Journal articles: 'Wild goats'

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Selionova, Marina I., Magomet M. Aibazov, Tatyana V. Mamontova, Sergey N. Petrov, Veronica R. Kharzinova, Dotsev V. Arsen, and Natalia A. Zinovieva. "42 Genetic differentiation of Russian goats and wild relatives based on microsatellite loci." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (November 3, 2020): 19–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.037.

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Abstract Goat breeding is a traditional livestock industry for many regions of Russia. Due to unpretentiousness and high adaptive qualities, the Karachai, Dagestan wool and Dagestan down breeds are widespread in the North Caucasus. Moreover, their uniqueness is determined by sharing a common habitat with their wild relatives, West Caucasian and Dagestani turs, thus forming hybrid zones. The aim of the research was to study allele pool and interbreed differentiation of domestic goat breeds and wild relatives by microsatellites. Research was performed based on 16 loci on the ABI 3130xl analyzer. Population genetic characteristics were calculated in GenAlEx 6.5, and the phylogenetic tree was constructed in Populations 1.2.30 and SplitsTree 4.14.5. The sample collection included goat breeds (n = 226): Karachai (KRCH), Dagestan down (DAGD), Dagestan wool (DAGW) (North Caucasus), Soviet wool (SOVW) (Siberia), Orenburg (OREN) (South Ural), and wild goats (n = 72). Wild goats comprised mountain goats: Siberian goats (Capra sibirica) from the Altai, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and the Himalayas; bezoar goats (Capra aegagrus) from Turkey and Pakistan; and tur (Capra caucasica) from the West Caucasus (Kuban), Central Caucasus, and East Caucasus (Dagestan). The Karachai breed was characterized by the highest level of genetic diversity: the average number of alleles per locus (NA) and allelic richness (AR) were 9,154 and 7,713, respectively, while these indices varied from 6,538 to 7,538 and from 6,425 to 7,538 (Table 1) in other breeds, respectively. The values of genetic distances showed differentiation of Karachai, Dagestan down and Dagestan wool breeds from Orenburg and Soviet wool breeds (Table 2). The formation of three clusters was established. The first one included subspecies of the Caucasian tur, the second one comprised Siberian goats, and the third contained domestic goats. Bezoar goats were in the root of the third cluster that confirmed their participation as an ancestral form of domestic goats.

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Houston, D. B., C. T. Robbins, and V. Stevens. "Growth in Wild and Captive Mountain Goats." Journal of Mammalogy 70, no. 2 (May 25, 1989): 412–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1381530.

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Yerxat, M., and Yalejean. "Application of wild goats in cashmere breeding." Small Ruminant Research 15, no. 3 (February 1995): 287–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-4488(94)00027-5.

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Edge, WD, SL Olsonedge, and BW Ogara. "Capturing Wild Goats and Urial With a Remotely Fired Net-Gun." Wildlife Research 16, no. 3 (1989): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9890313.

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A remotely fired net-gun was used at a waterhole for capturing wild goats and urial in an area where helicopters could not be used. Twenty-six goats and eight urial were caught, with a capture effort of 12.5 person-hours per goat, and 59.5 person-hours per urial. Up to four animals were caught at once, multiple captures accounting for 74% of all captures for both species. A remotely fired net-gun should be effective for capturing other species at waterholes or other sites where the animals' presence can be predicted.

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Lkhagvaa, L., G. Oyuun, D. Narantuyaa, and B. Purevsuren. "The results of the investigation of goat meat and meat of wild goats (yangir)." Vsyo o myase, no. 1 (January 31, 2018): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21323/2071-2499-2018-1-26-29.

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Ropiquet, Anne, and Alexandre Hassanin. "Hybrid origin of the Pliocene ancestor of wild goats." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 41, no. 2 (November 2006): 395–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.033.

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Ureña, I., E. Ersmark, J. A. Samaniego, M. A. Galindo-Pellicena, E. Crégut-Bonnoure, H. Bolívar, A. Gómez-Olivencia, et al. "Unraveling the genetic history of the European wild goats." Quaternary Science Reviews 185 (April 2018): 189–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.01.017.

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Wasse, Alexander. "The Wild Goats Of Lebanon: Evidence For Early Domestication?" Levant 33, no. 1 (January 2001): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/lev.2001.33.1.21.

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Sclater, P. L. "9. Note on the Wild Goats of the Caucasus." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 55, no. 3 (August 20, 2009): 552–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1887.tb03017.x.

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Naderi, Saeid, Hamid-Reza Rezaei, François Pompanon, Michael G. B. Blum, Riccardo Negrini, Hamid-Reza Naghash, Özge Balkız, et al. "The goat domestication process inferred from large-scale mitochondrial DNA analysis of wild and domestic individuals." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105, no. 46 (November 12, 2008): 17659–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0804782105.

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The emergence of farming during the Neolithic transition, including the domestication of livestock, was a critical point in the evolution of human kind. The goat (Capra hircus) was one of the first domesticated ungulates. In this study, we compared the genetic diversity of domestic goats to that of the modern representatives of their wild ancestor, the bezoar, by analyzing 473 samples collected over the whole distribution range of the latter species. This partly confirms and significantly clarifies the goat domestication scenario already proposed by archaeological evidence. All of the mitochondrial DNA haplogroups found in current domestic goats have also been found in the bezoar. The geographic distribution of these haplogroups in the wild ancestor allowed the localization of the main domestication centers. We found no haplotype that could have been domesticated in the eastern half of the Iranian Plateau, nor further to the east. A signature of population expansion in bezoars of the C haplogroup suggests an early domestication center on the Central Iranian Plateau (Yazd and Kerman Provinces) and in the Southern Zagros (Fars Province), possibly corresponding to the management of wild flocks. However, the contribution of this center to the current domestic goat population is rather low (1.4%). We also found a second domestication center covering a large area in Eastern Anatolia, and possibly in Northern and Central Zagros. This last domestication center is the likely origin of almost all domestic goats today. This finding is consistent with archaeological data identifying Eastern Anatolia as an important domestication center.

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Maestrale, Caterina, Maria G. Cancedda, Davide Pintus, Mariangela Masia, Romolo Nonno, Giuseppe Ru, Antonello Carta, Francesca Demontis, Cinzia Santucciu, and Ciriaco Ligios. "Genetic and Pathological Follow-Up Study of Goats Experimentally and Naturally Exposed to a Sheep Scrapie Isolate." Journal of Virology 89, no. 19 (July 22, 2015): 10044–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01262-15.

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ABSTRACTThirty-seven goats carrying different prion protein genotypes (PRNP) were orally infected with a classical scrapie brain homogenate from wild-type (ARQ/ARQ) sheep and then mated to obtain 2 additional generations of offspring, which were kept in the same environment and allowed to be naturally exposed to scrapie. Occurrence of clinical or subclinical scrapie was observed in the experimentally infected goats (F0) and in only one (F1b) of the naturally exposed offspring groups. In both groups (F0and F1b), goats carrying the R154H, H154H, R211Q, and P168Q-P240P dimorphisms died of scrapie after a longer incubation period than wild-type, G37V, Q168Q-P240P, and S240P goats. In contrast, D145D and Q222K goats were resistant to infection. The immunobiochemical signature of the scrapie isolate and its pathological aspects observed in the sheep donors were substantially maintained over 2 goat generations, i.e., after experimental and natural transmission. This demonstrates that the prion protein gene sequence, which is shared by sheep and goats, is more powerful than any possible but unknown species-related factors in determining scrapie phenotypes. With regard to genetics, our study confirms that the K222 mutation protects goats even against ovine scrapie isolates, and for the first time, a possible association of D145 mutation with scrapie resistance is shown. In addition, it is possible that the sole diverse frequencies of these genetic variants might, at least in part, shape the prevalence of scrapie among naturally exposed progenies in affected herds.IMPORTANCEThis study was aimed at investigating the genetic and pathological features characterizing sheep-to-goat transmission of scrapie. We show that in goats with different prion protein gene mutations, the K222 genetic variant is associated with scrapie resistance after natural and experimental exposure to ovine prion infectivity. In addition, we observed for the first time a protective effect of the D145 goat variant against scrapie. Importantly, our results demonstrate that the phenotypic characteristic of the wild-type sheep scrapie isolate is substantially preserved in goats carrying different susceptiblePRNPgene variants, thus indicating that the prion protein gene sequence, which is shared by sheep and goats, plays a fundamental role in determining scrapie phenotypes.

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POLÁK, JAKUB, and DANIEL FRYNTA. "Sexual size dimorphism in domestic goats, sheep, and their wild relatives." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 98, no. 4 (November 23, 2009): 872–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2009.01294.x.

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Ryder, M. L. "Structure and seasonal change of the coat in Scottish wild goats." Journal of Zoology 161, no. 3 (May 6, 2010): 355–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1970.tb04518.x.

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Nikiforova, O. V., O. V. Mazannyy, Yu O. Prikhodko, O. V. Fedorova, A. O. Kravchenko, O. I. Reshetylo, and M. G. Mazanna. "Psoroptosis of sheep and wild goats: clinical manifestation and treatment under anthropobiocenosis." Veterinary science, technologies of animal husbandry and nature management, no. 7 (May 2021): 100–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.31890/vttp.2021.07.15.

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Chowdhury, SMZH, MS Mahmud, MR Islam, and KHMNH Nazir. "Phylogenetic analysis of Black Bengal and Jamunapari goats in Bangladesh based on partial sequence of cytochrome b gene." SAARC Journal of Agriculture 17, no. 1 (August 25, 2019): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v17i1.42759.

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Goats, among the livestock species, are considered the most prolific ruminant especially under callous climatic conditions. The aim of the present study was to depict the current phylogenetic status and genetic diversities of Black Bengal (BBG) and Jamunapari goat of Bangladesh and the world. Cytochrome b (cytb) gene (1140 bp) of mitochondrial DNA of Black Bengal goats (Capra hircus) was amplified by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for the first time in Bangladesh. The sequence from BBG had no nucleotide (nt) difference and 100% homology with the BBG (C. hircus) of India and also the goats (C. hircus) from China (Yangtze River Delta White Goat), Thailand (Wild Cervidae), Japan (Bezoar goat) and South Africa (Domestic goat). The sequence had 1-5 nt differences and 99% homology with the goats (C. hircus) from China, Thailand and Japan (other goats), and also with the goats (C. hircus) from Malaysia, South Korea, France, Italy, Pakistan, Slovenia, Switzerland and USA. Phylogenetic tree constructed with Black Bengal Goat (BBG-K-2) and Jamunapari goats (SG-1) of Bangladesh with cytochrome b nucleotide sequences were closely related to China-HM7. China-YP xj46, Pakistan-Lineage C1, Pakistan-Lineage C2, Slovenia- ChSo1, Switzerland-ChTo2992 and shared 98.8% to 99% and 98.3% to 98.6% similarity, respectively and 1-1.2% and 1.4 to 1.7% genetic distance, respectively. Based on Ctb gene Sequence collected from Bangladeshi Black Bengal Goats (BBG-K-2) and Jamunapari goats (SG- 1) that were closely related and shared with the same genetic lineage of China HM18 and India-BBG-DQ073048, respectively, suggesting a common origin. SAARC J. Agri., 17(1): 23-35 (2019)

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Daly, Kevin G., Pierpaolo Maisano Delser, Victoria E. Mullin, Amelie Scheu, Valeria Mattiangeli, Matthew D. Teasdale, Andrew J. Hare, et al. "Ancient goat genomes reveal mosaic domestication in the Fertile Crescent." Science 361, no. 6397 (July 5, 2018): 85–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aas9411.

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Current genetic data are equivocal as to whether goat domestication occurred multiple times or was a singular process. We generated genomic data from 83 ancient goats (51 with genome-wide coverage) from Paleolithic to Medieval contexts throughout the Near East. Our findings demonstrate that multiple divergent ancient wild goat sources were domesticated in a dispersed process that resulted in genetically and geographically distinct Neolithic goat populations, echoing contemporaneous human divergence across the region. These early goat populations contributed differently to modern goats in Asia, Africa, and Europe. We also detect early selection for pigmentation, stature, reproduction, milking, and response to dietary change, providing 8000-year-old evidence for human agency in molding genome variation within a partner species.

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Shefaei, Alireza, and Behnam Mohammadi-Ivatloo. "Wild Goats Algorithm: An Evolutionary Algorithm to Solve the Real-World Optimization Problems." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics 14, no. 7 (July 2018): 2951–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tii.2017.2779239.

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Hoffmann, B., H. Wiesner, J. Maltzan, R. Mustefa, M. Eschbaumer, F. A. Arif, and M. Beer. "Fatalities in Wild Goats in Kurdistan Associated with Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus." Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 59, no. 2 (November 10, 2011): 173–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1865-1682.2011.01270.x.

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GÜNDOĞDU, E., A. ARPACIK, A. SARI, and Ş. BAŞKAYA. "ORF VIRUS INFECTION IN WILD GOATS (CAPRA AEGAGRUS ERXLEBEN 1777) OF SARICICEK MOUNTAIN." Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 16, no. 4 (2018): 4515–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1604_45154521.

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Erhouma, E., F. Guiguen, Y. Chebloune, D. Gauthier, L. M. Lakhal, T. Greenland, J. F. Mornex, C. Leroux, and T. Alogninouwa. "Small ruminant lentivirus proviral sequences from wild ibexes in contact with domestic goats." Journal of General Virology 89, no. 6 (June 1, 2008): 1478–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.2008/000364-0.

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Zheng, Zhuqing, Xihong Wang, Ming Li, Yunjia Li, Zhirui Yang, Xiaolong Wang, Xiangyu Pan, et al. "The origin of domestication genes in goats." Science Advances 6, no. 21 (May 2020): eaaz5216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz5216.

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Goat domestication was critical for agriculture and civilization, but its underlying genetic changes and selection regimes remain unclear. Here, we analyze the genomes of worldwide domestic goats, wild caprid species, and historical remains, providing evidence of an ancient introgression event from a West Caucasian tur-like species to the ancestor of domestic goats. One introgressed locus with a strong signature of selection harbors the MUC6 gene, which encodes a gastrointestinally secreted mucin. Experiments revealed that the nearly fixed introgressed haplotype confers enhanced immune resistance to gastrointestinal pathogens. Another locus with a strong signal of selection may be related to behavior. The selected alleles at these two loci emerged in domestic goats at least 7200 and 8100 years ago, respectively, and increased to high frequencies concurrent with the expansion of the ubiquitous modern mitochondrial haplogroup A. Tracking these archaeologically cryptic evolutionary transformations provides new insights into the mechanisms of animal domestication.

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Hoffmann, R. S. "The wild sheep of tbe world; Wild sheep and wild sbeep hunters of the Old World; and, Lords of tbe pinnacles. Wild goats of the world, by R. Valdez et al." Journal of Mammalogy 67, no. 2 (May 15, 1986): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1380908.

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Daly, Kevin G., Valeria Mattiangeli, Andrew J. Hare, Hossein Davoudi, Homa Fathi, Sanaz Beizaee Doost, Sarieh Amiri, et al. "Herded and hunted goat genomes from the dawn of domestication in the Zagros Mountains." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 25 (June 7, 2021): e2100901118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2100901118.

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The Aceramic Neolithic (∼9600 to 7000 cal BC) period in the Zagros Mountains, western Iran, provides some of the earliest archaeological evidence of goat (Capra hircus) management and husbandry by circa 8200 cal BC, with detectable morphological change appearing ∼1,000 y later. To examine the genomic imprint of initial management and its implications for the goat domestication process, we analyzed 14 novel nuclear genomes (mean coverage 1.13X) and 32 mitochondrial (mtDNA) genomes (mean coverage 143X) from two such sites, Ganj Dareh and Tepe Abdul Hosein. These genomes show two distinct clusters: those with domestic affinity and a minority group with stronger wild affinity, indicating that managed goats were genetically distinct from wild goats at this early horizon. This genetic duality, the presence of long runs of homozygosity, shared ancestry with later Neolithic populations, a sex bias in archaeozoological remains, and demographic profiles from across all layers of Ganj Dareh support management of genetically domestic goat by circa 8200 cal BC, and represent the oldest to-this-date reported livestock genomes. In these sites a combination of high autosomal and mtDNA diversity, contrasting limited Y chromosomal lineage diversity, an absence of reported selection signatures for pigmentation, and the wild morphology of bone remains illustrates domestication as an extended process lacking a strong initial bottleneck, beginning with spatial control, demographic manipulation via biased male culling, captive breeding, and subsequently phenotypic and genomic selection.

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Okpeku, Moses, Sunday O. Peters, Ikhide G. Imumorin, Kyle C. Caires, Varun K. Sharma, Mathew Wheto, Rakesh Tamang, Adeyemi S. Adenaike, Michael O. Ozoje, and Kumarasamy Thangaraj. "Mitochondrial DNA hypervariable region 1 diversity in Nigerian goats." Animal Genetic Resources/Ressources génétiques animales/Recursos genéticos animales 59 (December 2016): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2078633616000102.

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SummaryGoats make up the largest group of ruminant livestock in Nigeria and are strategic in bridging animal protein supply gap and improving the economy of rural households. The hypervariable region 1 (HVR1) of the caprine mitochondrial genome was investigated to better understand genetic diversity important for improving selection for animal breeding and conservation programs. We sequenced and analysed the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) HVR1 in 291 unrelated indigenous Nigerian goats (West African Dwarf (WAD), Red Sokoto (RSO) and Sahel (SAH)), randomly sampled from around the country, and compared them with the HVR1 sequences of 336 Indian goats and 12 other sequences in five different species in the genusCapra(C. falconeri, C. ibex nubiana, C. aegagrus, C. cylindricornisandC. sibirica). A total of 139 polymorphic sites from 291 individuals were captured in 204 haplotypes. Within and among population variations were 77.25 and 22.74 percent, respectively. Nigerian goats showed high genetic diversity (0.87) and high FST values, and separate from Indian goats and other wild species. Haplogroups in WAD separates it from RSO and SAH concomitant with a different demographic history. Clear genetic structure was found among Nigerian goat breeds with appreciable variation in mtDNA HVR1 region. This study grouped Nigerian goat breeds into two major groups suggesting two different demographic origins for Northern and Southern breeds. High genetic admixing denotes different maternal origins and in contrast to evidence from goats from Levant and Central Asia, where goats were originally domesticated.

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Mutinga, Mutuku J., Clifford Mutero, Augustine Ngindu, and Fred Amimo. "The Isolation of Leishmanial Parasites from Domestic Goats and Wild Hosts in Kenya and the Possible Role of Goats as Reservoirs of Leishmaniases." International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 9, no. 03 (June 1988): 347–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742758400006317.

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Martin, J. G. A., M. Festa-Bianchet, S. D. Côté, and D. T. Blumstein. "Detecting between-individual differences in hind-foot length in populations of wild mammals." Canadian Journal of Zoology 91, no. 3 (March 2013): 118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2012-0210.

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Hind-foot length is a widely used index of skeletal size in population ecology. The accuracy of hind-foot measurements, however, has not been estimated. We quantified measurement error in adult hind-foot length in yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris (Audubon and Bachman, 1841)), mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus (de Blainville, 1816)), and bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis Shaw, 1804) from long-term capture–recapture studies. Fitting a linear mixed effect model for each species separately, we found that hind-foot length was significantly repeatable in the three species, but repeatability was low, ranging from 0.30 to 0.47. Measurement error explained 53%–66% of the variance in foot length. Differences of 6, 13, and 27 mm would be indistinguishable from measurement error for marmots, goats, and sheep, respectively. At least 4–6 measures per individual were needed to detect variation in foot length between individuals of a population using a mixed effect model. Researchers should strive to limit measurement errors because inaccurate measures may obscure important biological patterns.

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Rubino, R. "GOAT BREEDS IN ITALY." Animal Genetic Resources Information 11 (April 1993): 41–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1014233900003345.

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SUMMARYItalian autochthonous goats have been discriminated for centuries, first by laws which have limited their rearing, then because foreign breeds, such as Saanen and Alpine, were preferred. Recently, this trend changed and now the number of autochthonous goats is increasing. In Italy, the only goat which can be considered as being wild is the Capra di Montecristo. Among domesticated goats, the Vallese is classified as Capra prisca; the Maltese, the Rossa Mediterranea, the Garganica, the Orobica, the Frontalasca, the Verzaschese, the Sarda, the Argentata dell'Etna and the Locale are classified as Capra hircus hircus while the Girgentana is classified as Capra hircus girgentana.Data have been published on the production and reproduction of each of these breeds, on the importance of the populations and on development trends; many reports exist on the rearing areas of these breeds.

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Scheel, David. "Octopuses in wild and domestic relationships." Social Science Information 57, no. 3 (July 4, 2018): 403–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0539018418785485.

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People commonly interact with terrestrial domestic animals, such as dogs and cats, horses, cattle and goats, and birds. Thereby individuals of different species form animal–human bonds. We are now forming relationships with ocean animals in increasingly common ways through growing human populations, advances in technology such as SCUBA, ocean mapping, underwater instrumentation and advances in aquatic animal husbandry. Octopuses and humans share quite distant evolutionary ties and yet share aspects of sensory ability and intelligence. Octopuses thereby pose interesting challenges and conundrums for understanding animal–human relationships. I consider several reasons to expect that the evolution of octopuses, and of animal cognition generally among active and visually sophisticated animals, will favour traits that support relationships between individuals. The evolutionary outcome of animals capable of forming inter-individual relationships may thus be expected in any evolving biota with organisms of this kind. This article explores the ability of ocean and terrestrial animals to relate to one another in ways that are reciprocal, if not equally balanced, and illustrates this with the examples of octopuses.

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Amer, Haitham Mohamed. "Bovine-like coronaviruses in domestic and wild ruminants." Animal Health Research Reviews 19, no. 2 (December 2018): 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1466252318000117.

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AbstractCoronaviruses (CoVs) produce a wide spectrum of disease syndromes in different mammalian and avian host species. These viruses are well-recognized for their ability to change tissue tropism, to hurdle the interspecies barriers and to adapt ecological variations. It is predicted that the inherent genetic diversity of CoVs caused by accumulation of point mutations and high frequency of homologous recombination is the principal determinant of these competences. Several CoVs (e.g. Severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome-CoV) have been recorded to cross the interspecies barrier, inducing different disease conditions in variable animal hosts. Bovine CoV (BCoV) is a primary cause of gastroenteritis and respiratory disease in cattle calves, winter dysentery in lactating cows and shipping fever pneumonia in feedlot cattle. Although it has long been known as a restrictive cattle pathogen, CoVs that are closely related to BCoV have been recognized in dogs, humans and in other ruminant species. Biologic, antigenic and genetic analyses of the so-called ‘bovine-like CoVs’ proposed classification of these viruses as host-range variants rather than distinct virus species. In this review, the different bovine-like CoVs that have been identified in domesticated ruminants (water buffalo, sheep, goat, dromedary camel, llama and alpaca) and wild ruminants (deer, wild cattle, antelopes, giraffes and wild goats) are discussed in terms of epidemiology, transmission and virus characteristics. The presented data denote the importance of these viruses in the persistence of BCoV in nature, spread to new geographical zones, and continuous emergence of disease epidemics in cattle farms.

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Garcia, Guilherme, Cristina Sotomaior, Aguinaldo José do Nascimento, Italmar Teodorico Navarro, and Vanete Thomaz Soccol. "Toxoplasma gondii in goats from Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil: risks factors and epidemiology." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 21, no. 1 (March 2012): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612012000100009.

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Toxoplasmosis is a zoonosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii, a protozoan with wide geographical distribution and minimal parasitic specificity that affects many species of wild and domestic animals. In livestock, especially in small ruminants like goats, toxoplasmosis can cause abortion and the birth of weak animals, leading to economic losses to farmers, and is a major source of human infection. This is a seroepidemiological study of toxoplasmosis in goats in the state of Paraná, Brazil. Sera from 405 goats from the metropolitan mesoregion of Curitiba, eastern state, were tested by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT). Information on properties and goat characteristics was also collected using questionnaires. The prevalence of toxoplasmosis was 39.41 and 35.96% by ELISA and IFAT, respectively. T. gondii antibody prevalence increased with age. The risk factors for T. gondii infection in goats were: age over one year; exposure to cats, type of management and purpose of breeding. Other epidemiological factors and relevant control measures are discussed in the current study.

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Adedeji, O. Y., S. O. Odukoya, O. M. Odetola, O. A. Awodele, and A. A. Saka. "Growth performance and blood profile of West African dwarf goats fed urea treatedwild cocoyam (Colocasia esculentum) mea." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 45, no. 1 (December 27, 2020): 360–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v45i1.319.

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Wild cocoyam is a non edible plant found growing around riversides and can serve as source of energy to ruminants. Hence, a twelve weeks study was conducted to investigate the effect of wild cocoyam – urea meal on the growth performance and blood profile of West African dwarf (WAD) goats. Twelve WAD goats with an average weight of 7.25 ± 0.04kg were randomly allotted into four dietary treatments: T1 (raw wild cocoyam), T2 (urea treated wild cocoyam), T3 (urea treated cooked wild cocoyam) and T4 (urea treated fermented wild cocoyam), replicated thrice in a completely randomized design. Results obtained showed that the experimental diets significantly (p < 0.05) influenced the growth performance. Goats fed urea treated cooked wild cocoyam had the best feed conversion ratio (10.35), the highest values of dry matter intake (405.35 g/day) and daily weight gain (39.17 g/day) when compared to other dietary treatments. The dietary treatments did not significantly (p < 0.05) influence the haematological parameters except the red blood cells (9.62 - 11.67×106 mm3),white blood cells (4.07-9.05×106 mm3) and monocytes (1.00-2.50%). No significant (p>0.05) differences among the dietary treatments were observed in all the serum biochemical indices evaluated except for urea which ranged from 15.50 – 28.70mg/dl. It can therefore be concluded that addition of urea with processing, further improved the utilization of the experimental diets thus improving performance of the animals.

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Jann, Oliver C., Eva-Maria Prinzenberg, Gordon Luikart, Anna Caroli, and Georg Erhardt. "High polymorphism in the κ-casein (CSN3) gene from wild and domestic caprine species revealed by DNA sequencing." Journal of Dairy Research 71, no. 2 (May 2004): 188–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029904000093.

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We assessed polymorphisms in exon IV of the κ-casein gene (CSN3) in ten different breeds of domestic goat (Capra hircus) from three continents and in three related wild caprine taxa (Capra <ibex> ibex, Capra <ibex> sibirica and Capra aegagrus). Thirty-five DNA samples were sequenced within a 558 bp fragment of exon IV. Nine polymorphic sites were identified in domestic goat, including four new polymorphisms. In addition to four previously described polymorphic positions, a total of 13 polymorphisms allowed the identification of 13 DNA variants, corresponding to 10 protein variants. Because of conflicting nomenclature of these variants, we propose a standardized allele designation. CSN3*A, CSN3*B, and CSN3*D were found as widely distributed alleles in European goat breeds. Within Capra ibex we identified three variants and showed that the sequence of Capra aegagrus is identical to the most common Capra hircus variant, consistent with Capra aegagrus being the wild progenitor of domestic goats. A dendrogram was drawn to represent the molecular network between the caprine CSN3 variants.

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Mgode, Georgies F., Ginethon G. Mhamphi, Apia W. Massawe, and Robert S. Machang’u. "Leptospira Seropositivity in Humans, Livestock and Wild Animals in a Semi-Arid Area of Tanzania." Pathogens 10, no. 6 (June 3, 2021): 696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10060696.

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Background: Leptospirosis is among the major neglected zoonoses in developing countries. The prevalence of leptospirosis remains underestimated in many African countries because of limited diagnostic facilities. We studied Leptospira seropositivity prevalence in humans, sheep, goats and rodents in a semi-arid region of central Tanzania and compared findings with reports from humid tropical areas. The aims were to establish the disease burden in different settings; understand circulating Leptospira serovars and potential major reservoirs for establishing appropriate control measures. Methods: Humans, sheep, goats, rodents and shrews (insectivores) were sampled from Bahi district, a semi-arid area in central Tanzania. Samples were tested for leptospiral antibodies using microscopic agglutination test (MAT) consisting of Leptospira serovars mainly reported in Tanzania and reference strains. Findings were compared with previous data to determine the disease epidemiological patterns. Results and conclusion: Semi-arid area showed high Leptospira seropositivity prevalence in humans and domestic animals due to intensive human–animal interactions at scarce water points and by flash flooding which occur in the area. Rodent population in the semi-arid areas was relatively low due to flooding. Leptospira seropositivity in rodents was also slightly lower, and the rodents appeared to be prolific breeders, probably as a means to compensate for the lost population during extreme drought as well as during short spells of floods. Intensive human–animal interaction in the semi-arid areas especially, in water sources in valleys where human and animals often meet, likely increased the risk of leptospirosis transmission to rice farmers in the area. Goats and sheep which are kept around homesteads had higher leptospiral antibodies prevalence (62%), nearly double of the 38% reported in same species in humid tropical regions of Tanzania. Livestock, especially goats and sheep, could be the major source of leptospirosis transmission to humans. Vaccination of livestock with vaccines against local Leptospira strains should be encouraged, and rodent control emphasized, as part of a management strategy against leptospirosis. Public awareness of leptospirosis must also be raised and supported by availability of rapid test kits in clinics for preliminary testing of leptospirosis in people with fevers of unknown origin.

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Osborn, Dale J. "Corrections in the Identifications of the Alabaster Ibexes in Tutankhamun's Treasures." Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 73, no. 1 (August 1987): 243–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030751338707300134.

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Observations made in European zoos lead to the conclusion that the facial markings on the ‘bleating ibex’ and the ibexes on the alabaster boat from Tutankhamun's tomb are representative of the wild bezoar goat or Syrian ibex, Capra aegagrus. Previous arguments that the markings represented those of the dorcas gazelle or an artist's confusion between facial patterns of domestic goats and gazelles are abandoned.

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Nelson, Danielle D., Michael J. Dark, Daniel S. Bradway, Julia F. Ridpath, Neill Call, Julius Haruna, Fred R. Rurangirwa, and James F. Evermann. "Evidence for Persistent Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Infection in a Captive Mountain Goat (Oreamnos Americanus)." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 20, no. 6 (November 2008): 752–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063870802000606.

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Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) viruses are pestiviruses that have been isolated from domestic and wild ruminants. There is serologic evidence of pestiviral infection in more than 40 species of free-range and captive mammals. Vertical transmission can produce persistently infected animals that are immunotolerant to the infecting strain of Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and shed virus throughout their lives. Seven species (white-tailed deer, mouse deer, eland, domestic cattle, alpaca, sheep, and pigs) have been definitively identified as persistently infected with BVDV. This study provides serological, molecular, immunohistochemical, and histological evidence for BVDV infection in 2 captive mountain goats from a zoological park in Idaho. The study was triggered by isolation of BVDV from tissues and immunohistochemical identification of viral antigen within lesions of a 7-month-old male mountain goat (goat 1). Blood was collected from other mountain goats and white-tailed and mule deer on the premises for BVDV serum neutralization, viral isolation, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. One 3-month-old mountain goat (goat 2) was antibody negative and BVDV positive in serum samples collected 3 months apart. This goat subsequently died, and though still antibody negative, BVDV was isolated from tissues and identified by immunohistochemistry within lesions. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis identified the isolates as BVDV-2. These findings provide evidence of persistent infection in a mountain goat, underscoring the need for pestivirus control strategies for wild ruminants in zoological collections.

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SHRESTHA, RINJAN, and PER WEGGE. "Wild sheep and livestock in Nepal Trans-Himalaya: coexistence or competition?" Environmental Conservation 35, no. 2 (June 2008): 125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892908004724.

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SUMMARYExcessive grazing by livestock is claimed to displace wild ungulates in the Trans-Himalaya. This study compares the seasonal diets and habitat use of sympatric wild naur Pseudois nayaur and domestic goat Capra hircus, sheep Ovis aries and free-ranging yak Bos grunniens in north Nepal and analyses their overlap both within and across seasons. Alpine meadow and the legumes Oxytropis and Chesneya were critical resources for all animal groups. High overlap occurred cross-seasonally when smallstock (sheep and goats) in summer used the spring and autumn ranges of naur. Relatively high total ungulate biomass (3028 kg km−2) and low recruitment of naur (56 young per 100 adult females in autumn) suggested interspecific competition. The spatio-temporal heterogeneity in composition and phenology of food plants across the steep gradient of altitude, together with rotational grazing, appears to indirectly facilitate coexistence of naur and smallstock. However, owing to high cross-seasonal (inter-seasonal) overlaps, competition is likely to occur between these two groups at high stocking densities. Within seasons, naur overlapped more with free-ranging yak than with smallstock. As their habitat use and diets were most similar in winter, when both fed extensively on the same species of shrubs, naur was most likely to compete with yak during that season.

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FLOROU, M., L. LEONTIDES, P. KOSTOULAS, C. BILLINIS, M. SOFIA, I. KYRIAZAKIS, and F. LYKOTRAFITIS. "Isolation ofMycobacterium aviumsubspeciesparatuberculosisfrom non-ruminant wildlife living in the sheds and on the pastures of Greek sheep and goats." Epidemiology and Infection 136, no. 5 (June 20, 2007): 644–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095026880700893x.

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SUMMARYThis study aimed to: (1) investigate whether non-ruminant wildlife interfacing with dairy sheep and goats of four Greek flocks endemically infected withMycobacterium aviumsubspeciesparatuberculosis(MAP) harboured MAP and (2) genetically compare the strains isolated from the wildlife to those isolated from the small ruminants of these flocks. We cultured and screened, by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), pooled-tissue samples from 327 wild animals of 11 species for the MAP-specific IS900insertion sequence. We also cultured faecal samples from 100 sheep or goats from each of the four flocks. MAP was detected in samples from 11 sheep, 12 goats, two mice, two rats, a hare and a fox. Only one rat had histopathological findings. Genetic typing categorized 21 isolates as cattle-type strains and two, from a house mouse and a goat respectively, as sheep-type strains; this is the first report of a rodent harbouring a sheep-type strain. The MAP types that were most frequently isolated amongst the sheep and goats of each flock were also the ones isolated from sympatric rodents; those isolated from the fox and hare also belonged to the predominant ruminant strains.

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Palombieri, Andrea, Serena Robetto, Federica Di Profio, Vittorio Sarchese, Paola Fruci, Maria Cristina Bona, Giuseppe Ru, et al. "Surveillance Study of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) in Domestic and Wild Ruminants in Northwestern Italy." Animals 10, no. 12 (December 9, 2020): 2351. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10122351.

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In industrialized countries, increasing autochthonous infections of hepatitis E virus (HEV) are caused by zoonotic transmission of genotypes (Gts) 3 and 4, mainly through consumption of contaminated raw or undercooked pork meat. Although swine and wild boar are recognized as the main reservoir for Gt3 and Gt4, accumulating evidence indicates that other animal species, including domestic and wild ruminants, may harbor HEV. Herein, we screened molecularly and serologically serum and fecal samples from two domestic and four wild ruminant species collected in Valle d’Aosta and Piemonte regions (northwestern Italy. HEV antibodies were found in sheep (21.6%), goats (11.4%), red deer (2.6%), roe deer (3.1%), and in Alpine ibex (6.3%). Molecular screening was performed using different primer sets targeting highly conserved regions of hepeviruses and HEV RNA, although at low viral loads, was detected in four fecal specimens (3.0%, 4/134) collected from two HEV seropositive sheep herds. Taken together, the data obtained document the circulation of HEV in the geographical area assessed both in wild and domestic ruminants, but with the highest seroprevalence in sheep and goats. Consistently with results from other studies conducted in southern Italy, circulation of HEV among small domestic ruminants seems to occur more frequently than expected.

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Samson, Judith, Jon T. Jorgenson, and W. D. Wishart. "Glutathione peroxidase activity and selenium levels in Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep and mountain goats." Canadian Journal of Zoology 67, no. 10 (October 1, 1989): 2493–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z89-352.

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Selenium levels and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity were determined in the blood of wild and captive herds of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis), as well as in one wild mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus) herd. No significant relationship was established between blood selenium and GSH-Px activity for individual herds of bighorns, but when all herds were pooled, selenium was significantly (P < 0.01) correlated with GSH-Px. The hypothesis that bighorn sheep would exhibit higher GSH-Px activity per unit of blood selenium than domestic cattle was not supported. One bighorn population had blood selenium levels below those considered deficient in domestic sheep, yet exhibited no clinical signs of selenium deficiency. A blood selenium by GSH-Px relationship did not exist for the single mountain goat herd sampled. The seven blood samples collected from mountain goats did not differ from those from bighorn sheep in their GSH-Px activity relative to blood selenium levels.

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Ayele, W. Y., M. Macháčková, and I. Pavlík. "The transmission and impact of paratuberculosis infection in domestic and wild ruminants." Veterinární Medicína 46, No. 7–8 (January 1, 2001): 205–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/7878-vetmed.

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Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (M. paratuberculosis) infects domestic cattle, sheep, goats, deer, camelids and wild ruminants leading to chronic enteritis known as paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease). The infection is chronic, progressive and unresponsive to treatment. Most infected animals do not develop clinical disease but may excrete the bacteria. Clinically sick animals suffer emaciation and in some species diarrhoea, followed by eventual death. During the course of the disease, excretion of M. paratuberculosis in faeces and milk occurs, and the organism spreads through the blood and lymph vessels of infected animals to multiple internal organs. The infection disseminates to both the female and male reproductive organs. Though M. paratuberculosis is not classified as a human pathogen, current opinions on the possible role of this mycobacteria in public health is discussed. This article attempts to review the ways and circumstances by which M. paratuberculosis is transmitted within an animal population and the importance of the disease on animal production. Published reports concerning the transmission and epidemiology of the disease are reviewed herein, and preventive and control measures are summarised.

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Panayotova-Pencheva, Mariana Stancheva, and Marin Tsvyatkov Alexandrov. "Some Pathological Features of Lungs from Domestic and Wild Ruminants with Single and Mixed Protostrongylid Infections." Veterinary Medicine International 2010 (2010): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2010/741062.

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Lungs of 40 ruminants from Bulgaria with natural small lungworm (Nematoda: Protostrongylidae) infections were investigated, including 16 goats, 15 sheep, 7 mouflons, and 2 chamois.Muellerius capillaris, M. tenuispiculatus, Cystocaulus ocreatus, Neostrongylus linearis,andProtostrongylus brevispiculuminfections were predominantly associated with nodular lesions, andProtostrongylus rufescens, Protostrongylus hobmaieriandProtostrongylus rupicapraewere associated with extensive lesions located mainly along the length of the large bronchi. The extent of lung abnormalities was most severe in the sheep. Alveolitis, parasite granulomas, damage of the alveolar septa, hyperplasia of the lung associated lymphoid tissue, and sclerosis of the parenchyma were found upon microscope examinations. In the goats compared to the sheep and mouflons, the terminal bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli were more affected than the interstitium. Our research shows that the pathological lesions in the lungs of ruminants infected with protostrongylids depend on both the helminth and the host species. To our knowledge, this work is the first to provide data on the pathomorphological lesions in mouflon lungs infected with protostrongylids.

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Kamalakannan, Manokaran. "Characterization of dorsal guard hair of the wild goats and sheep (Bovidae: Caprinae) occurring in the Himalaya and Western Ghats of India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 11, no. 3 (February 26, 2019): 13304–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.3344.11.3.13304-13309.

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The morphological and microscopic characteristics of dorsal guard hair of six species of the Indian goat-antelopes are described. Although the cuticular characteristics of hair of all the six species studied are similar, the morphological, medulla and transverse section characteristics of hair are varied between the species. The hair of Indian caprines can easily be identified on the basis of their unique medulla and transverse section. The high-resolution microphotographs and key characteristics of hair are presented here and can be used as an appropriate reference for species identification of the wild goats and sheep occurring in the Himalaya and Western Ghats of India.

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Ribeiro, Alexandre Pinto, Nailson Lima Santos, Victor Costa e. Silva, Andressa Fernanda Campos, Izabelle Auxiliadora Molina de Almeida Teixeira, and José Luiz Laus. "Ultrasonographic and ecobiometric findings in the eyes of adult goats." Ciência Rural 40, no. 3 (February 26, 2010): 568–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782010005000019.

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The knowledge of the normal appearance and ocular dimensions of goat eyes facilitates the use of ultrasonography in the evaluation of ocular disease. The objective of the present study was to determine ultrasonographic and ecobiometric findings in the eyes of adult goats. B- and A-mode ultrasonography was performed in 30 healthy adult goats (60 eyes) (n=5 intact females and n=15 castrated males). Ultrasonography was performed after instillation of a topical anesthetic. Lubricating jelly was placed on the 20MHz transducer tip as a stand-off pad. The transducer was placed in a longitudinal position until optimal B-scan images, according to echoes of the A-mode images, were obtained. Statistical analysis was carried out to compare the ecobiometric readings among genders (P<0.05). Means and standard deviations of the ocular structures for male and female goats, respectively, were, 3.46±0.55, 3.33±0.46mm (anterior chamber depth); 8.60±0.34, 8.65±0.39mm (lens thickness); 11.34±0.61, 11.39±0.66mm (vitreous chamber depth); and 23.43±0.92, 23.39±0.86mm (axial globe length). Ocular measurements between right and left eyes, as well as between males and females were not significantly different (P>0.05). The ultrasonographic appearances of goat eyes were very similar to those of other domestic and wild species.

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Vigal, Carlos R., and Annie Machordom. "Évaluation de la méthode de détermination de l'âge en fonction de la masse du cristallin chez le bouquetin (Capra pyrenaica Schinz, 1838)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 66, no. 12 (December 1, 1988): 2836–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z88-410.

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The relationship between lens mass and age determined in 80 wild goats (Capra pyrenaica Schinz, 1838) from Sierra de Gredos (Avila), follows the equation Y = 79.36 + 259.94 log X, where Y is lens mass (mg) and X wild goat age (months). Lens masses of males and females do not differ significantly. Age-class (1-year classes) cannot be determined with 95% confidence from lens mass in animals 2 years and older. This method of age determination can be useful in cases where the age of young animals cannot be evaluated with accuracy otherwise; age determination by observation of teeth eruption or counting of growth rings of the horns is generally very valuable.

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Sarmento, Wesley, and Joel Berger. "Conservation implications of using an imitation carnivore to assess rarely used refuges as critical habitat features in an alpine ungulate." PeerJ 8 (June 12, 2020): e9296. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9296.

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Understanding relationships between animals and their habitat is a central goal in ecology with important implications for conservation. Misidentified habitat requirements can have serious repercussions because land protection or reintroductions might occur in less than optimal habitat. Studies of resource selection have greatly facilitated an understanding of ecological relationships but can be improved when vital yet infrequently utilized habitat features are more fully described. A critical element for many prey species is escape terrain or some other form of refuge to avoid predation. Mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus) are well known for their use of cliffs to avoid predation, but a survey of the literature revealed at least twelve different approximations of goat escape terrain, ranging from > 25° to > 50° slopes. Here, we seek to (1) enhance estimates of mountain goat escape terrain and antipredator behavior, and (2) highlight the limitations of the assumption that the time an animal spends in an area is proportional to importance. To improve estimates of goat escape terrain, we conducted field work across two years (2014–15) in Glacier National Park, Montana USA and manipulated apparent predation risk by exposing mountain goats to a threatening simulated grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) treatment and a non-threatening ungulate (control) treatment. Mountain goats moved in response to the simulated bear but not in response to the simulated ungulate, with shorter latencies to move for subjects in larger groups and at shorter distances to the simulated threat. Through a used-unused resource selection function we tested 22 landscape variables to describe the use of escape terrain. Proximity to slopes greater than 60° best explained the locations to which mountain goats fled after exposure to the simulated bear, and the average slope of these escape locations was 56.5° (±14.1 S.D.). Our results suggest that mountain goat escape terrain be considered at slopes of 60° as a minimum because our simulated threat did not include pursuit of goats and, thus, slopes of 60° are likely underestimates of actual escape terrain. Additionally, because direct interactions between carnivores and goats seldom occur, serious escape terrain is infrequently used. Past estimates of escape may have miscalculated the slopes which goats select for in response to predation risk. Based on experimental approaches in the wild, we suggest that anti-predator behavior should be included in studies of resource selection when the goal is to consider habitat as a predictor for conservation success. Finally, we discuss evidence suggesting a past mountain goat introduction failed due to lack of adequate escape terrain and subsequent recolonization of a predator.

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Manuel-Pablo, A., M. M. Y. Elghandour, J. Olivares-Pérez, S. Rojas-Hernández, M. Cipriano-Salazar, B. Cruz-Lagunas, and L. M. Camacho-Diaz. "Productive performance, rumen fermentation and carcass yield of goats supplemented with cascalote fruit (Caesalpinia coriaria J. Wild.)." Agroforestry Systems 94, no. 4 (November 9, 2018): 1381–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10457-018-0312-9.

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Radmanovic, Darko, Desanka Kostic, Jelena Lujic, and Svetlana Blazic. "The ratio of domestic and wild animals at Neolithic sites in Vojvodina (Serbia)." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 129 (2015): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn1529085r.

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Based on the results of the vertebrate fauna research from 10 Neolithic archaeological sites in Vojvodina (Serbia), two of which belong to K?r?s culture, 7 to Starcevo culture, and one to Vinca culture, the proportional contribution of domestic and wild animals was analysed. These sites were approximately dated between 6000 and 3200 BC. The smallest proportion of domestic animals was recorded at the sites of Golokut-Vizic and Nosa Biserna Obala, while the biggest one at the sites of Prosine-Pecinci, Zlatara-Ruma and Kudos-Sasinci. A small proportion of domestic animals at Nosa Biserna Obala shows that the animal husbandry was only just at the beginning, and a high proportion of wild animals testifies about the importance of hunting in economy. These are the characteristics of settlements of K?r?s culture, where goats and sheep dominate among domestic animals. Low proportion of domestic and high proportion of wild animals were recorded at the site of Golokut which, like most of the described sites in this paper, belongs to the Middle Neolithic; this is not characteristic for Starcevo culture and it testifies that hunting was much more important than animal husbandry. What is characteristic for settlements of Starcevo culture is the domination of oxen in the total vertebrate fauna and among domestic animals. At the site of Donja Branjevina-Deronje, the settlement which belongs to Starcevo culture as well, goats and sheep have the biggest proportional contribution. The only analysed set?tlement in this paper which belongs to the Early Neolithic (Vinca culture) is Gomolava - Hrtkovci where domestic animals dominate, oxen being the most numerous ones.

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Gao, Ye, Miaohan Jin, Yiyuan Niu, Hailong Yan, Guangxian Zhou, and Yulin Chen. "CRISPR/Cas9-mediated VDR knockout plays an essential role in the growth of dermal papilla cells through enhanced relative genes." PeerJ 7 (July 3, 2019): e7230. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7230.

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Background Hair follicles in cashmere goats are divided into primary and secondary hair follicles (HFs). HF development, which determines the morphological structure, is regulated by a large number of vital genes; however, the key functional genes and their interaction networks are still unclear. Although the vitamin D receptor (VDR) is related to cashmere goat HF formation, its precise effects are largely unknown. In the present study, we verified the functions of key genes identified in previous studies using hair dermal papilla (DP) cells as an experimental model. Furthermore, we used CRISPR/Cas9 technology to modify the VDR in DP cells to dissect the molecular mechanism underlying HF formation in cashmere goats. Results The VDR expression levels in nine tissues of Shaanbei white cashmere goats differed significantly between embryonic day 60 (E60) and embryonic day 120 (E120). At E120, VDR expression was highest in the skin. At the newborn and E120 stages, the VDR protein was highly expressed in the root sheath and hair ball region of Shaanbei cashmere goats. We cloned the complete CDS of VDR in the Shaanbei white cashmere goat and constructed a VDR-deficient DP cell model by CRISPR/Cas9. Heterozygous and homozygous mutant DP cells were produced. The growth rate of mutant DP cells was significantly lower than that of wild-type DP cells (P < 0.05) and VDR mRNA levels in DP cells decreased significantly after VDR knockdown (P < 0.05). Further, the expression levels of VGF, Noggin, Lef1, and β-catenin were significantly downregulated (P < 0.05). Conclusions Our results indicated that VDR has a vital role in DP cells, and that its effects are mediated by Wnt and BMP4 signaling.

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Hidayat, Rahmat Agus, Sulaiman Ngongu Depamede, and Maskur Maskur. "Identifikasi Mutasi FecX Pada Gen BMP15 dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Sifat Prolifik pada Kambing Lokal di Kabupaten Lombok Barat." Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Peternakan Indonesia (JITPI), Indonesian Journal of Animal Science and Technology 1, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jitpi.v1i1.3.

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The aims of this study were to identify the mutations of FecX gene in the local goats and to analyze its polymorphism as well as its influence on the prolific nature of the local goats in West Lombok Regency, Indonesia. The study was conducted in the Immunobiology Laboratory of Mataram University, using DNA isolated from 100 blood samples of local female goats which have given birth of once to three times. The methods used were PCR-RFLP method and the PCR products were digested with HinfI restriction enzyme (G|ANTC) then analyzed visually based on DNA banding patterns on 2% agarose gels. The frequency of allele and genotype obtained, were then analyzed through a comparison with the secondary data of litter size obtained from the local goat keepers information. The results showed that the gene mutation of FecXG produced two alleles: "wild-type" (+) sized of 110 bp and 31 bp, and the mutant allele (G) of 141 bp with the allele frequency of 0,965 and 0,035 respectively. Combinations of alleles in the gene BMP15 produced two genotypes, namely (a) genotype ++ (110 bp/110 bp) with a frequency of 0.93, with the average litter size of 1.59 ± 0.319, and (b) genotype G + (141bp/110 bp), with a frequency of 0.07 and with the average litter size of 1.65 ± 0.202. The results of this study indicated that mutation occurred in BMP15 gene, i.e. FecXG gene, the gene responsible for the prolificacy of animals studied. Furthermore there was a correlation between polymorphism of FecXG gene and the prolific nature of the local goats, which was predicted to lead the divergence in litter size of each local goat genotype

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Siddiqui, MSI, A. Ahasan, N. Islam, P. Kundu, MN Munshi, and EH Chowdhury. "Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) virus antibodies in goats and cattle of the Saint Martins Island in Bangladesh." Bangladesh Veterinarian 31, no. 2 (May 9, 2016): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bvet.v31i2.27685.

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Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious acute viral disease of domestic and wild ruminants particularly goats and sheep, which causes severe economic losses. Since 1993 PPR has been endemic in goats in Bangladesh. The present study was a seroprevalence study of PPR antibodies in goats and cattle at St. Martin's Island in Bangladesh from July 2012 to June 2013. There was no previous history of Rinderpest or PPR outbreak, and no Rinderpest vaccination. Blood samples were collected from 192 goats and 132 cattle randomly. All animals were apparently healthy, and were not vaccinated against Rinderpest or PPR. Serum antibody titre (competition percentage; CP value) was determined by a commercially available c-ELISA kit. The overall seroprevalence of PPR in goats was 37.5%. No serum samples from cattle were positive. In view of the high risk of PPR, a control strategy is proposed.Bangl. vet. 2014. Vol. 31, No. 2, 55-59

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Journal articles on the topic 'Wild goats'

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