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Lindsey, P. A., S. S. Romañach, S. Matema, C. Matema, I. Mupamhadzi, and J. Muvengwi. "Dynamics and underlying causes of illegal bushmeat trade in Zimbabwe." Oryx 45, no. 1 (January 2011): 84–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605310001274.
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AbstractThe prevalence and impacts of the illegal trade in bushmeat are under appreciated in Southern Africa, despite indications that it constitutes a serious conservation threat in parts of the region. Bushmeat trade has emerged as a severe threat to wildlife conservation and the viability of wildlife-based land uses in Zimbabwe during a period of political instability and severe economic decline. We conducted a study around Savé Valley Conservancy in the South-East Lowveld of Zimbabwe to investigate the dynamics and underlying causes of the bushmeat trade, with the objective of developing solutions. We found that bushmeat hunting is conducted mainly by unemployed young men to generate cash income, used mostly to purchase food. Bushmeat is mainly sold to people with cash incomes in adjacent communal lands and population centres and is popular by virtue of its affordability and availability. Key drivers of the bushmeat trade in the South-East Lowveld include: poverty, unemployment and food shortages, settlement of wildlife areas by impoverished communities that provided open access to wildlife resources, failure to provide stakes for communities in wildlife-based land uses, absence of affordable protein sources other than illegally sourced bushmeat, inadequate investment in anti-poaching in areas remaining under wildlife management, and weak penal systems that do not provide sufficient deterrents to illegal bushmeat hunters. Each of these underlying causes needs to be addressed for the bushmeat trade to be tackled effectively. However, in the absence of political and economic stability, controlling illegal bushmeat hunting will remain extremely difficult and the future of wildlife-based land uses will remain bleak.
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Weladji, Robert B., Stein R. Moe, and Pål Vedeld. "Stakeholder attitudes towards wildlife policy and the Bénoué Wildlife Conservation Area, North Cameroon." Environmental Conservation 30, no. 4 (December 2003): 334–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892903000353.
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In recent years, wildlife policies that consider the participation of stakeholders have been promoted. An understanding of the stakeholders' attitudes towards conservation and existing policies are critical in designing new policies or sustainable conservation strategies. This paper examines stakeholders' (local people, park staff and professional hunter guides) attitudes, towards the Bénoué Wildlife Conservation Area (BWCA) and towards Cameroonian wildlife policy. The BWCA encompasses the Bénoué National Park and its surrounding hunting concessions that also include some villages. Both the Park and the hunting concessions are two categories of protected areas. Data were collected using informal interviews and questionnaires administered to 114 households from three communities, 17 park staff and seven professional hunter guides. Local people's attitudes towards protected areas depended on the management category of the particular protected area. Local people were positive towards the existence of the Park, but negative towards the system of hunting concession areas. There was local variation between communities concerning these attitudes. Local people were generally positive to maintaining the present Park area, but preferred a reduction in the size of the hunting concessions. Both Park staff and professional hunter guides expressed concern about present management strategies and the extent of illegal resource exploitation. Despite having poor knowledge of the current Cameroonian wildlife policy, most of the local households expressed support for it, but called for increased local involvement in management, off-take and the harvesting of benefits from both Park and hunting concession activities. The Park staff were sceptical about local participation in this context and saw such endeavours as a threat to a sound biodiversity management scheme. The findings indicate the need to strengthen current wildlife policy, promote the involvement of local people and empower the Park staff, both in terms of resources and in terms of skills in interacting with local people. The revised policy should be designed so as to vary according to the category of protected area and allow site-specific adaptations. Local people must experience reduced incurred costs and increased incomes from the Park. An environmental education programme is recommended to extensively disseminate the policy to user groups in the area.
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Bwalya Umar, Bridget, and Julius Kapembwa. "Economic Benefits, Local Participation, and Conservation Ethic in a Game Management Area: Evidence From Mambwe, Zambia." Tropical Conservation Science 13 (January 2020): 194008292097175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1940082920971754.
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This study examines views on economic benefits, local participation in wildlife management and conservation ethic among 267 residents of three chiefdoms in Mambwe district, Eastern Zambia. Results show that 68% of the residents who live in the Lupande Game Management Area are not in any way involved in community wildlife management. For those involved, the main reason advanced for participating was economic benefit (79%). Only a small minority of 17% of the residents participated due to motivations to conserve wildlife. Human-wildlife conflicts induced by wild animal crop raiding, property destruction, and loss of human life, and perceived low or non-existent economic benefits seemingly precluded the development of a conservation ethic among residents. The local chiefs asserted wildlife ownership, lamented low wildlife benefits and justified its illegal uptake. Proponents of community conservation projects could encourage pro conservation attitudes among residents by addressing human-wildlife conflicts and raising awareness on intrinsic values of wildlife.
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Stephenson, Peter J., and John E. Newby. "Conservation of the Okapi Wildlife Reserve, Zaïre." Oryx 31, no. 1 (January 1997): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.1997.d01-3.x.
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The Okapi Wildlife Reserve was created in May 1992 to conserve a representative area of the Ituri rainforest in north-eastern Zaïre. This article examines the threats facing this large protected area and summarizes the management actions proposed to address these problems within the next 10 years. Emphasis is placed on the need to integrate the local population into reserve management and to empower people as much as possible to manage their own resources. The long-term future of the reserve in the context of national economic and political instability is discussed.
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Homewood, Katherine, W. A. Rodgers, and K. Arhem. "Ecology of pastoralism in Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania." Journal of Agricultural Science 108, no. 1 (February 1987): 47–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600064133.
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SummaryThis management-oriented study of range, livestock and Maasai ecology in the wildlife conservation and pastoralist land use Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA) quantifies spatial and temporal variation in range resources for three main study sites over a 2-year period. Livestock response is analysed in terms of biomass densities, habitat and pasture utilization, activity, herd size, composition and dynamics. Milk production is investigated together with the main ecological factors influencing yields. A household survey of the Maasai food system suggests that pastoral products now provide an annual average of 40% dietary energy intake, the remainder being supplied by grain. These findings form the basis of our analysis of the growing friction between the Conservation Authority and the pastoralists. Pastoralist livestock closely resemble wild ungulate utilization of NCA range resources. A combination of disease interactions and administrative restrictions allow wildlife to establish preferential access to critical grazing resources. Our results in the context of other work suggest that contrary to popular opinion pastoralist land use is an ecologically appropriate and efficient form of livestock management. There is no adverse impact on the conservation values of NCA. Despite average fertility and mortality levels pastoralist herds show progressive decline due to offtake for grain purchase. Imposed policies restrict grazing, ban cultivation and maintain poor conditions for livestock trade and grain supply. Possible interventions and their potential impacts are considered and management compromises which could benefit both pastoralists and wildlife are proposed.
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Zanamwe, Chenjerai, Edson Gandiwa, Never Muboko, Olga L. Kupika, Billy B. Mukamuri, and Francesca Verones. "Ecotourism and wildlife conservation-related enterprise development by local communities within Southern Africa: Perspectives from the greater Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation, South-Eastern Lowveld, Zimbabwe." Cogent Environmental Science 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 1531463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23311843.2018.1531463.
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Bamford, Andrew J., Daniella Ferrol-Schulte, and Jennifer Wathan. "Human and wildlife usage of a protected area buffer zone in an area of high immigration." Oryx 48, no. 4 (January 27, 2014): 504–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605313000215.
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AbstractPopulation growth near protected areas threatens the capacity of such areas for biodiversity conservation. Protected areas may even encourage growth by providing economic benefits that attract migrants. Consequently, understanding the relationships between human demographics and biodiversity is important for conservation. We studied a community-governed Wildlife Management Area bordering the Selous Game Reserve in Tanzania, set up to benefit local people and the subsistence rural economy. Annual population growth in this area is 5%. We used a combination of ecological and socio-economic surveys to determine the causes of this growth and its effect on wildlife in the Wildlife Management Area. One-third of local people interviewed were immigrants to the area. Population growth appeared to be unrelated to the protected area; instead an increasing proportion of immigrants cited readily available land as their reason for moving. Pastoralism was associated with fewer signs of large grazing mammals and elephants Loxodonta africana and agriculture was associated with fewer signs of elephant and buffalo Syncerus caffer but more signs of other ungulates. Few residents were aware of the Wildlife Management Area and few received any benefits from wildlife and therefore had little reason to conserve it. This situation is attributable to poor management of the Wildlife Management Area. Detrimental effects of human activity could spread to the Selous Game Reserve if population growth continues. However, natural resources could benefit residents if properly managed. Interactions between human demographics and protected areas are complex and may be best managed on a case-by-case basis.
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GROOM, ROSEMARY, and STEPHEN HARRIS. "Conservation on community lands: the importance of equitable revenue sharing." Environmental Conservation 35, no. 3 (August 28, 2008): 242–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037689290800489x.
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SUMMARYAttempts to establish local support for wildlife and conservation through the sharing of revenues and empowerment of local communities to manage their wildlife have proliferated over the past two decades. Data from two neighbouring Maasai group ranches in the wildlife dispersal area of Amboseli and Tsavo National Parks (Kenya) indicated one ranch generated considerable wildlife revenues from a tourist operation and community trust while the other received no direct benefits from wildlife. The overall attitude to wildlife on the ranch with wildlife revenues was significantly more positive, but attitudes within the ranch varied significantly, depending on both costs from wildlife and perception of the distribution of wildlife revenues. Ordinal logistic regression analyses showed that it was not the amount of revenue received or the scale of costs from wildlife which determined people's attitudes, but simply the presence or absence of wildlife benefits. The importance of addressing inequitable distribution of benefits is emphasized.
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Lee, Derek E. "Evaluating conservation effectiveness in a Tanzanian community wildlife management area." Journal of Wildlife Management 82, no. 8 (August 10, 2018): 1767–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21549.
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E. Danquah, P. P. Agro, M. E. Nutsuakor,. "Expending Rangers’ Efforts in Estimating Incidence of Threats to Wildlife Conservation in a Protected Area." Journal of Energy and Natural Resource Management 4, no. 1 (March 31, 2017): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.26796/jenrm.v4i1.69.
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Wildlife resources monitoring is considered a critical aspect for documenting trends in wildlife threats and yet the process is often plagued with poor design and implementation. Management of the Kalakpa Resource Reserve (KRR) in Ghana relies on ad hoc conservation strategies in dealing with wildlife threats. The study assessed the rate and trends of threats to wildlife species using field patrol records from 2007 to 2012 of all observations of illegal activities encountered by wildlife guards during regular law enforcement patrols Jonckheere Terpstra Trend and Kruskall Wallis H tests were conducted to compare and determine the linear associations in the yearly and monthly encounter rates of illegal activity (IA) as well as evaluate variations in incidences of IA respectively over the study period. The study revealed eleven (11) categories of illegal activities were in the area which varied significantly in the rate of encounter over the years. Significant decreasing trends were also observed illegal activities. and on a downward trends. Law enforcement efforts in KRR were effective in reducing wildlife threats however, efforts should be made to adopt modern methods of detecting wildlife threats during field patrol activities.
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Elliott, A. Blaine, Anne E. Mini, S. Keith McKnight, and Daniel J. Twedt. "Conservation–Protection of Forests for Wildlife in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley." Forests 11, no. 1 (January 8, 2020): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11010075.
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The nearly ubiquitous bottomland hardwood forests that historically dominated the Mississippi Alluvial Valley have been greatly reduced in area. In addition, changes in hydrology and forest management have altered the structure and composition of the remaining forests. To ameliorate the detrimental impact of these changes on silvicolous wildlife, conservation plans have emphasized restoration and reforestation to increase the area of interior (core) forest habitat, while presuming negligible loss of extant forest in this ecoregion. We assessed the conservation–protection status of land within the Mississippi Alluvial Valley because without protection, existing forests are subject to conversion to other uses. We found that only 10% of total land area was currently protected, although 28% of extant forest was in the current conservation estate. For forest patches, we prioritized their need for additional conservation–protection based on benefits to forest bird conservation afforded by forest patch area, geographic location, and hydrologic condition. Based on these criteria, we found that 4712 forest patches warranted conservation–protection, but only 109 of these forest patches met our desired conservation threshold of >2000 ha of core forest that was >250 m from an edge. Overall, 35% of the area of forest patches warranting conservation–protection was protected within the conservation estate. Even so, for those forest patches identified as most in need of conservation–protection, less than 10% of their area was currently protected. The conservation–protection priorities described fill an unmet need for land trusts and other conservation partners pursuing strategic forest protection in support of established bird conservation objectives.
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Cheok Ka Yi, Melynda, and Jayasilan Mohd-Azlan. "Wildlife Hunting and Utilization in Ulu Baleh, Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo." Ethnobiology Letters 11, no. 1 (September 15, 2020): 76–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.14237/ebl.11.1.2020.1647.
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Poaching is one of the greatest immediate threats and a serious conservation challenge facing wildlife in Borneo. Medium- to large-sized mammals, while charismatic, are hunted for consumption and sale. This study focuses on wildlife hunting and utilization of selected communities in a remote area in Sarawak, conducted using interview surveys within communities who hunt wildlife in Ulu Baleh. The calculated hunting pressure index in Ulu Baleh (2.24) is considered low compared to other parts of Sarawak. Local communities are dependent on wildlife protein and medicine. Even though the common hunting offtake included the bearded pig and deer species, for the hunter’s own consumption, hunters were opportunistic in taking non-target species and selling surplus meat. Lack of awareness of the implications of unsustainable hunting and difficulty in monitoring by the relevant authorities appear to be the main challenges to wildlife conservation in the area. This paper highlights the lack of research documenting wildlife utilization in the Ulu Baleh region and the implication of these results are particularly important for future adaptive wildlife management, especially for species of conservation importance in Sarawak.
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Tanalgo, Krizler Cejuela. "Wildlife hunting by indigenous people in a Philippine protected area: a perspective from Mt. Apo National Park, Mindanao Island." Journal of Threatened Taxa 9, no. 6 (June 26, 2017): 10307. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.2967.9.6.10307-10313.
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Indigenous people play a major role in the conservation of wildlife species in protected areas. This paper provides an insight on the involvement of indigenous people in protecting and hunting of wildlife species in Mt. Apo National Park, Mindanao Island, Philippines. Here, I assessed indigenous knowledge and practices towards wildlife hunting from three villages from Mt. Apo through immersions, interviews, and focus group discussion between May 2014 and January 2015. The majority of wildlife hunters I encountered were male and married between the ages of 35–60 years old. Commonly hunted wildlife species from the national park included large wildlife species such as the endemic and threatened Philippine Warty Pig Sus philippensis, Philippine Brown Deer Rusa marianna, Common Palm Civet Paradoxurus hermaphroditus, Reticulated Python Malayopython reticulatus, Common Monitor Lizard Varanus salvator and other large birds such as Rufous Hornbills Buceros hydrocorax, large dove species (i.e., Dacula spp.). In the past, wildlife hunting was most commonly done for sustenance and culture. But, poverty and the lack of alternative livelihoods have become a recent motivation to hunt wildlife. This current findings in this study suggest that wildlife are essential for indigenous people in protected areas, however, hunting practices should be monitored and provide alternative livelihood options to reduce threats. This study introduced the vital links between local communities and wildlife in protected areas. Thus, engaging and empowering indigenous people and local communities in wildlife protection combined with appropriate conservation planning are the first steps forward in attaining sustainable and effective local conservation in protected areas.
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Iliyasu Simon, Jennifer Che, and Lynne Baker. "University campuses can contribute to wildlife conservation in urbanizing regions: a case study from Nigeria." Journal of Threatened Taxa 12, no. 13 (September 26, 2020): 16736–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.6316.12.13.16736-16741.
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Globally, colleges and universities are increasingly mandating sustainability and environmental protection into their practices. To date, such institutions have focused their efforts on recycling and energy-use reduction and less on the management and conservation of wildlife and wildlife habitats. However, in an increasingly urbanizing world, well-managed campuses can provide habitat and even refuge for wildlife species. On the campus of a sustainability-minded university in Nigeria, we used camera traps to determine the presence of wildlife and used occupancy modeling to evaluate factors that influenced the detectability and habitat use of two mammals for which we had sufficient detections: White-tailed Mongoose Ichneumia albicauda and Gambian Rat Cricetomys gambianus. Our intent was to gather baseline data on campus wildlife to inform future research and make recommendations for maintaining wildlife populations. We detected wildlife primarily within less-disturbed areas that contained a designated nature area, and the presence of a nature area was the key predictor variable influencing habitat use. No measured variables influenced detectability. This study supports other research that highlights the importance of undisturbed or minimally disturbed natural habitats on university campuses for wildlife, especially in increasingly built-up and developed regions. We recommend that institutions of higher education devote greater resources to making campuses wildlife-friendly and increase opportunities for students to engage in campus-based wildlife research and conservation and other sustainability-related programs.
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Wandaka, John K. M., and Kabii M. Francis. "Analysis of Impacts of Land Use Changes in Kitengela Conservation Area on Migratory Wildlife of Nairobi National Park, Kenya." International Journal of Applied Science 2, no. 2 (June 14, 2019): p41. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/ijas.v2n2p41.
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Nairobi National Park (NNP) in Kenya was established in 1946 to conserve the abundance and diversity of wildlife in the Kitengela-Athi-Kaputei plains, from excessive exploitation. It is currently fenced except on the Kitengela side across the Mbagathi River due to the sub-division of the group ranches, which commenced in the 1980s, limiting access of wildlife to the migratory corridor and dispersal areas. This paper is based on a study conducted to assess the impacts of the resultant land use changes in the Kitengela dispersal area/ migratory corridor on the migratory fauna of NNP, and to identify appropriate mitigation measures. The findings indicated that increased human settlement, led to changes in land uses which resulted into multiple negative impacts on the migratory wildlife of Nairobi National Park, mainly due to loss of dispersal area and blockage of migratory routes, leading to wildlife confinement, decreased wildlife tolerance and increased incidences of human wildlife conflicts. Data analysis indicated decline in migratory wildlife population thus negative effect (F=, 6.066, p<0.05). The findings also indicated that loss of migratory routes/dispersal area and reduced vegetation cover was regarded by 55% of the local community respondents as one of the main consequences of the land use changes resulting from the subdivision of the group ranches leading to decreased wildlife tolerance (β = 0.246) and wildlife confinement (β = 0.371) in NNP (p= 0.021, < 0.05, F= 2.678; R=0.179, R2= 0.032). The paper also discusses the mitigation measures for the longtime sustainability of the park, the dispersal area and migratory corridor, including holistic implementation of the Kitengela-Isinya-Kipeto Local Physical Development Plan, mapping and protection of the vital wildlife areas within the migratory range, including the wildebeest calving area in North Kaputiei.
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Pokhrel, Ganesh Kumar, and Sudeep Thakuri. "Herpetofaunal diversity in Manaslu Conservation Area, Nepal." Our Nature 14, no. 1 (January 23, 2017): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/on.v14i1.16448.
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Herpetofauna is the least studied subject in the Nepal Himalaya. Most of the studies in wildlife are focused on mammals and birds. This paper presents the results of the herpetofauna survey in Manaslu Conservation Area in the Central Nepal, conducted with the aim of establishing the baseline on herpetofauna species diversity. The study recorded 16 species of herpetofauna, indicating a highly potential abundance of herpetofauna in the region. The study is first of its kind in establishing the baseline. The information, thus, obtained can be useful for implementing a biodiversity monitoring activities, and current and future conservation efforts. The study also underlines a need of an extensive study of herpetofauna in this region. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
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Lines, Robin, Joseph Tzanopoulos, and Douglas MacMillan. "Status of terrestrial mammals at the Kafue–Zambezi interface: implications for transboundary connectivity." Oryx 53, no. 4 (May 16, 2018): 764–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605317001594.
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AbstractThe Kavango–Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area Programme promotes landscape-level connectivity between clusters of wildlife management areas in five neighbouring countries. However, declining regional biodiversity can undermine efforts to maintain, expand and link wildlife populations. Narratives promoting species connectivity should thus be founded on studies of system and state changes in key resources. By integrating and augmenting multiple data sources throughout eight wildlife management areas, covering 1.7 million ha, we report changes during 1978–2015 in the occurrence and distribution of 31 mammal species throughout a landscape linking the Greater Kafue System to adjacent wildlife management areas in Namibia and Botswana. Results indicate species diversity is largely unchanged in Kafue National Park and Mulobezi and Sichifulo Game Management Areas. However, 100% of large carnivore and 64% of prey diversity have been lost in the Simalaha areas, and there is no evidence of migrational behaviour or species recolonization from adjacent wildlife areas. Although temporal sampling scales influence the definition of species occupancy and distribution, and data cannot elucidate population size or trends, our findings indicate an emerging connectivity bottleneck within Simalaha. Evidence suggests that at current disturbance levels the Greater Kafue System, Zambia's majority component in the Kavango–Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area, is becoming increasingly isolated at the trophic scale of large mammals. Further investigations of the site-specific, interacting drivers influencing wildlife distribution and occurrence are required to inform appropriate conservation interventions for wildlife recovery in key areas identified to promote transboundary connectivity in the Kavango–Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area.
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Zanamwe, Chenjerai, Edson Gandiwa, Never Muboko, Olga L. Kupika, and Billy B. Mukamuri. "An Analysis of the Status of Ecotourism and Related Developments in the Zimbabwe’s Component of the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area." Sustainability in Environment 5, no. 2 (April 18, 2020): p14. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/se.v5n2p14.
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This study analysed the status of ecotourism and related developments in the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area (GLTFCA) with some specific examples drawn from Zimbabwe. The objectives of the study were to: (i) explore the evolution of wildlife conservation and ecotourism related enterprise development by local communities, and (ii) determine factors influencing local community-owned wildlife conservation and ecotourism related enterprises in the GLTFCA. The study was based on two data collection methods, i.e., documentary review of academic literature and reports, and key informant interviews with 30 selected stakeholders from Chipinge and Chiredzi districts conducted between January and June 2018. The findings showed that there is some progress related to initiatives to help improve community-based wildlife conservation and cross border ecotourism. However, some challenges attributed to lack of market linkages and networks, macro-economic challenges faced by Zimbabwe which escalated since the year 2000 and limited institutional capacity of community-based institutions are negatively affecting the achievement of the desired targets. It is recommended that participatory planning and enhanced involvement of the local communities in wildlife conservation and ecotourism related enterprises be prioritized.
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Mkanda, Francis X., Austin Mwakifwamba, and Twakundine Simpamba. "Traditional stewardship and conservation in the Game Management Areas of Nkala and Namwala, Zambia." Oryx 48, no. 4 (May 1, 2014): 514–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605313000574.
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AbstractWe investigated the effects of socio-economic, institutional, and governance factors on two adjacent Game Management Areas in Zambia: Nkala, which is relatively pristine, and Namwala, which is degraded. Monetary benefits from the Nkala Game Management Area were almost double those from Namwala, which may have been sufficient incentive for the communities of Nkala not to occupy the area or conduct activities that were detrimental to wildlife conservation. There was no such incentive in Namwala, where traditional leaders may have considered settlement and cultivation a better alternative to wildlife conservation. The degradation of the area is largely attributable to weak governance amongst the traditional leadership, which allowed unauthorized migrants to settle and cultivate regardless of the effects of their activities. In contrast, there was good governance in Nkala, where the local chiefs did not allow settlement within the Game Management Area. We hope our findings will be useful in informing the management of Game Management Areas and other wildlife-conservation areas.
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Cheke, Anthony. "The legacy of the dodo—conservation in Mauritius." Oryx 21, no. 1 (January 1987): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300020457.
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Over the years Oryx has published several papers on the wildlife of Mauritius and its neighbouring islands and islets, and the Oryx 100% Fund has contributed towards some of the conservation work being done there. The author, who first visited Mauritius with the British Ornithologists' Union Expedition in 1973 and has played an active role in conservation plans since, brings us up to date with conservation in the area and highlights the steps that are essential if the wildlife that remains is to be saved.
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Awasthi, Bairam, and Nanda Bahadur Singh. "Status of Human-Wildlife Conflict and Assessment of Crop Damage by Wild Animals in Gaurishankar Conservation Area, Nepal." Journal of Institute of Science and Technology 20, no. 1 (November 25, 2015): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jist.v20i1.13918.
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This study tries to explore the status of Human-Wildlife Conflict (HWC) within the Gaurishankar Conservation Area (GCA), Nepal. The maximum damage of maize (39%) and potato (30%) crops were reported due to wildlife in the study area. Major wildlife pests were monkey, porcupine, goral, barking deer, jackal and Himalayan black bear. About ninety five percent of respondents reported crop damage problem was increasing in the area after GCA establishment. Fair and quick disbursement of compensation for crop loss and regular monitoring of the wild animal needed to be adopted to reduce human-wildlife conflicts. Change in cropping and crop composition, particularly cultivation of high value medicinal plants were also suggested. The findings suggest participatory approach to manage problematic animal species in GCA.Journal of Institute of Science and Technology, 2015, 20(1): 107-111
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B. Lwankomezi, Emmanuel, James Kisoza, and Emmanuel Patrobas Mhache. "Benefit Sharing in Community Based Conservation Programs: The Case of Makao Wildlife Management Area, Tanzania." EAST AFRICAN JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND SOCIAL SCIENCES, Issue 2 (April to June 2021) (April 24, 2021): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.46606/eajess2021v02i02.0074.
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Wildlife Management Area establishment around protected areas in Tanzania have been faced with various challenges including failures to adequately involve local populations in planning, governance and management of wildlife related resources. This study examined the benefit sharing mechanisms in Community Based Conservation programs, the case of Makao Wildlife Management Area in Meatu District, Tanzania. The study was conducted in Jinamo, Mwabagimu and Makao Villages. Data were collected from 281 heads of households using a survey design within the mixed approach. The study used simple random sampling based on the names of all heads of the households in each study village who were obtained from the village households as registered by village chairs. The major findings indicate that in the past five years, there is a considerable increase of income generated from wildlife investment in the study area which is used for payment of VGS salaries, food and other expense for VGS, community development and sharing among member villages. The study further shows that, inadequate involvement in the WMA activities results in local people having low perception on the WMA accrued benefits. The study recommends that it is essential to involve the local community in the WMA design and management in order to improve its acceptability and ownership. Benefit sharing in the WMAs should be designed as a strategy to offset conservation costs and build support for biodiversity conservation among conservation actors mainly local communities.
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Choudhary, Ratnesh Kumar. "Internet of Things: Wildlife Conservation and its Challenges." Asian Journal of Computer Science and Technology 9, no. 1 (May 5, 2020): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ajcst-2020.9.1.2156.
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Right now there are more connected “Things” than there are people on this planet. Early last year, it is predicted that Internet of things (IOT) would have at least 8.4 billion connected “Things” in use rising to more than 21 billion by 2021. Today major percentage of wildlife is vulnerable to extinction. This is caused due to the destruction of forest areas for farming, logging and construction of new cities and towns. Many wild animals have been killed due to road accidents and speeding vehicles passes through the wildlife protected area. Animals crossing boundaries have led to be killed. The impacts of roads include habitat loss, habitat fragmentation and habitat degradation that affect wildlife and its habitats both directly and indirectly especially on larger mammals [6]. Recent studies into the extent of illegal logging estimate that illegal logging accounts for 50-90 per cent of the volume of all forestry in key producer tropical countries and 15-30 per cent globally [1]. Protection of wildlife has become an important now a days, because of human activities such as hunting of wild animals and cutting of trees which causes major threat to the wildlife. Recent advancements in IoT technology and sensor technology have the potential to wildlife conservation. Physical barriers are not suitable for animals because they may harm the animal physically. This can be prevented by using tracking of animal movement and keep them under a logical barrier. This paper focuses on implementation of animal monitoring and challenges of wildlife conservation. This paper also shows natural challenges and technical challenges while implementing animal tracking and health monitoring system.
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Sachedina, Hassan, and Fred Nelson. "Protected areas and community incentives in savannah ecosystems: a case study of Tanzania’s Maasai Steppe." Oryx 44, no. 3 (July 2010): 390–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605310000499.
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AbstractTwo issues of central importance to conservation are developing an improved understanding of the relative roles of state protected areas and local institutions and developing effective strategies for creating community-based incentives for conservation. We provide a case study of northern Tanzania’s Maasai Steppe to explore these issues in the context of a savannah ecosystem where wildlife is mobile and depends extensively on community lands for seasonal habitats. We compare the impacts and outcomes of four approaches to developing local incentives for wildlife conservation on community lands: protected area benefit-sharing, trophy hunting donations, village–private tourism concession contracts, and a direct payment scheme for habitat conservation. Tourism and direct payment concession areas have resulted in large areas of community land being protected for wildlife by villages as a result of the conditional and contractual nature of these ventures. By contrast, other approaches that provide economic benefits to communities but are not conditional on defined conservation actions at the local level demonstrate little impact on wildlife conservation on community lands. In spatially extensive ecosystems where protected areas cover limited areas and wildlife relies heavily on community and private lands, strategies based on maximizing the direct income of communities from wildlife are fundamental to the sustainability of such systems.
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Hardouin, Marie, Charlotte E. Searle, Paolo Strampelli, Josephine Smit, Amy Dickman, Alex L. Lobora, and J. Marcus Rowcliffe. "Density responses of lesser-studied carnivores to habitat and management strategies in southern Tanzania’s Ruaha-Rungwa landscape." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 30, 2021): e0242293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242293.
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Compared to emblematic large carnivores, most species of the order Carnivora receive little conservation attention despite increasing anthropogenic pressure and poor understanding of their status across much of their range. We employed systematic camera trapping and spatially explicit capture-recapture modelling to estimate variation in population density of serval, striped hyaena and aardwolf across the mixed-use Ruaha-Rungwa landscape in southern Tanzania. We selected three sites representative of different habitat types, management strategies, and levels of anthropogenic pressure: Ruaha National Park’s core tourist area, dominated by Acacia-Commiphora bushlands and thickets; the Park’s miombo woodland; and the neighbouring community-run MBOMIPA Wildlife Management Area, also covered in Acacia-Commiphora. The Park’s miombo woodlands supported a higher serval density (5.56 [Standard Error = ±2.45] individuals per 100 km2) than either the core tourist area (3.45 [±1.04] individuals per 100 km2) or the Wildlife Management Area (2.08 [±0.74] individuals per 100 km2). Taken together, precipitation, the abundance of apex predators, and the level of anthropogenic pressure likely drive such variation. Striped hyaena were detected only in the Wildlife Management Area and at low density (1.36 [±0.50] individuals per 100 km2), potentially due to the location of the surveyed sites at the edge of the species’ global range, high densities of sympatric competitors, and anthropogenic edge effects. Finally, aardwolf were captured in both the Park’s core tourist area and the Wildlife Management Area, with a higher density in the Wildlife Management Area (13.25 [±2.48] versus 9.19 [±1.66] individuals per 100 km2), possibly as a result of lower intraguild predation and late fire outbreaks in the area surveyed. By shedding light on three understudied African carnivore species, this study highlights the importance of miombo woodland conservation and community-managed conservation, as well as the value of by-catch camera trap data to improve ecological knowledge of lesser-studied carnivores.
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GILLINGHAM, SARAH, and PHYLLIS C. LEE. "The impact of wildlife-related benefits on the conservation attitudes of local people around the Selous Game Reserve, Tanzania." Environmental Conservation 26, no. 3 (September 1999): 218–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892999000302.
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In recent years there has been a proliferation of projects aiming to integrate human development needs with conservation objectives, and to establish mutually beneficial relationships for the management of natural resources between rural communities and the state. This paper presents data from a case study of human-wildlife interactions in villages along the northern boundary of the Selous Game Reserve in south-east Tanzania. Since 1989, this area has been the site of a project working to promote community wildlife management (CWM). Questionnaire survey data were used to examine villagers' conservation attitudes towards wildlife, the Game Reserve, and the activities of the CWM project and state wildlife management authority. Despite local support for the conservation of wildlife, many respondents were either unaware or held negative views of the activities of the wildlife management institutions. Logistic regression analyses show that while access to game meat from the CWM project has had a positive influence on perceptions of wildlife benefits and awareness of the project's activities, it has had no significant effect on local perceptions of the Game Reserve and the activities of the state wildlife management authority. The factors underlying the observed pattern of conservation attitudes were identified as the inequitable distribution of benefits from the CWM project, and the limited nature of community participation in wildlife management. The importance of institutional issues for the future progress of participatory approaches to conservation with development is emphasized.
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Coudrat, C. N. Z., L. D. Rogers, and K. A. I. Nekaris. "Abundance of primates reveals Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary, Cardamom Mountains, Cambodia as a priority area for conservation." Oryx 45, no. 3 (July 2011): 427–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605310001080.
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AbstractWe conducted a primate survey in Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary, western Cambodia, during the wet season in 2009. We visually confirmed the presence of five out of six primate species thought to occur in the area: Bengal slow loris Nycticebus bengalensis, Indochinese silvered langur Trachypithecus germaini, pileated gibbon Hylobates pileatus, pig-tailed macaque Macaca leonina and long-tailed macaque Macaca fascicularis. We did not find any sign of the stump-tailed macaque Macaca arctoides and suggest it is absent in Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary and possibly from the Cardamom Mountains. We provide the abundance measures for each primate species; the three most abundant species were Bengal slow loris, Indochinese silvered langur and pileated gibbon. We propose Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary as a priority for primate conservation in Cambodia.
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Harich, Franziska K., Anna C. Treydte, Joachim Sauerborn, and Erasmus H. Owusu. "People and wildlife: Conflicts arising around the Bia Conservation Area in Ghana." Journal for Nature Conservation 21, no. 5 (October 2013): 342–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2013.05.003.
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WILSON, DUNCAN S., MARGO A. STODDARD, MATTHEW G. BETTS, and KLAUS J. PUETTMANN. "Bayesian Small Area Models for Assessing Wildlife Conservation Risk in Patchy Populations." Conservation Biology 23, no. 4 (August 2009): 982–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01160.x.
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Chester, Edward W. "The Vascular Flora of Haynes Bottoms Wildlife Management Area, Montgomery County, Tennessee." Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science 94, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.47226/2168-8338-94.4.97.
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Abstract Haynes Bottom Wildlife Management Area is a 393-ha state-owned property in Montgomery County, Tennessee. Formerly agricultural, the property was purchased from private ownership in 1996 and includes Cumberland River bottomlands (ca. 180 ha) and level to rolling-sloping uplands (ca. 213 ha). It is managed by the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency for wildlife enhancement and public usage. On-going management includes development of wetlands and moist-soil areas primarily for waterfowl in the bottomlands and plantings for agricultural crops and wildlife in the uplands. Based on twenty years of floristic studies, the known vascular flora consists of 605 species, with 153 of these non-natives; four species are elements of conservation concern. A description of the area, analyses of the flora, and an annotated list, are presented.
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Sharma, Bhuvan Keshar, and Mukesh Kumar Chalise. "Assessment of Resources in Baghmara Community Forest of Central Lowland Nepal." Journal of Natural History Museum 26 (December 17, 2015): 163–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnhm.v26i0.14140.
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Initial assessment of cost and benefit aspect to the community managed forest for biodiversity conservation was conducted in Baghmara Community Forest at central lowland Nepal. Wildlife was being colonizing and forest was in early succession stage. The area was potential habitat for large wildlife too. Cost-benefit analysis indicated more cost than benefit during the initial stage. Eco-tourism was initiated after a few conservation management efforts in the area that resulted the numbers of tourist influx which will be on profit in near future. J. Nat. Hist. Mus. Vol. 26, 2012: 163-174
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Banerjee, Sujoy, Tuomo Kauranne, and Mirja Mikkila. "Land Use Change and Wildlife Conservation—Case Analysis of LULC Change of Pench-Satpuda Wildlife Corridor in Madhya Pradesh, India." Sustainability 12, no. 12 (June 16, 2020): 4902. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12124902.
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To the burgeoning population, the tiger reserves of central India have been islanded by human habitation and are interconnected by narrow ‘wildlife corridors’ for migration of wildlife. Pench-Satpuda wildlife corridor is one such critical wildlife corridor that interconnects the Pench Tiger Reserve and Satpuda Tiger Reserve in central India. Land Use Land Cover (LULC) change of this corridor between April 2002 and April 2019 was analyzed using GIS and Remote Sensing Techniques. The study finds a systematic loss of 10,376.74 ha and 7406.24 ha of dense forests and open forests respectively, thus indicating large scale degradation of the area. The study found that a net area of 2054.60 of dense forests and open forests were diverted for agriculture indicating extensive encroachment of forest land. Water bodies have reduced by 25.41% indicating shrinkage in water bodies in the period under study. The presence of rich coal deposits in the wildlife corridor and operational coal mines in the near vicinity of the wildlife corridor is a matter of serious concern. This study attempts to highlight the importance of long-term sustenance of the Pench-Satpuda wildlife corridor for maintaining the genetic pool of wildlife in the landscape.
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Kalam, Tamanna, Tejesvini A. Puttaveeraswamy, Rajeev K. Srivastava, Jean-Philippe Puyravaud, and Priya Davidar. "Spatial aggregation and specificity of incidents with wildlife make tea plantations in southern India potential buffers with protected areas." Journal of Threatened Taxa 12, no. 11 (August 25, 2020): 16478–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.5590.12.11.16478-16493.
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Abstract: Many wildlife species survive in human-modified landscapes and understanding the opinions of those who share space with wildlife will aid conservation efforts. Using a questionnaire, we assessed the presence of 12 mammal species in 78 tea plantations in the Nilgiris, southern India. We obtained data on (i) plantation size, location, and elevation, (ii) species presence over a year, (iii) type and number of wildlife incidents caused, (iv) financial cost of wildlife damage, and (v) support for wildlife conservation. We used a generalized linear model to assess whether the distance to protected areas, elevation, and plantation size influenced species presence and the effect of these variables and wildlife incidents on support for conservation. Among all species reported, Bonnet Macaque, Wild Boar, and Porcupine were the most widespread, and the former two and the Gaur reportedly caused >50% of damages. Crop damage was the most frequent (74%, n = 244), whereas livestock predation, attacks on people, and infrastructure damage constituted <10% of incidents reported. The cost of wildlife damage was negligible for 72 estates and significant for six. The number of species increased with proximity to protected areas, with increasing elevation and plantation area. Plantation management (62%) supported wildlife conservation, and support increased with decreasing plantation size, increasing distance to protected areas, and with a higher number of species reported, but decreased with increasing incidents of wildlife damage. Mitigating impacts of a few widely distributed species that cause disproportionate damage and compensating those that incur disproportionately high costs could increase support for conservation. Education and awareness programs for the plantation community can further help increase support and participation in wildlife conservation activities. Plantations can thus serve as supplementary habitats for wildlife in regions where hard boundaries between protected areas and human settlements prevail.
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Li, Cheng, Miao Yuan, Yi Gong, and Gang Zhang. "Landscape Plants’ Regional Research and Conservation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 675-677 (October 2014): 1097–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.675-677.1097.
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Landscape plant is the foundation and guarantee for rural and urban greening, and it has characteristics of regional distribution and landscape territory. Research on investigation and evaluation, selection and cultivation and protective utilization of wildlife plants, original cultivated plants and introduced plant resources according to different area types can provide the basis and technical assistance for regional landscape plants selection.
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WRIGHT, NORMAN S., JEFF CANEEN, NATHAN ALEXANDER, and ANDREW GOMEZ. "CONSERVATION AREA START-UPS: COMBINING THEORY AND PRACTICE." Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 15, no. 01 (March 2010): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1084946710001464.
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Business start-ups by indigenous people in wildlife conservation areas are prone to failure. Funding issues have been identified as a contributing cause of the disappointing results. A great deal has been written about capital structure both in the start-up literature and the corporate literature, but the applicability of this research to small, indigenous start-ups in and around conservation areas is lacking. Although current practice dictates a reliance on equity, we apply the relevant corporate and start-up research to the conservation area context in an attempt to better understand the capital funding question. The results argue that equity funding is appropriate in the early stages for control and liquidity reasons. However, it also shows that greater attention could be paid to some degree of early debt financing to create debt discipline and later debt funding for motivational and financial discipline purposes.
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Tahyudin, Didi, Ridha Taqwa, Dadang H. P., and Alfitri. "Accommodating the Interest of Local Community in Resolving Conflicts: A Case in Bentayan’s Wildlife Area, South Sumatra, Indonesia." Sustainable Agriculture Research 4, no. 1 (November 18, 2014): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v4n1p41.
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<p>The developments of forest conservation Wildlife (SM) in Bentayan as flora and fauna ecology has created a conflict within the society and has negatively affected the wellbeing of the community in the area. The communities have used a lot of natural resources for their life. A development of Bentayan’s Wildlife Centre has been opposed by the community as the usage of various natural resources have been restricted after the development of the wildlife centre started. In order to solve the conflicts, many strategies have been employed. However, the expected outcome has not yet been achieved. Therefore, the current study provides a conflict resolution model approach to accommodate the interests of all parties, both society and government through the Natural Resources Conservation Center. The model was developed from narrative data that was collected through series of dialogues and negotiation process with both parties (community and agency/Centre) involving stakeholders and community members. This proposed model can be used as a framework for managing forestry and wildlife centre.</p>
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HEINEN, JOEL T., and JAI N. MEHTA. "Conceptual and legal issues in the designation and management of conservation areas in Nepal." Environmental Conservation 26, no. 1 (March 1999): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892999000053.
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The modern era of wildlife and protected area conservation in Nepal began in 1973 with the passage of comprehensive legislation, and has evolved very quickly as new priorities and problems have emerged. Here we explore the legal and managerial development of conservation areas, a recently-defined category of protected area designed to promote conservation through local-level participation and development. A review of the Conservation Area Management Regulations of 1996 shows that there are several potential problems inherent in this designation. As written, the regulations move power from the government to organizations under governmental contract. Thus, management authority largely remains top-down from the standpoint of local users. We also question how well the designation will protect some sensitive wildlife species, since organizations do not have law enforcement authority under Nepalese legislation.Despite these concerns, there have been several successful conservation area programmes in existence in Nepal since the 1980s and most of the issues addressed are surmountable with the current regulations, providing that several criteria are met. We propose that His Majesty's Government and organizations under contract develop more definitive methods of disbursing funds for local-level projects, and institute social impact assessments. In addition, more attention must be paid to wildlife law enforcement; independent assessments of important wild populations and unique habitats are needed. Finally, we discuss some broader issues that should be better addressed in Nepal and elsewhere, including cross-sectoral coordination within the government.
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Bhatta, Maheshwari, and Rajeev Joshi. "Analysis of Human-Wildlife Conflict in Buffer Zone Area: A Case Study of Shuklaphanta National Park, Nepal." Grassroots Journal of Natural Resources 3, no. 3 (September 15, 2020): 28–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.33002/nr2581.6853.03033.
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This article is based on a study carried out in buffer zone of Shuklaphanta National Park (SNP), which lies in Kanchanpur district of Nepal. It is aimed to assess nature and extent of crop damages, livestock depredation and human casualties, and to identify local people's attitude towards wildlife conservation and management. Primary data was collected through preliminary field visit, questionnaire survey of households, key informant interviews, focus group discussion and direct field observation. Paddy was major crop damaged by wild animals, followed by wheat and maize. Wild boar followed by elephant and deer were found as the most problematic animals causing crop damage, while common leopard was found as the major culprit for livestock depredation. The proximity to the national park was found determining factor to the extent of damage caused by the wild animals. People’s attitude towards wildlife conservation was found to be positive; however, more than 85% of respondents showed dissatisfaction towards park authorities’ effort for conflict management. Active participation of local people in conservation and awareness program can play a vital role to reduce and mitigate the human wildlife conflict at community level.
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Amara, Edward, Hari Adhikari, Janne Heiskanen, Mika Siljander, Martha Munyao, Patrick Omondi, and Petri Pellikka. "Aboveground Biomass Distribution in a Multi-Use Savannah Landscape in Southeastern Kenya: Impact of Land Use and Fences." Land 9, no. 10 (October 9, 2020): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9100381.
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Savannahs provide valuable ecosystem services and contribute to continental and global carbon budgets. In addition, savannahs exhibit multiple land uses, e.g., wildlife conservation, pastoralism, and crop farming. Despite their importance, the effect of land use on woody aboveground biomass (AGB) in savannahs is understudied. Furthermore, fences used to reduce human–wildlife conflicts may affect AGB patterns. We assessed AGB densities and patterns, and the effect of land use and fences on AGB in a multi-use savannah landscape in southeastern Kenya. AGB was assessed with field survey and airborne laser scanning (ALS) data, and a land cover map was developed using Sentinel-2 satellite images in Google Earth Engine. The highest woody AGB was found in riverine forest in a conservation area and in bushland outside the conservation area. The highest mean AGB density occurred in the non-conservation area with mixed bushland and cropland (8.9 Mg·ha−1), while the lowest AGB density (2.6 Mg·ha−1) occurred in overgrazed grassland in the conservation area. The largest differences in AGB distributions were observed in the fenced boundaries between the conservation and other land-use types. Our results provide evidence that conservation and fences can create sharp AGB transitions and lead to reduced AGB stocks, which is a vital role of savannahs as part of carbon sequestration.
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ANGWAFO, TSI Evaristus, NKENGAFAC Michael BENAZIA, and MVO Denis CHUO. "IMPLICATIONS OF HUMAN-WILDLIFE CONFLICT ON LOCAL LIVELIHOOD: CASE STUDY, KIMBI-FUNGOM NATIONAL PARK CAMEROON." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 8, no. 5 (June 4, 2020): 146–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i5.2020.54.
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This study entitled “implications of human-wildlife conflict on local livelihood in the Kimbi-Fungom National Park” was undertaken to assess impacts of Human-Wildlife Conflict (HWC) in the Park so as to provide basis to design a sustainable wildlife conservation roadmap. Data collection was done using questionnaires, semi structured interviews and direct observations. Collected data were treated using excel and statistical package for social sciences (SPSS version 14). Findings revealed that, 98% of the population experience human-wildlife conflicts that negatively impacted local livelihood, with cumulative average financial losses amounting to 1, 97,890 FCFA/year/acre (0.40ha) for the six common staple food crops, and an average cumulative surface area damage of 4.75 acres/year (0.19ha). It was revealed that great proximity to the Park edge bear the highest cost of the conflict. Though losses varied with different crop and distance from the Park, this was attributed to population pressure that intensifies farming activities along the Park edge that greatly threatened the sustainable management of wildlife in the study area. It is against this background that an Integrated Conservation Development Project is proposed for a sustainable wildlife management roadmap that would have to confront the drivers of conflict by working hand-in-hand with all stakeholders concerned towards a win-win outcome.
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Munang'andu, Hetron Mweemba, Victor Siamudaala, Musso Munyeme, and King Shimumbo Nalubamba. "A Review of Ecological Factors Associated with the Epidemiology of Wildlife Trypanosomiasis in the Luangwa and Zambezi Valley Ecosystems of Zambia." Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases 2012 (2012): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/372523.
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Trypanosomiasis has been endemic in wildlife in Zambia for more than a century. The disease has been associated with neurological disorders in humans. Current conservation strategies by the Zambian government of turning all game reserves into state-protected National Parks (NPs) and game management areas (GMAs) have led to the expansion of the wildlife and tsetse population in the Luangwa and Zambezi valley ecosystem. This ecological niche lies in the common tsetse fly belt that harbors the highest tsetse population density in Southern Africa. Ecological factors such as climate, vegetation and rainfall found in this niche allow for a favorable interplay between wild reservoir hosts and vector tsetse flies. These ecological factors that influence the survival of a wide range of wildlife species provide adequate habitat for tsetse flies thereby supporting the coexistence of disease reservoir hosts and vector tsetse flies leading to prolonged persistence of trypanosomiasis in the area. On the other hand, increase in anthropogenic activities poses a significant threat of reducing the tsetse and wildlife habitat in the area. Herein, we demonstrate that while conservation of wildlife and biodiversity is an important preservation strategy of natural resources, it could serve as a long-term reservoir of wildlife trypanosomiasis.
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Aryal, Chandramani, and Manoj Pokharel. "Assessment Of Human-Wildlife Conflict And Its Implication For Conservation at sundarpur, Udayapur, Eastern Nepal." Tribhuvan University Journal 33, no. 2 (December 20, 2019): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v33i2.33602.
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This study was carried out to document the prevailing situation of human-wildlife conflict in Sundarpur of Udayapur district, Nepal where significant numbers of sloth bear along with other troublesome wildlife species occur. Data about conflict and people's perception towards wildlife conservation was collected using household surveys supplemented by key informant interviews and direct observation method. Monkeys (93%) and elephants (86%) were found to be major animals involved in conflict mostly resulting into crop raiding, which was the major form of conflict as reported by (95%) of respondents. Livestock depredation cases were mostly by common leopard (84%) and sloth bear was involved in majority of human attack cases (90%). According to respondents, the trend of conflict was found to be increasing for elephants (63%) and monkeys (73%) while it was found to be decreasing for sloth bear (64%), wild boar (85%), and leopard (46%), where people believed natural attraction of wildlife towards crops/livestock to be the major driving factor of conflict. Despite the prevalence of conflict most of the respondents showed positive attitude towards wildlife conservation in Sundarpur. This implies a better future for wildlife conservation in this area if the issues associated with human-wildlife conflict are addressed effectively.
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Madsen, Emily K., and Femke Broekhuis. "Determining multi-species site use outside the protected areas of the Maasai Mara, Kenya, using false positive site-occupancy modelling." Oryx 54, no. 3 (September 25, 2018): 395–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605318000297.
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AbstractAlthough protected areas are the basis for many conservation efforts they are rarely of an adequate size for the long-term survival of populations of large, wide-roaming mammals. In the Maasai Mara, Kenya, communally owned wildlife conservancies have been developed to expand the area available for wildlife. As these continue to develop it is important to ensure that the areas chosen are beneficial to wildlife. Using presence data for cheetahs Acinonyx jubatus, elephants Loxodonta africana, spotted hyaenas Crocuta crocuta, leopards Panthera pardus, lions Panthera leo and wild dogs Lycaon pictus, collected through interviews with 648 people living outside protected areas, we identify key wildlife areas using false positive site-occupancy modelling. The probabilities of site use were first determined per species based on habitat, distance to protected area, human presence and rivers, and these probabilities were then combined to create a map to highlight key wildlife areas. All species, except hyaenas, preferred sites closer to the protected areas but site use varied by species depending on habitat type. All six species avoided human presence. Leopards, elephants, lions and wild dogs preferred sites closer to rivers. The resulting combined map highlights areas that could potentially benefit from conservation efforts, including the expansion of wildlife areas, and areas where human development, such as a newly tarmacked road, could have an impact on wildlife.
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Randriamady, Hervet J., Seollee Park, Danamona Andrianarimanana, Abdy Berobia, and Christopher D. Golden. "The effect of conservation policies on wildlife hunting and consumption in north-eastern Madagascar." Environmental Conservation 48, no. 3 (June 23, 2021): 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892921000217.
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SummaryThe Makira Natural Park (Makira) is the largest terrestrial protected area in Madagascar, supporting nearly 200,000 people living around the park, who derive a significant proportion of their animal-source foods from hunting. Makira is currently managed with three different policies: (1) traditional management with no external assistance; (2) community-based forest management (Gestion Contractualisée des Forêts; GCF) with non-governmental support and externally developed policies; and (3) strict external management policies (Zone d’Occupation Controlée; ZOC), meaning a zone of controlled residence for communities inside the core protected area. Here, we longitudinally assess the impacts of these policies on wildlife hunting and consumption by using a difference-in-differences method to evaluate policy efficacy. We found that externally developed conservation policies led to drastically reduced wildlife hunting and consumption in Makira. We also found that public education in the form of environmental awareness-raising, conducted 1 year before adoption, led to a greater concealment of hunting behaviours. Overall, wildlife hunting and consumption have decreased in the Makira region since the adoption of GCF and ZOC policies and could be effective at reducing the unsustainable wildlife hunting across the Makira, particularly when supported by economic development and the creation of alternative sources of livelihood and food.
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Ponds, Phadrea D. "Visitors' Perception of Recreation and Wildlife Observation Opportunities at McInnis National Conservation Area." Human Dimensions of Wildlife 12, no. 5 (September 17, 2007): 389–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10871200701501968.
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Neumann, R. P. "Political ecology of wildlife conservation in the Mt. Meru area of Northeast Tanzania." Land Degradation and Development 3, no. 2 (July 1992): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3400030203.
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Lee, Derek E., and Monica L. Bond. "Quantifying the ecological success of a community-based wildlife conservation area in Tanzania." Journal of Mammalogy 99, no. 2 (February 26, 2018): 459–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyy014.
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Pokharel, Manoj, and Chandramani Aryal. "Human-Wildlife Conflict and its Implication for Conservation at Sundarpur, Udayapur, Eastern Nepal." International Journal of Environment 9, no. 2 (November 7, 2020): 217–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v9i2.32750.
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Local people are the major stakeholders of biodiversity conservation. Human-wildlife conflict (HWC) could result in a negative attitude of the general public towards wildlife adding challenges for conservation. This is more applicable in the landscapes which are outside the protected area (PA) coverage. But, the majority of HWC related studies in Nepal have centered on PAs and their peripheries. This study documents the prevailing situation of HWC in Sundarpur of Udayapur district that shelters some HWC prone wildlife species, while situating outside PA. Data about conflict and people's perception of wildlife conservation was collected using household surveys supplemented by key informant interviews and direct observation. Monkeys (93%, n=93) and elephants (86%, n=86) were found to be the major animals involved in the conflict, mostly resulting in crop raiding, the major form of conflict as reported by (95%, n=95) of respondents. Livestock depredation cases were mostly by common leopard (84%, n=21) and sloth bear was involved in the majority of human attack cases (90%, n=9). The results showed increasing trend of conflicts for elephants (63%, n=63) and monkeys (73%, n=73), while declining trend for sloth bear (64%, n=64), wild boar (85%, n=85), and leopard (46%, n=46). People believed the natural attraction of wildlife towards crops and livestock to be the major driving factor of conflict. Majority of respondents had a positive attitude towards wildlife conservation. However, implementation of community based conflict management strategies, robust compensation schemes along with conservation education programs are highly essential to achieve desired conservation success.
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Talukdar, Simi, and Abhik Gupta. "Attitudes towards forest and wildlife, and conservation-oriented traditions, around Chakrashila Wildlife Sanctuary, Assam, India." Oryx 52, no. 3 (March 9, 2017): 508–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605316001307.
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AbstractWe examined attitudes towards forest and wildlife among Rabha, Bodo and Rajbongshi communities from three villages in the Chakrashila Wildlife Sanctuary of western Assam, India. The study was conducted through open-ended and structured interviews, focus group discussions, and participatory rural appraisal. The respondents identified availability of forest products, biodiversity conservation and the aesthetic beauty of the forest as the major justifications for the establishment of Chakrashila as a protected area. They also believed that people and wildlife could coexist peacefully, although some respondents did not have a cordial relationship with Forest Department staff. Most respondents were favourably disposed towards the golden langur Trachypithecus geei because it did not harm anybody or damage crops, and because of its shining coat and its exalted status in their religious beliefs. They were antagonistic towards the rhesus macaque Macaca mulatta because of its crop-raiding habits, although they were averse to killing it. Most respondents did not want to relocate because they lacked skills and resources and had associations with the forest, where they maintained sacred groves and observed taboos on hunting and plant resource extraction. Thus, the attitudes of the communities were governed not only by their material needs and priorities but also by their deep-rooted cultural–religious bond with the forest. These matters would benefit from being incorporated into forest management strategies in developing countries.
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Narayan, Trupthi, and Pankaj Sekhsaria. "Media reporting on the protected areas in Maharashtra, India: a thematic analysis." Journal of Threatened Taxa 11, no. 3 (February 26, 2019): 13360–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.4461.11.3.13360-13376.
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This research paper is an account and analysis of English media reporting on wildlife conservation and protected areas (PAs) in Maharashtra, India, between 1994 and 2015. It is based on 269 articles that first appeared in the media and were then edited for publication in the ‘Protected Area Update’. The analysis attempts to draw out significant themes that the media deems important in matters of wildlife conservation. Themes that emerge prominently are related to issues of land, displacement of people, development projects, and tourism. We also discovered that some PAs like the Sanjay Gandhi National Park and the Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve receive disproportionately large media space, while a third of the PAs were not reported on at all. This does not imply that these areas were not reported in the larger media that the newsletter draws upon, but points to the skewed coverage and (limited) importance these PAs get. We argue that media content analysis is a useful tool because the media is the first interface for the general public on issues of wildlife conservation and plays an important role in shaping public opinion. To our knowledge, this is the first such state-wide study of media reporting of wildlife conservation issues; it provides important insights into the wildlife conservation discourse in the country as well as the concerns, priorities, and challenges of the media.