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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Wildland fire suppression

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Academic literature on the topic 'Wildland fire suppression'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Wildland fire suppression"

1

Gebert, Krista M., David E. Calkin, and Jonathan Yoder. "Estimating Suppression Expenditures for Individual Large Wildland Fires." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 22, no. 3 (July 1, 2007): 188–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/22.3.188.

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Abstract The extreme cost of fighting wildland fires has brought fire suppression expenditures to the forefront of budgetary and policy debate in the United States. Inasmuch as large fires are responsible for the bulk of fire suppression expenditures, understanding fire characteristics that influence expenditures is important for both strategic fire planning and onsite fire management decisions. These characteristics then can be used to produce estimates of suppression expenditures for large wildland fires for use in wildland fire decision support or after-fire reviews. The primary objective of this research was to develop regression models that could be used to estimate expenditures on large wildland fires based on area burned, variables representing the fire environment, values at risk, resource availability, detection time, and National Forest System region. Variables having the largest influence on cost included fire intensity level, area burned, and total housing value within 20 mi of ignition. These equations were then used to predict suppression expenditures on a set of fiscal year 2005 Forest Service fires for the purpose of detecting “extreme” cost fires—those fires falling more than 1 or 2 SDs above or below their expected value.

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Jiménez, Pedro, Domingo Muñoz-Esparza, and Branko Kosović. "A High Resolution Coupled Fire–Atmosphere Forecasting System to Minimize the Impacts of Wildland Fires: Applications to the Chimney Tops II Wildland Event." Atmosphere 9, no. 5 (May 19, 2018): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos9050197.

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Wildland fires are responsible for large socio-economic impacts. Fires affect the environment, damage structures, threaten lives, cause health issues, and involve large suppression costs. These impacts can be mitigated via accurate fire spread forecast to inform the incident management team. We show that a fire forecast system based on a numerical weather prediction (NWP) model coupled with a wildland fire behavior model can provide this forecast. This was illustrated with the Chimney Tops II wildland fire responsible for large socio-economic impacts. The system was run at high horizontal resolution (111 m) over the region affected by the fire to provide a fine representation of the terrain and fuel heterogeneities and explicitly resolve atmospheric turbulence. Our findings suggest that one can use the high spatial resolution winds, fire spread and smoke forecast to minimize the adverse impacts of wildland fires.

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Velichkova, Rositsa, Radostina A. Angelova, and Iskra Simova. "Wildland Fire Suppression with Water Assets from Nature." Environmental Sciences Proceedings 5, no. 1 (December 7, 2020): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecg2020-08905.

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Wildland fires frequently happen and develop in hard-to-reach regions, fast covering large areas due to the presence of ignitable matters together with beneficial meteorological circumstances. Human actions and natural events are the main reasons for the appearance of wildland fires. Our study focusses on the idea of using natural resources, namely water assets on the fire-affected territory. Since fire suppression is primarily performed with water, the provision of sufficient water sources in the proximity of the burning area is critical. An investigation of the hydrological characteristics of the territory is needed, especially in the driest months, when most of the wildfire events are expected to occur. The construction of a support point for fire-fighting water supplies in the wildland territories is also a requirement for building a network of water assets in the wildland territories.

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Thorburn, R. W., A. MacMillan, and M. E. Alexander. "The application of interactive multimedia CD-ROM technology to wildland fire safety training." Forestry Chronicle 76, no. 6 (December 1, 2000): 953–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc76953-6.

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Interactive multimedia technology has been utilized in the development of a CD-ROM based wildland fire safety training course, Wildland Fire – Safety on the Fireline. Interactive multimedia technology allows delivery of training to a large number of students on a consistent basis. In addition, cost savings can be achieved through reduced learning time, reduced travel, minimal use of instructors, and most of all, through retention of knowledge as a result of using multimedia. The course, Wildland Fire – Safety on the Fireline, was developed and reviewed by a national team of specialists in wildland fire behavior and wildland fire safety with the intent of reducing and/or eliminating injuries and fatalities associated with the suppression of wildland fires. Wildland Fire – Safety on the Fireline focuses on due diligence, situational awareness, entrapment survival, health, equipment, and hazards encountered when working on the fireline. Each of the four sections comprising the course is followed by a board game test in preparation for a final test that is tracked by the computer. Key words: Canada, computer applications, fire behavior, fire entrapment avoidance, firefighter fatalities, firefighter physiology, fire suppression, fire survival, personal protective equipment, risk management, safe work practices, situational awareness, wildfire case studies, wildland firefighting, wildland-urban interface.

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Špulák, Pavel. "Wildland Fires in the Czech Republic—Review of Data Spanning 20 Years." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 11, no. 5 (April 29, 2022): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11050289.

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The following article deals with more than 20 years of historical wildland fire data from the Czech Republic, logged in the databases of the operational centers of the Fire and Rescue Service of the Czech Republic (FRS of CR). First, the definition of the term wildland fire is introduced. After that, the locations of wildland fires are discussed, from the point of view of their introduction into the information systems. Next, as the FRS of CR is organized on a regional basis, the number of wildland fires is analyzed regionally. On the basis of this analysis, some advice concerning the preparation for and prevention of wildland fires is provided—for example, focusing fire prevention campaigns in regions where the wildland fire incidence per inhabitant is high, planning aerial firefighting asset coverage with respect to the occurrence of wildland fires, or deploying the necessary fire suppression equipment according to the dominant wildland fire fuel type. Finally, questions concerning the homogeneity of groups of wildland fires which naturally emerge during the process of selection from the emergency database are discussed.

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6

Houtman, Rachel M., Claire A. Montgomery, Aaron R. Gagnon, David E. Calkin, Thomas G. Dietterich, Sean McGregor, and Mark Crowley. "Allowing a wildfire to burn: estimating the effect on future fire suppression costs." International Journal of Wildland Fire 22, no. 7 (2013): 871. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf12157.

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Where a legacy of aggressive wildland fire suppression has left forests in need of fuel reduction, allowing wildland fire to burn may provide fuel treatment benefits, thereby reducing suppression costs from subsequent fires. The least-cost-plus-net-value-change model of wildland fire economics includes benefits of wildfire in a framework for evaluating suppression options. In this study, we estimated one component of that benefit – the expected present value of the reduction in suppression costs for subsequent fires arising from the fuel treatment effect of a current fire. To that end, we employed Monte Carlo methods to generate a set of scenarios for subsequent fire ignition and weather events, which are referred to as sample paths, for a study area in central Oregon. We simulated fire on the landscape over a 100-year time horizon using existing models of fire behaviour, vegetation and fuels development, and suppression effectiveness, and we estimated suppression costs using an existing suppression cost model. Our estimates suggest that the potential cost savings may be substantial. Further research is needed to estimate the full least-cost-plus-net-value-change model. This line of research will extend the set of tools available for developing wildfire management plans for forested landscapes.

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Liang, Jingjing, Dave E. Calkin, Krista M. Gebert, Tyron J. Venn, and Robin P. Silverstein. "Factors influencing large wildland fire suppression expenditures." International Journal of Wildland Fire 17, no. 5 (2008): 650. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf07010.

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There is an urgent and immediate need to address the excessive cost of large fires. Here, we studied large wildland fire suppression expenditures by the US Department of Agriculture Forest Service. Among 16 potential non-managerial factors, which represented fire size and shape, private properties, public land attributes, forest and fuel conditions, and geographic settings, we found only fire size and private land had a strong effect on suppression expenditures. When both were accounted for, all the other variables had no significant effect. A parsimonious model to predict suppression expenditures was suggested, in which fire size and private land explained 58% of variation in expenditures. Other things being equal, suppression expenditures monotonically increased with fire size. For the average fire size, expenditures first increased with the percentage of private land within burned area, but as the percentage exceeded 20%, expenditures slowly declined until they stabilised when private land reached 50% of burned area. The results suggested that efforts to contain federal suppression expenditures need to focus on the highly complex, politically sensitive topic of wildfires on private land.

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McAlpine, R. S., and B. M. Wotton. "The use of fractal dimension to improve wildland fire perimeter predictions." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23, no. 6 (June 1, 1993): 1073–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x93-137.

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Fire managers currently use simple elliptical models to predict the perimeter of a fire when the fire starts from a single point. However, when examined closely wildland fire perimeters are highly irregular. We tested the hypothesis that a fire is actually fractal in nature and thus the true length of a fire perimeter depends on the amount of fine-edge detail included in the measurement. The amount of perimeter detail incorporated is dependent on the length of the base unit of measurement; the longer the unit, the less the perimeter detail, and the shorter the perimeter. Different forest fire suppression techniques have inherent scale characteristics that are associated with different base unit measurements of perimeter; therefore, the length of the fire perimeter is dependent on the suppression technique used. Analysis of 14 forest-fire perimeters yielded a consistent fractal dimension of 1.15, and a relationship was found to adjust predicted fire perimeter with this fractal dimension for a specific unit measurement length. The fractal length of fire fronts between two identifiable points can also be calculated given the base unit measurement of the suppression technique. This information should improve fire managers' ability to optimally dispatch suppression resources to forest fires.

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Woodard, Paul M. "Minimum requirements for wildfire investigations." Forestry Chronicle 84, no. 3 (June 1, 2008): 375–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc84375-3.

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Provincial forest management agencies across Canada are attempting to recover suppression costs plus losses to real property due to human-caused fires when negligence is involved. These agencies are responsible for investigating these fires, and they commonly restrict all access to the fire origin area. These agencies commonly employ well trained fire investigators, who are well aware of standards for documenting wildland fires. However, in many cases, the quality of the investigations is poor, and the cost of finding this additional information is great. In this paper, I identify the minimum information required before an investigation file should be considered complete and charges can be laid. Key words: wildland fire, investigation, reports, litigation, standards

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Keane, Robert E., Kathy Gray, Brett Davis, Lisa M. Holsinger, and Rachel Loehman. "Evaluating ecological resilience across wildfire suppression levels under climate and fuel treatment scenarios using landscape simulation modelling." International Journal of Wildland Fire 28, no. 7 (2019): 533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf19015.

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Continued suppression of wildfires may allow more biomass to accumulate to foster even more intense fires. Enlightened fire management involves explicitly determining concurrent levels of suppression, wildland fire use (allowing some fires to burn) and fuel treatments to manage landscapes for ecological resilience. This study used the mechanistic landscape model FireBGCv2 to simulate ecological dynamics on three landscapes in the US northern Rocky Mountains to determine responses of seven management-oriented variables over a gradient of 10 fire suppression levels under two climate and four fuel treatment scenarios. We used a historical range and variation (HRV) time series of the seven variables individually and merged together as a Principal Components factor (PC1) to define the envelope that represents ecological resiliency and compared all simulations with the HRV base case. We found that under today’s climates, using the PC1 factor, ecological resilience was maintained while suppressing 30–90% of wildfires depending on the landscape. We also found fuel treatments might allow higher suppression levels to occur and still maintain resilience. Other findings indicate that each landscape must be individually evaluated to determine the right mix of wildfires, wildland fire use and fuel treatments depending on the response variables used to evaluate resilience.

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Books on the topic "Wildland fire suppression"

1

Authority, Victoria Country Fire. On the land: Agricultural fire management guidelines. East Burwood, VIC: Country Fire Authority, 2007.

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Susan, Todd. Wildland fire in Alaska: A history of organized fire suppression and management in the Last Frontier. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Fairbanks, Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, 2006.

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Okray, Randy. Crew resource management for the fire service. Tulsa, Okla: PennWell Corp., 2004.

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4

GAO report on wildland fire suppression: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Public Lands and Forests of the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, One Hundred Ninth Congress, second session, to review the Government Accountability Office report entitled "Wildland fire suppression--lack of clear guidance raises concerns about cost sharing between federal and nonfederal entities," June 21, 2006. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2006.

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5

United States. Government Accountability Office. Wildland fire suppression: Lack of clear guidance raises concerns about cost sharing between federal and nonfederal entities : report to the chairman, Subcommittee on Public Lands and Forests, Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C: Government Accountability Office, 2006.

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GOVERNMENT, US. An Act to Act to Amend the National Forest and Public Lands of Nevada Enhancement Act of 1988 to Adjust the Boundary of the Toiyabe National Forest, Nevada, and to Amend Chapter 55 of Title 5, United States Code, to Authorize Equal Overtime Pay Provisions for all Federal Employees Engaged in Wildland Fire Suppression Operations. [Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 2000.

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7

Savin, Hubert. Wildland Fire Suppression. lulu.com, 2017.

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8

Committee on Energy and Natura (senate), United States Senate, and United States United States Congress. GAO Report on Wildland Fire Suppression. Independently Published, 2019.

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9

Donahue, Edgar L. Station Fire: Lessons for Future Wildland Fire Management. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2012.

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10

Iafc. Fundamentals of Fire Fighter Skills. Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, 2011.

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Book chapters on the topic "Wildland fire suppression"

1

Schweizer, Donald, Tom Nichols, Ricardo Cisneros, Kathleen Navarro, and Trent Procter. "Wildland Fire, Extreme Weather and Society: Implications of a History of Fire Suppression in California, USA." In Extreme Weather Events and Human Health, 41–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23773-8_4.

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Hand, Michael. "Estimating Suppression Expenditures." In Encyclopedia of Wildfires and Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) Fires, 1–10. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51727-8_106-1.

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Florec, Veronique, Matthew P. Thompson, and Francisco Rodríguez y Silva. "Cost of Suppression." In Encyclopedia of Wildfires and Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) Fires, 1–11. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51727-8_96-1.

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Hand, Michael. "Estimating Suppression Expenditures." In Encyclopedia of Wildfires and Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) Fires, 284–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52090-2_106.

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Florec, Veronique, Matthew P. Thompson, and Francisco Rodríguez y Silva. "Cost of Suppression." In Encyclopedia of Wildfires and Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) Fires, 139–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52090-2_96.

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6

"Fire Suppression Policy, Weather, and Western Wildland Fire Trends: An Empirical Analysis." In Wildfire Policy, 174–93. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203153048-19.

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7

Bayham, Jude, and Marissa Lee. "The economic benefits of planning before the fire." In Advances in Forest Fire Research 2022, 1780–84. Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-2298-9_275.

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Wildfire suppression expenditures in the United States regularly exceed a billion dollars and are expected to continue rising due to climate change, high fuel loads, and a growing wildland urban interface. Risk management research suggests that pre-fire planning reduces uncertainty and may lead to better wildfire management outcomes including lower suppression costs, less damage to values at risk and improve safety outcomes. One form of pre-fire planning in US National Forests is known as potential operating delineations (PODs) whereby stakeholders collaboratively identify area on the landscape where wildfire can be safely and effectively engaged. Moreover, the area defined by the PODs are classified based on the level of urgency to suppress fire. The objective of this paper is to test whether fires that have occurred within areas that have undergone the POD process are systematically different from fires that have not undergone PODs. We evaluate the following wildfire outcomes: final fire cost, final fire size, cost per acre, and duration. We employ statistical matching methods to find comparable non-POD fires that serve as â€œcontrolâ€ units for our POD â€œtreatedâ€ fires. Our results suggest that POD fires cost $373 per acre less than non-POD fires, and that the POD fires cost per acre is comparable to prescribed burning cost per acre in the Southwestern US. These results imply that pre-fire planning like the POD process may reduce suppression costs to a level comparable with prescribed burning facilitating the long-standing recommendation from fire ecologists to â€œrestore fire to the landscape.â€

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Voltolina, Debora, Giacomo Cappellini, Tiziana Apuani, and Simone Sterlacchini. "Simulating wildland surface fire behaviour to support emergency management." In Advances in Forest Fire Research 2022, 367–74. Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-2298-9_58.

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The recent upsurge in the incidence of extreme wildfire events, the expected impact of climate change on the frequency and severity of fires, and the progressive expansion of wildland-urban interface areas highlight the tangible need for improvement in our ability to predict, mitigate and manage the growing risk to which communities are exposed. The aim of this research is to contribute to deepen the knowledge on the spatial simulation of complex dynamics of wildland surface fire behaviour through the development and validation of a spatially distributed predictive model for the simulation of wildland surface fire spread intended for operational purposes. Given the position of one or more ignition points, the developed model allows to (i) obtain near real time dynamic estimates of the geo-environmental variables that control the fire spread, (ii) compute the direction and intensity of the maximum rate of fire spread in heterogeneous environments, and (iii) simulate the surface fire spread using agent-based models. The final aim is to provide competent authorities with timely information on the expected evolution of the flame front to optimise decision-making processes. The model, developed under synthetic conditions, is then applied to case studies recorded in the territory of the Autonomous Region of Sardinia, that offers institutional information on the ignition location, the evolution of the flame front, and the completed fire suppression activities, which are implemented in the model as well. Overall, the model showed a promising predictive capacity evaluated in quantitative terms of morphological matching between the observed and predicted fire spread patterns, returning more accurate results in areas with less complex morphologies and dominated by herbaceous rather than shrubby fuels. The model also made it possible to obtain accurate simulations in rapid processing times, compatible with its operational application as a tool for optimising and planning fire risk prevention and mitigation strategies and policies as well as fire management activities. Future research will be addressed at improving the predictive capacity of the model and estimating the propagation of the parametric uncertainty of the geo-environmental variables within the model.

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Whiteman, C. David. "Fire Weather and Smoke Management." In Mountain Meteorology. Oxford University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195132717.003.0022.

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Wildland fires consume large areas of forest and grasslands every year. Fires are described in terms of fire behavior, which includes rate of spread and fire intensity. A fire that spreads rapidly burns less of the available fuel per square unit of area than a fire that moves slowly and allows the flaming front a longer residence time. A fire with flames that reach only two feet above the ground produces less heat and is less destructive than an intense fire that crowns, that is, has long flames and burns at the top (i.e., crown) of the forest canopy (figure 13.1). Fire suppression activities are initiated when a wildfire threatens people, property, or natural areas that need protection. These activities include dropping water or chemicals on a fire and establishing a fire line around the fire. A fire line is a zone along a fire’s edge where there is little or no fuel available to the fire. Roads, cliffs, rivers, and lakes can be part of a fire line, or land can be cleared by firefighters. Backfires may be set within the fire line to burn toward the fire, widening the fire line and reducing the likelihood of the fire spreading beyond it (figures 13.2 and 13.3). Fires can cross a fire line if the intensity is high or if spotting occurs, that is, if the wind carries burning material (firebrands) beyond the fire and across the fire line (figure 13.4). A wildland fire can be very destructive, but it can also be beneficial and may be used by land resource managers to accomplish specific ecological objectives. For example, smaller fires can reduce the danger of a large catastrophic fire by burning off underbrush. Fire can also be used to prepare land for planting, to control the spread of disease or insect infestations, to benefit plant species that are dependent on fire, to influence plant succession, or to alter the nutrients in the soil. When a fire is used to manage land resources, it is called a prescribed fire.

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Blanco-Cano, Laura, A. J. Molina-Herrera, M. C. González-Sanchis, J. Pérez-Romero, and A. D. Del Campo-García. "Preventive irrigation for fire defence in Mediterranean wildland-urban interface areas based on the ecosystem water status." In Advances in Forest Fire Research 2022, 751–56. Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-2298-9_115.

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In highly anthropized Mediterranean environments, more intense and persistent droughts alter the characteristics of the soil substrate and consequently the water status of the vegetation. Causing an increase water stress of the forest stands implies an increase in dead fuel availability and fire risk. This situation together with the current trend of urbanisation in areas adjacent to forest areas, generating the wildland-urban interface (WUI) areas, represents a new field in the firefighting, which presents both regulatory and technical deficits. This paper presents a management model based on the water quantification of the soil-plant-atmosphere system that defines the optimal amount of irrigation needed to decrease fire intensity to a suppression stage in the WUI of La Vallesa forest in the Natural Park of TÃºria (Valencia, Spain). Mainly highlighted is the ability to manipulate the fire behaviour by intervening the water status of the system through prescribed irrigation. We report that by means of irrigation, the moisture content of the forest system can be increased by 5.49 Â± 3.97 %, which translated to energy, implies an increase in the capacity of the system to absorb 14.24 Â± 10.32 kJ/kg and this translates into a decrease in a potential flame length of 0.10 Â± 0.26 m above its height.

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Conference papers on the topic "Wildland fire suppression"

1

Xiaolin Hu and Yi Sun. "Agent-based modeling and simulation of wildland fire suppression." In 2007 Winter Simulation Conference. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wsc.2007.4419732.

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HomChaudhuri, Baisravan, Sheng Zhao, Kelly Cohen, and Manish Kumar. "Generation of Optimal Fire-Line for Fighting Wildland Fires Using Genetic Algorithms." In ASME 2009 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2009-2707.

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Every year all over the world, wildfires do extensive damages to the human lives, properties and natural resources. National Interagency Fire Center data provides a detailed description of the severe damages caused by the wildfires every year. Forest Fire Decision Support Systems (FFDSS) have been developed all over the world during the last thirty years with the purpose of fire detection, fire behavior prediction, and risk assessment. But optimized wildland fire containment strategies are largely lacking in these FFDSS. In this paper, decision making strategies have been formulated for wildland fire suppression so that the total burned area and hence the damage is minimized. This goal is achieved by the application of optimization tools such as the Genetic Algorithms (GA). For a given number of resources, the GA will determine their best utilization strategy so that the total area burnt is minimized. For generating optimal strategies for resource utilization, the Genetic Algorithm uses an advanced fire propagation model that predicts the propagation of wildland fires under given environmental conditions and topography. The fire-fighting strategy considered in this paper is fireline generation. Using the Genetic Algorithm, the optimal fireline is built that minimizes the area of land burned. GA also provides the proper locations of the attacking crews so that the fireline is built before the fire escapes. Using these intelligent decision making strategies, the damage caused due to a forest fire can be minimized significantly.

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Pacheco, A. P., J. Claro, and T. Oliveira. "Rekindle dynamics: validating the pressure on wildland fire suppression resources and implications for fire management in Portugal." In FOREST FIRES 2012. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/fiva120191.

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Schoeffler, Fred, and Joy A. Collura. "How was it Possible to do Everything Right and yet 19 Prescott Fire Department Firefighters Died in One Fell Swoop on June 30, 2013?" In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001577.

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On 30 June 2013, nineteen Prescott FD, Granite Mountain Hot Shots, a quasi-military Wildland Fire Crew, died on the Yarnell Hill Fire in Arizona. This tragic Arizona State Forestry (ASF) wildfire was “investigated” by a USDA US Forest Service-funded Serious Accident Investigation Team (SAIT). Their alleged "factual" report (SAIR) concluded they "found no indication of negligence, reckless actions, or violations of policy or protocol." Stated in the positive - they did everything right and yet nineteen men perished. This no blame, no-fault conclusion clearly defies logic and reason. Both USFS and BLM training publications mirror each other: "If firefighters follow the Standard Firefighting Orders and are alerted to the 18 Watch Out Situations, much of the risk of firefighting can be reduced." In 2001 and 2002, former USFS Fire Director Jerry Williams fully supported that joint assertion: “The Ten Standard Firefighting Orders must be firm rules of engagement. … They are the result of hard-learned lessons. Compromis¬ing one or more of them is a common denominator of all tragedy fires. … [where] the Fire Orders were ignored, overlooked, or otherwise compromised.” “Entrapment avoid¬ance must be our primary emphasis and our measure of professional operational success. We must embrace the rules of engagement as a way of doing business - as a professional standard. ... because we owe it to one another. The Fire Orders must become a shared obligation, where the leader’s situational awareness depends on participation by the entire crew and where the crew’s participation is tempered with respect for the leader’s responsibility ..." The SAIT states: "The 10 Standard Firefighting Orders and 18 Watch Out Situations ... [are] the foundation of training in fire suppression operations, ... but they require judgment in application. These principles, ... outline the [SAIT’s] perspective regarding the use and consideration of the 10 and 18 in [the SAIR]." This contradicts the GMHS aftermath.Additionally, other Agency video training sources have made light of this serious subject. “Visualizing The Ten and Eighteen - With Humor” (2004) Kathy Murphy; “WFSTAR: Fire Orders” (2018); and the Wildland Fire LLC - “Honor the Fallen” (2018). In this video, the Standard Fire Orders are denigrated by the USFS Apprenticeship Program Manager: “the truth is that we try to put it into these little boxes in these rules and the 10 and 18 that cannot, they’re not gonna keep us safe, that’s been proven time and time again, we can’t follow our own rule, you know, these rules whatever they are” and states they need to have “luck decision conversation[s],” concluding with “it was good … until it wasn’t.” Did these, and coaching from others, result in the third-year GMHS sole survivor McDonough’s SAIT assertion that Fire Order Ten regarding safely fighting fire, was “hillbilly” and “old”? The documented YH Fire and GMHS tragedy is inaccurate. Indeed, knowing, recognizing, and applying the 10 and 18, and mitigating any Watchout Situations are responsible for saving tens of thousands of WF lives every year! There are no documented cases revealing otherwise.

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Reports on the topic "Wildland fire suppression"

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Aalto, Juha, and Ari Venäläinen, eds. Climate change and forest management affect forest fire risk in Fennoscandia. Finnish Meteorological Institute, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361355.

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Forest and wildland fires are a natural part of ecosystems worldwide, but large fires in particular can cause societal, economic and ecological disruption. Fires are an important source of greenhouse gases and black carbon that can further amplify and accelerate climate change. In recent years, large forest fires in Sweden demonstrate that the issue should also be considered in other parts of Fennoscandia. This final report of the project “Forest fires in Fennoscandia under changing climate and forest cover (IBA ForestFires)” funded by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, synthesises current knowledge of the occurrence, monitoring, modelling and suppression of forest fires in Fennoscandia. The report also focuses on elaborating the role of forest fires as a source of black carbon (BC) emissions over the Arctic and discussing the importance of international collaboration in tackling forest fires. The report explains the factors regulating fire ignition, spread and intensity in Fennoscandian conditions. It highlights that the climate in Fennoscandia is characterised by large inter-annual variability, which is reflected in forest fire risk. Here, the majority of forest fires are caused by human activities such as careless handling of fire and ignitions related to forest harvesting. In addition to weather and climate, fuel characteristics in forests influence fire ignition, intensity and spread. In the report, long-term fire statistics are presented for Finland, Sweden and the Republic of Karelia. The statistics indicate that the amount of annually burnt forest has decreased in Fennoscandia. However, with the exception of recent large fires in Sweden, during the past 25 years the annually burnt area and number of fires have been fairly stable, which is mainly due to effective fire mitigation. Land surface models were used to investigate how climate change and forest management can influence forest fires in the future. The simulations were conducted using different regional climate models and greenhouse gas emission scenarios. Simulations, extending to 2100, indicate that forest fire risk is likely to increase over the coming decades. The report also highlights that globally, forest fires are a significant source of BC in the Arctic, having adverse health effects and further amplifying climate warming. However, simulations made using an atmospheric dispersion model indicate that the impact of forest fires in Fennoscandia on the environment and air quality is relatively minor and highly seasonal. Efficient forest fire mitigation requires the development of forest fire detection tools including satellites and drones, high spatial resolution modelling of fire risk and fire spreading that account for detailed terrain and weather information. Moreover, increasing the general preparedness and operational efficiency of firefighting is highly important. Forest fires are a large challenge requiring multidisciplinary research and close cooperation between the various administrative operators, e.g. rescue services, weather services, forest organisations and forest owners is required at both the national and international level.

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Volunteer fire fighter dies during wildland fire suppression - South Dakota. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, April 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.26616/nioshfffacef200237.

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Health hazard evaluation report: HETA-2008-0245-3127, determining base camp personnel exposures to carbon monoxide during wildland fire suppression activities - California. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, May 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.26616/nioshheta200802453127.

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