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Journal articles on the topic 'Wildlife crimes'
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1
Chirisa, Innocent, Abraham R. Matamanda, Liaison Mukarwi, Romeo Dipura, and Tariro Nyevera. "WILDLIFE CRIME IN ZIMBABWE: IMPLICATIONS ON PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY." Journal of Public Administration and Development Alternatives 5, no. 2 (September 1, 2020): 97–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.55190/otke7529.
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Using case law and thematic content analysis, this study tracks the major strands defining wildlife crime in Zimbabwe with a view to draw lessons that can be critical in policy implementation, policy monitoring, law making and for sustainability. Each year, Zimbabwe loses thousands of specimen wildlife (plant, animal and bird) to poachers. Crime reports about the trials of the poachers are prepared and yet, there is an absence of nuanced literature to track and review the meaningfulness of such reports. Among the commonly reported major wildlife crimes are the illicit trade in wildlife products, failure to comply with existing wildlife laws and the capturing of the near extinct pangolin. It emerged that the major motivating factors to wildlife crime are economic (income generation or wealth creation) and partly social. There are several deterrents from the global conventions such as the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and local laws but are failing to curtail wildlife crime. It is recommended that the use of information awareness can play a pivotal role in reducing wildlife crime as the main perpetrators of exhibit undue naivety and ignorance when it comes to conviction of their crimes. Keywords: Corruption, Crime reports, Enforcement, Illicit trade,Poaching
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Jota Baptista, Catarina, Fernanda Seixas, José Manuel Gonzalo-Orden, and Paula A. Oliveira. "Wildlife Forensic Sciences: A Tool to Nature Conservation towards a One Health Approach." Forensic Sciences 2, no. 4 (December 17, 2022): 808–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/forensicsci2040058.
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Wildlife forensics is a science field with a remarkable potential to provide accurate information regarding nature conservation and One Health. Wildlife crimes are now a persistent target of public opinion and the concern of conservation professionals, which is constantly putting pressure on governmental and non-governmental entities. Moreover, the cross-species transmission of pathogens is becoming more and more frequent, endangering the interconnected health of humans, animals and the environment (One Health). This review intends to briefly present and illustrate the potential of wildlife forensic sciences not only in crime solving, but also regarding health sciences and species conservation. By allowing target species identification, recreating the crime scene, and considering their contribution to diseases and ecosystems’ surveillance, wildlife forensics are now constantly developing and improving. A cooperative and multidisciplinary approach (with the inclusion of forensic sciences) is necessary to avoid wildlife crimes, disease outbreaks, environmental disasters and to promote a sustainable and healthy future for all the living beings.
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Singla, Prasansha, and Sanya Sharma. "Forensic Wildlife: A Review." Journal of Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology 8, no. 2 (December 15, 2022): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/jfct.2454.9363.8222.9.
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Wildlife crime, defined as the illegal capture, disturbance, ownership, exchange, or movement of animals and/or their derivatives, is a rising international problem that poses a threat to many species' survival. The ‘crime scene' in such investigations can range from an animal carcass to terrain with topography as diverse as woodland or desert, as well as a variety of natural and man-made structures. The location of a wildlife crime scene is frequently remote, with insufficient facilities for thorough investigation and evidence collecting. These characteristics may pose particular issues in poorer sections of the world and countries suffering societal turmoil. Working at a wildlife crime scene necessitates the use of tools, investigation procedures, and scientific technologies that are all suited for the situation and the best available. A combination of portable and easy-to-use laboratory equipment, as well as current data gathering and information transmission systems, is likely to be required for effective inquiry in the field. It is critical to use an interdisciplinary approach. These tactics can be used to combat wildlife crimes and punish those involved in the illegal trafficking of animals, flora, and fauna, as well as their products. Footprint analysis, morphological and anatomical studies, microscopic inspections of bodily components, and molecular biology techniques such as serological, mitochondrial DNA, rRNA, and protein analysis are among these techniques. The well-documented methodology and techniques, as well as their disadvantages and advantages, have been thoroughly examined in this review, and will undoubtedly aid the court of law and scientists working in this field to reduce wildlife crime rates through scientific investigations.
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Nguyen, Duc Hanh, and Thi Mai Dinh. "Legal framework for wildlife farming benefits species conservation and preventing wildlife crimes in Vietnam." E3S Web of Conferences 175 (2020): 03025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017503025.
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Animal husbandry plays a certain role in economic growth of the agricultural sector. Compared with conventional husbandry, wildlife farming brings important, even many times greater economic benefits with certain species. At present, however, due to different objective and subjective factors, the raising of wild animals in Vietnam has not been adequately taken care of and faced several difficulties. The inadequate legal structure for wildlife farming has caused difficulties to farmers when finding breeding supplies and product output. In addition, wildlife criminals take advantage of agricultural operations to cover up their crimes, evade the detection and handle from the authorities. In order to contribute to promoting the development of agricultural economy in general, the economy of organizations and individuals participating in animal husbandry activities in particular, we aims at recognizing, examining and reviewing the existing legal system for wildlife-farming practices, crime situation and crime handling in Vietnam in recent years in this research. We will detect the difficulties, obstacles and inadequacies of the legal framework on wildlife farming, as well as the prevention and prosecution of wildlife crimes, propose strategies and guidelines for perfecting the law and appropriately implementing law provisions.
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ST JOHN, FREYA A. V., GARETH EDWARDS-JONES, and JULIA P. G. JONES. "Opinions of the public, conservationists and magistrates on sentencing wildlife trade crimes in the UK." Environmental Conservation 39, no. 2 (February 7, 2012): 154–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037689291200001x.
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SUMMARYThe illegal trade in wild harvested plants and animals is a significant threat to populations and species worldwide. There is concern that in many countries sanctions for wildlife trade crimes are insufficient to act as a deterrent, and do not reflect the seriousness of offences. For these reasons it is important to understand professional and public opinions as to which aspects of such crimes make them more or less serious, and so deserving of a greater or lesser sentence. Conjoint analysis, a method used in marketing to understand which characteristics of a product are valued by consumers, was used to investigate which attributes of hypothetical wildlife trade offences (threat status and taxon of species involved, illegal profit, previous convictions and plea) UK-based conservation professionals, magistrates and the general public considered most important when sentencing wildlife criminals in the UK. Eighty-seven per cent of 682 respondents completed enough of the survey to be included in the analysis. Magistrates and the public considered illegal profit to be the single most important attribute, while conservationists considered the threat status of the species involved to be most important (considered second most important by magistrates and the public). Magistrates, when presented with adequate information, considered the threat status and corresponding legal protection afforded to wildlife when considering how serious a wildlife trade crime was, and doing so is in line with public opinion on sentencing such offences. This study highlights the importance of ensuring that judiciaries are presented with information concerning both the potential profit and conservation impact of wildlife trade crimes. Sentencing councils must develop appropriate guidelines to support judiciaries in their sentencing of wildlife crimes.
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Wagner, Kenneth, Stephen Owen, and Tod W. Burke. "Not Wild about Wildlife Protection? The Perceived Harmfulness, Wrongfulness, and Seriousness of Wildlife Crimes." Society & Animals 27, no. 4 (August 28, 2019): 383–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685306-12341589.
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AbstractThe purpose of this research was to explore the perceived harmfulness, wrongfulness, and seriousness of wildlife crimes, such as illegal or unlicensed hunting or fishing. Research questions included how offenses against wildlife are perceived, compared to offenses against persons and property, and how perceptions of harmfulness and wrongfulness impact perceptions of wildlife offense seriousness. A survey modeled after previous studies of crime seriousness was administered to a college student sample. The results showed that wildlife offenses were ranked as less serious, harmful, and wrong than those against persons and property, and also less than those against companion animals and animals on farms. Perceived wrongfulness and harmfulness were significant predictors of perceived seriousness of wildlife offenses, with wrongfulness being the stronger predictor. Results are contextualized within theoretical frameworks that offer insights as to why wildlife crime is not viewed as seriously as other offense types.
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Kagli, K. Mekhala, and M. D. Krishna. "Need For Combating Wildlife Crimes." International Journal of Social and Economic Research 8, no. 2 (2018): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2249-6270.2018.00013.2.
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Prisner-Levyne, Yann. "Wildlife Crime: Story of an International Law Lacuna." Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law Online 25, no. 1 (December 23, 2022): 498–552. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18757413_02501019.
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Wildlife crime and more precisely the illicit trade of wildlife products is one of the fastest growing international crimes in connection with narcotics trafficking, human trafficking and the small arms trade. Conducted mostly by transnational crime syndicates, wildlife crime is also a source of funding for terrorist groups and armed militias in conflict ridden states contributing to the erosion of the rule of law and environmental degradation which has been expressly acknowledged by the United Nations Security Council (UNSC). Yet, there is no dedicated international law instrument to tackle wildlife crime. Instead, the international community relies on international cooperation and a patchwork of international instruments none of which were originally designed to deal specifically with wildlife crime. Predictably, the current legal framework does not seem to contribute that much to the prevention and eradication of wildlife crime as wildlife populations worldwide keep plummeting. If at the legal level, the adoption of an international agreement to prevent, supress and punish wildlife crime could be a step in the right direction, maybe it is humanity’s relationship with nature which needs to be reassessed especially in the light of the probable zoonotic origin of COVID-19.
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Hrishakov, M. V. "Interpol activities against environmental crime." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 2, no. 80 (January 20, 2024): 290–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2023.80.2.47.
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The article focuses on describing the main areas of Interpol’s activities in combating environmental crime. It is indicated that Interpol’s activities in combating environmental crime include the following areas: crimes against wildlife, crimes in the field of fisheries, crimes in the field of forestry, pollution and related crimes. It is noted that an extensive structure has been created within the Organization to combat these crimes. In particular, a group responsible for combating environmental crimes was created - the Environmental Security Programme (ENS). The ENS aims to assist member states in effectively enforcing national legislation and international environmental law, as well as to ensure law enforcement cooperation, combine the efforts of various government agencies and encourage coordinated crossborder actions to maintain environmental security. It is noted that the activities of ENS are closely interrelated and supported by the Environmental Compliance and Enforcement Committee (ECEC). The ECEC helps INTERPOL to identify emerging patterns and trends in environmental crime and develop law enforcement responses to address identified threats; it acts as a strategic advisory group of INTERPOL on policy development and project implementation related to the prevention and suppression of environmental crime and law violations. It is emphasised that the ECEC has four working groups on crimes: Fisheries (FCWG), Forestry (FoCWG), Wildlife (WCWG) and Pollution (PCWG). Each group brings together forensic scientists and experts from around the world who work on threat-based activities and provide the Committee and INTERPOL with expert advice on how to respond to various threats. It is noted that INTERPOL also provides a range of other tools and services in the field of combating environmental crime: the I-24/7 system, notices, ecomessages, Regional Investigative and Analytical Case Meetings (RIACMs), Investigative Support Teams (ISTs), operations, National Environmental Security Task Forces (NeSts) etc.
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J., Waweru, and Dr Anita Kiamba. "Wildlife Security and International Relations." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science 06, no. 10 (2022): 720–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2022.61035.
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Kenya is endowed with an enormous biodiversity of ecosystems and wildlife species. This rich wildlife together with other attractions has for decades made the country an important tourist destination and hub for the lucrative tourist industry. Nonetheless, wildlife species continue to face threats such as commercial poaching for trophies and human wildlife conflicts that hinder their survival. It is important to mitigate these threats to ensure wildlife species do not go extinct and Kenya continues to pull tourists into the country. The absence of wildlife security poses a threat to international relations. This is because wildlife crimes increase global crime rates that often lead to instability in the global arena. Furthermore, wildlife crime has, throughout history, been a source of funding for rebel groups, militias and extremist groups like the Alshabaab in Somalia. These groups undermine good governance and development efforts of states. This study aims at analyzing the key threats to wildlife security in Kenya and international relations, examining the severity of wildlife threats both locally in Kenya and globally and establishing probable solutions that can be tailor-made to address threats to wildlife security in Kenya and international relations
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Stassen, Richard, and Vania Ceccato. "Environmental and Wildlife Crime in Sweden from 2000 to 2017." Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 36, no. 3 (June 17, 2020): 403–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043986220927123.
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This study combines police records with newspaper articles (media archives) to report the nature and trends of environmental and wildlife crime (EWC) in Sweden from 2000 to 2017. Geographic information systems (GIS) and spatial statistical techniques are used to implement a temporal and spatial analysis of EWC in Swedish municipalities, which are split into three types: urban, accessible rural, and remote rural. Findings show that following the 2006 legal reform that increased possibilities for prosecuting EWC, the number of both police-recorded cases and newspaper articles increased and eventually stabilized. They also show that although the majority of EWCs are minor crimes, particularly in urban municipalities, many of the more serious crimes show chronic temporal and spatial patterns in more rural and remote areas. The persistence of certain serious crimes over time is interpreted as an indication that the costs of breaking environmental law are low relative to economic gains. Then, drawing from criminological theory, the article finishes by discussing implications to research and policy.
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Nguyen, Duc Hanh. "International cooperation and mutual legal assistance in criminal matters in handling with transnational wildlife trafficking crimes in Vietnam." E3S Web of Conferences 164 (2020): 11006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016411006.
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Wildlife crimes have been continuously increasing all over the world but particularly in ASEAN countries, and the criminals have employed more and more sophisticated tatics and strategies. Though many countries have introduced their own solutions to enhance the legal response and capacity to investigate, prosecute and adjudicate wildlife-related crimes, the results so far are under expectation. Vietnam has various types of wild, precious and rare flora and fauna; however, these numbers have rapidly decreased due to uncontrolled exploitation and illegal trade. Aiming to conserve and develop the nation’s biodiversity, the Penal Code 2015 (amended in 2017) and the Criminal Procedure Code 2015 have new regulations that incorporate international conventions that Vietnam has acceded to. At the same time, Vietnam has become a transit nation employed by transnational criminal organizations, so that in order to tackle wildlife crimes effectively, it is significant to develop and sustain active international cooperation and mutual legal assistance in criminal matters among Vietnam and other countries in the region, as well as from all over the world. In that spirit, this article will concentrate on analyzing the current situation of wildlife crimes that has international elements; identifying roots of difficulties, challenges in dealing with this type of crimes in Vietnam as well as in the region; then proposing recommendations and solutions to improve the quality of handling transnational wildlife crimes for the sake of species conservation, environment and biodiveristy protection for humankind.
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Lirëza, Linert, and Gentian Koçi. "Environmental Crimes: Their Nature, Scope, and Problems in Identification." Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development 10, no. 1 S1 (May 20, 2023): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv10n1s135.
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Environmental crimes are illegal acts that directly harm the environment. They can cause considerable damage to ecosystems, increasing the risk of disease, environmental disaster, food chain contamination, pollution, wildlife degradation, reduced life expectancy, and increased rates of human morbidity. Environmental crime is the fourth largest criminal enterprise in the world. (INTERPOL-UN) These crimes include illegal logging, wildlife trafficking, hazardous waste dumping, illegal fishing, and the trade of endangered species, among others. Despite their wide-ranging implications, identifying and prosecuting these offenses remain challenging. This paper explores the nature and scope of environmental crimes, the difficulties in their identification, and the need for improved detection and enforcement mechanisms to tackle these illegal activities effectively. By examining the current state of environmental crime, the paper seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of the issue, contributing to the development of more effective policies and strategies to combat this growing global problem. The European Space Agency is offering technical support and funding to companies developing innovative and commercial services that use space technology to combat environmental crimes. The paper also discusses the role of organized criminal networks and the relationship between environmental crimes and other types of criminal activities such as money laundering, corruption, and human trafficking. From the other side, it examines the challenges posed by the complexity of environmental crimes, the need for specialized knowledge and expertise, and the role of corruption and other factors that hinder effective identification and enforcement.
Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023
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Chandramouli, Vaishnavi, Pradeep Anbazhagan, Vasantha Kumari, Kanchana Rangasamy, and Debasis Jana. "Application of partial Cytochrome b and 12S rRNA Genes for Mammalian species identification." International Journal of Zoology and Applied Biosciences 7, no. 2 (April 14, 2022): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.55126/ijzab.2022.v07.i02.005.
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Determination of species from wildlife specimens is one of the prime goals of forensic laboratories analyzing samples involved in wildlife crimes. The conviction rate in wildlife crimes is often low due to a lack of evidential support in identification of the species involved in crime. When species identification by application of morphological techniques fails due to sample autolysis or lack of anatomical markers in wildlife specimens, DNA analysis provides the vital, foolproof cue. Sequences generated from mitochondrial DNA regions are used to determine the species by matching against a known reference sequence, either using the global GenBank database or using references created locally. The present study employed species identification by DNA analysis using wildlife samples received from the Forest Department across Tamil Nadu, India. The study demonstrates the utility of partial Cytb and 12S rRNAgenes for determination of species from 18 samples without recognizable morphological features, including tissue, hair and blood. The species of the collected specimens were correctly identified by sequence similarity search with 99 to 100% match and taxonomic classification using phylogenetic tree reconstruction. Of the 18 samples analyzed, accurate species identification using 12S rRNA gene was possible for all the samples, while Cytbgene-based identification was successful for 16 samples. Sequences generated from the study could also serve as a local genetic databank for the State Forest Department to match against sequences from wildlife forensic samples referred to the Institute for ascertaining species involved in wildlife trade. The sequences will also be useful to bridge gaps in genetic data on species native to Tamil Nadu.
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Hafidzah, Dinda, Antonius Reiyhand Nathaniel Matahelumual, and Elsa Aprina. "Upaya Pemerintah terhadap Penanggulangan Kejahatan Penyelundupan Satwa Liar Dilindungi Melalui Jalur Wilayah Perairan Indonesia." Jurnal Lex Renaissance 7, no. 4 (October 1, 2022): 852–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.20885/jlr.vol7.iss4.art11.
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This study aims to determine the government’s attempt to address the criminal action of smuggling the protected wildlife that occurs through Indonesian territorial waters. Indonesia’s nature which is touted as Mega-Biodiversity by the world is not immune from smuggling crimes which lead to illegal trade of protected wild animals. Not infrequently, this particular illegal activity is carried out by sea as one of the trade route. With the development of modes and cases of smuggling crimes that threaten the survival of protected wildlife, this raises the question of what efforts can be made by the government in handling the crime of smuggling protected wildlife through Indonesian territorial waters. This is a normative juridical research by using statutory approach. This study concludes that in dealing with the development of criminal modes in smuggling which often increase the number of cases, the government has taken preventive measures in the form of issuing laws, establishing supervisory bodies and international scale cooperation as well as repressive efforts in the form of imposing sanctions on perpetrators who have caught in the course of smuggling.
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Febrian, Febrian, Lusi Apriyani, and Vera Novianti. "Rethinking Indonesian Legislation on Wildlife Protection: A Comparison between Indonesia and the United States." Sriwijaya Law Review 5, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.28946/slrev.vol5.iss1.881.pp143-162.
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In Indonesia, a crime against wildlife is still not well controlled. Several reasons are the fact that certain wildlife is still considered a threat by the community and the lack of implemented criminal sanctions. This paper compares the application of sanctions to perpetrators of wildlife crimes between Indonesia and America. Based on the Indonesian Law, Article 40(2) of the Law on Conservation of Living Natural Resources and their Ecosystems, a person who commits a crime against individual wild animals can be imprisoned for a maximum of five years and a maximum fine of one hundred million rupiahs. Meanwhile, the United States Law, the Endangered Species Act (ESA), charges wildlife criminals with criminal and civil penalties. In § 1540(a)(1) it provides that anyone who takes, imports, exports, transports or sells endangered species can be fined not more than $ 25,000. If the species is threatened in the group, the offender can be subject to a sentence of not more than $ 12,000. Also, additional criminal sanctions were imposed to revoke federal licenses, lease permits and hunting permits. This study aims to analyse criminal sanctions' enforcement in criminal cases against protected animals in courts in Indonesia and the United States to find best practices using normative legal research methods. The results show that the criminal sanctions against wildlife crimes in Indonesia have never reached the maximum sentence so that it is not sufficient to provide a deterrent effect for the perpetrators. Unlike in America, the imprisonment sanction for criminal sanctions for protected animals is still relatively weak, but fines and civil sanctions can be maximally applied.
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Arivazhagan, R. M., S. Utham Kumar Jamadhagni, and Syed Umarhathab. "Maritime Transnational Crime: An Analysis of Coastal Tamil Nadu." YMER Digital 21, no. 04 (April 30, 2022): 610–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.37896/ymer21.04/61.
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Maritime Transnational Crimes are common in port cities, mostly covering crimes such as smuggling goods; illegal wildlife trade (IWT) in shipment of both flora and fauna species like pangolin meat and red sanders; smuggling of endangered marine species like sea cucumber, turtles, seahorse, shark fins, etc.; smuggling explosives in vessels and containers, illegal activities like trafficking- humans (International Maritime Broder Line- IMBL violations cases), drugs, arms and ammunitions, piracy (robbery), illegal logistics services (migrant smuggling) are also, rampant. Tamil Nadu is the second largest coastal state in peninsular India, with 13 coastal districts covering 1076 kms which shares international maritime border with South and Southeast Asian countries like Sri Lanka and Maldives. The state and central government of India in order to secure the maritime border and to prevent these crimes have engaged law enforcement agencies such as Forest Department, Wildlife Crime Control Bureau (WCCB), Directorate of Intelligence (DRI), Customs Officials (CO), Coastal Security Group (CSG) - Marine Police, Indian Coast Guard (ICG) and Indian Navy. Simultaneously, the coastal communities are ushered and play a vital role in preventing Maritime Transnational Crimes in the international maritime boundaries and sea shores. Though, these attempts are effective still the transnational maritime crimes are increasing day by day in the coastal Tamil Nadu. This paper attempts to highlight the Maritime Transnational Crimes and smuggling activities in coastal Tamil Nadu and the role of coastal community in coastal security. This paper is an empirical study of descriptive nature with qualitative approach
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Pádár, Zsolt, Mónika Nogel, Gábor Kovács, Gergely Gárdonyi, and Petra Zenke. "Special Challenges of Wildlife Forensics in Hungary." Belügyi Szemle 71, no. 2.ksz. (April 28, 2023): 7–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.38146/bsz.spec.2023.2.1.
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The causal relationship between human interference in both climate change and decrease in biodiversity is unquestionable. This fact supports the need to act effectively against those illegal activities affecting wildlife. Hungary is also involved in wildlife crimes, but there is a noticeable deficit in the processes of uncovering these actions, gathering proof and punishing those responsible. In this study the Authors examine what role forensics may play in the fight against wildlife crime.Aim: Present the characteristics of wildlife crimes and outline the main features of wildlife forensics.Methodology: The current national and international legal background and norms and guidelines for professional conduct are surveyed. The Authors also reviewed the most important relevant Hungarian and international scientific literature.Findings: One of the most important and vital tasks of modern civilization is the preservation and protection of the environment – with an emphasis on life on Earth. As part of this process there is a place for law enforcement to detect, punish and prevent further criminal activity connected with illegal activities involving wildlife. In Hungary the major barriers to effective punishment of those responsible for wildlife crimes are primarily: the lack of forensic technicians with sufficient specialized knowledge and practice; missing specialized standard operational protocols; insufficient knowledge of biology within law enforcement; insufficient funding of non-human genetic laboratories and the lack of adequate non-human (genetic) databases.Value: For the first time in Hungary, the Authors outline the basic characteristics of wildlife forensics.
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Sollund, Ragnhild. "Wildlife Crime: A Crime of Hegemonic Masculinity?" Social Sciences 9, no. 6 (June 5, 2020): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci9060093.
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Scholarship within green criminology focusing on crimes and harms against nonhuman animals has been increasing. Little attention, however, has been directed at the gendered aspects of these crimes. For example, why is it that the great majority of offenders involved in wildlife trade and the illegal killing of endangered predators are male? The aim of this article is to fill the gap in the literature, relying on confiscation reports from Norwegian Customs of nonhuman animals—most of whom are listed in CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora)—as well as an analysis of verdicts in cases in Norwegian courts of “theriocides” (animal murders) of large predators. This article will assess the number of men and women involved in these crimes and harms, and will present some trends of theriociders. This article will employ ecofeminist and masculinities theories to better understand the gendered dynamics involved in wildlife trafficking and the theriocides of large carnivores.
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Habsari, Wara Aninditari Larascintya. "Internalisasi nilai pelestarian alam dan pendidikan karakter melalui representasi kejahatan lingkungan dalam sastra anak karya Okky Madasari." Diglosia: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya 6, no. 3 (June 18, 2023): 625–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.30872/diglosia.v6i3.692.
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The subject of this research is Mata dan Rahasia Pulau Gapi by Okky Madasari. I adopt green cultural criminology and narrative criminology to analyze how the writer describes environmental crime phenomena in her work as a medium for internalizing the value of conservation and character education for children’s readers. This study was designed using the children's literature research method and note-taking technique. The results of this study found that the novel contains two forms of environmental crimes, namely crimes against historical sites and crimes against wildlife. I also found that the author makes the representation of the character's resistance to environmental crimes as a strong message to readers that children have a role as agents to encourage public awareness of environmental issues. In addition, moral licensing by the perpetrators of environmental crimes in this novel is the author's effort to cultivate a critical attitude in child readers.
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Drzazga, Edyta. "The Illegal Wildlife Trade in Poland – Crime Control Models." Przegląd Prawniczy Uniwersytetu im. Adam Mickiewicza 14 (December 30, 2022): 321–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/ppuam.2022.14.15.
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Wildlife traffickindg of endangered species is an international crime that is increasing in in terms of its significance and position in the global crime hierarchy. This phenomenon is a significant subject of research for both traditional and green criminology. The representatives of green criminology, when discussing the criminal policy in matters related to green crimes, refer to its broad meaning. From this perspective, “green criminal policy” includes: a) the legal and social approach, b) a regulatory system that emphasizes social arrangements, norms and reforms in the production and consumption system; and c) a system of social interactions. Each of these models is presented in the article. In this context, the results of qualitative research on the state of the social control of illegal trade in wild fauna and flora in Poland will also be cited.
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Agu, Helen, Akachi Nwogu-Ikojo, and Emmanuel Onyeabor. "COVID-19 Crisis, Wildlife Trafficking and Environmental Governance in Nigeria." Nigerian Juridical Review 17 (July 13, 2022): 132–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.56284/tnjr.v17i1.31.
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Illegal wildlife trade and wildlife trafficking are global environmental risks which is underscored not just by its convergence with other serious crimes but by the cross-border and trans-boundary nature of the crime, and its implications in many global health problems. The COVID-19 crisis, currently estimated to have been contracted from bats by humans through an intermediate host such as a pangolin, has propelled the global health implications of wildlife trade onto the global stage, thereby questioning global and national environmental governance structures to combat illegal wildlife trade and trafficking. Through a literature-based desk review, this paper appraises international environmental regulation such as the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES); wildlife regulatory governance in Nigeria such as The Endangered Species (Control of International Trade and Traffic) Act and their implications in the current global pandemic. It finds that weak legal systems, lack of enforcement capacity, high corruption levels and insufficient coordination, knowledge, and capacity are among the critical drivers of this crisis. It recommends legal and policy prioritization and effective environmental governance with regards to combatting wildlife trafficking as a panacea for present and future pandemics.
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Dvojmoč, Miha, and Valentina Kubale. "Illegal Trade in Exotic Animals and Its Impacts in Slovenia—A Case Study." Animals 13, no. 8 (April 17, 2023): 1375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13081375.
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Currently, the illegal wildlife trade is one of the most profitable illegal enterprises in the world. The aim of our study was to determine the situation with respect to wildlife trade in Slovenia, which is mainly a transit country, before changes to the Schengen borders came into effect. The volume of trade is significant but not extensive. The most common endangered species involved in illegal trade in Slovenia are the brown bear, the peregrine falcon, the date mussel, the lady’s slipper orchid, the common snowdrop, the cyclamen, the sea turtle, the otter, and various reptile species. The smuggling of shells (date shells), ivory (ivory products), certain plants, and various hunting trophies (bears, big cats) has decreased in recent years. Nevertheless, counteracting crimes continues to be important for the conservation of some species in Slovenia, notably the lynx, and for the reduction of poaching. Improvements are needed in the detection and prevention of wildlife crime, especially in light of changes made to the Schengen borders and the consequent inclusion of new trading partners for Slovenia. The lack of people properly trained to identify, detect, and investigate wildlife crime is especially acute.
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Bamwine, Fredrick. "The Efficacy of Prosecuting Wildlife Crimes in Uganda." Environmental Policy and Law 49, no. 2-3 (August 16, 2019): 181–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/epl-190155.
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Joseph, Aby. "Forensic Science Interventions in Wildlife Mediated Zoonotic Outbreaks: A Systematic Review." Journal of Communicable Diseases 52, no. 04 (December 31, 2020): 88–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202046.
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Millions of people are suffering from the repeated emergence of zoonotic diseases across the globe. The latest pandemic of Covid-19 suspected to be originated from wild animals and was transmitted via an intermediate animal host to humans. Possibilities of the intentional use of zoonoses as bioweapons cannot be ignored and it poses a threat to global biosafety and biosecurity. This review discusses the nature and types of zoonotic diseases and the link to human activities of wildlife poaching and trafficking. It is estimated that about billions of currencies are spent by nations annually due to these diseases and millions of people die as a consequence of zoonotic diseases. In this article, we reviewed on the past and present zoonotic diseases and transmission through natural, accidental and deliberate modes. This review addresses the impact of human vs. wildlife conflict in emerging zoonotic diseases and focusing on bioterrorism activities. The objective of the present review was to highlight the significance of advanced forensic science technologies for the detection and prevention of the future zoonotic outbreaks of the suspected bio crimes and wildlife crimes.
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Kotwale, Kanchan S., Rajesh Kumar, and Vidya Pradhan. "A Comparative Study of Hair from two Panthera and one Leucistic Species for Forensic Purposes." UTTAR PRADESH JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 44, no. 10 (June 5, 2023): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.56557/upjoz/2023/v44i103505.
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Guard hair of two Panthera species and one leucistic species from Siddharth Zoological Park Maharashtra of India. It is protected species in India according to the wildlife protection act of 1972. The microscopic technique was used for studying hair morphology, including hair characteristics such as medulla pattern, hair thickness, and diameter of hairs was studied. This study could help to identify and determination of animal species, to deal with wildlife crimes cases as well as illegal wildlife trade in India and across the country. Although some species could be identified very easily based on some hair characteristics, observed under microscopy. Hair samples were examined using a different parameter for the determination of some similar family species in the present study we studied the hair characteristic of three Panthera species. Such as white Panthera, Bengal Panthera, and leopard. Three endangered species have been examined and compared with each other. The present study could help to prevent wildlife crimes.
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Nurse, Angus. "Masculinities and Animal Harm." Men and Masculinities 23, no. 5 (November 17, 2020): 908–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1097184x20965458.
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This paper explores the role of masculinities in animal harm and conceptions on the Masculinities Offender, primarily motivated by power and masculine behaviors. Within “masculinities crimes,” the exercise of power allied to sport or entertainment is significantly linked to organized crime and gambling. Masculinities crimes also include elements of cruelty or animal abuse and perceptions by offenders of their actions having cultural significance, and where toughness, masculinity, and smartness combine with a love of excitement. Examples include badger digging, badger baiting, cock-fighting, and other crimes involving the “sporting” killing or taking of wildlife. This article explores masculinities offender rationalizations and associated masculinity-based negative attitudes towards animals and animal harm. The public policy response to masculinities crimes reflects acceptance of the violent nature of offenders. Yet arguably enforcement and punishment through use of surveillance activities and undercover operations, and reliance on prison as the primary deterrent/sanction risks being counter-productive and reinforcing the very masculinities that underlie offending behavior.
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Priatna, Dolly, and Kathryn A. Monk. "The role of the academic community in combating wildlife trafficking." Indonesian Journal of Applied Environmental Studies 3, no. 2 (October 31, 2022): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.33751/injast.v3i2.6302.
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In Indonesia, the value of the illegal trade in wildlife reaches more than US one million per year. Apart from being a source country, Indonesia also has a significantly growing home market for illegally traded wildlife as pets, skins, and medicines.The illegal wildlife trade uses various modus operandi, directed by organized criminal groups and carried out by a variety of perpetrators on the ground, often very poor locals from rural communities. Whilst this trading activity is a transnational crime, that is, across national and continental borders, and may use the same supply routes usually associated with other crimes such as weapons, drugs and people trafficking, it is usually only the poachers on the ground who are caught and prosecuted. In summary, universities and their researchers have a significant role in the fight against the illegal and unsustainable wildlife trade, in monitoring wildlife populations and poaching activity, and in changing people's behavior, so that the activities of hunting, trading, or owning protected wildlife become unattractive and unacceptable to all communities. This role draws on disciplines across the sciences, social sciences, arts, and humanities, encouraging those interdisciplinary behaviours so important for effective environmental management that delivers for the long-term health and well-being of people.
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Parvez, Anjum, Sandhya Verma, and Rajesh Bahuguna. "Scientific Methods in Protection of Wildlife: A Need of Time." Scientific Temper 13, no. 01 (June 25, 2022): 140–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.58414/scientifictemper.2022.13.1.22.
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Wildlife is an essential part of wholesome environment which needs the special care andattention toward its preservation and prevention of crimes through effective legal and scientificmechanisms. Now world has moving towards the inclusion of technology in every sphere ofhuman life. Here law and science are mediums of achieving the ends for the betterment oflives and welfare of humans. Forensic science has been emerging as a great aid in conductingthe effective investigation against wildlife crimes. This article points out certain methods offorensic science in relation to the law in India, and their utility, so that the cherished right ofwholesome environment can become a reality
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Aramilev, S. V., E. S. Kiseleva, and P. V. Fomenko. "Forensic Investigation of Crimes Against the Amur Tiger and Other Animals: Problems and Solutions." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science 12, no. 3 (September 30, 2017): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.30764/1819-2785-2017-12-3-105-109.
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The late 20th century saw the development of a new special framework for the conservation of large mammals – both tigers and their prey, mostly ungulates, – along with their habitats in the Far East of Russia. Tightening controls on poaching, illicit trafficking and trade in wild animals and their parts, as well as enforcement of adequate penalties for these crimes rely on effective crime detection procedures and quality forensic investigation, which provides important grounds for prosecution. There are currently only four organizations conducting such forensic investigations within the geographic range of the Amur tiger.Efforts to facilitate forensic assistance have included production of the monograph “The Basics of Wildlife Forensics”, establishment of a veterinary treatment and diagnostic center for post-mortem examinations and a carcass storage facility for preservation of forensic evidence, and ongoing work to create biorepositories.However, there is still no streamlined system for state-supported forensic investigation of crimes against wildlife and forensic examinations of wild animals, their parts and derivatives.Such examinations should be conducted by specialized centers under designated conservation authorities of the constituent subjects of the Russian Federation, similar to the forensic bureaus of the Ministry of the Interior.
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Mohanty, Sandeep Kumar, and Soumya Prakash Patra. "Tramelling The Illegal Wildlife Trading: A Comparative Legislative Analysis of China and India." SASI 27, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 549. http://dx.doi.org/10.47268/sasi.v27i4.597.
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Illegal wildlife trade is one of the major transnational crimes. Transnational Crime, by its very nature, is problematic as it surpasses national jurisdictions, as well as the parameters of information systems and law enforcement agencies. Illegal wildlife trade networks increasingly operate like global multinational businesses, connecting local markets to the global markets through complex and interlinked networks.Against this background, CITES was entered into, multinational environmental agreement to which 183 nations are parties to it and India, being a member of CITES, in compliance with the guidelines, has enacted an umbrella of 8 legislation for the protection of wildlife in India. But despite this austere legislation, India is progressively becoming a hub of illegal wildlife trade.The illegal laundering of wild-caught animals via legal pathways is subject to increased scrutiny. It appears that illegal wildlife traders are rampantly using other covert methods to smuggle these animals into the territories of target consumer countries, such as China. Once they enter into the jurisdiction of destination countries that permit legal trade in this species, it becomes arduous for the relevant enforcement agencies to distinguish between the wild-caught and captive-bred animals.The author undertakes to carry out a comparative analysis of the existing legislation of China concerning India to understand whether the legislation is robust enough for the protection of the wildlife and how the enforcement mechanism can be strengthened for the advancement of the endangered species.
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van Uhm, Daan P. "The social construction of the value of wildlife: A green cultural criminological perspective." Theoretical Criminology 22, no. 3 (August 2018): 384–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362480618787170.
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The trade in wildlife is not a new phenomenon. The earliest civilizations were linked to the trade in live animals and parts thereof, from the Egyptian pharaohs to aristocrats in the modern era. This article focuses on the history of the wildlife trade in order to understand the social construction of the value of wildlife. In dynamic social and cultural contexts, the meaning of wildlife changes. Historically, exotic animals and the products thereof were associated with social elites, but today, wildlife attracts people from all walks of life and a wide variety of live animals and products thereof are traded for functional, symbolic and social purposes. Increasing ecocentric and biocentric values in contemporary western society, however, may influence constructed demand patterns for wildlife in the near future. By integrating cultural criminological concepts with the social construction of green crimes, this article aims to understand constructed wildlife consumerism through the ages.
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von Essen, Erica, and Michael Allen. "Interspecies Violence and Crimes of Dissent: Communication Ethics and Legitimacy in Message Crimes Involving Wildlife." Critical Criminology 25, no. 2 (March 25, 2017): 261–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10612-017-9358-7.
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Viollaz, Julie, Jessica Bell Rizzolo, Barney Long, Cao Tien Trung, Josh Kempinski, Benjamin M. Rawson, Danielle Reynald, et al. "Potential for informal guardianship in community-based wildlife crime prevention: Insights from Vietnam." Nature Conservation 48 (May 19, 2022): 123–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.48.81635.
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The notion that indigenous people and local communities can effectively prevent conservation crime rests upon the assumption that they are informal guardians of natural resources. Although informal guardianship is a concept typically applied to “traditional” crimes, urban contexts, and the global North, it has great potential to be combined with formal guardianship (such as ranger patrols) to better protect wildlife, incentivize community participation in conservation, and address the limitations of formal enforcement in the global South. Proactive crime prevention is especially important for illegal snare hunting, a practice that has led to pernicious defaunation and which has proved difficult to control due to its broad scope. This paper uses interview data with community members in protected areas in Viet Nam where illegal snare hunting is commonplace to 1) analyze the conditions for informal guardianship in the study locations; 2) explore how community members can become more effective informal guardians; and 3) examine how formal and informal guardianship mechanisms can be linked to maximize deterrence and limit displacement of illegal snaring. Results indicate that conditions for informal guardianship exist but that respondent willingness to intervene depends upon the location, offender activity, and type of offender (outsider versus community member). While respondents generated numerous strategies for wildlife crime prevention, they also listed crime displacement mechanism offenders used to avoid detection. We discuss how informal guardianship can be integrated with formal guardianship into an overall model of situational crime prevention to protect wildlife and incentivize community-led deterrence of illegal snaring.
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牛, 佳豪. "Discussion on Criminal and Legal Issues of Crimes against Wildlife." Open Journal of Legal Science 11, no. 05 (2023): 3601–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/ojls.2023.115513.
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Lubis, Muhammad Ikhsan. "Implementation of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and Law No. 5 of 1990 in Law Enforcement Efforts and Guarantees of Environmental Rights in Gunung Leuser National Park, Indonesia." Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies 2, no. 1 (August 16, 2017): 55–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jils.v2i01.16635.
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Indonesia is renowned for its abundant natural resources and vast biodiversity. However, Indonesia also has wildlife species that are most vulnerable to the threat of extinction. Illegal wildlife trade poses a serious threat to the preservation of wildlife in Indonesia. Wildlife illegally traded based on facts found in the field is mostly a catch from nature, not from captive breeding. Gunung Leuser National Park (Taman Nasional Gunung Leuser, TNGL) as one of the national parks in Indonesia faces problems in the protection of this wildlife. This is triggered by the process of industrialization, illegal logging activities and crimes against protected wildlife. Wildlife protection in Indonesia and internationally is regulated legally through Law No.5 of 1990 and internationally through the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). The role of local government, BKSDA TNGL, and related agencies in suppressing the extinction rate provides an understanding to the community of TNGL conservation areas, in particular, to reduce conflicts and clearance of plantation land by utilizing the concept of environmentally sustainable development as well as providing the mitigation measures.
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Hrіshakov, M. V. "International bodies and institutions in combating environmental crime." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 3 (July 18, 2023): 412–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2023.03.74.
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The article explores the issue of the international institutional mechanism of the universal and regional level in the field of combating environmental crime. The institutions created at the international universal and regional levels and their contribution to combating environmental crime are characterized, including: the International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol), within which specialized working groups in the field of combating environmental crime were created (Pollution Crime Working Group, Wildlife Crime Working Group, Forestry Crime Working Group, Fisheries Crime Working Group). The International Consortium on Combating Wildlife Crime (ICCWC), which promotes the strengthening of criminal justice systems and coordination of support at national, regional and international levels to combat wildlife and forest crime. The European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation (Europol), which provides 24/7 operational support to Union law enforcement agencies in combating crime, including environmental crime. The European Multidisciplinary Platform Against Criminal Threats (EMPACT), whose mission is to disrupt criminal networks involved in all forms of environmental crime. European Network for Environmental Crime (EnviCrimeNet), which is a center of best practices in criminal cases related to this illegal area. The Lusaka Agreement Task Force, the main function of which is to facilitate the joint activities of the member states of the said agreement in conducting investigations of criminal acts in the field of illegal trade in wild fauna and flora.The role of non-governmental institutions in combating environmental crime is emphasized. In particular, attention is focused on the activities of Crime Stoppers International - an international non-profit organization that supports the efforts of law enforcement agencies to prevent and solve crimes: the Global Initiatives - an independent public organization that serves as a dialogue platform for broad discussions and innovative approaches in the fight against organized crime; International cooperation organization Hivos, bringing together people and organizations that offer alternatives to those seeking solutions in their struggle for social and environmental justice. Relevant conclusions were drawn.
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Millins, Caroline, Fiona Howie, Charles Everitt, Michael Shand, and Catherine Lamm. "Analysis of suspected wildlife crimes submitted for forensic examinations in Scotland." Forensic Science, Medicine, and Pathology 10, no. 3 (June 18, 2014): 357–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12024-014-9568-1.
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Farias, Salomao A. "The inescapable effects of superstition and sacrifice on crimes against wildlife." Psychology & Marketing 37, no. 12 (December 2020): 1656–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mar.21411.
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Rojas A., Jairo, and Hugo Andrés Fernández N. "Estrategias preventivas frente al comercio ilegal de fauna silvestre en Bogotá, D.C." Cuadernos de Semilleros de investigación 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 27–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.33133/csi-4-2018-31.
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As one of the great responsibilities of the National Police and in accordance with the provisions of Law 99 of 1993, it is one of the entity in charge of protecting natural resources in Colombia, which presents various problems such as illegal trade which is why specialized groups have been created to help combat these scourges. The specialized groups in the environmental protection of the National Police have within their functions to carry out control, surveillance and prevention of traffic and illegal trade, for this they have been training members of the institution, in order to apply the new code of police, identify native species, the degree of threat according to the regulations, use applications, conduct campaigns, among other factors, in order to end trafficking and trade in species. With the development of this project, it is sought to know all the trafficking trends and illegal trade of wildlife, from the areas that are part of the environmental reserves such as the Orinoquia, Amazon, Andean and Pacific, determine which are the areas of greatest traffic influence and illegal trade of species towards the center of the country, determine the species that are more commercialized, in the center of the country likewise analyze the transport form of the fauna species. Within the Central Directorate of Judicial Police (DIJIN) was created, through the instruction 015 of the year 2000, the Investigative Group on Crimes against the Environment, which have become one of the most effective teams in the fight against environmental crime in the country. From this point of view, we seek to investigate behaviors that attempt against the environment; collect, analyze and classify information related to crimes that affect the environment throughout the national territory; and finally, dismantle criminal organizations dedicated to trafficking and commercialization of wildlife. In order to strengthen the process in the fight against the scourge of illegal trade in wildlife species, in the center of the country, the National Police, through the National Carabineros School, wanted to unite to implement control strategies, with the development of of the research project determining the factors that influence the illegal trade from a documentary analysis in the development of the research project seeks to implement preventive strategies, in order to counteract the illegal trade of species in life of extinction of wildlife. will make a rigorous study of potential buyers from the quantitative method of data from seizures, seizures, catch data, educational campaigns and studies carried out by different entities working with the problem of illegal trade in wildlife species.
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Sinani, Blerton, and Stefani Stojchevska. "Legal Analysis Regarding the Potentiality of Considering Environmental Damage a War Crime." Jurnalul de Studii Juridice 16, no. 3-4 (March 28, 2022): 01–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/jls/16.3-4/88.
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Triggered by the open letter from 24 scientists which calls on governments to draft a fifth Geneva Convention related toward a more explicit protection of the environment during an armed conflict between engaged states, this paper tends to analyze the legal potentiality of environmental damages being properly considered as war crimes. Simultaneously, this contemporary occurrence has certain influences upon international environmental law by critically reviewing the existing legislation concerning environmental damage and military activities, comparing the fundamental elements of both war crimes and crimes against humanity in order to determine potential conflicts of international norms, as well as objectively perceiving the legal benefits that could be obtained by the consideration of drafting newly developed principles, regulations and guidelines which should also include animals and non-human species to wildlife affected by war and military operations.
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Pires, Stephen F., and William D. Moreto. "Preventing Wildlife Crimes: Solutions That Can Overcome the ‘Tragedy of the Commons’." European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research 17, no. 2 (February 9, 2011): 101–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10610-011-9141-3.
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Viollaz, Julie, Jessica Graham, and Leonid Lantsman. "Using script analysis to understand the financial crimes involved in wildlife trafficking." Crime, Law and Social Change 69, no. 5 (January 26, 2018): 595–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10611-017-9725-z.
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Minton, Elizabeth A., Abigail M. Sisneros‐Kidd, and Christopher Monz. "“Minor crimes” against wildlife: Small offenses, lasting impact, and a proposed solution." Psychology & Marketing 37, no. 12 (December 2020): 1708–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mar.21412.
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Larsson, Paul. "Å forebygge ulvedrap." Nordisk Tidsskrift for Kriminalvidenskab 109, no. 2 (April 25, 2022): 308–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/ntfk.v109i2.132400.
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AbstractThis article deals with the prevention of the illegal hunting of wolves in Norway and is based on research conducted between 2016 and 2019. The main actors are the local police and the rangers / guards of the Norwegian Environmental Protection Agency (NEPA). Resources used on wildlife crimes by the local police are limited. Most of the surveillance of poaching is done by NEPA guards. Strategies for preventing poaching have not been well-developed. Prevention is incorporated in the routine daily activities of the guards. General surveillance is a central element. Much of what has been done can be labelled situational crime prevention and there are elements of routine activities theory reflected in the practice. There are hot spots (locations of wolf packs) that are patrolled at times of heightened risk (January through March). Police and the rangers often patrol these areas in uniformed cars and use other ways of signalling their appearance. Information and dialog with locals and hunters are important elements of the preventive effort. Since wildlife crime is linked to open conflicts between locals, but also to conflicts between locals and representatives for the central authorities, there have been attempts at conflict resolution and mediation. Knowledge concerning the effects of these measures is limited since there have been no follow-up evaluations of these activities.
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Larsson, Paul. "Å forebygge ulvedrap." Nordisk Tidsskrift for Kriminalvidenskab 109, no. 2 (April 25, 2022): 308–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/ntfk.v109i2.132400.
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AbstractThis article deals with the prevention of the illegal hunting of wolves in Norway and is based on research conducted between 2016 and 2019. The main actors are the local police and the rangers / guards of the Norwegian Environmental Protection Agency (NEPA). Resources used on wildlife crimes by the local police are limited. Most of the surveillance of poaching is done by NEPA guards. Strategies for preventing poaching have not been well-developed. Prevention is incorporated in the routine daily activities of the guards. General surveillance is a central element. Much of what has been done can be labelled situational crime prevention and there are elements of routine activities theory reflected in the practice. There are hot spots (locations of wolf packs) that are patrolled at times of heightened risk (January through March). Police and the rangers often patrol these areas in uniformed cars and use other ways of signalling their appearance. Information and dialog with locals and hunters are important elements of the preventive effort. Since wildlife crime is linked to open conflicts between locals, but also to conflicts between locals and representatives for the central authorities, there have been attempts at conflict resolution and mediation. Knowledge concerning the effects of these measures is limited since there have been no follow-up evaluations of these activities.
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Larsson, Paul. "Å forebygge ulvedrap." Nordisk Tidsskrift for Kriminalvidenskab 109, no. 2 (April 25, 2022): 308–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/ntfk.v109i2.132400.
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AbstractThis article deals with the prevention of the illegal hunting of wolves in Norway and is based on research conducted between 2016 and 2019. The main actors are the local police and the rangers / guards of the Norwegian Environmental Protection Agency (NEPA). Resources used on wildlife crimes by the local police are limited. Most of the surveillance of poaching is done by NEPA guards. Strategies for preventing poaching have not been well-developed. Prevention is incorporated in the routine daily activities of the guards. General surveillance is a central element. Much of what has been done can be labelled situational crime prevention and there are elements of routine activities theory reflected in the practice. There are hot spots (locations of wolf packs) that are patrolled at times of heightened risk (January through March). Police and the rangers often patrol these areas in uniformed cars and use other ways of signalling their appearance. Information and dialog with locals and hunters are important elements of the preventive effort. Since wildlife crime is linked to open conflicts between locals, but also to conflicts between locals and representatives for the central authorities, there have been attempts at conflict resolution and mediation. Knowledge concerning the effects of these measures is limited since there have been no follow-up evaluations of these activities.
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Nguyen, Duc Hanh, and Thi Mai Dinh. "Impacts of wildlife trade and sustainable development in Vietnam." E3S Web of Conferences 157 (2020): 03001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015703001.
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Viet Nam harbors a high level of biological diversity in the world. However, Viet Nam is also known as one of the countries having a high demand of biological resource use in Asia. The illegal trade and consumption of wildlife products have become a major threat to the biodiversity. The consequences of unsustainable use in recent decades have led to a rapid population decline many animal and plant species particularly endangered species and many species are now facing extinction. A total of 179 species of animals and 94 species of plants was listed in the governmental decree as endangered and with a high priority of conservation concern.. A number of large mammals or flagship species have become extinct or their populations have been severely declined due to overexploitation and illegal collecting, for example: Javan Rhinoceros (extinct), Indochinese Tiger, Gray Gaur, Wild Buffalo, Golden Deer, and Eld’s Deer. Viet Nam has also known as an important hub and hotspot in Southeast Asia for the consumption of plant and wildlife products, and transit point for the illegal wildlife trade in Asia. Thousands of wildlife animals (more than 20, 000 tons per year) have been exploited and consumed for traditional medicine or trade purposes in Viet Nam. This article focuses on the challenges of prosecution and crimes relating to wildlife trade in Viet Nam. It also provides an analytical framework for assessing the impact of wildlife trade and criminal status relating to wildlife in Viet Nam on conservation and local livelihoods.
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Chvaliuk, H. V., V. V. Hrubinko, H. B. Humeniuk, and O. B. Matsiuk. "«ЯК ВІЙНА ЗНИЩУЄ ЕКОЛОГІЮ УКРАЇНИ»." Scientific Issue Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University. Series: Biology 82, no. 4 (April 10, 2023): 49–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.25128/2078-2357.22.4.6.
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The article covers the events from the beginning of the large-scale invasion of Russian troops on the territory of Ukraine, including western regions. An assessment and proposals for the implementation of measures to mitigate the effects of pollution are given. As significant chemical pollution of atmospheric air, surface and groundwater, soils, protected areas is expected. It is also important after the war to take care of an effective system for monitoring the state of the environment, which would allow us to summarize the real scale of environmental damage caused. The most effective measures must be taken to avoid further deterioration and to restore ecosystems to a safe state for both humans and wildlife. According to the Geneva Convention, crimes against the environment are classified as war crimes and are classified as ecocide. The Ministry of the Environment, together with the OSCE, has prepared a draft framework law "On Chemical Safety". The development of such a document was included in the Action Program of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine and the Government's Priority Action Plan. That is why the study focuses simultaneously on both the assessment of the damage caused and the problems of prosecution for environmental damage. Above all, Ukraine must strengthen national legal mechanisms by adopting laws "On compensation for damage caused to Ukraine by the aggression of the Russian Federation" and "About the criminal punishment of individuals for the crime of aggression, crimes against humanity and war crimes committed during Russia’s aggression against Ukraine", and "About the criminal punishment of individuals for the crime of aggression, crimes against humanity and war crimes committed during Russia's aggression against Ukraine." This technique should include the preparation of acts indicating the number and size of funnels, residues of ammunition parts and the level of environmental pollution, length of trenches, damage from fires, etc. It is advisable to make a map of the territories affected by hostilities. When determining the scale of environmental damage, it is necessary to take into account mine pollution as a source of pollution, as well as the amount of the cost of demining the territory. Certain recommendations aimed at improving the national policy in the field of environmental management and environmental protection in the context of armed conflict should be provided as well. These recommendations are to be addressed to the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources, the Ministry of Defense, the leadership of civil-military administrations.
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Reuter, Peter, and Davin O’Regan. "Smuggling wildlife in the Americas: scale, methods, and links to other organised crimes." Global Crime 18, no. 2 (May 12, 2016): 77–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2016.1179633.
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