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Journal articles on the topic 'Wildlife capture'
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Rutter, Andrew U., Alex T. Hanrahan, Clayton K. Nielsen, and Eric M. Schauber. "Functionality of a New Live-Capture Device for River Otters." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 11, no. 1 (December 17, 2019): 238–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/092018-jfwm-083.
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Abstract Assessments of novel capture techniques are important to wildlife research. We used Comstock traps, a new live-capture technique, to capture North American river otters Lontra canadensis. We measured Comstock trap functionality in terms of river otter capture efficiency, furbearer capture efficiency, nonfurbearer capture efficiency, and malfunction rate. During 2014–2016, we captured 36 river otters (19 male, 17 female) in Comstock traps during 2,533 trap nights (1 capture/63 trap nights) at Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge in southern Illinois, USA. Eleven of 20 (55%) river otters assessed for capture-related injuries received an injury as a result of capture in a Comstock trap. The most common injury was claw loss (45%), followed by tooth fracture (25%) and lacerations (10%). The ease of setting Comstock traps and of releasing nontarget captures made them an appealing option for river otter live capture; however, two river otters died because of hypothermia, two died because of drowning, and one died because of traumatic injuries sustained during capture. Special care should be taken when selecting locations to set Comstock traps with regard to temperature and fluctuating water levels. Researchers attempting to live-capture river otters using this method would benefit by restricting their use to locations with predictable water levels and seasons with mild weather patterns.
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Hillman, Sharon O. "WILDLIFE CAPTURE AND STABILIZATION TRAINING." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2001, no. 2 (March 1, 2001): 1001–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2001-2-1001.
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ABSTRACT Alyeska Pipeline Service Company (“Alyeska”) facilitates a 2-day wildlife capture and stabilization course for fishing vessel personnel and staff who may be assisting during an oil spill The course involves hands-on training for participants who would be likely to capture or care for birds and small mammals in such a response. The course provides an understanding of: Alyeska's wildlife response program, field operations, and summary of wildlife anatomy and physiology as it relates to the capture and stabilization program; internal and external effects of oil on birds and mammals (especially sea otters); and basic concepts of wild bird and small mammal capture, care, and stabilization techniques.
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Prakash, T. G. Supun Lahiru, W. A. A. D. Upul Indrajith, A. M. C. P. Aththanayaka, Suranjan Karunarathna, Madhava Botejue, Vincent Nijman, and Sujan Henkanaththegedara. "Illegal capture and internal trade of wild Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in Sri Lanka." Nature Conservation 42 (November 3, 2020): 51–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.42.57283.
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The illegal wildlife trade is considered one of the major threats to global biodiversity. Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) have been highly valued by various cultures for use in religious and spiritual contexts, as a draft animal, and more recently, as a tourist attraction. Thus, the demand for captive elephants is high. Wild Asian elephants are taken from the wild, often illegally, to maintain these captive populations due to the unviability of captive breeding programs. For the first time, we documented the extent to which wild elephants are being illegally captured and traded in Sri Lanka between January 2008 and December 2018. We collected data from case records maintained by the Sri Lanka court system where the suspects of illegal elephant trade were prosecuted in addition to information gathered by archives and interviews with various stakeholders. We documented 55 cases where elephants were illegally traded. This is probably an underestimate due to the mortality rate of elephants during capture operations, and challenges in collecting data on this highly organized illicit trade. Nearly equal numbers of male and female elephants were traded and more than 50% of them were juveniles, aged ≤5 years. Significantly more elephants were found to be seized in 2014–2015 than in the other time periods combined. We found evidence of the illegal capture of wild elephants from wildlife protected areas and state forests. More importantly, we identified evidence of corruption of wildlife officers, involvement of politicians and other high-ranking personnel in the illegal wildlife trade, and lack of active enforcement of wildlife law as major challenges to overcome if the illegal capture and domestic trade of wild elephants in Sri Lanka are to be halted. Based on our study, we make a series of recommendations that should result in implementing policy to reduce the trafficking of Asian elephants in Sri Lanka and improve the conservation management of the species.
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Callahan, Barbara. "ROCKNES OILED WILDLIFE RESPONSE BERGEN, NORWAY." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2005, no. 1 (May 1, 2005): 475–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2005-1-475.
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ABSTRACT On January 19, 2004, the bulk ore carrier, Rocknes, capsized after striking rocks near Bergen, Norway. Tragically eighteen crewmembers lost their lives. Approximately 450 tonnes of marine fuel was spilled. Oil quickly spread over 15 kilometers of the Norwegian coastline, threatening the pristine fjord environment and oiling hundreds of animals. In past oiling events in Norway, the government has utilized trained and certified sharpshooters to humanely euthanize oiled birds. Immediately following the Rocknes oil spill, a group of non-govemmental organizations (NGO's) working in Norway formed a coalition called “Action Clean Birds,” and asked the government for formal permission to mount an oiled wildlife response. Permission was granted on the stipulation that a professional oiled wildlife response team be brought in to oversee the animal capture, transport, rehabilitation and reconditioning of the animals. The International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW) Emergency Relief (ER) Team, co-managed by the International Bird Rescue Research Center (IBRRC) was called upon to mount an oiled wildlife response effort. As the first authorized response for oiled wildlife in Norway, the Rocknes spill provided a platform to work with local wildlife rehabilitators, veterinarians, ornithologists and others, increasing their capacity to respond locally to future events involving oiled animals. During the month-long response, 131 oiled seabirds were captured, 81 of those were rehabilitated, reconditioned and released, the others died or were humanely euthanized as they were deemed unviable for release. If pre-planning had been involved, a significantly larger number of oiled birds could have been captured, increasing the probability that a higher percentage of them would have been viable for release due to early capture and treatment. This case study of the wildlife portion of the Rocknes response reviews steps taken to mitigate the effects of oil on wildlife, as well as demonstrates the importance of planning and preparedness as it relates to the success of an oiled wildlife response.
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Coltherd, Jennifer C., Carys Morgan, Johanna Judge, Lesley A. Smith, and Michael R. Hutchings. "The effects of parasitism on recapture rates of wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus)." Wildlife Research 37, no. 5 (2010): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr09159.
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Context. In studies of population dynamics, disease ecology and prevalence, point-sampling of data is a widely used sampling technique and capture–mark–recapture (CMR) is the most popular method of point sampling. Population estimates based on CMR are sensitive to deviations from the assumptions of the models such as equal catchability of all animals. Although consistent deviations from these assumptions can be accounted for in a robust statistical framework (e.g. identification of trap-shy animals), transient effects cannot be adequately incorporated in the statistical models and thus are expected to affect the accuracy of model predictions. In natural animal populations, parasitism is often transient but inevitable and studies showing behavioural changes, e.g. foraging strategies, as a result of infection are numerous. Thus, parasitism may represent a transient source of heterogeneity of trapping probability in small mammal populations and may affect accuracy of wildlife sampling techniques. Aims. The aim of the present study was to quantify the effect of parasitic status on capture rates of wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus), and thus the potential for parasitism to act as a source of bias in wildlife sampling techniques such as CMR. Methods. In total, 41 wood mice were successfully captured, marked and released from two study sites in two different years, with weight, sex and faecal egg counts (FEC; used as a measure of the level of parasitism) recorded at every capture. Key results. In both studies, FEC was positively correlated with the capture rate of mice and the number of different traps in which an individual was caught. Conclusions. We conclude that parasitism affects the rate of capture of wood mice and has the potential to represent a significant source of heterogeneity in trapping probability. Implications. The consistent results of these two small studies suggest that wildlife point-sampling techniques may be biased by the parasitic status of the animals, which has potentially significant and far-reaching implications for wildlife population studies and disease-prevalence studies.
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Latham, A. David M., Ben Davidson, Bruce Warburton, Ivor Yockney, and Jordan O. Hampton. "Efficacy and Animal Welfare Impacts of Novel Capture Methods for Two Species of Invasive Wild Mammals in New Zealand." Animals 10, no. 1 (December 24, 2019): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10010044.
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All capture methods impose animal welfare impacts, but these impacts are rarely quantified or reported. We present data from two wildlife capture studies that trialled new methods for capturing Bennett’s wallabies (Notamacropus rufogriseus) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) in New Zealand. We used helicopter net-gunning for both species, and compared this method with ground-based netting for wallabies and helicopter darting for red deer, using, for the first time in New Zealand, the fast-acting opioid thiafentanil. Efficacy and animal welfare parameters quantified were duration of handling and recovery, and frequency of adverse events, including escape, injury, and mortality. Cost-effectiveness was quantified for each method. Capture mortalities occurred for all methods for both species. For red deer, chemical immobilisation led to fewer traumatic injuries and fewer mortalities, while for wallabies, net-gunning led to fewer mortalities. Net-gunning was an efficient capture method for deer in open habitat, but led to the escape of 54% of wallabies and one wallaby mortality (4%). Ground-based netting resulted in the mortality of 17% of wallabies at the time of capture, and the capture of non-target species. The cost per captured wallaby was 40% more expensive for net-gunning (NZ$1045) than for ground-based netting (NZ$745), but, once corrected for mortalities at the time of capture and suitability of individuals for GPS-collar deployment, this was reduced to 29% and 12% more expensive, respectively. Net-gunning for red deer resulted in the escape of 13% of animals and mortality of 10% of animals at the time of capture. Helicopter-based darting for red deer using thiafentanil (c. 0.03–0.06 mg/kg) had high capture efficacy (zero escapes), rapid induction times (mean of 3 min), and a low mortality rate at 14 days post-capture (3%), but it was more expensive per deer captured and collared than aerial netting (NZ$2677 and NZ$2234, respectively). We recommend reporting of adverse event data for all wildlife capture techniques to permit continual refinement of field methods.
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Jones, Darryl N., and Paul G. Finn. "Translocation of aggressive Australian magpies: a preliminary assessment of a potential management action." Wildlife Research 26, no. 3 (1999): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr98062.
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Australian magpies are the cause of a major wildlife-management conflict in suburban areas throughout Australia. Mitigation of this conflict is becoming increasingly difficult in some locations because of community opposition to the destruction of the birds involved, which remains a common management solution of many wildlife agencies. Translocation – the capture and release elsewhere – of offending birds has been advocated but never seriously evaluated. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of translocation as a means of eliminating magpie attacks. We also attempted to assess the impact of the approach on both the translocated birds and those remaining in the territory. A total of 20 aggressive magpies, all males, were captured and released at distances 17–150 km from the place of capture. Most birds released more than 30 km away were not seen again; two birds released less than 30 km away returned quickly and were recaptured. A single bird re-established itself on its original territory several months after capture. In many cases, new males had replaced the captured birds within days. There was no evidence of negative behavioural interactions between these males and the resident females or chicks. While the technique is effective in reducing the human–magpie conflict at specific locations, our lack of knowledge of the fate of translocated males, as well as several other issues, suggests that this approach be used only in extreme circumstances.
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Brannon, Robert D. "Hematological characteristics of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) in central and northeastern Alaska." Canadian Journal of Zoology 63, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z85-011.
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Eighty-five grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) were captured during 1981 and 1982 in the Alaska Range and in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, located in the Brooks Range, Alaska. Blood samples from these bears were examined for erythrocyte count, leukocyte count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and erythrocyte indices. Erythrocyte count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and mean corpuscular volume were significantly higher in the first of two samples collected 1 h apart. This difference suggsts a response to stress during the capture by splenic contraction to provide an increased oxygen supply to oxygen depleted muscle tissues, followed by splenic relaxation and decreased blood pressure with expansion of blood plasma volume. Leukocyte count was significantly higher in the second sample. This difference was probably a result of neutrophilia caused by tissue damage from darting and the removal of muscle tissue samples. Alaska Range bears exhibited higher values for all characteristics except mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin, indicating that these bears were more stressed by their capture than bears in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.
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Buckland, S. T., J. R. Skalski, and D. S. Robson. "Techniques for Wildlife Investigation: Design and Analysis of Capture Data." Biometrics 50, no. 1 (March 1994): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2533230.
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Pollock, Kenneth H., John R. Skalski, and Douglas S. Robson. "Techniques for Wildlife Investigations, Design and Analysis of Capture Data." Journal of Wildlife Management 58, no. 1 (January 1994): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3809568.
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Ramsey, Fred L., John R. Skalski, and Douglas S. Robson. "Techniques for Wildlife Investigations: Design and Analysis of Capture Data." Journal of the American Statistical Association 88, no. 422 (June 1993): 704. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2290367.
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Proulx, Gilbert, Marc Cattet, Thomas L. Serfass, and Sandra E. Baker. "Updating the AIHTS Trapping Standards to Improve Animal Welfare and Capture Efficiency and Selectivity." Animals 10, no. 8 (July 24, 2020): 1262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10081262.
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In 1999, after pressure from the European Union, an Agreement on International Humane Trapping Standards (AIHTS) that would result in the banning of the steel-jawed leghold traps in the European Community, Canada, and Russia was signed. The United States implemented these standards through an Agreed Minute with the European Community. Over the last two decades, scientists have criticized the AIHTS for (1) omitting species that are commonly trapped; (2) threshold levels of trap acceptance that are not representative of state-of-the-art trap technology; (3) excluding popular traps which are commonly used by trappers although they are known to cause prolonged pain and stress to captured animals; (4) inadequate coverage of capture efficiency and species selectivity (i.e., number of captures of target and non-target species) performance. Concerns about the ability of standards and test procedures to ensure animal welfare, and about the implementation of standards, have also been voiced by wildlife biologists, managers, and conservation groups. In this review, we present a synopsis of current trapping standards and test procedures, and we compare the standards to a then contemporary 1985–1993 Canadian trap research and development program. On the basis of the above-noted concerns about AIHTS, and our experience as wildlife professionals involved in the capture of mammals, we formulated the following hypotheses: (1) the list of mammal species included in the AIHTS is incomplete; (2) the AIHTS have relatively low animal welfare performance thresholds of killing trap acceptance and do not reflect state-of-the-art trapping technology; (3) the AIHTS animal welfare indicators and injuries for restraining traps are insufficient; (4) the AIHTS testing procedures are neither thorough nor transparent; (5) the AIHTS protocols for the use of certified traps are inadequate; (6) the AIHTS procedures for the handling and dispatching of animals are nonexistent; (7) the AIHTS criteria to assess trap capture efficiency and species selectivity are inappropriate. We conclude that the AIHTS do not reflect state-of-the-art trapping technology, and assessment protocols need to be updated to include trap components and sets, animal handling and dispatching, and trap visit intervals. The list of traps and species included in the standards should be updated. Finally, the concepts of capture efficiency and trap selectivity should be developed and included in the standards. Based on our review, it is clear that mammal trapping standards need to be revisited to implement state-of-the-art trapping technology and improve capture efficiency and species selectivity. We believe that a committee of international professionals consisting of wildlife biologists and veterinarians with extensive experience in the capture of mammals and animal welfare could produce new standards within 1–2 years. We propose a series of measures to fund trap testing and implement new standards.
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Neumann, Wiebke, Göran Ericsson, Holger Dettki, and Jon M. Arnemo. "Effect of immobilizations on the activity and space use of female moose (Alces alces)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 89, no. 11 (November 2011): 1013–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z11-076.
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Studies of free-ranging wildlife often involve animal capture and fitting of tracking devices. Capturing wildlife may result in behavioral alterations. Thus, there is a need to evaluate the effects of capture on study animals to identify potential biases influencing the research. We assessed the short-term response of 15 GPS/GSM-collared adult female moose ( Alces alces (L., 1758)) and immobilization and handling by comparing moose rates of movement and net square displacement before and after recapture. Moose were more active up to 7 h and increased their spatial displacement for 4.5 days after recapture compared with movement patterns before recapture. Opposite to our predictions, moose did not reduced their movement rates after their initial displacement following capture and recovery, i.e., moose did not show any indication for a residual effect. We recommend using individuals as their own controls in analyses of capture impacts to account adequately for individual behavioral differences. We recommend omitting data of at least the first 5 days following capture for analyses of moose movement and distribution.
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Thaung, Ret, Vanessa Herranz Muñoz, Jeremy Holden, Daniel Willcox, and Nicholas J. Souter. "The Vulnerable fishing cat Prionailurus viverrinus and other globally threatened species in Cambodia's coastal mangroves." Oryx 52, no. 4 (November 27, 2017): 636–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605317001491.
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AbstractThe Vulnerable fishing cat Prionailurus viverrinus faces a perilous future in South-east Asia. It was last sighted in Cambodia in 2003. We deployed 16 camera traps at four sites in southern Cambodia during January–May 2015 to determine if the fishing cat was still present in the country. Eight photograph/video captures of fishing cats were recorded from the mangroves in Peam Krasop Wildlife Sanctuary and one from Ream National Park, but there were no records from Botum Sakor National Park or Prey Nup. A number of other globally threatened species were also photographed in Peam Krasop Wildlife Sanctuary: the Sunda pangolin Manis javanica, the hog deer Axis porcinus and the large-spotted civet Viverra megaspila. We learnt of the killing of an alleged fishing cat at the Sanctuary in July 2015 in retaliation for raiding fishing nets. Illegal hunting and capture of fishing cats for the wildlife trade were reported by local informants at all sites. We provide photographic and video evidence of the fishing cats and highlight the importance of Cambodia's mangroves for threatened species conservation.
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Bergmann, Pamela Ann. "Implementation and Revision of the Wildlife Protection Guidelines for Alaska's Federal On-Scene Coordinators." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1991, no. 1 (March 1, 1991): 137–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1991-1-137.
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ABSTRACT The Alaska Regional Response Team (RRT) established the Wildlife Protection Working Group in September 1987 to develop and maintain guidelines to assist Alaska's federal on-scene coordinators (OSC) in dealing with potential wildlife impacts resulting from oil spills. The working group is composed of representatives of four federal and state agencies and three special-interest groups. The guidelines, which were adopted by the Alaska RRT on December 14, 1988, address three response strategies: controlling the release and spread of oil to protect wildlife, keeping wildlife away from spills through the use of deterrent techniques, and attempting to capture and rehabilitate oiled wildlife. Since adoption by the Alaska RRT, the guidelines have been used in conjunction with response activities associated with the following spills: the Swallow diesel fuel and fuel oil spill near Dutch Harbor on February 27, 1989, the Exxon Valdez crude oil spill in Prince William Sound on March 24, 1989, and the Milos Reefer fuel oil and diesel fuel spill on St. Matthew Island on November 15, 1989. In the Swallow incident, protective booming, bird hazing, and bird capture and rehabilitation programs were conducted in accordance with the guidelines. In the Exxon Valdez incident, information in the guidelines was used to establish the sea otter rescue program and to begin implementation of the bird capture and rehabilitation program. In the Milos Reefer spill, the guidelines were used as the basis for a decision not to initiate a rescue program for birds oiled as a result of the vessel's grounding. In October 1989, the working group met to conduct a review of the guidelines based on experience gained through the Swallow and Exxon Valdez incidents. As a result of this meeting, seven principal additions have been proposed for the guidelines.
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Bateman, Heather L., Timothy E. Lindquist, Richard Whitehouse, and Maria M. Gonzalez. "Mobile application for wildlife capture-mark-recapture data collection and query." Wildlife Society Bulletin 37, no. 4 (August 23, 2013): 838–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wsb.322.
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Harrison, Lee, Kylie Soanes, and Rodney van der Ree. "An evaluation of pipe traps for the capture of small arboreal mammals." Australian Mammalogy 40, no. 2 (2018): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am17014.
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Optimal wildlife survey techniques should maximise detectability or capture rates of target species and minimise potential harm to animals. We compared the effectiveness of Elliott and PVC pipe traps for the capture of small arboreal mammals in the Victorian Central Highlands and found that pipe traps were less effective at capturing small arboreal mammals than Elliott traps.
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Bergmann, Pamela, and Nick Russo. "JOINT CANADA/UNITED STATES WILDLIFE RESPONSE PLANNING: DIXON ENTRANCE." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2001, no. 2 (March 1, 2001): 1327–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2001-2-1327.
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ABSTRACT Neither wildlife nor oil spills acknowledge international boundaries. Both migratory birds and marine mammals move freely between Alaska in the United States and British Columbia in Canada, in the international boundary area known as Dixon Entrance in the North Pacific Ocean. An oil spill on one side of the border may be carried by winds and/or currents into the waters of the adjacent country. Recognition of these facts resulted in the development of the Canada/United States Joint Marine Pollution Contingency Plan, which was signed by the Canadian Coast Guard (CCG) and U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) in 1974. Annexes were subsequently prepared for five transboundary areas, including Dixon Entrance. Following the promulgation of these annexes, joint exercises have been held to enhance annex implementation. In September 1999, at the request of the USCG and CCG, the U.S. Department of the Interior, Alaska Office of Environmental Policy and Compliance (DOI-OEPC) took the lead in organizing and chairing a workshop to discuss issues associated with wildlife response activities for oil spills that cross the Canada/United States border in Dixon Entrance. The workshop was held in Prince Rupert, British Columbia as part of a 4-day joint meeting. Workshop participants included representatives from key U.S. federal and Alaska State wildlife resource agencies, Canadian federal wildlife resource agencies, oil spill cooperatives for Southeast Alaska and British Columbia, and the USCG. Wildlife resource agency representatives participating in the workshop reached consensus that the goal of wildlife protection is to make decisions based on what is best for the wildlife resources and then to determine how the goal can be accomplished within the constraints of each countries regulatory process. Agreement was reached to form a Canada/United States working group to develop a joint wildlife response plan. The plan, which will focus on migratory birds and sea otters, will address issues associated with the removal of dead oiled wildlife from the environment, hazing of unoiled wildlife, preemptive capture of sea otters, and capture and treatment of oiled migratory birds and sea otters. A draft plan will be developed prior to a September 2000, Canada/U.S. Dixon Entrance (CANUSDIX) joint meeting, which will be held in Ketchikan, Alaska.
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Waudby, Helen P., Sophie Petit, and Matthew J. Gill. "The scientific, financial and ethical implications of three common wildlife-trapping designs." Wildlife Research 46, no. 8 (2019): 690. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr19084.
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Abstract ContextTrapping design influences information collected about wildlife populations and biodiversity. Trapping is also resource-intensive and has animal welfare implications. AimsThe scientific, financial and ethical performances of three trap designs were compared for estimating diversity and sampling small vertebrates. MethodsSmall vertebrates were trapped over 16 trapping sessions, from April 2009 to May 2011, with aluminium box-style (Elliott) traps and two pitfall trap designs (shallow–wide and deep–narrow), in an arid environment. Key resultsShallow pitfalls recorded highest overall species richness (S=22) and diversity (qD=10.622), reptile diversity (qD=8.112) and reptile capture rates (13.600 individuals per 100 trap nights). Shallow and deep pitfalls sampled ~79.0% and 85.0% (respectively) more small mammals than did Elliott traps. Deep pitfalls sampled the greatest diversity (qD=6.017) and number (29.700 individuals per 100 trap nights) of small mammals, and captured the greatest number of small mammal species (0.003) and individuals (0.106) per dollar. Shallow pitfalls were the most cost-efficient trap type for sampling reptile species (0.003) and individuals (0.044) per dollar. Between-session recapture rates were greatest in Elliott traps, indicating an increased likelihood of biased capture rates for certain small mammal species over time. Elliott traps were the least efficient traps on most scientific and cost measures, and recorded the greatest overall recapture rates, particularly for Sminthopsis crassicaudata and S. macroura. Body size of one species only, the nationally threatened Pseudomys australis, influenced its capture rate, with larger individuals more likely to be caught in deep pitfalls. Mortality was highest in pitfalls and mostly related to interactions between animals caught in the same trap. Key conclusionsShallow pitfalls are suitable for studies focused on estimating species richness, and reptile diversity and abundance. Deep pitfalls are cost-effective for sampling small mammals. Ethical issues associated with pitfalls could be managed by checking traps more often at night, and/or including materials that provide increased protection from predators caught in the same trap, particularly during periods of high abundance. ImplicationsTrap design profoundly influences cost-effectiveness and welfare outcomes of wildlife research. We provide a tool to assist cost-benefit related decisions.
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White, Gary C. "Correcting wildlife counts using detection probabilities." Wildlife Research 32, no. 3 (2005): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr03123.
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One of the most pervasive uses of indices of wildlife populations is uncorrected counts of animals. Two examples are the minimum number known alive from capture and release studies, and aerial surveys where the detection probability is not estimated from a sightability model, marked animals, or distance sampling. Both the mark–recapture and distance-sampling estimators are techniques to estimate the probability of detection of an individual animal (or cluster of animals), which is then used to correct a count of animals. However, often the number of animals in a survey is inadequate to compute an estimate of the detection probability and hence correct the count. Modern methods allow sophisticated modelling to estimate the detection probability, including incorporating covariates to provide additional information about the detection probability. Examples from both distance and mark–recapture sampling are presented to demonstrate the approach.
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Hahn, Allison Hailey. "Preserving lions and culture: Conflicting standards of human–wildlife conflict." Journal of African Media Studies 11, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 347–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jams_00005_1.
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Conservation biologists predict that human–wildlife conflicts will increase in the near future as climate change forces the migration of both human and animal populations in search of increasingly scarce resources. These conflicts often capture international attention pitting wildlife against human communities, which are framed as savage hunters or uncaring consumerists. This framing often presumes that wildlife killing is optional, a sport or an outdated cultural activity. And while it may at times be all three, rural and traditional communities also argue that at times it is necessary to kill wildlife to save their children, communities and wildlife. This article explores one instance of such clash between human and wildlife communities, when in 2012 Maasai herders in southern Kenya were accused of illegally hunting and killing lions. Through an examination of multiple media sources, I ask how these events were framed, in what ways were the Maasai community’s traditions and perspective reported, and how did international stakeholders construct value criteria from which they argued for the protection of wildlife and against the protection of indigenous communities. Through this study, I aim to better understand the nuances of human–wildlife conservation and the differing ways that events are understood in local and international reporting.
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McGregor, Hugh W., Jordan O. Hampton, Danielle Lisle, and Sarah Legge. "Live-capture of feral cats using tracking dogs and darting, with comparisons to leg-hold trapping." Wildlife Research 43, no. 4 (2016): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr15134.
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Context Predation by feral cats is a key threatening process to many species of native Australian wildlife. Unfortunately, cats are difficult to capture using standard trapping techniques, limiting the potential to conduct research on their ecology and impacts. Aims We present an alternative capture method: remote chemical immobilisation after tracking with trained dogs. We also compare capture rates to a concurrent soft-jaw leg-hold trapping program. Methods We used dogs to capture cats detected by spotlighting at night, and also recaptured cats fitted with telemetry collars during the day. Cats were either bailed on the ground or treed and then hand-netted, or chemically immobilised using darts shot from a CO2-powered dart rifle, loaded with tiletamine–zolazepam at ~6 mg kg–1. Factors affecting the success rate of capturing cats using dogs were assessed. Efficiency in terms of cats captured per person-hours of fieldwork were compared using trained dogs versus leg-hold trapping. Key results We attempted 160 cat captures using the tracking dogs with 114 of those being successful. There were no mortalities or debilitating physical injuries associated with chemical immobilisation; however, sedated cats had prolonged recoveries (>4 h). Capture success with the tracking dogs increased as the dogs gained experience. Capture success rates per person-hour of fieldwork were four times greater using spotlighting with tracking dogs than using leg-hold traps. The success rate of recaptures using dogs was 97%. Conclusions The use of trained tracking dogs proved an effective method for capturing feral cats. The method had a much higher success rate than live-trapping with leg-hold traps, took less effort (in terms of person-hours) and caused less physical injuries than did leg-hold traps. However, substantial setup costs and time are required, which are discussed. Implications Using these methods could improve efficiency and outcomes when catching feral cats, and enable more data per individual cat to be collected than otherwise.
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Rode, Karyn D., Anthony M. Pagano, Jeffrey F. Bromaghin, Todd C. Atwood, George M. Durner, Kristin S. Simac, and Steven C. Amstrup. "Effects of capturing and collaring on polar bears: findings from long-term research on the southern Beaufort Sea population." Wildlife Research 41, no. 4 (2014): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr13225.
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Context The potential for research methods to affect wildlife is an increasing concern among both scientists and the public. This topic has a particular urgency for polar bears because additional research is needed to monitor and understand population responses to rapid loss of sea ice habitat. Aims This study used data collected from polar bears sampled in the Alaska portion of the southern Beaufort Sea to investigate the potential for capture to adversely affect behaviour and vital rates. We evaluated the extent to which capture, collaring and handling may influence activity and movement days to weeks post-capture, and body mass, body condition, reproduction and survival over 6 months or more. Methods We compared post-capture activity and movement rates, and relationships between prior capture history and body mass, body condition and reproductive success. We also summarised data on capture-related mortality. Key results Individual-based estimates of activity and movement rates reached near-normal levels within 2–3 days and fully normal levels within 5 days post-capture. Models of activity and movement rates among all bears had poor fit, but suggested potential for prolonged, lower-level rate reductions. Repeated captures was not related to negative effects on body condition, reproduction or cub growth or survival. Capture-related mortality was substantially reduced after 1986, when immobilisation drugs were changed, with only 3 mortalities in 2517 captures from 1987–2013. Conclusions Polar bears in the southern Beaufort Sea exhibited the greatest reductions in activity and movement rates 3.5 days post-capture. These shorter-term, post-capture effects do not appear to have translated into any long-term effects on body condition, reproduction, or cub survival. Additionally, collaring had no effect on polar bear recovery rates, body condition, reproduction or cub survival. Implications This study provides empirical evidence that current capture-based research methods do not have long-term implications, and are not contributing to observed changes in body condition, reproduction or survival in the southern Beaufort Sea. Continued refinement of capture protocols, such as the use of low-impact dart rifles and reversible drug combinations, might improve polar bear response to capture and abate short-term reductions in activity and movement post-capture.
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Glorioso, Brad M., Lindy J. Muse, Cory J. Hillard, Brittany R. Maldonado, Jared Streeter, Charles D. Battaglia, and J. Hardin Waddle. "A Trapping Survey Targeting Head-Started Alligator Snapping Turtles in Southwest Louisiana." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 11, no. 2 (August 20, 2020): 572–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/jfwm-20-009.
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Abstract The alligator snapping turtle Macrochelys temminckii is the largest freshwater turtle in North America and humans seek it as a food source, primarily in Louisiana. Scientists point to decades of intensive commercial harvest of alligator snapping turtles as a cause of population declines. The Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries initiated a head-start program for alligator snapping turtles and released 53 head-started juveniles at seven sites along an approximately 5.7-km stretch of Bundick Creek in southwest Louisiana between November 2015 and October 2016. Before release, department personnel measured, weighed, and marked all alligator snapping turtles with both an internal passive integrated transponder tag and a numbered external tag. In 2018, the U.S. Geological Survey initiated a turtle trapping survey at those seven release sites targeting the head-started alligator snapping turtles. In 1 wk of trapping effort at each site, we recorded 69 turtle captures comprising seven species, including 15 alligator snapping turtles (representing 12 individuals). Of those 12 individuals, 8 were head-started juveniles and 4 were native to the creek. A landowner captured an additional head-started juvenile alligator snapping turtle during our trapping and we took measurements before its release. A minimum of 17% of head-started alligator snapping turtles survived since release, and we trapped most captured head-started individuals near their release site; the captured individuals exhibited growth consistent with other studies, indicating acclimatization to their new environment. Three head-started alligator snapping turtles had their external tags entangled in the net mesh, and two of these turtles drowned. An additional two head-started individuals lost their external tags in the natural environment prior to their capture in this study. The Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries discontinued the use of external tags based on our findings, as these tags were detrimental to the health of head-started turtles.
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Hardouin, Marie, Charlotte E. Searle, Paolo Strampelli, Josephine Smit, Amy Dickman, Alex L. Lobora, and J. Marcus Rowcliffe. "Density responses of lesser-studied carnivores to habitat and management strategies in southern Tanzania’s Ruaha-Rungwa landscape." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 30, 2021): e0242293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242293.
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Compared to emblematic large carnivores, most species of the order Carnivora receive little conservation attention despite increasing anthropogenic pressure and poor understanding of their status across much of their range. We employed systematic camera trapping and spatially explicit capture-recapture modelling to estimate variation in population density of serval, striped hyaena and aardwolf across the mixed-use Ruaha-Rungwa landscape in southern Tanzania. We selected three sites representative of different habitat types, management strategies, and levels of anthropogenic pressure: Ruaha National Park’s core tourist area, dominated by Acacia-Commiphora bushlands and thickets; the Park’s miombo woodland; and the neighbouring community-run MBOMIPA Wildlife Management Area, also covered in Acacia-Commiphora. The Park’s miombo woodlands supported a higher serval density (5.56 [Standard Error = ±2.45] individuals per 100 km2) than either the core tourist area (3.45 [±1.04] individuals per 100 km2) or the Wildlife Management Area (2.08 [±0.74] individuals per 100 km2). Taken together, precipitation, the abundance of apex predators, and the level of anthropogenic pressure likely drive such variation. Striped hyaena were detected only in the Wildlife Management Area and at low density (1.36 [±0.50] individuals per 100 km2), potentially due to the location of the surveyed sites at the edge of the species’ global range, high densities of sympatric competitors, and anthropogenic edge effects. Finally, aardwolf were captured in both the Park’s core tourist area and the Wildlife Management Area, with a higher density in the Wildlife Management Area (13.25 [±2.48] versus 9.19 [±1.66] individuals per 100 km2), possibly as a result of lower intraguild predation and late fire outbreaks in the area surveyed. By shedding light on three understudied African carnivore species, this study highlights the importance of miombo woodland conservation and community-managed conservation, as well as the value of by-catch camera trap data to improve ecological knowledge of lesser-studied carnivores.
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Browne, A. Springer, Hannah M. Cranford, Clint N. Morgan, James A. Ellison, Are Berentsen, Nicholas Wiese, Alexandra Medley, et al. "Determination of freedom-from-rabies for small Indian mongoose populations in the United States Virgin Islands, 2019–2020." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 7 (July 15, 2021): e0009536. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009536.
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Mongooses, a nonnative species, are a known reservoir of rabies virus in the Caribbean region. A cross-sectional study of mongooses at 41 field sites on the US Virgin Islands of St. Croix, St. John, and St. Thomas captured 312 mongooses (32% capture rate). We determined the absence of rabies virus by antigen testing and rabies virus exposure by antibody testing in mongoose populations on all three islands. USVI is the first Caribbean state to determine freedom-from-rabies for its mongoose populations with a scientifically-led robust cross-sectional study. Ongoing surveillance activities will determine if other domestic and wildlife populations in USVI are rabies-free.
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Ott, Gary L. "Fish and Wildlife Contingency Planning for Oil Spills: The Need for A National Wildlife Plan1." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2001, no. 1 (March 1, 2001): 609–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2001-1-609.
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ABSTRACT If responders believe preplanning will help them become more successful during an oil spill, a recent survey shows that they are not very successful at wildlife protection and response preplanning in Area Contingency Plans (ACPs), at least here on the Atlantic Coast. Wildlife planners in a few states, such as California and Alaska, have committed considerable resources to develop statewide goals, best practices, and standards for wildlife planning and have also described tactical implementation for wildlife protection. In most areas of the United States, however, planning for protection and rehabilitation of wildlife is limited to listing the name and phone number of the regional wildlife volunteer organization. How is “success” achieved for wildlife protection and rehabilitation? Wildlife Resource Management Agencies have a responsibility to support the ACP planning process as well as to tell industry what they expect them to accomplish during an oil spill. Without goals and some tangible definition of success it is not possible for planners neither to determine if they have done adequate planning nor to determine if any given spill response actually met the Wildlife Resource Management Agency's expectations. Wildlife Resource Management Agencies should provide the Area Committees with appropriate wildlife protection and response goals, recommended protocols, and best practices. The objective of the February 2001 workshop funded by the Prince William Sound Oil Spill Recovery Institute (OSRI) is to develop national standards and protocols relative to migratory birds affected or potentially affected by an oil spill. Perhaps these protocols and standards could be published in a National Wildlife Plan. A National Wildlife Plan should enable the Area Committee to identify at least three things: (1) appropriate goals, such as which sensitive wildlife resources are most at risk and should be protected; (2) appropriate protocols and strategies for the protection and rehabilitation of wildlife including countermeasures to protect wildlife habitats and the most useful wildlife hazing and preemptive capture strategies to protect the maximum number of the most critical resources; and (3) levels of wildlife protection and response resources needed to accomplish these strategies. The building of a National Wildlife Plan will require a thoughtfully structured consensus process. One method would be for representatives of Wildlife Resource Management Agencies to actively participate in workshops or in an ecological risk assessment process designed to reach consensus on a wide range of wildlife issues.
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Wenhong, Xiao, Hu Li, Huang Xiaoqun, and Xiao Zhishu. "Using capture-recapture models in wildlife camera-trapping monitoring and the study case." Biodiversity Science 27, no. 3 (2019): 257–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.17520/biods.2018194.
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Rachlow, Janet L., Renee M. Peter, Lisa A. Shipley, and Timothy R. Johnson. "Sub-lethal effects of capture and collaring on wildlife: Experimental and field evidence." Wildlife Society Bulletin 38, no. 3 (June 4, 2014): 458–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wsb.444.
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Borchers, D. L., B. C. Stevenson, D. Kidney, L. Thomas, and T. A. Marques. "A Unifying Model for Capture–Recapture and Distance Sampling Surveys of Wildlife Populations." Journal of the American Statistical Association 110, no. 509 (January 2, 2015): 195–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01621459.2014.893884.
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Volz, Stephanie A., and John J. Johnston. "Solid phase extraction/gas chromatography/electron capture detector method for the determination of organochlorine pesticides in wildlife and wildlife food sources." Journal of Separation Science 25, no. 3 (February 1, 2002): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1615-9314(20020201)25:3<119::aid-jssc119>3.0.co;2-k.
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Thapa, Kanchan, Rinjan Shrestha, Jhamak Karki, Gokarna Jung Thapa, Naresh Subedi, Narendra Man Babu Pradhan, Maheshwar Dhakal, Pradeep Khanal, and Marcella J. Kelly. "Leopard Panthera pardus fusca Density in the Seasonally Dry, Subtropical Forest in the Bhabhar of Terai Arc, Nepal." Advances in Ecology 2014 (July 16, 2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/286949.
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We estimated leopard (Panthera pardus fusca) abundance and density in the Bhabhar physiographic region in Parsa Wildlife Reserve, Nepal. The camera trap grid, covering sampling area of 289 km2 with 88 locations, accumulated 1,342 trap nights in 64 days in the winter season of 2008-2009 and photographed 19 individual leopards. Using models incorporating heterogeneity, we estimated 28 (±SE 6.07) and 29.58 (±SE 10.44) leopards in Programs CAPTURE and MARK. Density estimates via 1/2 MMDM methods were 5.61 (±SE 1.30) and 5.93 (±SE 2.15) leopards per 100 km2 using abundance estimates from CAPTURE and MARK, respectively. Spatially explicit capture recapture (SECR) models resulted in lower density estimates, 3.78 (±SE 0.85) and 3.48 (±SE 0.83) leopards per 100 km2, in likelihood based program DENSITY and Bayesian based program SPACECAP, respectively. The 1/2 MMDM methods have been known to provide much higher density estimates than SECR modelling techniques. However, our SECR models resulted in high leopard density comparable to areas considered better habitat in Nepal indicating a potentially dense population compared to other sites. We provide the first density estimates for leopards in the Bhabhar and a baseline for long term population monitoring of leopards in Parsa Wildlife Reserve and across the Terai Arc.
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Simcharoen, Saksit, Anak Pattanavibool, K. Ullas Karanth, James D. Nichols, and N. Samba Kumar. "How many tigers Panthera tigris are there in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand? An estimate using photographic capture-recapture sampling." Oryx 41, no. 4 (October 2007): 447–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605307414107.
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AbstractWe used capture-recapture analyses to estimate the density of a tiger Panthera tigris population in the tropical forests of Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand, from photographic capture histories of 15 distinct individuals. The closure test results (z = 0.39, P = 0.65) provided some evidence in support of the demographic closure assumption. Fit of eight plausible closed models to the data indicated more support for model Mh, which incorporates individual heterogeneity in capture probabilities. This model generated an average capture probability $\hat p$ = 0.42 and an abundance estimate of $\widehat{N}(\widehat{SE}[\widehat{N}])$ = 19 (9.65) tigers. The sampled area of $\widehat{A}(W)(\widehat{SE}[\widehat{A}(W)])$ = 477.2 (58.24) km2 yielded a density estimate of $\widehat{D}(\widehat{SE}[\widehat{D}])$ = 3.98 (0.51) tigers per 100 km2. Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary could therefore hold 113 tigers and the entire Western Forest Complex c. 720 tigers. Although based on field protocols that constrained us to use sub-optimal analyses, this estimated tiger density is comparable to tiger densities in Indian reserves that support moderate prey abundances. However, tiger densities in well-protected Indian reserves with high prey abundances are three times higher. If given adequate protection we believe that the Western Forest Complex of Thailand could potentially harbour >2,000 wild tigers, highlighting its importance for global tiger conservation. The monitoring approaches we recommend here would be useful for managing this tiger population.
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Zero, Victoria H., Siva R. Sundaresan, Timothy G. O'Brien, and Margaret F. Kinnaird. "Monitoring an Endangered savannah ungulate, Grevy's zebra Equus grevyi: choosing a method for estimating population densities." Oryx 47, no. 3 (May 30, 2013): 410–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605312000324.
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AbstractMethods that accurately estimate animal abundance or density are crucial for wildlife management. Although numerous techniques are available, there have been few comparisons of the precision and cost-effectiveness of different approaches. We assess the precision and cost of three methods for estimating densities of the Endangered Grevy's zebra Equus grevyi. We compare distance sampling and photographic capture–recapture, and a new technique, the random encounter model (REM) that uses camera-trap encounter rates to estimate density. All three methods provide comparable density estimates for Grevy's zebra and are preferable to the common practice of raw counts. Photographic capture–recapture is the most precise and line-transect distance sampling the least precise. Line transects and photographic capture–recapture surveys are cost-effective in the first year and REM is most cost-effective in the long-term. The methods used here for Grevy's zebra may be applied to other rangeland ungulates. We suggest that for single species monitoring programmes in which individuals can be identified, photographic capture–recapture surveys may be the preferred method for estimating wildlife abundances. When encounter rates are low, distance sampling lacks the precision of the other methods but its cost advantage may make it appropriate for long-term or multi-species monitoring programmes. The REM is an efficient and precise method of estimating densities but has high initial equipment costs. We believe REM has the potential to work well for many species but it requires independent estimates of animal movements and group size.
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Huyvaert, Kathryn, Robin Russell, Kelly Patyk, Meggan Craft, Paul Cross, M. Garner, Michael Martin, Pauline Nol, and Daniel Walsh. "Challenges and Opportunities Developing Mathematical Models of Shared Pathogens of Domestic and Wild Animals." Veterinary Sciences 5, no. 4 (October 30, 2018): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci5040092.
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Diseases that affect both wild and domestic animals can be particularly difficult to prevent, predict, mitigate, and control. Such multi-host diseases can have devastating economic impacts on domestic animal producers and can present significant challenges to wildlife populations, particularly for populations of conservation concern. Few mathematical models exist that capture the complexities of these multi-host pathogens, yet the development of such models would allow us to estimate and compare the potential effectiveness of management actions for mitigating or suppressing disease in wildlife and/or livestock host populations. We conducted a workshop in March 2014 to identify the challenges associated with developing models of pathogen transmission across the wildlife-livestock interface. The development of mathematical models of pathogen transmission at this interface is hampered by the difficulties associated with describing the host-pathogen systems, including: (1) the identity of wildlife hosts, their distributions, and movement patterns; (2) the pathogen transmission pathways between wildlife and domestic animals; (3) the effects of the disease and concomitant mitigation efforts on wild and domestic animal populations; and (4) barriers to communication between sectors. To promote the development of mathematical models of transmission at this interface, we recommend further integration of modern quantitative techniques and improvement of communication among wildlife biologists, mathematical modelers, veterinary medicine professionals, producers, and other stakeholders concerned with the consequences of pathogen transmission at this important, yet poorly understood, interface.
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Renhui, Robert Zhao. "As We Walk on Water." ARTMargins 4, no. 2 (June 2015): 64–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artm_a_00112.
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This project chronicles the significant changes in Singapore's natural and urban landscape. The images in this volume have been carefully selected to capture the changing face of this tropical island-state. They touch on issues of land reclamation, national boundaries, ecological changes, pollution, conservation and the ever-evolving skyline. The pictures capture an ongoing dialogue between the city's man-made infrastructure and its natural spaces and creatures. While Singapore architecture is documented in aerial views of the country's tallest buildings, and its ubiquitous public housing, there are also photographs the island's wildlife.
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Noack, Heyns, Rodenwoldt, and Edwards. "Leopard Density Estimation within an Enclosed Reserve, Namibia Using Spatially Explicit Capture-Recapture Models." Animals 9, no. 10 (September 25, 2019): 724. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9100724.
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The establishment of enclosed conservation areas are claimed to be the driving force for the long-term survival of wildlife populations. Whilst fencing provides an important tool in conservation, it simultaneously represents a controversial matter as it stops natural migration processes, which could ultimately lead to inbreeding, a decline in genetic diversity and local extinction if not managed correctly. Thus, wildlife residing in enclosed reserves requires effective conservation and management strategies, which are strongly reliant on robust population estimates. Here, we used camera traps combined with the relatively new class of spatially explicit capture-recaptured models (SECR) to produce the first reliable leopard population estimate for an enclosed reserve in Namibia. Leopard density was estimated at 14.51 leopards/100 km2, the highest recorded density in Namibia to date. A combination of high prey abundance, the absence of human persecution and a lack of top-down control are believed to be the main drivers of the recorded high leopard population. Our results add to the growing body of literature which suggests enclosed reserves have the potential to harbour high densities and highlight the importance of such reserves for the survival of threatened species in the future.
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Sweeney, F. P., O. Courtenay, V. Hibberd, R. G. Hewinson, L. A. Reilly, W. H. Gaze, and E. M. H. Wellington. "Environmental Monitoring of Mycobacterium bovis in Badger Feces and Badger Sett Soil by Real-Time PCR, as Confirmed by Immunofluorescence, Immunocapture, and Cultivation." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 22 (September 28, 2007): 7471–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00978-07.
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ABSTRACT Real-time PCR was used to detect and quantify Mycobacterium bovis cells in naturally infected soil and badger feces. Immunomagnetic capture, immunofluorescence, and selective culture confirmed species identification and cell viability. These techniques will prove useful for monitoring M. bovis in the environment and for elucidating transmission routes between wildlife and cattle.
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MacMillan, Douglas C., and Quoc Anh Nguyen. "Factors influencing the illegal harvest of wildlife by trapping and snaring among the Katu ethnic group in Vietnam." Oryx 48, no. 2 (October 16, 2013): 304–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605312001445.
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AbstractThe harvest of wildlife through hunting, trapping and snaring is illegal in Vietnam but remains widespread and is understood to be the major threat to many species. Clandestine activities such as trapping and snaring, which are deeply embedded in the culture and economy, are difficult to investigate and this study is the first to carry out in-depth research into the illegal capture and sale of wildlife by a major ethnic group in Vietnam. The research focused on two villages of the Katu, a forest-dwelling people living close to the boundary of the newly created Saola Nature Reserve, and involved collecting data from a focus group, 30 semi-structured interviews with trappers, and a number of informal, unstructured interviews with local forest rangers, forest officers and village headmen. We find that trapping is widespread and motivated by financial gain and non-pecuniary benefits such as social esteem and enjoyment, rather than by poverty per se. Trappers’ awareness of wildlife protection law was low and animals were killed indiscriminately in traps and snares designed to catch a range of animal species. With demand for wildlife and wildlife products expected to increase we believe that new approaches will be required to protect threatened species in Vietnamese protected areas.
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Huzzen, Brynn E., Amanda M. Hale, and Victoria J. Bennett. "An effective survey method for studying volant species activity and behavior at tall structures." PeerJ 8 (February 12, 2020): e8438. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8438.
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The effects of anthropogenic modification of air space on wildlife, particularly volant species, is not fully understood. Thus, it is essential to understand wildlife-interactions with tall structures to implement effective mitigation strategies. Yet, we are currently lacking standard protocols for visual surveys of wildlife behavior at such heights. Our study sought to determine an effective, repeatable method using readily available night vision and thermal technology to survey wildlife at tall structures. Using bats as the taxonomic group of interest, we (1) created a key to identify bats and their behavior, (2) compared the effectiveness of 2 different technologies, and (3) assessed optimal equipment placement to visually capture bat activity and behavior in proximity to wind turbine towers. For the latter, we tested thermal cameras at four distances from the base of the tower. The results of our study revealed that thermal cameras captured ∼34% more flying animals than night vision at a 2 m distance. However, due to the heat signature of the turbine towers themselves, it was challenging to identify behaviors and interactions that occurred in close proximity to the towers. In contrast, it was difficult to identify bats approaching the towers using night vision, yet we were able to clearly observe interactions with the towers themselves. With regards to equipment placement, we visually captured more bats with the thermal cameras placed 2 m from the tower base compared to farther distances. From our findings, we recommend that when using either thermal or night vision technology at tall structures, they be placed 2 m from the base to effectively observe interactions along the length of these structures. In addition, we further recommend that consideration be given to the use of these two technology types together to effectively conduct such surveys. If these survey techniques are incorporated into standard protocols, future surveys at a variety of tall structures are likely to become comparable and repeatable, thereby more effectively informing any mitigation strategies that may be required.
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Short, Michael. "Oiled wildlife response for Antarctica: Practical and realistic solutions." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 1559–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014.1.1559.
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ABSTRACT Through the Antarctic Treaty on Environmental Protection all of the Antarctic member nations are required to have in place contingency plans for oil spills including oiled wildlife response. The current risks for marine pollution incidents to the Antarctic environment include refuelling activities associated with Antarctic stations/bases; routine station/base activities; and shipping associated with stations/bases, tourism, commercial fishing and whaling. Between 1981 and 2011 there have been reported 33 spills or near spill incidents associated with the Antarctic marine environment. Wildlife at risk from oil spills include seabirds (flying birds and penguins), pinnipeds and cetaceans. Antarctic and polar environments both provide a number of logistical and practical complications given their climatic and geographic character. The key elements for response actions for Antarctic wildlife identified are divided amongst primary, secondary and tertiary oiled wildlife response activities. Primary activities identified include focussing containment and clean up efforts to protecting wildlife as a priority using tools such as sensitivity mapping, stochastic and real time modelling. Secondary activities specific to individual wildlife groups were identified and included specialised hazing, exclusion and pre-emptive capture mechanisms focussed to the Antarctic environment. Tertiary activities are considered with regards to the real capacity of Antarctic stations to respond, take and rehabilitate oiled wildlife given the Antarctic environment and its limitations. The paper identifies realistic mechanisms and systems considering the climatic, logistical and practical issues of the Antarctic environment. Although specific to Antarctic bases the paper outcomes can be equally applied to other polar environments.
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SUDO, Akiko. "The Role of Wildlife Medicine in the System for Authorizing Businesses to Capture Wildlife －Science-based population control in Great Cormorant management－." Japanese Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 21, no. 3 (April 30, 2016): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5686/jjzwm.21.81.
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Goldsworthy, S. D., M. Giese, R. P. Gales, N. Brothers, and J. Hamill. "Effects of the Iron Baron oil spill on little penguins (Eudyptula minor). II. Post-release survival of rehabilitated oiled birds." Wildlife Research 27, no. 6 (2000): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr99076.
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The post-release survival of rehabilitated oiled little penguins (Eudyptula minor) was monitored over 20 months following the Iron Baron oil spill (10 July 1995) in northern Tasmania, Australia. During rehabilitation, over 1800 little penguins were individually banded and detailed records kept of factors including their degree of oiling, sex, capture and release mass and capture and release condition. Post-release survival of rehabilitated oiled little penguins was assessed through regular trapping of birds over two breeding sites (Ninth Island and Low Head). The minimum estimate of post-release survival was 59% for penguins from Ninth Island and 44% for penguins from Low Head. Rehabilitated oiled little penguins had significantly lower survival than non-oiled birds at both sites. The main factor affecting post-release survival was the extent of oiling, which itself had a significant influence on the capture mass and condition of birds. Combined, these factors had the greatest power to predict post-release survival. Other factors that significantly affected post-release survival included release mass and condition, and the sex of the bird. The duration of rehabilitation and whether birds were translocated (200–410 km) from their capture site prior to release did not significantly affect survival. The results of this study indicate how aspects of oiling, the condition of birds and rehabilitation affect post-release survival. As such, they will help improve the success of wildlife rehabilitation in future spills, and highlight the importance of individually marking rehabilitated oiled wildlife and post-release monitoring in assessing the success of rehabilitation programs.
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Razkallah, Imane, Sadek Atoussi, Salah Telailia, Merzoug Abdelghani, Bouslama Zihad, and Houhamdi Moussa. "Illegal wild birds’ trade in a street market in the region of Guelma, north-east of Algeria." Avian Biology Research 12, no. 3 (April 9, 2019): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1758155919826773.
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Overexploitation of resources represents a major factor in biodiversity loss. The illegal capture and trade of wildlife species pose a serious threat to them. Algeria is a party to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) since 1982, thereby joining the dynamics of wild fauna and flora protection. The list of wildlife species was last updated by Executive Decree No. 12-235 of 24 May 2012. In Algeria, songbirds are greatly appreciated as pet animals by pet enthusiasts. Unfortunately, habitat loss as a result of repeated forest fires in the Mediterranean region and the illegal capture of these birds cause severe damage to wild populations. The European goldfinch is the preferred species of bird enthusiasts because of its beautiful colours and its very particular singing abilities. Other species like the European serin ( Serinus serinus) are, however, used for breeding with the European goldfinch and thus the creation of hybrids. For the purposes of assessing both the impact on populations and the economic impact of the illegal capture and trade of wild birds, a survey has been conducted on the bird market held, on a weekly basis, in the city of Guelma. According to the results, between 3000 and 12,000 European goldfinches are caught every year and around 1200 are sold solely on this market. As far as the European serin is concerned, the capture is estimated at over 1000 birds. The economic impact of this activity only for the sale of recently caught animals is estimated at more than USD80,000 per year.
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Xie, Jiangjian, Anqi Li, Junguo Zhang, and Zhean Cheng. "An Integrated Wildlife Recognition Model Based on Multi-Branch Aggregation and Squeeze-And-Excitation Network." Applied Sciences 9, no. 14 (July 12, 2019): 2794. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9142794.
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Infrared camera trapping, which helps capture large volumes of wildlife images, is a widely-used, non-intrusive monitoring method in wildlife surveillance. This method can greatly reduce the workload of zoologists through automatic image identification. To achieve higher accuracy in wildlife recognition, the integrated model based on multi-branch aggregation and Squeeze-and-Excitation network is introduced. This model adopts multi-branch aggregation transformation to extract features, and uses Squeeze-and-Excitation block to adaptively recalibrate channel-wise feature responses based on explicit self-mapped interdependencies between channels. The efficacy of the integrated model is tested on two datasets: the Snapshot Serengeti dataset and our own dataset. From experimental results on the Snapshot Serengeti dataset, the integrated model applies to the recognition of 26 wildlife species, with the highest accuracies in Top-1 (when the correct class is the most probable class) and Top-5 (when the correct class is within the five most probable classes) at 95.3% and 98.8%, respectively. Compared with the ROI-CNN algorithm and ResNet (Deep Residual Network), on our own dataset, the integrated model, shows a maximum improvement of 4.4% in recognition accuracy.
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ANDERSON, D. P., D. S. L. RAMSEY, G. NUGENT, M. BOSSON, P. LIVINGSTONE, P. A. J. MARTIN, E. SERGEANT, A. M. GORMLEY, and B. WARBURTON. "A novel approach to assess the probability of disease eradication from a wild-animal reservoir host." Epidemiology and Infection 141, no. 7 (January 23, 2013): 1509–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095026881200310x.
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SUMMARYSurveying and declaring disease freedom in wildlife is difficult because information on population size and spatial distribution is often inadequate. We describe and demonstrate a novel spatial model of wildlife disease-surveillance data for predicting the probability of freedom of bovine tuberculosis (caused by Mycobacterium bovis) in New Zealand, in which the introduced brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) is the primary wildlife reservoir. Using parameters governing home-range size, probability of capture, probability of infection and spatial relative risks of infection we employed survey data on reservoir hosts and spillover sentinels to make inference on the probability of eradication. Our analysis revealed high sensitivity of model predictions to parameter values, which demonstrated important differences in the information contained in survey data of host-reservoir and spillover-sentinel species. The modelling can increase cost efficiency by reducing the likelihood of prematurely declaring success due to insufficient control, and avoiding unnecessary costs due to excessive control and monitoring.
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Matema, Steven, and Jens A. Andersson. "Why are lions killing us? Human–wildlife conflict and social discontent in Mbire District, northern Zimbabwe." Journal of Modern African Studies 53, no. 1 (February 12, 2015): 93–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x14000664.
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AbstractAn emerging perspective on Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) in Zimbabwe is that increased authoritarianism in governance has enabled elite capture of wildlife resources and silenced local people's voices. This paper qualifies this perspective, showing how ordinary people continue to raise their concerns about local governance. In the Mbire district, people's interpretations of an upsurge in lion attacks on livestock and people in early 2010 took on a dimension of social commentary on the evolving governance arrangements in the district and beyond. Beneath an apparent human–wildlife conflict lie complex human–human conflicts about access to, and governance of, wildlife resources. Interpretations of the lion attacks built on two distinct epistemologies – a local religious discourse on spirit lions and an ecological one – but invariably construed outsiders as the ones accountable for local problems. This construction of outsiders is also a salient feature of Zimbabwean political discourse. Local voices thus constitute a widely understood discourse of protest.
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Laubscher, Liesel L., Neville E. Pitts, Jacobus P. Raath, and Louwrens C. Hoffman. "Non-Chemical Techniques Used for the Capture and Relocation of Wildlife in South Africa." African Journal of Wildlife Research 45, no. 3 (October 2015): 275–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3957/056.045.0275.
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Omonona, A. O., S. A. Abioye, P. O. Odeniran, and I. O. Ademola. "Distribution of tsetse flies and its Trypanosoma species infection in Old Oyo National Park, Nigeria." Zoologist (The) 18, no. 1 (April 8, 2021): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tzool.v18i1.6.
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Tsetse fly infestation in national parks is a major health risk to both the wildlife and tourists coming to sub-Saharan Africa. However, information on distribution and diversity of tsetse flies and trypanosome infection rate in Protected Areas like Old Oyo National Park in south-west Nigeria is largely unknown. Thus, the study evaluates distribution and diversity of tsetse flies in Magurba Range of Old Oyo National Park. Twelve Nzi traps were set at 50 m equidistance to capture Glossina species for a period of six months between February and August, 2019, considering both the altitudinal and ecological significance. A total of 136 tsetse flies belonging to four species; G. palpalis, G. tachinoides, G. morsitans and G. fusca; were captured. More Glossina species were captured during dry season 77.9% (70.0-84.6) than the wet season 22.1% (15.4-30.0). There was significant difference (p = 0.0001; x2 = 84.9; OR = 12.5) between the proportion of Glossina species captured at the riverine areas (106; 77.9%) and the woodland/forest areas (30; 22.1%). Glossina captured at ground level and 30 cm above ground were 71 (52.2 %) and 65 (47.8%) respectively. The overall prevalence of trypanosome infection (2.94%) was observed for Glossina spp. The presence of infected Glossina spp. indicated an urgent need to establish a concise strategic vector control in National Parks, in order to reduce the risk of transmission to both wildlife and humans in the area. The park is frequently visited by tourists, rangers, researchers and students for educational purposes.
Keywords: Glossina spp.; Trypanosoma spp.; vector distribution; Old Oyo National Park
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Widodo, Febri Anggriawan, Stephanus Hanny, Eko Hery Satriyo Utomo, Zulfahmi, Kusdianto, Eka Septayuda, Tugio, et al. "Tigers and Their Prey in Bukit Rimbang Bukit Baling: Abundance Baseline for Effective Wildlife Reserve Management." Jurnal Ilmu Kehutanan 11, no. 2 (July 10, 2017): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jik.28275.
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Managing the critically endangered Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae) needs accurate information on its abundance and availability of prey at the landscape level. Bukit Rimbang Bukit Baling Wildlife Reserve in central Sumatra represents an important area for tigers at local, regional and global levels. The area has been recognized as a long-term priority Tiger Conservation Landscape. Solid baseline information on tigers and prey is fundamentally needed for the management. The objective of this study was to produce robust estimate of tiger density and prey a vailability in the reserve. We used camera traps to systematically collecting photographic samples of tigers and prey using Spatial Capture Recapture (SCR) framework. We estimated density for tigers and calculated trap success rate (TSR; independent pictures/100 trap nights) for main prey species. Three blocks in the reserve were sampled from 2012 to 2015 accumulating a total of 8,125 effective trap nights. We captured 14 tiger individuals including three cubs. We documented the highest density of tigers (individuals/100 km2) in southern sampling block (based on traditional capture recapture (TCR) : 1.52 ± SE 0.55; based on Maximum Likelihood (ML) SCR:0.51 ± SE 0.22) and the lowest in northeastern sampling block (TCR: 0.77 ±SE 0.39; ML SCR: 0.19 ± SE 0.16). The highest TSR of main prey (large ungulates and primates) was in northeastern block (35.01 ± SD 8.67) and the lowest was in southern block (12.42 ± SD 2.91). The highest level of disturbance, as indicated by TSR of people, was in northeastern sampling block (5.45 ± SD 5.64) and the lowest in southern (1.26 ± SD 2.41). The results suggested that human disturbance strongly determine the density of tigers in the area, more than prey availability. To recover tigers, suggested strategies include controlling human disturbance and poaching to the lowest possible level in addition to maintaining main prey availability.Keywords: Capture-Mark-Recapture; closed population; habitat management; population viability; tiger recovery Harimau dan Mangsanya di Bukit Rimbang Bukit Baling: Basis Informasi Kelimpahan untuk Pengelolaan Suaka Margasatwa yang EfektifIntisariMengelola spesies kunci seperti harimau Sumatera (Panthera tigris sumatrae) yang dalam kondisi kritis, memerlukan informasi terkait populasi satwa tersebut dan ketersediaan satwa mangsanya pada tingkat lanskap. Suaka Margasatwa Bukit Rimbang Bukit Baling di Sumatera bagian tengah merupakan sebuah kawasan penting untuk harimau baik pada tingkat lokal, regional, maupun global. Kawasan ini telah diakui sebagai sebuah kawasan prioritas jangka panjang Tiger Conservation Landascapes (TCL). Informasi dasar yang sahih mengenai populasi harimau dan mangsanya sangat dibutuhkan untuk pengelolaan efektif satwa tersebut dan kawasan habitatnya. Tujuan dari studi ini adalah untuk menghasilkan perkiraan kepadatan populasi harimau dan ketersediaan mangsanya di kawasan suaka margasatwa tersebut. Kami menggunakan perangkap kamera untuk mengumpulkan sampel gambar harimau dan mangsanya secara sistematis menggunakan kerangka kerja Spatial Capture Recapture (SCR). Kami memperkirakan kepadatan harimau dan menghitung angka keberhasilan perangkap atau trap success rate (TSR: gambar independen/100 hari aktif kamera) untuk satwa mangsa utama. Tiga blok di dalam suaka margasatwa telah disurvei dari tahun 2012 hingga 2015 mengakumulasikan keseluruhan 8,125 hari kamera aktif. Kami merekam 14 individu harimau termasuk tiga anak. Kami mendokumentasikan kepadatan tertinggi harimau (individu/100 km2) di blok sampling selatan (berdasarkan pendekatan analisa capture recapture tradisional (TCR) 1.52 ± SE 0.55; berdasarkan Maximum Likelihood (ML) SCR 0.51 ± SE 0.22) dan terendah di utara-timur (TCR: 0.77 ±SE 0.39; ML SCR: 0.19 ± SE 0.16). TSR tertinggi dari mangsa utama (ungulate besar dan primata) adalah di blok sampling utara-timur (35.01 ± SD 8.67) dan terendah adalah di blok sampling selatan (12.42 ± SD 2.91). Tingkat gangguan tertinggi, sebagaimana diindikasikan oleh TSR manusia, adalah di blok sampling utara-timur (5.45 ± SD 5.64) dan terendahnya di blok sampling selatan (1.26 ± SD 2.41). Hasil studi ini mengindikasikan bahwa gangguan manusia yang sangat tinggi sangat menentukan kepadatan harimau di kawasan ini, melebihi pengaruh dari ketersediaan satwa mangsa. Untuk memulihkan populasi harimau, disarankan beberapa strategi termasuk mengendalikan gangguan manusia dan perburuan hingga ke tingkat terendah, selain tetap memastikan ketersediaan satwa mangsa utama yang memadai.