were used to communicate a range of imperative requests that regulated social behaviour. Chimpanzee gestures vary from the ambiguous to the highly specific in meaning; and, while gestures were used flexibly, they tended to be associated with a single dominant meaning.
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16

Zhang, Endi. "Behavioural ecology of the Chinese water deer at Whipsnade Wild Animal Park, England." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1996. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/251600.

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17

Qasem, Lama Asaad. "New ideas for determination of wild animal behavioural ecology : the case for acceleration." Thesis, Swansea University, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.650097.

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18

Contessa, Damien. "Unraveling the Wild| A Cultural Logic of Animal Stories in Contemporary Social Life." Thesis, University of South Florida, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10102259.

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<p> This dissertation is about the stories people tell about animals when they don&rsquo;t do what they are expected to do in contemporary social life. More specifically, it examines three case studies where &ldquo;wild&rdquo; animals unexpectedly challenge, transgress, or blur socially defined boundaries in public spaces. Drawing on cultural and interactionist studies of animals and environment, I explore popular animal stories written in news media, social media, and enacted <i>in</i> situ. Each qualitative case study illustrates a moment in time/space where the surprising movements or presence of wild animals causes the cultural categories of wildness/order to breakdown and destabilize. These &ldquo;surface breaks&rdquo; of social expectations provide an occasion to tell &ldquo;animal stories&rdquo;. Animal stories help people explain how the lives of animals can be allegorical strategies modern people use to communicate and enact moral lessons about the social world.</p><p> In the first chapter, I analyze news stories that emerged after Terry Thompson, an eccentric and estranged war veteran, released 54 exotic animals from his private 73-acre farm near Zanesville, Ohio. I suggest that when <i> wild</i> things challenge our taken-for-granted reality, people turn to mythical stories of fantasy to distract themselves from the more obvious social issues at hand. In the second chapter, I reconstruct the story of one feral Rhesus Macaque monkey whose adventure through Tampa Bay inspired extensive reporting in both social media and traditional news media. I suggest that the monkey&rsquo;s story was akin to a mythical tale of American heroism. As an emblem of &ldquo;good ol&rsquo; American Freedom&rdquo;, his glorified feats of escape inspired a monkey loving populace to elevate his status to a celebrity-hero, with big government as the evil villain hunting him down. In this way, public debate surrounding the monkey&rsquo;s life story beckons us to reflect on the role of liberty and repression in American discourse. Lastly, in the third chapter, I draw on ethnographic field notes to show how animals are understood and talked about by visitors in a Manatee Viewing Center in central Florida. I examine how animals challenge social expectations in everyday life situations, and how these breaches lead to situational storytelling and coordinated social activity. I suggest that animals can become messengers of a sacred nature, which is celebrated in the social performance of wildlife viewing.</p><p> In conclusion, I follow Levi-Strauss (1966) to argue that animals are &ldquo;good to think with&rdquo; because they provide people with an &ldquo;animal mirror&rdquo; to look at themselves (Haraway 2008). Furthermore, I indicate that hidden meanings in animal stories inform how people think, feel, and act towards animals in different social contexts, and are thereby reinforced through cultural, institutional, organizational, and personal practices. Animal stories have <i>power</i> because they are often translated into modes of activity and used to realize people&rsquo;s hopes and fears. In other words, animal stories are alternative forms of wildlife management that act to segregate animals from particular social activities, and designate them to appropriate places in society. Findings from this dissertation are not limited to animals, and may be applied to various cultural logics and socially defined boundaries.</p>
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19

Alves, Mauricélia Macário. "Fauna silvestre usada como animais de estimação no semiárido brasileiro." Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, 2015. http://tede.bc.uepb.edu.br/tede/jspui/handle/tede/2259.

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Submitted by Jean Medeiros (jeanletras@uepb.edu.br) on 2016-03-14T13:46:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Mauricélia Macário Alves.pdf: 892094 bytes, checksum: ff090e0774efc8948f7243d3942a9b83 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Secta BC (secta.csu.bc@uepb.edu.br) on 2016-03-14T18:21:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Mauricélia Macário Alves.pdf: 892094 bytes, checksum: ff090e0774efc8948f7243d3942a9b83 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-14T18:21:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Mauricélia Macário Alves.pdf: 892094 bytes, checksum: ff090e0774efc8948f7243d3942a9b83 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-09<br>Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq<br>This study aimed to inventory and quantify the wealth of species of wildlife that are being kept as pets and pinpoints ways of acquiring the animal, the main reasons for creating and analyzing the socioeconomic profile of the available population. The fieldwork was carried out between July 2013 and January 2015, with residents of the municipality of Santa Luzia located in the semiarid Northeast. They interviewed 1,195 locals who created or not wild species as a pet. Data were collected through semistructured questionnaires individually. 271 specimens belonging to 35 species belonging to 11 families were recorded. The avifauna was the most significant group in which the Thraupidae Family was the most representative in number of species (n = 12) and specimens (n = 122). The animals are mostly (38.5%) captured from nature and its main form of use is as a pet (76%). Find wild animals being kept as pets in possession of creators of both genders (male and female), divided into different age categories predominantly in the category 20-40 years and different levels of education. The results also showed that the maintenance of domestic species in selected households exceeded considerably the creation of wild species. Thus, we understand that positively choosing a cat, dog, rabbit or any other animal domestic fauna, as estimates of animal in this region, is mitigating the exploitation and removal of many wild species of nature, assisting in the conservation process thereof. Given the above, we hope that our findings are important to support the development of management plans for conservation of the species of wildlife that are being used as pets in northeastern Brazil.<br>O presente trabalho objetivou inventariar e quantificar a riqueza de espécies da fauna silvestre que estão sendo mantidas como animais de estimação, evidenciando as formas de aquisição dos animais, os principais motivos da criação e analisando o perfil socioeconômico da população acessível. A pesquisa de campo foi realizada entre Julho de 2013 e Janeiro de 2015, junto aos moradores do município de Santa Luzia situado no semiárido Nordestino. Foram entrevistados 1.195 moradores locais que criavam ou não espécies silvestres como animal de estimação. Os dados foram coletados através de questionários semiestruturados aplicados individualmente. Foram registrados 271 espécimes, pertencentes a 35 espécies, distribuídas em 11 famílias. A avifauna foi o grupo mais expressivo, no qual a Família Thraupidae foi a mais representativa em número de espécies (n=12) e espécimes (n=122). Os animais são em sua maioria (38,5%) capturados da natureza e sua principal forma de uso é como animal de companhia (76%). Encontramos animais silvestres sendo mantidos como animais de estimação em posse de criadores de ambos os gêneros (masculino e feminino), distribuídos em diferentes categorias etárias com predominância na categoria de 20 a 40 anos e diferentes graus de escolaridade. Os resultados evidenciaram ainda, que a manutenção de espécies domésticas nos domicílios visitados superou, consideravelmente, a criação de espécies silvestres. Dessa forma, entendemos que de maneira positiva a escolha de um gato, cachorro, coelho ou qualquer outro animal de fauna doméstica, como animal de estima nessa região, está mitigando a exploração e retirada de muitas espécies silvestres da natureza, auxiliando no processo de conservação das mesmas. Diante do exposto, esperamos que nossos resultados sejam importantes para subsidiar a elaboração de planos de manejo para conservação das espécies da fauna silvestre que estão sendo utilizadas como animais de estimação no Nordeste do Brasil.
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20

Molesti, Sandra. "Grooming interactions and cooperation in wild Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus)." Thesis, University of Lincoln, 2014. http://eprints.lincoln.ac.uk/14685/.

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The study of cooperation has been crucial to research on the evolution of social living in human and animal societies. Grooming interactions have been used as model to investigate the exchange of services in animals. Using both established and novel methodologies, this thesis examines grooming interactions and cooperation in two populations of wild Barbary macaques living in the Middle Atlas Mountains of Morocco. It is important to have a comprehensive idea of the costs and benefits of grooming interactions, and of the effect of grooming interactions on the anxiety of the grooming partners. This thesis showed that, contrary to previous studies, anxiety increased after grooming interactions in both the donor and recipient. This highlights the need to further investigate the link between grooming and emotions. Individuals may also affect the grooming interactions of other group members. This thesis showed that individuals benefit from disrupting grooming interactions of group members by gaining grooming opportunities for themselves and by stopping the group members from grooming each other, although grooming disruptions may be risky. Monkeys may affect others’ grooming interactions to favour their own social and dominance positions. A key aspect of this thesis was also to assess whether grooming is reciprocated in the short-term and which type of reciprocity (i.e. direct, indirect and generalised) play a role in the exchanges of grooming. This study showed that direct but not indirect and generalised reciprocity play a role in the exchange of grooming. While there is a wide range of evidence that direct reciprocity plays a role in the exchange of services in animals, there is little evidence of indirect and generalised reciprocity. Additionally to exchanging grooming for grooming, animals also exchange grooming for other services such as tolerance around food resource and support during agonistic interactions. In this thesis, no evidence of short-term contingency between the exchange of grooming and food tolerance was found. The exchanges of services may be little affected by recent single events, and mechanisms involving an emotional mediation based on long-term social bonds between partners may play a more important role. The capacity to make effective choices among potential social partners is an important social skill, as choosing the best available partner improves the chances to establish successful cooperative interactions. This thesis highlighted, to some extents, the importance of factors such as tolerance and relationship quality between partners, in the performances of individuals and their choice of partners to solve a cooperative task. Tolerant relationships may have been a prerequisite for the evolution of cognitively complex cooperation. Testing a comprehensive framework of predictions, this thesis brings novel contributions to the understanding of grooming interactions and cooperation in wild Barbary macaques.
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21

Bassett, Lois. "Effects of predictability of feeding routines on the behaviour and welfare of captive primates." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/3319.

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The effects of variations in the predictability of appetitive events, such as feeding, have rarely been studied in animals in general or primates in particular. Feeding animals on highly predictable temporal schedules often results in the performance of food anticipatory activity (FAA), characterised by increased arousal and activity and thought to be detrimental to welfare. Temporally unpredictable feeding schedules have been interpreted as resulting in improved welfare. However, if feeding is made unpredictable by preceding it with an unreliable signal, it may result in frustration and aggression. It is suggested here that two distinct but overlapping types of predictability exist. 'Temporal' predictability describes whether an event occurs at fixed or variable intervals, whereas 'signalled' predictability relates to the reliability of a signal preceding the event. This thesis examines the effects of each of these types of predictability in relation to feeding. Welfare was assessed in laboratory-housed common marmosets( Callithrix jacchus) using behavioural measures, which were identified in the context of the routine stressor of human handling and weighing. The signalled and temporal predictability of presentation of a desirable titbit was subsequently experimentally manipulated. It was found that temporally unpredictable presentation of food, preceded by an unreliable signal, was associated with substantially increased stress-related behaviours in this species. If no signal was used, stress increased to a moderate level, but if the food delivery followed a reliable signal there were few behavioural changes compared to control animals. Temporally predictable feeding, without a signal, was associated with lower rates of stress-related behaviour than temporally unpredictable, unsignalled feeding. However, deviations from this temporally predictable schedule, representing delays to feeding, resulted in marked increases in stress. The results were confirmed with a further study, worked around existing feeding routines and using a different primate species, the stump-tailed macaque (Macaca arctoides). Based on these findings it is suggested that the most beneficial schedule for feeding captive primates is a temporally unpredictable one, which appears to buffer animals against the negative effects of delays as well as minimising FAA. Presentation of a reliable signal before food delivery appears to minimise the stress intrinsically associated with a temporally unpredictable routine. These recommendations represent a simple and inexpensive method of improving the welfare of captive primates.
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22

Adriaenssens, Bart. "Individual variation in behaviour : personality and performance of brown trout in the wild /." Göteborg : Department of Zoology, Animal Ecology, University of Gothenburg, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2077/22217.

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23

Joys, Joanne Carol. "The Wild Things." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1291994738.

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24

Chalmers, Rachel. "The distribution of Cryptosporidium in livestock and wild animal populations on a Warwickshire farm." Thesis, Coventry University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.318154.

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25

Hayes, Richard Andrew. "Semiochemicals and social signalling in the wild European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus (L.)) /." View thesis View thesis, 2000. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030424.112701/index.html.

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Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, 2000.<br>A thesis presented to the University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, December, 2000. Includes bibliographical references.
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26

Ball, Christopher. "Leptospirosis in UK vet visiting dogs, wild rodents and the pathogenomics of Leptospira species." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2014. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/18855/.

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Canine infection from pathogenic Leptospira serovars remains an issue within the UK, despite the availability of a canine vaccine. Canine leptospirosis cases are non-reportable and data regarding current levels for both suspected and confirmed cases is limited. A questionnaire based survey was undertaken to determine the number of canine leptospirosis cases within UK practices over a 12 month period. Average canine vaccination coverage across responding practices was determined as 60%, with 1669 vaccines administered per practice on average within the responding practices. No significant difference was witnessed between doses administered in either mixed or dedicated small animal practices (1692.40 and 1653.38 respectively), demonstrating that vaccination habits vary between individual clinicians rather than practice type. Diagnosing leptospirosis remains an issue, particularly relating to vague clinical signs during early infection. Survey results emphasised the priority that clinicians base on initially vague signs, with leptospirosis being typically considered once icteric signs present, where mortality rates are greater and treatment is less effective. Despite well documented associations linking leptospirosis and rodents, a current uncertainty remains regarding serovars maintained within the UK. In an attempt to clarify the situation, 283 wild rodents were sampled from rural (n=7) and urban sites (n=8). Infection was identified within 23 (8.13%) samples belonging to wood mice (n=16/152), bank voles (n=5/47) and field voles (n=2/10). Initial Leptospira identification using direct sequencing of PCR amplicons showed a single infecting pathogenic species (Leptospira interrogans). Serology data was obtained for 71 rodents using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Positive samples from pooled antigen testing (n=7/71; 9.86%) were further tested using four individual antigens. Data further confirmed a single infecting species (L. interrogans) and serogroup (Australis). Interestingly, we did not detect Leptospira within the portion of 67 rat kidney samples investigated. Stained kidney sections (n=11) showed limited association between inflammation and leptospire presence, indicating that rodents may shed the bacteria asymptomatically. Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) schemes have been successfully applied to identify the sequence types (STs) of pathogenic Leptospira strains. The PCR positive rodent samples were tested using MLST (n=23). All samples with a full profile (n=11) were shown to belong within ST-24, with five partial profiles also likely to belong to the same ST. To date, three serovars are within ST-24 (Jalna, Bratislava and Muenchen), that belong to the Australis serogroup. This was the first study to utilise DNA extracted directly from kidney tissue to perform Leptospira MLST analysis. MLST data further emphasises a single infecting species and presents evidence for a single infecting serogroup. Further work involved full genome sequencing of ten strains not previously investigated, covering pathogenic, intermediate and saprophytic species. Sequence data for each strain was obtained using the MiSeq platform. The ‘core’ genome was identified across 17 strains (n=1,095; 28.76%), with pathogenic strains being more conserved with a greater shared core genome (n=2,859; 69.30%). Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data was generated for strains (n=6), with an average of 35,346 SNPs per strain (range=686 to 55,303). L. interrogans serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae had the lowest SNP count (686) and was the only strain with a greater number of non-synonymous SNPs compared to synonymous (1.8:1); indicating close relatedness between serovars Icterohaemorrhagiae and Copenhageni. Coding sequences were identified within genome regions that may relate to antigenic differences (high SNP variation) or relate to key cellular processes (low SNP variation). Due to poor gene characterisation, hypothetical proteins make up a high proportion of coding sequences within such regions. Further work to characterise identified coding sequences may identify future therapeutic or diagnostic targets. This project aimed to investigate the current situation concerning canine and rodent Leptospira research within the UK. Results presented within this thesis demonstrate several wild rodent species within England are capable of maintaining and potentially shedding pathogenic strains known to infect both humans and dogs. Serogroup Australis (found infecting rodents) is now protected within a tetravalent canine vaccine; however annual booster vaccinations are required for optimal immunity. Extended urban sampling would be of great benefit considering the absence of positive urban samples. Suspected and confirmed canine cases are still witnessed within UK practices despite the reported majority having current vaccinations. Continued monitoring of serogroups would benefit vaccination strategies, and an emphasis on early detection within infected dogs would allow for the greatest chance of survival.
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Soares, Joana Isabel António. "Imobilização química de ungulados selvagens com cetamina, medetomidina e butorfanol : comparação de dois protocolos de reversão anestésica." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/21325.

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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária<br>No presente estudo, foi comparada a eficácia de dois protocolos distintos na reversão dos efeitos da medetomidina em ungulados selvagens. Foram imobilizados 10 animais pertencentes a duas espécies de bovídeos selvagens – muflão africano (Ammotragus lervia) e cobo-de-leche (Kobus leche) – com uma associação de medetomidina (0,06 ± 0,02 mg/kg), butorfanol (0,06 ± 0,02 mg/kg) e cetamina (1,85 ± 0,70 mg/kg) – o protocolo MBK. Estes animais foram depois divididos em dois grupos iguais. Aos animais do primeiro grupo (Grupo Atipamezol), foi administrado atipamezol (0,21 ± 0.06 mg/kg) numa proporção de 3:1 em relação à medetomidina. Por sua vez, aos animais do segundo grupo (Grupo Mix) foi administrada uma associação de atipamezol (0,08 ± 0.06 mg/kg) e ioimbina (0,30 ± 0,15 mg/kg). A associação MBK demonstrou ser eficaz na imobilização das duas espécies estudadas, para procedimentos não dolorosos e de curta duração. Esta associação apresentou também uma boa margem de segurança, não tendo sido observados efeitos secundários em animais com doses até 2 vezes superiores às pretendidas. Os dois protocolos de reversão anestésica não apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os respetivos tempos médios de recuperação (p=0,81) e de elevação da cabeça (p=0,82). Ambos os protocolos resultaram em recuperações médias de cerca de 5-6 minutos, com a maioria dos animais a recuperar a capacidade de levantar a cabeça nos primeiros 2 minutos. Foi observado um episódio de ressedação num muflão-africano (Ammotragus lervia) pertence ao Grupo Atipamezol, cerca de 3 horas após administração do antagonista dos recetores alfa-2. Uma das vantagens da associação do atipamezol com a ioimbina é a menor probabilidade de ocorrência deste fenómeno, tendo em conta que o tempo de residência da ioimbina é superior ao do atipamezol. Outra vantagem deste protocolo é o seu custo mais reduzido. Contudo, 3 em 5 animais do Grupo Mix manifestaram recuperações menos suaves, com demonstrações de ataxia, desorientação e andamento em círculo. Em suma, a associação de atipamezol ioimbina demonstrou ser eficaz na reversão de animais sedados com medetomidina butorfanol-cetamina em ambientes controlados, nos quais a desorientação, ataxia e andamento em círculo não colocaram a vidas dos animais em perigo. No entanto, recomenda se cautela no seu uso em animais livres na natureza, onde estes estão expostos a perigos ambientais e agressividade por parte de outros animais.<br>ABSTRACT - CHEMICAL IMMOBILIZATION OF WILD UNGULATES WITH KETAMINE, MEDETOMIDINE AND BUTORPHANOL: COMPARISON OF TWO REVERSAL PROTOCOLS - In the present study the efficacy of two distinct protocols in the reversal of the effects of medetomidine on wild ungulates was compared. Ten animals belonging to two species of wild bovids – Barbary Sheep (Ammotragus lervia) and Lechwe (Kobus leche) – were immobilized with an association of medetomidine (0.06 ± 0.02 mg/kg), butorphanol (0.06 ± 0.02 mg/kg) and ketamine (1.85 ± 0.70 mg/kg) – association MBK. These animals were then divided into two groups. Animals in the first group (“Atipamezole Group”) received atipamezole (0.21 ± 0.06 mg/kg) in a ratio of 3:1 the medetomidine dose. On the other hand, animals of the second group (“Mix Group”) received an association of atipamezole (0.08 ± 0.06 mg/kg) and yohimbine (0.30 ± 0.15 mg/kg). The MBK association proved to be effective in immobilizing the two studied species for non-painful and short-term procedures. This association also showed a good safety margin, and no side effects were observed in animals with doses up to 2 times higher than those established. The two anesthetic reversal protocols did not present statistically significant differences between the respective mean recovery (p=0,81) and head lifting (p=0,82) times. Both protocols resulted in mean recovery times of about 5-6 minutes, with most animals regaining head and neck strength in the first 2 minutes. An episode of ressedation was observed on a Barbary Sheep (Ammotragus lervia) belonging to the “Atipamezole Group”, about 3 hours after administration of the alpha-2 receptor antagonist. One of the advantages of associating atipamezole with yohimbine is the lower probability of occurrence of this phenomenon, given that the mean residence time of yohimbine is longer than that of atipamezole. Another advantage of this protocol is its lower cost. However, 3 out of 5 animals in the “Mix Group” exhibited tougher recoveries, with displays of ataxia, disorientation, and circling. In short, the association atipamezole-yohimbine has been shown to be effective in the reversal of medetomidine-butorphanol-ketamine induced immobilizations in controlled environments, in which disorientation, ataxia and circling did not endanger the animal’s life. However, caution is recommended for its use in the wild, where animals are exposed to environmental hazards and aggression from other animals.<br>N/A
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28

Levine, Nadejda. "Wild Animals and Domesticated Landscapes: A Case Study of Human-Animal Relationships in the Middle and Late Woodland Coastal Plain of Virginia." W&M ScholarWorks, 2007. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626531.

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29

Drury, R. C. "Identifying and understanding consumers of wild animal products in Hanoi, Vietnam : implications for conservation management." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2009. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/16275/.

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Vietnam is an established thoroughfare for illegal wildlife trade, and rapidly growing urban prosperity is increasing domestic demand for wild animal products. Consumer-targeted interventions, including awareness campaigns and social marketing, and supply-side approaches such as wildlife farming to reduce demand for wild animals, are increasingly being used alongside regulatory measures to curb illegal trade. These approaches are based on limited information about wild animal consumers and consumption behaviour in urban Vietnam. In particular, little is known about the characteristics of consumers, the context of consumption, the values associated with wild animal products, the ability of farmed wild substitutes to satisfy consumer demand and current awareness levels and attitudes regarding wild animals. Focusing on the central Hanoi population, this thesis investigates all of these issues using a structured questionnaire survey (n=915) and a series of semi-structured interviews (n=77). There is considerable demand for wild animal products, and for wild meat in particular, amongst the population of central Hanoi. Wild meat consumers tend to be high-income men of all ages working in high-status positions as businessmen, finance professionals and government officials. Consumption of medicinal products is positively related to age and education. Wild meat is a prestige food used to demonstrate wealth and status and there are considerable social pressures to consume it. Preferences for wild-caught products show farmed substitutes will not satisfy demand for wild products; widespread farming may actually increase overall demand for wild animal products by introducing new consumers and encouraging existing consumers to place greater emphasis on the origin of products. Wildlife-related awareness does not reduce consumption behaviour and the population surveyed displayed a largely utilitarian attitude towards wild animals. The thesis concludes with recommendations to reduce wildlife decline driven by overexploitation for trade in Vietnam.
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Burns, Zackory T. "Quantifying the sociality of wild tool-using New Caledonian crows through an animal-borne technology." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:16db8026-53e4-4fb0-aa69-80d7cc34e183.

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New Caledonian crows (NC crows; Corvus moneduloides) are the most prolific avian tool-users and crafters, using up to three unique tool types derived from numerous plant materials. Since the discovery that wild populations of NC crows use and manufacture different tools in different locations with no measured environmental correlates to these distributions, the process by which NC crows acquire their tool-oriented behavior has been investigated. Two major findings were discovered in 2005: NC crows have a genetic predisposition to manipulate stick like objects, and they increase their rate of manipulation when exposed to social influences. Since then, much of the research into the sociality of wild NC crows has focused on direct social influences, especially the parent-juvenile relationship, yet no social network of wild NC crows has been described. In my thesis, I characterized a new proximity-logging device, Encounternet, and outline a four-step plan to assess error in animal borne devices; uncovered drivers, such as relatedness, space-use, and environmental factors, of wild NC crow sociality, and experimentally manipulated the social network, revealing immediate changes to the number of day-time and roosting partners, the breakdown of first-order relatedness driving sociality, and an increase in the amount of time NC crows associate; and revealed an indirect pathway via tools left behind by conspecifics allowing for the transmission of tool-properties between unrelated NC crows. Altogether, I furthered our understanding of wild NC crow sociality through the use of an animal-borne device, experimental manipulation in the wild measuring the response of the NC crow social network, and demonstrated the utility of animal-borne devices in mapping the network of a population of wild birds.
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31

Oberski, Iddo M. "Dynamics of grooming and grooming reciprocation in a group of captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/3463.

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Grooming relationships between adult male chimpanzees are often reciprocal, i.e. individuals receive grooming from those they groom. Grooming may be reciprocated at the same time it is received (mutual grooming), or later within the same grooming session. Alternatively, it can be reciprocated at a much later stage, in another session. An analysis of individual grooming sessions at the dyadic level was used to investigate how chimpanzees reciprocate grooming within these sessions. This study describes the grooming and reciprocation of grooming by male chimpanzees, living in a multi-male, multi-female group at the Edinburgh Zoo, Scotland. A method for the analysis of dyadic grooming relationships was based on the presence or absence of mutual and unilateral grooming in a session, which allows seven types of grooming session to be distinguished. Grooming session was defined empirically, and the duration of the bout criterion interval (BCl) depended on the presence or absence of oestrous females. For comparison, however, the same BCI was used throughout. Without oestrous females, grooming was primarily reciprocated in sessions with mutual grooming and unilateral grooming by both participants. This kind of session proved highly cooperative and each male adjusted the duration of his unilateral grooming to that of mutual grooming, rather than to the duration of unilateral grooming by the other male. Mutual grooming was less important to dyads which had a strong grooming relationship. It is suggested that mutual grooming serves as an indication of the motivation to groom unilaterally. There was no indication that males reciprocated on the basis of TIT-FOR-TAT within these sessions, or between sessions in general. Alternative hypotheses of mutual grooming were only partly confirmed in that some dyads used mutual grooming to reduce the (already very short) time they spent in grooming. However, mutual grooming did not arise from the accidental overlap in the grooming of two partners. In the presence of oestrous females, grooming cooperation between the males broke down, and this was the result of heightened aggression as well as the presence of oestrous females itself. The balance in grooming given and received shifted in the direction of dominants (i.e. dominants received more) under the influence of oestrous females, but in the opposite direction under the influence of aggression. Feeding had no effect on the reciprocity of groormng. There was considerable dyadic variation. Some dyads groomed more when there were oestrous females, others groomed less. Some dyads had proportionally less mutual grooming with increasing numbers of oestrous females, others had more. There were generally no clear patterns of grooming reciprocation over longer time-spans than the session, but the overall degree of reciprocity of a dyad was frequently reached at the end of each day. Tracing the degree of reciprocation over a few weeks indicated that some dyads' grooming was governed by dominance, whereas that of others by cooperation.
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Soriano, Jiménez Ana Isabel. "Indicadores del bienestar animal y programas de enriquecimiento en especies de mamíferos en cautividad. / Animal welfare indicators and environmental enrichment programs in species of wild mammals in captivity." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/107953.

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En la actualidad, los cuatro objetivos de los zoos modernos son la educación, la investigación, la conservación y el ocio. Esta tesis se centró en la evaluación de algunos indicadores de bienestar animal en cuatro especies de mamíferos en condiciones de cautividad (el patrón de actividad diario, la ocurrencia de conductas aberrantes, el uso del espacio y las interacciones sociales). Los principales resultados obtenidos en este estudio pueden resumirse en: 1) Las conductas aberrantes en dos hembras de oso pardo (Ursus arctos) en cautividad mostraron variaciones estacionales al igual que lo observado en las conductas típicas de la especie en condiciones de libertad; 2) En el oso pardo (U. arctos) la presencia de público provocó un aumento en la ocurrencia de estereotipias y un uso del espacio más homogéneo, mientras que en el oso panda gigante (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) no se observaron estereotipias ni una influencia del público en el uso del espacio; 3) La seminaturalización de la instalación de dos individuos de oso pardo (U. arctos), un macho y una hembra, provocó que únicamente el macho alcanzara un nivel de actividad similar al observado en sus conspecíficos en libertad para la misma época del año (verano), haciendo un uso más homogéneo del espacio disponible. Los dos ejemplares de oso pardo estudiados respondieron de forma diferente al enriquecimiento estructural; 4) El estudio de la eficacia de un programa de enriquecimiento alimentario, sensorial y ocupacional en tres individuos de oso pardo (U. arctos), puso de manifiesto cuatro modelos de evaluación de dichos programas: el modelo de la ganancia, el la habituación, el la continuidad y el de la fluctuación de la eficacia del ítem; 5) La muerte del macho alfa en una manada de lobos ibéricos (Canis lupus signatus) provocó un aumento de las conductas de “vigilancia” y “no visible”, así como un uso del espacio menos homogéneo; 6) Las interacciones maternofiliales en tres madres y tres crías de león marino de California (Zalophus californianus) en cautividad mostraron varias semejanzas con las que presenta la especie los en libertad (los individuos se mantuvieron inactivos durante la mayor parte del tiempo y las crías macho presentaron mayores episodios lúdicos que las hembras). Los factores que influyen en el bienestar de los animales de este estudio deberían tenerse en cuenta para garantizar que las condiciones de cautividad son adecuadas para los animales. Estos factores son las condiciones sociales de la especie, el tamaño y el diseño idóneo de la instalación, los requerimientos climatológicos de la especie, la composición de la dieta, la estimulación física y/o psicológica, la influencia del público y los cuidados veterinarios. La clave para garantizar el bienestar de los animales radica en estudiar minuciosamente las necesidades físicas y psicológicas de los mismos a través del conocimiento tanto de la historia natural de las especies como de los trabajos realizados en otros zoos.<br>At present, the four objectives of modern zoos are conservation, education, research and entertainment. This thesis investigates animal welfare indicators in four species of mammals in captivity: activity patterns, aberrant behaviors, space use and social interactions. Different aspects were studied in this work: 1) Seasonal variations in the daily aberrant behavior of two female brown bears (Ursus arctos) in captivity, concluding that the seasonal variation was the same as their wild counterparts; 2) Comparing the influence of visitors on the behavior and space use of brown bears (U. arctos) and giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) in the presence of the public; the brown bears showed higher percentages of stereotypes and a more homogeneous use of space; 3) Introducing a semi-naturalistic exhibit for two brown bears (U. arctos), concluding that the percentage of summer activity observed in the male was very similar to that of wild counterparts and the use of space was more homogeneous. The 2 individuals responded in different ways to the structural enrichment; 4) Environmental enrichment evaluation study in three brown bears (U. arctos) determined the four models of environmental enrichment efficacy: increase, habituation, continuity and fluctuation of device enrichment; 5) The death of the alpha male in an Iberian wolf pack (Canis lupus signatus) showed an increase of vigilance and not visible behaviors and the use of space was less homogeneous; 6) Mother-pup relationship in three captive California sea-lions (Zalophus californianus) determined some similarities with wild counterparts: the inactivity was most behavior time inverted and the male pups showed more play episodes than the females. The factors that influence animal well-being in this study must be accounted for in their captivity conditions. These factors were species social conditions, size and design of enclosures, climatological necessities of species, diet composition, mental and physical stimulation and veterinary attention. The key to animal well-being involves the detailed study of physical and psychological necessities through the knowledge of species natural history and the discoveries of other zoos.
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33

Shani, Amir. "TOURISTS' ATTITUDES TOWARD THE USE OF ANIMALS IN TOURIST ATTRACTIONS: AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION." Doctoral diss., Orlando, Fla. : University of Central Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/CFE0002693.

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34

McCurry, Elizabeth Mae. "Studying the effects of a 'captive breeding program' on additive genetic variance using Drosophila melanogaster relocation to a novel environment /." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2009.

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35

Peres, Maria Angélica. "Colheita e avaliação do sêmen do bicho-preguiça (Bradypus sp.)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10132/tde-27062006-164456/.

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Os bichos-preguiça são animais extremamente sensíveis e sofrem com a destruição e a fragmentação das matas. Apresentam baixa taxa de crescimento populacional e necessitam serem mais estudados para que se possa pensar na preservação da espécie. Este estudo teve como objetivo captar informações sobre o sêmen deste animal. Para tanto 18 machos foram capturados em Manaus (AM), Valença (RJ) e Santos (SP), quinze da espécie Bradypus trydactilus e três B. variegatus. Após a captura, os animais foram anestesiados com cloridrato de quetamina (Vetaset&reg; ? Fort Dodge) na dosagem de 10mg/kg associada com cloridrato de xilazina (Kensol&reg; ? König), na dosagem de 1mg/kg, administrado por via intra-muscular. Os eletrochoques foram aplicados em seqüências de três intensidades progressivas de choques, com dez repetições para cada intensidade e variação de 10 mA entre elas. Iniciou-se com 20 mA, atingindo o máximo de 60 mA. A cada série de 3 intensidades de choque realizou-se um intervalo de aproximadamente 3 minutos, após o qual se reiniciou a seqüência com 10 mA acima da mA inicial da seqüência anterior. Cada estímulo durou aproximadamente 3 segundos. O sêmen colhido foi processado conforme as técnicas utilizadas para animais domésticos, realizou-se também preparação para microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Todos os animais ejacularam uma pequena quantidade de sêmen, porém em alguns o volume ejaculado foi insuficiente para a realização do espermiograma completo. Os espermatozóides apresentaram grande variedade de defeitos e as características observadas nas colheitas do primeiro semestre eram distintas das observadas no segundo semestre, porém os dados ainda não foram suficientes para a padronização do sêmen ou para definições mais precisas da existência de sazonalidade. Embora maiores estudos sejam necessários, este estudo foi pioneiro e mostrou a possibilidade de colheita de sêmen através da eletroejaculação nesta espécie.<br>Sloths are extremely sensitive animals that suffer with the destruction and fragmentation of forests. They present a low population growth rate and need to be further studied for the preservation of the species. This study intended to contribute with information about their semen. In order to do that, 18 male individuals were captured in Manaus (AM), Valença (RJ), and Santos (SP), fifteen of them belonging to the Bradypus tridactylus, and three to the B. Variegatus spieces. After being captured, animals were anesthetized with an intramuscular injection of a combination of 10mg/kg ketamine hydrochloride (Vetaset&reg; ? Fort Dodge) and 1mg/kg of xylazine hydrochloride (Kensol&reg; ? König). Electroshocks were givem in sequences of three progressive intensities, with ten repetitions for each intensity and variation of 10 mA between them. They started with 20 mA and peaked at 60 mA. For each series of 3 shock intensities, there was an interval of approximately 3 minutes, after which they received a new sequence 10 mA above the initial mA of the previous sequence. Each stimulus lasted about 3 seconds. The semen collected was processed according to the techniques used for domestic animals. Spermatozoa were also analyzed by electron scanning microscopy. All animals ejaculated small quantities of semen, and in some of them the volume ejaculated was not enough for a complete spermiogram. Spermatozoa presented a wide variety of defects and the features seen in the collections of the first half of the year were different from those seen in the specimen collected in the second half of the year. Nevertheless, the data were not sufficient to standardize semen, neither to define seasonality more precisely. Although further studies are necessary, this study has shown the possibility of collecting semen through electroejaculation in this species.
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36

Klein-Gunnewiek, Monica Fagundes de Carvalho. "Proposta de sistema de monitoramento de doenças para animais silvestres e domésticos na Serra do Japi." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10134/tde-25092007-094759/.

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A necessidade de investigar a relação entre as doenças de animais domésticos e animais silvestres da fauna brasileira motivou a realização deste trabalho. Tais doenças podem afetar de forma irreversível populações de espécies silvestres e, sobretudo comprometer do ponto de vista sanitário, produtivo e comercial a criação de animais domésticos de produção. A nova concepção da Organização Mundial de Saúde Animal sobre a importância da introdução das espécies silvestres nos sistemas de vigilância de doenças notificáveis, o significativo aumento de eventos de doenças emergentes cujo reservatório é um animal silvestre e a necessidade de preservação da nossa biodiversidade levou ao estudo de um modelo teórico de sistema de monitoramento de doenças de animais silvestres e domésticos em uma unidade de conservação de uso sustentável. Setenta por cento das unidades de conservação criadas pelo Estado de São Paulo são de uso sustentável. Como ali a permanência de residentes é permitida, acredita-se que o desafio da convivência entre seres humanos, animais domésticos e silvestres é ainda maior. Além disso, a corrente neo conservacionista atual tende a defender a permanência de comunidades tradicionais em áreas naturais protegidas. Com todos esses fatores, decidiu-se tomar como modelo de estudo a unidade de conservação de uso sustentável da Serra do Japi, pois ela constitui uma área de transição de ecossistemas e, portanto, possui uma riquíssima fauna e mais de 100 propriedades rurais com criação de animais domésticos. Inicialmente, a estratégia foi fazer um diagnóstico da situação sanitária dos animais domésticos de produção e ao mesmo tempo analisar as possibilidades de implantação de um monitoramento das doenças de animais silvestres e domésticos na Serra do Japi. O grande desafio identificado no estudo foi definir a metodologia a ser empregada para que seja possível estabelecer uma rotina de coleta de amostras e introduzi-las em um sistema de monitoramento permanente visando posteriormente a criação de um sistema de vigilância. Outro desafio será reunir entidades afins, porém heterogêneas em sua concepção e organização, com o propósito de tornar factível a implantação de um sistema futuro de vigilância de doença de animais silvestres para o Estado de São Paulo. Tal situação sugere-nos a imprescindível necessidade de regulamentar uma parceria entre o serviço veterinário oficial e demais serviços ligados à saúde animal e ao meio ambiente e organizações não governamentais. A sorologia para brucelose nos animais domésticos da região foi negativa para todas as amostras. Enquanto a prevalência para leptospirose foi de 43,4% [37,5-49,4] para bovinos e 63, 7 % [57, 3-70, 5] para equinos.<br>What motivated the accomplishment of this work was the need to investigate the link between wild and domestic animals diseases of the Brazilian fauna. Such diseases can irreversibly affect the wild species populations and especially compromise (from the sanitary, productive and commercial point of view) the breeding of domestic production animals. The new concept of the World Animal Health Organization regarding the inclusion of wild species in the health surveillance systems, the significant increase of new cases of diseases which originated from wild species and also the need to preserve our biodiversity led to the study of a theoretical model of a disease monitoring system for wild and domestic animals in a conservation area of sustainable use.Seventy percent of the conservation areas established by the São Paulo State are of sustainable use. Since human beings are allowed to reside in these sites, the challenge of the coexistence among human beings, wild and domestic animals is even greater. Besides that, the modern neo-conservationist current tends to defend the permanence of traditional communities in natural areas which are protected. Taking these factors into account, we decided to use as a study model the conservation area of sustainable use in the Japi Mountain Range, since it is an area of ecosystem transition and; thus, it has an invaluable fauna and it has more than 90 rural properties which raise domestic animals. At first, the strategy was to make a diagnostic of the sanitary situation of domestic production animals and at the same time to analyze the means for implanting a disease monitoring system for wild and domestic animals in the Japi Mountain Range.The great challenge identified in this study was to define the methodology to be employed in order to establish a routine of collection of samples and to introduce them in a permanent monitoring system so that later a surveillance system could be created. Another challenge was to bring together entities, which were similar but at the same time heterogeneous in its organization and conception, in order to make the implantation of a future disease monitoring system for wild animals in the State of São Paulo feasible. Such situation indicates that there would be a need to have a partnership among the official veterinary services, other services related to animal health, and with environmental and nongovernmental agencies. The serology for undulant fever (brucellosis) in domestic animals in the region was negative in all samples. While the prevalence of leptospirose was of 43, 4% [37.5 - 49, 4] for bovine and 63, 7 % [57, 3-70, 5] for equine.
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37

Fernandes, Laís Lucas. "Protocolos para a preparação de concentrados autólogos de trombócitos em aves." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/154419.

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Submitted by Lais Lucas Fernandes (lais-f@hotmail.com) on 2018-07-02T03:45:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 BONECO DEFINITIVO CORRIGIDO com ficha.pdf: 3250792 bytes, checksum: c27c416f86a495d9eadf4074c1b1f411 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Maria Lucia Martins Frederico null (mlucia@fca.unesp.br) on 2018-07-02T17:41:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandes_ll_me-botfca.pdf: 3250846 bytes, checksum: 59b007beb7ecad527250296a9d0d2348 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-02T17:41:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandes_ll_me-botfca.pdf: 3250846 bytes, checksum: 59b007beb7ecad527250296a9d0d2348 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-17<br>O estudo visou comparar e avaliar protocolos de produtos autógenos sanguíneos em aves, com base naqueles existentes para mamíferos. No Experimento 1 foram analisados dois protocolos para obtenção de plasma rico em trombócitos e leucócitos (L-PRT). Utilizaram-se 30 aves divididas em três Grupos equitativos: G1 - papagaios; G2 - tucanos-toco; G3 - galinhas domésticas. No protocolo 1, a primeira centrifugação foi a 220 gravidade (g) durante 10 minutos e a segunda a 660 g por 10 minutos. Após a segunda centrifugação, foi descartado 2/3 do sobrenadante, permanecendo apenas o L-PRT. No protocolo 2, a primeira centrifugação foi a 120 g durante 5 minutos e a segunda a 240 g por 5 minutos. Concluiu-se que houve diferenças na concentração de trombócitos entre as espécies, porém independente do protocolo a maior concentração foi nas galinhas, e entre os Protocolos o 2 foi o mais efetivo. No Experimento 2 foram produzidas e avaliadas histologicamente membranas de fibrina rica em trombócitos e leucócitos (L-TRF). Empregaram-se 40 aves divididas em quatro grupos equitativos: G1 – araras, G2 - galinhas domésticas, G3 – papagaios, G4 - tucanos-toco. Para cada ave foi coletado 0,5 ml de sangue, que foi depositado em tubo de vidro sem anticoagulante e centrifugado a 3000 rpm por 10 minutos. Membranas de L-TRF obtidas pela compressão dos cóagulos com gaze foram processadas para análise histológica. Foi possível concluir que é possível produzir membranas de L-TRF nas espécies de aves estudadas, porém histologicamente as proporções dos elementos avaliados foram similares apenas nas galinhas domésticas e papagaios.<br>This study aimed to compare and evaluate protocols of autogenous blood products in birds, based on protocols developed for mammals. In Experiment 1, two protocols were evaluated for obtaining Leukocyte- and Thrombocyte-Rich Plasma (L-TRP). Thirty birds were divided into three equally sized groups: G1 - parrots; G2 - toco toucans; G3 - domestic chickens. In Protocol 1 the first centrifugation was at 220 gravity (g) for 10 minutes and the second one at 660 g for 10 minutes. After the second centrifugation, 2/3 of the supernatant was discarded, leaving only the L-TRP. In protocol 2, the first centrifugation was at 120 g for 5 minutes and the second one at 240 g for 5 minutes. In conclusion, there were differences in thrombocyte concentration among the species, but independently of the protocol, the highest concentration was in chickens. Between the protocols, Protocol 2 was the most effective. In Experiment 2, Leukocyte- and Thrombocyte-Rich Fibrin (L-TRF) membranes were developed and assessed histologically. Forty birds were divided into four equally sized groups: G1 – macaws, G2 - domestic chickens, G3 – parrots, G4 - toco toucans. A total of 0.5 mL of blood was collected from each bird, which was put into glass tube without anticoagulant and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes. L-TRF membranes produced after compression of the clot were processed for histological analysis. In conclusion, L-TRF membranes can be produced in the evaluated avian species, but the ratio of the elements evaluated histologically were similar only in domesticated chickens and parrots.
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38

Stoinski, Tara Suzanne. "Behavioral differences between captive-born, reintroduced golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia rosalia) and their wild-born offspring." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/30368.

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39

King, Hayley C. "Non-invasive monitoring of environmental Mycobacterium bovis shedding in wild European badger (Meles meles) populations." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2015. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/77509/.

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The herd-level incidence of Mycobacterium bovis has been increasing in the United Kingdom (UK) and Republic or Ireland (RoI) for the past thirty years, resulting in substantial economic and animal welfare issues. Failure to control this pathogen in cattle is in part due to European badgers (Meles meles), a wildlife reservoir that are responsible for a proportion of transmission of M. bovis to cattle. Monitoring infection in badger populations is currently limited due to the need to trap badgers, which requires highly trained field staff and is expensive. In addition, although contact with infected badger faeces is a potential transmission route to cattle, very little is known about the extent and variability of the environmental pool of M. bovis shed by badgers. In this project we evaluated the suitability of using environmental badger faeces and a quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay to diagnose and monitor M. bovis in badger populations and described the extent of this environmental pool of potential infection. The first study identified that intensive environmental faecal sampling and analysis with qPCR is at least, if not more, sensitive at diagnosing M. bovis in badger populations than the currently used immunoassays. This study also identified that even within a high prevalence population, the levels of shedding of M. bovis in faeces are highly variable between groups and between seasons, suggesting that there may be heterogeneity in transmission risk throughout the year. Using this non-invasive qPCR method to monitor the first field trial of oral BCG vaccination identified a trend of decreasing levels of M. bovis in faeces with increasing vaccination levels however, these results failed to reach statistical significance, highlighting the importance of adequate sample sizes when implementing this method. Finally, characterisation of the gut and faecal microbiota from animals shedding M. bovis in faeces confirmed that the source of faecal M. bovis is most likely sputum that has been expelled from the lungs, and not from colonisation of the gut. The work presented here suggests that this non-invasive monitoring method can be applied to examine the variable pool of M. bovis over periods of time and large areas, providing an epidemiological tool which has the potential to be implemented to monitor infection in badger populations and disease intervention strategies.
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40

Cameron-Beaumont, Charlotte. "Visual and tactile communication in the domestic cat (Felis silvestris catus) and undomesticated small-felids." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.242498.

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41

Davis, Eloiza Marie. "Changes in genetic architecture in a 'captive breeding program" of Drosophila melanogaster." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2009.

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42

Bashaw, Meredith Joy. "To hunt or not to hunt? : a feeding enrichment experiment with captive wild felids." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/28558.

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43

Behrenshausen, Bryan G. "Touching is Good: An Eidetic Phenomenology of Interface, Interobjectivity, and Interaction in Nintendo's "Animal Crossing: Wild World"." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2007. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/BehrenshausenBG2007.pdf.

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44

Marjamaki, P. "The genetic basis of variation in bovine tuberculosis infection, progression and diagnosis in a wild animal host." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/36577.

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Parasites are ubiquitous in wild animal populations and have wide ranging effects on the health, fitness and eco-evolutionary dynamics of their host populations. To counter parasites, hosts have evolved a myriad of defence strategies, but individuals vary considerably in the efficacy of these strategies, and so, in their susceptibility to infection. While variation can generally be viewed as stemming from genetic and environmental effects, we currently have little knowledge of their relative importance in wild and unmanaged host populations. In this thesis, I use long-term mark-recapture data on a population of European badgers (Meles meles) to examine the genetic basis of variation in bovine tuberculosis infection and its progression. I first estimate a genetic pedigree and characterise variation in extra-group paternity in the population (Chapter 2). Then, adopting a pedigree-based quantitative genetic approach, I investigate the relative importance of genetic and social environmental sources of variation in bTB infection status (Chapter 3). Thirdly, I characterise associations between body weight and bTB infection and test for variation in host tolerance (Chapter 4). And finally, I examine the genetic basis of (co)variation in and among four diagnostic test responses, representing different aspects of host immune function (Chapter 5). Taken together, this work provides novel insight into the genetic architecture of bovine tuberculosis infection in a wild host species, and the evolutionary potential of immune traits in the wild.
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45

Fisher, David Newton. "Social networks and individual behaviour variation in wild crickets." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/21128.

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Individuals engage in competitive and cooperative interactions with conspecifics. Furthermore, within any population of interacting individuals there are typically consistent differences among-individuals in behavioural traits. Understanding the importance of both these types of individual-specific behaviours allows us to understand why populations are structured as they are, why individuals show apparently limited behavioural flexibility, and how these elements link to population-level properties. I used extensive video camera monitoring of a population of wild field crickets (Gryllus campestris) to study the interactions and behaviours of uniquely identified individuals. I studied the shyness, activity and exploration of individuals of this population across contexts: from young to old and between captivity and the wild. This allowed me to confirm that individuals were relatively consistent across their adult lifetimes for all three traits, but only consistent between captivity and the wild for activity and exploration. I then found that high activity levels were positively related to high mating rates and short lifespans. Crucially, lifetime mating success was not related to activity level, indicating that the trade-off between lifespan and mating success was sufficient to allow variation in activity level to persist across generations. I also found that cricket social network structure is stable across generations despite the complete turnover of individuals every year. This social network structure influences sexual selection, with some male crickets heavily involved in networks of both pre- and post-copulatory competition, yet males are unable to use pre-copulatory competition to avoid post-copulatory competition. Additionally, positive assortment by mating rate between males and females may reduce the fitness of males with high mating rates, as they face stronger sperm competition. Finally, I used actor-based models to determine the factors predicting cricket social network structure and to test and reject the social-niche hypothesis for the maintenance of among-individual variation in behaviour. I also demonstrated that little else is needed in a stochastically changing network aside from positive assortment by mating rate to simulate a population with a similar skew in mating success to the one observed in the real cricket population. These results give insights into the importance of trade-offs and stochasticity in maintaining the extensive variation in the natural world.
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46

Sarkis, Flávia. "Avaliação das condições microbiológicas de carnes de animais silvestres no município de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11141/tde-16122002-135024/.

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O interesse por espécies animais não convencionais, para a suplementação de proteína animal, é crescente, particularmente nos países africanos e asiáticos, porém, a utilização dessas fontes de alimento ainda é pouco documentada e quase não se sabe sobre as condições microbiológicas das carnes disponíveis para consumo. Este estudo avaliou as condições microbiológicas das carnes de capivara (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris), cateto (Tayassu tajacu) e javali (Sus scrofa scrofa) in natura comercializadas no Brasil, município de São Paulo. Um total de vinte e sete amostras de carne de capivara, cateto e javali foram analisadas em laboratório e verificado o grau de contaminação por mesófilos aeróbios totais, psicrotróficos, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium sulfito-redutores, coliformes totais e fecais e Salmonella. 22% das amostras de carne de cateto apresentaram-se impróprias para o consumo humano devido à presença de Salmonella. 11% das amostras das carnes de capivara e javali e 22% das amostras de cateto apresentaram contagens elevadas de S. aureus, maiores que o limite máximo estabelecido pela resolução RDC nº12 da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA) de 02 de janeiro de 2001, para produtos cárneos crus, resfriados ou congelados, uma vez que a resolução não cita tais padrões para carne in natura. Por apresentarem contagem de S. aureus superiores aos padrões estabelecidos, tais amostras são consideradas em condições higiênico-sanitárias insatisfatórias. A análise estatística descritiva apresentou um elevado coeficiente de variação entre as 9 amostras analisadas para cada tipo de carne. Esse alto grau de variação mostra que as condições microbiológicas das amostras não apresentaram uniformidade no decorrer das análises.<br>The interest for non-conventional animal species, for the supplementation of animal protein is growing, although this food source is little documented. This study has evaluated the microbiological conditions of capybara (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris), collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu) and wild boar (Sus scrofa scrofa) raw meat sold in São Paulo city. A total of twenty-seven samples were evaluated in a laboratory to find out the contamination value by: mesophiles aerobic, psychrotrophs, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium sulfito-redutores, coliforms group and Salmonella. 22% of collared peccary meat samples were improper to human consumption due to the Salmonella presence. 11% of the samples of the capybara meats and boar and 22% of the collared peccary samples presented high counting of S. aureus, larger than the maximum limit established by the resolution RDC nº12 of the National Agency of Sanitary Surveillance (ANVISA) of January 02, 2001, for raw meat products, colds or frozen, once the resolution doesn't mention such patterns for raw meat. These samples showed unsatisfactory hygenic-sanitary conditions by presenting S. aureus counting higher than the maximum limit.
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47

Reid, Clio. "Exploration-avoidance and an anthropogenic toxin (lead Pb) in a wild parrot (kea: Nestor notabilis) : a thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Ecology and Biodiversity /." ResearchArchive@Victoria e-Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10063/897.

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48

Fahlman, Åsa. "Anaesthesia of wild carnivores and primates : physiological effects and reversibility of medetomidine and dissociative anaesthetics /." Uppsala : Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2005. http://epsilon.slu.se/9991326.pdf.

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49

Orozco, Natalia Lopez. "Detecção molecular de parasitos da família Sarcocystidae em amostras teciduais de roedores silvestres (Cavia spp., Ctenomys spp., Myocastor coypus) depositadas em museus do Rio Grande do Sul." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/42/42135/tde-20032014-101150/.

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Abstract:
Coccídios Sarcocystidae são importantes agentes transmissíveis na interface homem-animais. Seu diagnóstico é dificultado pela disponibilidade de amostras, sem agredir a população natural de animais. Avaliou-se pela amplificação do ITS-1 a frequência destes coccídios, em amostras teciduais dos roedores Cavia spp., Ctenomys spp. e Myocastor coypus, depositados em museus do Rio Grande do Sul. Dos 75 roedores amostrados, DNA da subfamília Toxoplasmatinae foi obtido na musculatura esquelética (3/69) de M. coypus e Cavia spp. e cérebro de Cavia spp. (1/30) sendo identificado como Toxoplasma gondii; adicionalmente, Hammondia triffittae foi detectado no diafragma de M. coypus. A subfamília Sarcocystidae foi confirmada no músculo esquelético de Ctenomys spp. (Sarcocystis felis-like) e no M. coypus (Sarcocystis spp.). A detecção molecular de T. gondii, H. triffittae, Sarcocystis spp. e S. felis-like nas três espécies de roedores silvestres brasileiros de vida livre estudados, demonstram sua participação no ciclo silvestre e potencial transmissão ao homem e outros animais.<br>Coccidia Sarcocystidae are important transmissible agents in human-animal interface. Its diagnosis is difficult due to the availability of samples, without harming the wildlife animals populations. We evaluated, by amplification of ITS-1 the frequency of those coccidia in tissue samples of rodents Cavia spp., Ctenomys spp. Myocastor coypus deposited in museums in Rio Grande do Sul. Of the 75 sampled rodents, DNA of Toxoplasmatinae subfamily was obtained in skeletal muscle (3/69) of M. coypus and Cavia spp. and brain of Cavia spp. (1/30) identified as Toxoplasma gondii. Additionally, Hammondia triffittae was detected in the diaphragm of a M. coypus. The subfamily Sarcocystidae was confirmed in skeletal muscle of Ctenomys spp. (Sarcocystis felis-like) and M. coypus (Sarcocystis spp.). Molecular detection of T. gondii, H. triffittae, Sarcocystis spp. and S. felis-like in three species of Brazilian wild rodents free-living demonstrate their participation in the sylvatic cycle, and potential transmission to humans and other animals.
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50

Maia, Natasha Lagos. "Identificação e caracterização de bioagentes da ordem Rickettsiales veiculados por carrapatos e pulgas em animais no Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres (CETAS) da Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Estado Minas Gerais." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2012. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/5098.

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Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:47:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1351691 bytes, checksum: a4e54f48468d2e7b8b4c81e7fa06bc89 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-15<br>We collected blood samples and ectoparasites samples (ticks and fleas) of wild animals belonging to the class of mammals and birds, received by the Screening Center of Wildlife, Federal University of Vicosa, in Minas Gerais. The collection of blood samples and ectoparasites was intended to search for bioagents using molecular techniques, the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). All samples were testes for the presence of microorganisms of the genus Rickettsia (CS-5 and CS-6) and Ehrlichia (ECC and ECB. Were collected from a total of 100 samples of blood, 73 of the class of birds and 27 of the class of mammals. The samples totaled 63 ticks from 13 animals and 47 fleas from five animals. The tick species were found in wild mammals Amblyomma cajennense, Amblyomma dubitatum, Amblyomma nodosum, Amblyomma ovale, Amblyomma aureolatum, Rhipicephalus sanguineus e Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. The species of flea Ctenocephalides canis was found. In search of bioagents by PCR three samples of birds and five samples of mammals were positive for the detection of bacteria of the genus Rickettsia, plus four samples of ectoparasites (ticks and fleas). In the study of bacteria of the genus Ehrlichia, one sample of bird was positive and three samples of mammals, no positive samples to that detection have been obtained of ectoparasites.<br>Foram coletadas amostras de sangue e ectoparasitas (carrapatos e pulgas) de animais silvestres pertencentes à classe de mamíferos e aves, recebidos pelo Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres da Universidade Federal de Viçosa, no Estado de Minas Gerais. A coleta da amostra de sangue e ectoparasitas era destinada para pesquisa de bioagentes através de técnicas moleculares, como a Reação em Cadeia de Polimerase (PCR). Todas as amostras foram testadas quanto à presença de agentes do gênero Rickettsia e Ehrlichia. Foram coletadas um total de 100 amostras de sangue, sendo 73 de animais da classe de aves e 27 da classe de mamíferos. As amostras de ectoparasitas totalizaram 63 carrapatos provenientes de treze animais e 47 pulgas, provenientes de cinco animais. As espécies de carrapato encontradas em mamíferos silvestres foram Amblyomma cajennense, Amblyomma dubitatum, Amblyomma ovale, Amblyomma nodosum, Amblyomma aureolatum, Rhipicephalus sanguineus e Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, e a espécie de pulga encontrada foi Ctenocephalides canis. Na pesquisa de microorganismos pela PCR, foram positivas para a detecção de bactérias do gênero Rickettsia, três amostras de aves e cinco amostras de mamíferos, além de quatro amostras de carrapatos do gênero Amblyomma e duas amostras de pulgas. Na pesquisa de bactérias do gênero Ehrlichia, foram positivas uma amostra de ave e três amostras de mamíferos, não tendo sido obtidas amostras positivas de ectoparasitas para este gênero.
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