Relevant bibliographies by topics / Wildfires Wildfire risk Economics

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Wildfires Wildfire risk Economics'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 4 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Wildfires Wildfire risk Economics"

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Balch, Jennifer K., Bethany A. Bradley, John T. Abatzoglou, R. Chelsea Nagy, Emily J. Fusco, and Adam L. Mahood. "Human-started wildfires expand the fire niche across the United States." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 11 (2017): 2946–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1617394114.

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The economic and ecological costs of wildfire in the United States have risen substantially in recent decades. Although climate change has likely enabled a portion of the increase in wildfire activity, the direct role of people in increasing wildfire activity has been largely overlooked. We evaluate over 1.5 million government records of wildfires that had to be extinguished or managed by state or federal agencies from 1992 to 2012, and examined geographic and seasonal extents of human-ignited wildfires relative to lightning-ignited wildfires. Humans have vastly expanded the spatial and season
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Butry, David T., Jeffrey P. Prestemon, Karen L. Abt, and Ronda Sutphen. "Economic optimisation of wildfire intervention activities." International Journal of Wildland Fire 19, no. 5 (2010): 659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf09090.

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We describe how two important tools of wildfire management, wildfire prevention education and prescribed fire for fuels management, can be coordinated to minimise the combination of management costs and expected societal losses resulting from wildland fire. We present a long-run model that accounts for the dynamics of wildfire, the effects of fuels management on wildfire ignition risk and area burned, and the effects of wildfire prevention education on the ignition risk of human-caused, unintentional wildfires. Based on wildfire management activities in Florida from 2002 to 2007, we find that
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García-Ortega, E., M. T. Trobajo, L. López, and J. L. Sánchez. "Synoptic patterns associated with wildfires caused by lightning in Castile and Leon, Spain." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 11, no. 3 (2011): 851–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-851-2011.

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Abstract. The Iberian Peninsula presents the highest number of wildfires in Europe. In the NW of Spain in particular, wildfires are the natural risk with the greatest economic impact in this region. Wildfires caused by lightning are closely related to the triggering of convective phenomena. The prediction of thunderstorms is a very complex task because these weather events have a local character and are highly dependent on mesoscale atmospheric conditions. The development of convective storms is directly linked to the existence of a synoptic environment favoring convection. The aim of this stu
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Holmes, Thomas P., Armando González-Cabán, John Loomis, and José Sánchez. "The effects of personal experience on choice-based preferences for wildfire protection programs." International Journal of Wildland Fire 22, no. 2 (2013): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf11182.

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In this paper, we investigate homeowner preferences and willingness to pay for wildfire protection programs using a choice experiment with three attributes: risk, loss and cost. Preference heterogeneity among survey respondents was examined using three econometric models and risk preferences were evaluated by comparing willingness to pay for wildfire protection programs against expected monetary losses. The results showed that while nearly all respondents had risk seeking preferences, a small segment of respondents were risk neutral or risk averse. Only respondents who had personal experience
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Malik, Ashima, Megha Rajam Rao, Nandini Puppala, et al. "Data-Driven Wildfire Risk Prediction in Northern California." Atmosphere 12, no. 1 (2021): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12010109.

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Over the years, rampant wildfires have plagued the state of California, creating economic and environmental loss. In 2018, wildfires cost nearly 800 million dollars in economic loss and claimed more than 100 lives in California. Over 1.6 million acres of land has burned and caused large sums of environmental damage. Although, recently, researchers have introduced machine learning models and algorithms in predicting the wildfire risks, these results focused on special perspectives and were restricted to a limited number of data parameters. In this paper, we have proposed two data-driven machine
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Sarro, Roberto, Ignacio Pérez-Rey, Roberto Tomás, Leandro R. Alejano, Luis Enrique Hernández-Gutiérrez, and Rosa María Mateos. "Effects of Wildfire on Rockfall Occurrence: A Review through Actual Cases in Spain." Applied Sciences 11, no. 6 (2021): 2545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11062545.

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Understanding processes and conditions that lead to rockfalls during and after a wildfire in different geological contexts is crucial since this phenomenon is one of the major hazards in mountainous regions across Europe. Spain is one of the European countries with the highest rate of wildfires, and rockfalls cause high economic and social impact, with many fatalities every year. The increase of rockfalls during and after wildfires is connected with the merging of different factors, not only in the detached area but also in the propagation and potentially affected area. When wildfire occurred,
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Silva, Nathália Thaís Cosmo da, Urbano Fra.Paleo, and José Ambrósio Ferreira Neto. "Conflicting Discourses on Wildfire Risk and the Role of Local Media in the Amazonian and Temperate Forests." International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 10, no. 4 (2019): 529–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13753-019-00243-z.

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AbstractThis article examines how risk is communicated by different actors, particularly local print newspapers and actors at the community level, in two different geographical contexts that are severely affected by wildfires—the Brazilian Amazon and Atlantic Spain. We analyzed how wildfire risk is framed in local print media and local actor discourse to elucidate how wildfire risk is interpreted and aimed to identify the main priorities of these risk governance systems. The main findings reveal that the presentation of wildfire as a spectacle is a serious obstacle to the promotion of coherent
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Gan, Jianbang, Adam Jarrett, and Cassandra Johnson Gaither. "Wildfire risk adaptation: propensity of forestland owners to purchase wildfire insurance in the southern United States." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 44, no. 11 (2014): 1376–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2014-0301.

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The economic and ecological damages caused by wildfires are alarming. Because such damages are expected to increase with changes in wildfire regimes, this calls for more effective wildfire mitigation and adaptation strategies. Wildfire adaptation options for forestland owners include purchasing wildfire insurance, which provides compensation to those insured if a wildfire damages their properties. We attempt to (i) identify factors that influence the decision of family forestland owners in the southern United States to purchase wildfire insurance for their forestlands via logistic regression u
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Sharma, Sonisa, and Kundan Dhakal. "Boots on the Ground and Eyes in the Sky: A Perspective on Estimating Fire Danger from Soil Moisture Content." Fire 4, no. 3 (2021): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire4030045.

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With increasing forest and grassland wildfire trends strongly correlated to anthropogenic climate change, assessing wildfire danger is vital to reduce catastrophic human, economic, and environmental loss. From this viewpoint, the authors discuss various approaches deployed to evaluate wildfire danger, from in-situ observations to satellite-based fire prediction systems. Lately, the merit of soil moisture in predicting fuel moisture content and the likelihood of wildfire occurrence has been widely realized. Harmonized soil moisture measurement initiatives via state-of-the-art soil moisture netw
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Salis, Michele, Alan A. Ager, Bachisio Arca, et al. "Assessing exposure of human and ecological values to wildfire in Sardinia, Italy." International Journal of Wildland Fire 22, no. 4 (2013): 549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf11060.

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We used simulation modelling to analyse spatial variation in wildfire exposure relative to key social and economic features on the island of Sardinia, Italy. Sardinia contains a high density of urban interfaces, recreational values and highly valued agricultural areas that are increasingly being threatened by severe wildfires. Historical fire data and wildfire simulations were used to estimate burn probabilities, flame length and fire size. We examined how these risk factors varied among and within highly valued features located on the island. Estimates of burn probability excluding non-burnab
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Wildfires Wildfire risk Economics"

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Ojerio, Ryan S. "Equity in wildfire risk management : does socioeconomic status predict involvement in federal programs to mitigate wildfire risk? /." Connect to title online (Scholars' Bank), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/7529.

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O'Donnell, Derek Timothy. "Social values for attributes at risk from wildfire in northwest Montana." Diss., [Missoula, Mont.] : The University of Montana, 2009. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-01152010-154246.

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Agrawal, Shruti. "Exploring the relationship between wildfire education programs and social capital in communities at risk of wildfires." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0013461.

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MacKinnon, Jessica. "Addressing Social Elements of Wildfire: Risk, Response, and Recovery in Highland Village, TX." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2016. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc849756/.

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Representatives of the City of Highland Village expressed concern over the risk of wildfires for their community. Anthropology provides many tools for and examples of disaster assessment of preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation. These tools combined with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) can provide a holistic, cultural ecological look at how such a disaster may take place in the city. The project's methods included a detailed survey of preparedness steps which was analyzed using SPSS and also imported into ArcGIS for spatial analysis, and semi-formal, in-depth interviews with
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Mowery, Molly Anne. "Wildfire and development : why stronger links to land-use planning are needed to save lives, protect property, and minimize economic risk." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/44338.

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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2008.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 47-50).<br>Exploding growth along the Colorado Front Range has expanded the wildland-urban interface-the area where homes and vegetation mix. This area, known as the WUI, is at high risk of wildfires. Wildfire risk is based on both natural conditions, such as invasive species and climate change, and human development decisions that allow continued growth in fire-prone areas. This thesis examines the approaches to wildfire risk mitigation taken by six cou
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Moir, Shaun Alexander. "Drivers of wildfire behaviour, severity and magnitude in the Limietberg conservation area : understanding the complexity of wildfire risk." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/95810.

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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Western Cape Province in South Africa is home to one of the most diverse plant communities in the world, and has one of the highest concentrations of plants species in any temperate ecosystem in the world. The dominant vegetation is both fire-prone and fire-dependant (Van Wilgen & Scott 2001, Forsyth et al. 2010). The Western Cape in particular is emerging as a province that is increasingly prone to disaster events, particularly the threat of veld fires. The consequences of large wildfire disaster events are often devas
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Tuinstra, Annejet. "Post-Wildfire Debris Flows: Mapping and Analysis of Risk Factors in Western North America." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-446352.

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Climate change is leading to in an increase in frequency and severity of wildfires, which in turn can result in the formation of runoff-initiated post-wildfire debris flows. This type of debris flows is, like most debris flows, triggered by heavy precipitation events. Debris flows have the potential to cause much damage, and therefore it is important to analyse when and where the risk of these flows exists. This study aims to identify shared characteristics of basins that experienced post-wildfire debris flows in order to improve future risk analyses regarding such flows. These characteristics
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Devisscher, Tahia. "Wildfire under a changing climate in the Bolivian Chiquitania : a social-ecological systems analysis." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:29ed95d5-d36d-4916-b51b-c8ab4f7951a3.

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With the same force that human activities accelerate and amplify change in the biosphere, human agency can play a critical role in influencing future trajectories. However, managing increasingly complex problems is becoming ever more challenging. Among other things, it requires a systemic thinking about the future to anticipate how intertwined drivers may respond to rapid change. This thesis addresses such challenge in the context of contemporary wildfires, which are becoming increasingly complex to manage and a growing global concern. The study adopted a novel approach (Chapter 3) to study wi
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Lee, Yohan. "Initial attack fire suppression, spatial resource allocation, and fire prevention policy in California, the United States, and the Republic of Korea." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/35917.

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In this dissertation, I combined a scenario-based, standard-response optimization model with a stochastic simulation model to improve the efficiency of the deployment of initial attack firefighting resources on wildland fires in California and the Republic of Korea. The optimization model minimizes the expected number of fires that do not receive a standard response���defined as the number of resources by type that must arrive at the fire within a specified time limit���subject to budget and station capacity constraints and uncertainty about the daily number and location of fires. The simulati
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Vorster, Willem Adriaan. "Assessment and analysis of wildfires with the aid of Remote Sensing and GIS." Diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/14433.

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Wildfires destroy large tracts of veld and forest land every year in South Africa. These fires can be devastating, resulting in loss of human lives, the destruction of property and the loss of income, for example the forest fire in the Sabie district in Mpumalanga in 2007 which destroyed about 7% of South Africa’s forested areas. There are frequently legal disputes with respect to the origin of wildfires, the extent of the fire and the land cover destroyed by the fires. The forensic capabilities of remote sensing in detecting and analysing post-wildfire characteristics have become an importan
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Books on the topic "Wildfires Wildfire risk Economics"

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Marsh, Michael C., and Carla E. Zimmerman. Wildfire risk: Perceptions and mitigation options. Nova Science Pub., 2012.

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Reinhardt, Timothy E. Smoke exposure at western wildfires. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 2000.

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Reinhardt, Timothy E. Smoke exposure at western wildfires. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 2000.

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Reinhardt, Timothy E. Smoke exposure at western wildfires. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 2000.

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Wildfire policy: Law and economics perspectives. Routledge, 2011.

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United States. Forest Service. Northern Research Station, ed. Best management practices for creating a community wildfire protection plan. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 2012.

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SWCA, Inc. Environmental assessment for the Isleta collaborative landscape analysis project. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southwestern Region, 2012.

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Hand, Michael S. Economics of wildfire management: The development and application of suppression expenditure models. Springer, 2014.

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Healthy Forests and Wildfire Risk Reduction Act of 2002: Report together with additional and dissenting views (to accompany H.R. 5319). U.S. G.P.O., 2002.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Resources. Expressing the sense of Congress that federal land management agencies should fully implement the Western Governors Association "Collaborative 10-Year Strategy for Reducing Wildland Fire Risks to Communities and the Environment" to reduce the overabundance of forest fuels that place national resources at high risk of catastrophic wildfire, and prepare a national prescribed fire strategy that minimizes risks of escape: Report (to accompany H. Con. Res. 352). U.S. G.P.O., 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "Wildfires Wildfire risk Economics"

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Handke, Michael. "The (De-)Contextualization of Geographical Knowledge in Forest Fire Risk Management in Chile as a Challenge for Governance." In Knowledge for Governance. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47150-7_8.

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AbstractChilean society is confronted with increasing risk from wildfires. Individual rather than collective risk management solutions predominate. Large forest companies, for example, reduce the probability of wildfires affecting their tree plantations with hierarchically-ordered management routines. Additionally, they purchase insurance policies to protect themselves from economic losses. Other stakeholders in the Chilean forest regions, however, do not have the same access to these forms of risk management due to the high degree of technical knowledge and organizational competences required. In his contribution, Michael Handke assesses the strengths and weaknesses of interacting hierarchical and market forms of risk management and calls for a deeper geographical approach to risk governance. He reveals that detailed geographical knowledge of wildfires is explicitly decontextualized and even ignored in current risk management practices. As a result, essential knowledge about the causes and effects of arson, which seem to be on the rise in Chile, is lost.
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Butry, David T., and Jeffrey P. Prestemon. "Economics of WUI/Wildfire Prevention and Education." In Encyclopedia of Wildfires and Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) Fires. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51727-8_105-1.

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Butry, David T., and Jeffrey P. Prestemon. "Economics of WUI/Wildfire Prevention and Education." In Encyclopedia of Wildfires and Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) Fires. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52090-2_105.

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"Fuel for the Fire: Liability and the Economics of Wildfire Risk." In Wildfire Policy. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203153048-13.

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and, Hill. "Relocate People to Safer Ground." In Building a Resilient Tomorrow. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190909345.003.0010.

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Whether the world is prepared for it or not, climate change will drive large-scale migration. The impacts of climate change—both slow-onset changes, such as sea-level rise and drought, and sudden-onset events, such as extreme storms and wildfires—push people from their homes. Managed well, migration can yield enormous benefits, offering greater opportunities for those who relocate and injecting new talent and energy into receiver communities. But climate change threatens to unleash “disruptive migration,” that is, sudden migration that could strain social, economic, and political stability. The task ahead in the face of climate change is to encourage managed, gradual migration that minimizes disruption, moves people out of harm’s way, and turns displacement into economic opportunity. This chapter outlines the strategies and tools that exist to make this possible.
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Carpignano, Andrea, Daniele Grosso, Raffaella Gerboni, and Andrea Bologna. "Resilience of Critical Infrastructures: A Risk Assessment Methodology for Energy Corridors." In Issues on Risk Analysis for Critical Infrastructure Protection [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94755.

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The need for scientific methodologies to assess quantitatively the resilience of critical infrastructures against natural hazards (like earthquakes, floods, storms, landslides and wildfires) during the last decade has become a relevant aspect for several countries and for the European Union. In fact, this quantification could allow setting and implementing effective measures to prevent or mitigate the negative socio-economic effects that a possible disruption of these infrastructures, caused by extreme natural events, could cause. This paper focuses, in particular, on energy corridors and proposes a new approach for evaluating their resilience, based on the definition of a criticality index able to estimate the economic damage associated to all the hazards by taking into account the spatial dimension of the infrastructure and by combining different interdependent parameters that could affect the criticality level. The procedure was tested by means of an application to a simplified case study. The obtained results highlighted the main advantages of the defined method, especially in ranking the critical sections of the infrastructure and prioritising the investments for reinforcing and protecting it or in identifying the further tests to be performed, especially in the case of a reassessment of the acceptable risk limit.
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Forman, Fonna, and Veerabhadran Ramanathan. "Unchecked Climate Change and Mass Migration." In Humanitarianism and Mass Migration. University of California Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520297128.003.0002.

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With unchecked emissions of pollutants, global warming is projected to increase to 1.5<sup>0</sup>C within 15 years; to 2<sup>0</sup>C within 35 years and 4<sup>0</sup>C by 2100. These projections are central values with a small (&lt;5%) probability that warming by 2100 can exceed 6<sup>0</sup>C with potentially catastrophic impacts on every human being, living and yet unborn. Climate is already changing in perceptible ways through floods, droughts, wildfires, heat waves and sea level rise, displacing communities and catalyzing migration. Climate migration describes the voluntary and forced movement of people within and across habitats due to changes in climate. While estimates vary from 25 million to as many as one billion climate change migrants by 2050, achieving reliable quantitative estimates of future climate migration faces forbidding obstacles due to: 1) a wide range of projected warming due to uncertainties in climate feedbacks; 2) the lack of a settled definition for climate migration; and 3) the causal complexity of migration due to variability in non-environmental factors such as bioregion, culture, economics, politics and individual factors. But waiting for reliable estimates this creates unacceptable ethical risks. Therefore, we advocate a probabilistic approach to climate migration that accounts for both central and low probability warming projections as the only ethical response to the unfolding crisis. We conclude that in the absence of drastic mitigation actions, climate change-induced mass migration can become a major threat during the latter half of this century.
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Simon, Gregory L. "Setting the Stage for Disaster." In Flame and Fortune in the American West. University of California Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520292802.003.0005.

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This chapter focuses on government retrenchment, conservative homeowner politics, and state tax restructuring spanning the 1950s to 1980s. It highlights the scalar dimensions of vulnerability-in-production. In the face of a postwar suburban growth politics—culminating in the overthrow of conventional structures of taxation—metropolitan core areas like Oakland experienced tax reduced revenue growth rates, as well as depleted operating budgets within tax-dependent city fire services leading to reduced fire department budgets up to and during the Tunnel Fire. In order to generate new sources of tax revenue, city officials pursued large housing developments within high fire risk areas. The gradual increase in exposure to wildfires in the Tunnel Fire area is thus deeply intertwined within California's broader tax-revolt political movement. The chapter challenges spatially and temporally truncated explanations of fire vulnerability that fail to grapple with complex socioeconomic factors undergirding the placement of homes in areas that are already susceptible to wildfire. It ends by illustrating how factors generating vulnerability and affluence in the Tunnel Fire area also contribute to the production of vulnerabilities throughout the rest of Oakland.
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Conference papers on the topic "Wildfires Wildfire risk Economics"

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Jaupaj, Orjeta Elbasani, and Klodian Zaimi. "WILDFIRES FORECAST PERFORMANCE IN ALBANIA DURING SUMMER 2020." In GEOLINKS Conference Proceedings. Saima Consult Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2021/b2/v3/31.

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"The Wildfire Risk Forecast (WRF) remains a daily procedure conducted by the National Centre for Forecast and Monitoring of Natural Hazards (NCFMNH), which is part of the Institute of Geosciences, Energy, Water and Environment (IGEWE) of Albania. WRF is generated on daily basis, by the country’s administrative unit (prefecture) and disseminated to the General Directorate of Civil Emergencies (GDCE) in order to help better coordinate fire-fighting activities. This study investigates the accuracy of the Wildfire Risk Forecasts during the 2020 summer season by analysing fire occurrences over each
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Radke, David, Anna Hessler, and Dan Ellsworth. "FireCast: Leveraging Deep Learning to Predict Wildfire Spread." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/636.

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Destructive wildfires result in billions of dollars in damage each year and are expected to increase in frequency, duration, and severity due to climate change. The current state-of-the-art wildfire spread models rely on mathematical growth predictions and physics-based models, which are difficult and computationally expensive to run. We present and evaluate a novel system, FireCast. FireCast combines artificial intelligence (AI) techniques with data collection strategies from geographic information systems (GIS). FireCast predicts which areas surrounding a burning wildfire have high-risk of n
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Ciconkov, Risto. "Climate Change and HVACR Systems." In 50th International HVAC&R Congress and Exhibition. SMEITS, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24094/kghk.019.50.1.245.

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Indicators at a global level are presented: population in the world today and forecasts for developed and developing countries. The following diagrams are presented: world total primary energy consumption, global CO2 emissions from combustion since 1971, as well as cumulative CO2 emissions by regions since 1750. Facts for climate change are included (according to WMO and IPCC): increase in GHG concentrations, increase in air temperature, rise in sea level, etc. The consequences of global warming are listed: extreme rainfall and floods; high temperatures – heat waves, droughts, wildfires; huge
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Miandashti, N., S. Kamravaei, K. Idrissi Machichi, et al. "Extremely High-Risk Air Quality for Recruited RCMP Officers in 2016 Fort McMurray Wildfires: Is There a Health Impact from Short Periods of Intense Wildfire Smoke Exposure?" In American Thoracic Society 2019 International Conference, May 17-22, 2019 - Dallas, TX. American Thoracic Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2019.199.1_meetingabstracts.a4257.

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Reports on the topic "Wildfires Wildfire risk Economics"

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Calkin, David, Kevin Hyde, Krista Gebert, and Greg Jones. Comparing resource values at risk from wildfires with Forest Service fire suppression expenditures: Examples from 2003 western Montana wildfire season. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/rmrs-rn-24.

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