Journal articles: 'Willful blindne'

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Silva, Sergio Da, Raul Matsushita, and Thayana Goncalves. "Willful Blindness and Dishonesty." OALib 06, no. 12 (2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1105953.

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Schreer, Viola. "In Search of Fire Villains." Environmental Humanities 16, no. 3 (2024): 746–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/22011919-11327404.

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Abstract This article examines the relationship between willful blindness and structures of blame by exploring how Ngaju Dayak villagers in Indonesia’s province of Central Kalimantan deal with the discourses, knowledge, and politics of blame that have emerged around the region’s recurrent peat fires. Since these fires cause regional air pollution, detrimental health effects, tremendous economic costs, and environmental impact on a global scale, the search for fire villains takes center stage. However, as this article shows, the causes of fires are basically unknowable. Not only do the fires’ p

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Vera López, Omar Alejandro, and Santiago Pardo Monsalve. "“Willful Blindness” y “Compliance”: Aplicación en Colombia." Derecho Penal y Criminología 46, no. 120 (2024): 213–38. https://doi.org/10.18601/01210483.v46n120.08.

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El willful blindness es una doctrina que busca castigar a quien se sitúa en estado voluntario de ceguera sobre unos hechos delictivos. Aunque no ha sido reconocida por la legislación colombiana, hay posturas judiciales y doctrinales que han estudiado esta materia. Este artículo realiza una breve contextualización del willful blindness en el derecho estadounidense, el derecho español y su posible aplicación el derecho colombiano. También se estudia su posible incidencia en los programas de cumplimiento normativo y en la investigación y judicialización de la delincuencia de “cuello blanco”.

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Mustafa, Cecep. "Addressing Willful Blindness: A Multi-Domain Framework for Enhancing Legal Accountability and Fairness." Jurnal Hukum dan Peradilan 13, no. 3 (2024): 551. https://doi.org/10.25216/jhp.13.3.2024.551-584.

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Willful blindness, a legal doctrine in which individuals deliberately avoid knowledge to escape accountability, plays a significant role in the adjudication of crimes such as corporate fraud, financial misconduct, and sexual assault. However, current research has not fully examined its strategic misuse or provided a comprehensive analysis of its application across different legal contexts. This study bridges these gaps by introducing a Multi-Domain Analytical Framework to evaluate the concept's impact, strategic use, and broader implications in both criminal and civil cases. Empirical findings

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Reis, Waldívia Adriely Felipe dos. "A (in)aplicabilidade da teoria da cegueira deliberada nos crimes de lavagem de dinheiro." Revista do CAAP 27, no. 1-2 (2023): 1–20. https://doi.org/10.69881/rcaap.v27i1-2.46991.

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This article seeks to analyse the possibility or not of applying the theory of willful blindness to the imputation of money laundering crimes. Methodologically, bibliographical research on doctrine, legislation and jurisprudence was used to analyse the growing need to combat the crime of money laundering and the use of the theory of willful blindness for this purpose. Thus, the classic conception of the subjective element as will and knowledge is discussed, as well as the distinctions between intent and guilt. From this, the article explores theBrazilian jurisprudence and how the doctrine of w

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Alencastro Moya, Juan José, and Guillem Torraguitart Muenuera. "Orígenes de la willful blindness y su aplicabilidad en el derecho internacional penal." Revista Cálamo, no. 16 (December 1, 2022): 28–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.61243/calamo.16.103.

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Desde la aparición de la figura de la willful blindness en Inglaterra, este complejo modelo de imputación subjetiva ha sufrido importantes cambios. En esencia, dicha figura permite calificar como dolosas actuaciones en las que el sujeto no conoció ni dominó los elementos del tipo, pero porque previamente había decidido no conocerlos cuando aún le era posible hacerlo. En este sentido, el presente artículo analiza la posibilidad de utilizar la willful blindness en los cuatro delitos que son de la competencia de la Corte Penal Internacional (genocidio, agresión, crímenes tanto de guerra como de l

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Eisele, Andreas. "É possível a aplicação da "teoria" da cegueira deliberada no Brasil?" Revista Brasileira de Ciências Criminais 32, no. 203 (2024): 215–35. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11094616.

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Neste artigo serão analisados os conceitos de willful blindness e de willful blindness doctrine no sistema penal norte-americano, e as diferenças existentes entre as categorias de culpabilidade definidas no Código Penal Modelo para os Estados Unidos e as modalidades de imputação típica denominadas dolo e imprudência no Código Penal Brasileiro. Após a definição destes aspectos, será analisada a possibilidade de classificação das condutas praticadas em um contexto de cegueira delibe

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Marcus, Jonathan L. "Model Penal Code Section 2.02(7) and Willful Blindness." Yale Law Journal 102, no. 8 (1993): 2231. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/796865.

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LIEBOWITZ, STAN J. "WILLFUL BLINDNESS: THE INEFFICIENT REWARD STRUCTURE IN ACADEMIC RESEARCH." Economic Inquiry 52, no. 4 (2013): 1267–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecin.12039.

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Fishman, Joel and Kuperwasser, Yossi. "Willful Blindness and the Mistake of Underestimation: The Oslo Gamble." National Resilience, Politics and Society, no. 2 (2020): 9–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.26351/nrps/2-1/1.

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Annas, George J., and Catherine L. Annas. "“Unusual Care”: Groupthink and Willful Blindness in the SUPPORT Study." American Journal of Bioethics 20, no. 1 (2020): 44–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2019.1687787.

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Brenner, Lawrence H., Wendy Z. W. Teo, and B. Sonny Bal. "Medicolegal Sidebar: Expanding Hospital Liability—The Concept of Willful Blindness." Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research® 475, no. 5 (2017): 1315–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11999-017-5282-0.

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Pittarello, Andrea, Daphna Motro, Enrico Rubaltelli, and Patrik Pluchino. "Willful blindness: The relationship between attention allocation and unethical behavior." Academy of Management Proceedings 2015, no. 1 (2015): 13620. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2015.13620abstract.

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Meigs, Kathleen E. "Theoretical Confusion Meets Willful Blindness: A Response to Drescher and Wake." Psychoanalytic Perspectives 14, no. 1 (2017): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1551806x.2016.1209348.

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Yusuf, Mohammed Suleh. "Corporate Criminal Liability, Willful Blindness and Lifting the Veil under Nigerian Law." IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science 22, no. 04 (2017): 48–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/0837-2204084858.

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Suleh-Yusuf, Mohammed. "Corporate Criminal Liability, Willful Blindness and Lifting the Veil under Nigerian Law." IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science 22, no. 05 (2017): 01–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/0837-2205020111.

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Johnson, Shawn A. "Brookshire Brothers v. Aldridge." Texas A&M Law Review 3, no. 2 (2015): 445–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/lr.v3.i2.8.

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In July 2014, the Texas Supreme Court issued a new framework for analyzing and remedying the destruction of evidence, holding that spoliation jury instructions are warranted only when a trial court finds that a party acted with the specific intent to conceal discoverable evidence or that a party’s negligent destruction wholly prevented another from presenting a claim or defense. The Court addressed whether the trial court abused its discretion in submitting a spoliation instruction in a slip-and-fall case in which the defendant premises owner retained only eight minutes of video of the plainti

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VALLÈS, Ramon Ragués i. "Dolo sem conhecimento? Reflexões sobre a condenação de Lionel Messi por sonegação fiscal." Revista do Instituto de Ciências Penais 7, no. 2 (2022): 265–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.46274/1809-192xricp2022v7n2p265-284.

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In civil law systems, the possible existence of a dolus that does not require knowledge of the objective circumstances of the criminal offense has been discussed in recent times. This discussion has been fostered from two very different traditions: the German theory of the so-called “blindness to the facts” (Tatsachenblindheit) and the common law doctrine of willful blindness. This work critically exposes and values these approaches and, to show its practical relevance, it will do so by means of one of the most famous cases in which these theories have been applied: the conviction of the footb

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Mello, Sebastian Borges de Albuquerque, and Camila Ribeiro Hernandes. "O DELITO DE LAVAGEM DE CAPITAIS E A TEORIA DA CEGUEIRA DELIBERADA: COMPATIBILIDADE NO DIREITO PENAL BRASILEIRO?" Conpedi Law Review 3, no. 2 (2017): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.26668/2448-3931_conpedilawreview/2017.v3i2.3783.

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O presente trabalho objetiva discutir a possibilidade de aplicação da teoria da cegueira deliberada no delito de lavagem de capitais. É bastante controvertida a delimitação do elemento subjetivo no delito de lavagem de capitais, sobretudo no que tange à admissibilidade do dolo eventual. Nessa linha, discute-se a possibilidade de inclusão ou adaptação da cegueira deliberada (willful blindness) no direito brasileiro, seja como uma forma equiparada ao dolo eventual, seja como um elemento subjetivo próprio e autônomo.

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Khalifa, Muhammad A., and Felecia Briscoe. "A Counternarrative Autoethnography Exploring School Districts’ Role in Reproducing Racism: Willful Blindness to Racial Inequities." Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 117, no. 8 (2015): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146811511700801.

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Background Racialized suspension gaps are logically and empirically associated with racial achievement gaps and both gaps indicate the endurance of racism in American education. In recent U.S. Department of Education and the U.S. Office of Civil Rights data, it was revealed that nationally, Black boys are four times more likely to be suspended than White boys. In some geographic areas and for certain offenses, some intersections of race, class, and gender are dozens of times more likely to be suspended for than others. Although most educational leaders and district-level official express disap

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Manolescu, Beth Innocenti, and Mike Milford. "Bernard Lamy's L'Art de Parler Addresses Religious Exigencies." Rhetorica 26, no. 4 (2008): 417–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rh.2008.26.4.417.

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Abstract: Bernard Lamy's view of rhetoric in L'Art de Parler may be explained as an attempt to address religious exigencies. Lamy advises about two religious roles: theologian and preacher. Theologians' attempts to overcome ignorance and preachers' attempts to overcome willful blindness and inattentiveness in congregations help to account for why Lamy views truth as a matter of certainty rather than probability, and argument as syllogistic rather than connected to style and audience beliefs. Since Lamy conceives of a traditional sense of rhetoric——copious eloquence——as a source of religious pr

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Webb, Graeme. "“Occupying” Our Social Imagination: The Necessity of Utopian Discourses in an Anti-Utopian Age." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 12, no. 1-2 (2013): 152–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691497-12341248.

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AbstractWe are in the depths of multiple catastrophes that Western society is seemingly unwilling and unable to address: growing inequalities between the rich and the poor, a willful blindness to climate change, and a political system mired in uncompromising and ever increasing extremism. However, there are no reality transcending dialogues, no new social imaginaries to drive change—our own dystopic reality has no utopian response. The greatest importance that the Occupy movements may play in spurring social change and revolution is their success at bringing radical discourses into mainstream

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Lehman, Jeffrey S. "Seeing Tyranny in More’s History of King Richard III." Moreana 50 (Number 191-, no. 1-2 (2013): 131–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/more.2013.50.1-2.8.

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As they embark upon a dialectical examination of justice in Plato’s Republic, Socrates admonishes his interlocutors that the pursuit of justice is for those who “see clearly”. Indeed, the dialogue itself is meant to bring about such clear-sightedness as the interlocutors dialectically winnow the various accounts of justice proposed. In like manner, Thomas More’s History of King Richard III helps his readers to see clearly the tyrant and tyranny. In the History, More presents a portrait of a tyrant and the conditions that make his tyranny possible. Crucial to this portrait is what the various c

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Connors, Timothy. "How Not to Process Stateless Enemies: A Review of Andrew McCarthy's Willful Blindness: A Memoir of the Jihad." Pace Law Review 30, no. 2 (2010): 832. http://dx.doi.org/10.58948/2331-3528.1045.

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Nielsen, Ken. "Gone With the Plague." Nordic Theatre Studies 25, no. 1 (2018): 58–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/nts.v25i1.110898.

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This article suggests that two historical performances by the Danish subcultural theatre group Buddha og Bagbordsindianerne should be understood not simply as underground, amateur cabarets, but rather that they should be theorized as creating a critical temporality, as theorized by David Román. As such, they function to complicate the past and the present in rejecting a discourse of decency and embracing a queerer, more radical sense of citizenship. In other words, conceptualizing these performances as critical temporalities allows us not only to understand two particular theatrical performanc

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Nielsen, Ken. "Gone With the Plague." Nordic Theatre Studies 25, no. 1 (2018): 58–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/nts.v25i1.110898.

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This article suggests that two historical performances by the Danish subcultural theatre group Buddha og Bagbordsindianerne should be understood not simply as underground, amateur cabarets, but rather that they should be theorized as creating a critical temporality, as theorized by David Román. As such, they function to complicate the past and the present in rejecting a discourse of decency and embracing a queerer, more radical sense of citizenship. In other words, conceptualizing these performances as critical temporalities allows us not only to understand two particular theatrical performanc

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Beck, Francis. "A APLICAÇÃO DA CEGUEIRA DELIBERADA NO DIREITO PENAL E A INDEVIDA UTILIZAÇÃO COMO EQUIPARAÇÃO OU REFORÇO AO DOLO EVENTUAL." j2 3, no. 1 (2020): 018–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.29073/j2.v3i1.281.

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A cegueira deliberada (willful blindness) justifica a responsabilização criminal subjetiva nos casos em que o indivíduo se coloca deliberadamente em uma situação de desconhecimento acerca de determinado fato, já antecipadamente visando furtar-se a eventuais consequências futuras da sua conduta na esfera penal. Nos termos do Model Penal Code norte-americano, a exigência do conhecimento (knowingly) é satisfeita pelo conhecimento da alta probabilidade de sua existência. Disseminada para outros sistemas jurídico-penais (especialmente de tradição distinta da commom law), a cegueira deliberada tem s

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van Schouwen, Jasmine. "What Makes a Dangerous Goods Disaster? The Regulatory Perspective." Revue générale de droit 48 (June 8, 2018): 177–226. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1047377ar.

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The following study aims to identify the various regulatory failures which may lead to industrial disasters through the lens of a comparative study of the Fukushima Daiichi and Lac-Mégantic disasters. Through this comparison, the author aims to demonstrate that even in very different circumstances, certain common regulatory behaviours, structures and cultures may lead to similar disastrous outcomes. This study will focus on three types of regulatory failure: (1) weak or vague operating rules; (2) a lack of inspections to assess compliance with regulatory standards as well as a lack of enforcem

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Dr., Vinay Sharma, and Pooja Sood Dr. "MENS REA AND ITS MODERN INTERPRETATIONS: REVISITING THE FOUNDATIONS OF CRIMINAL LIABILITY." Indian Journal of Law and Society II, no. 3 (2024): 48–70. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15455255.

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ABSTRACT This paper examines the evolving role of mens rea (the "guilty mind") in criminal liability, focusing on its historical roots, contemporary challenges, and doctrinal shifts. Traditionally central to criminal justice, mens rea ensures that only morally culpable actors are punished. However, modern legal systems increasingly prioritize policy objectives, such as public safety and regulatory efficiency, over strict adherence to subjective fault. Through a comparative analysis of case law from India, the UK, and the US, alongside statutory trends, this study argues th

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Dawson, Melanie. "Wharton, Sex, and the Terrible Honesty of the 1920s." Edith Wharton Review 32, no. 1-2 (2016): 20–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/editwharrevi.32.1-2.20.

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Abstract Reading Wharton's novels The Mother's Recompense and Twilight Sleep in relation to a broader cultural conversation about the supposedly new nature of honesty, “Wharton Sex, and the Terrible Honesty of the 1920s” interrogates one central tenet of this concept: that youth were understood to be more profoundly invested in honesty and its shocking provocations than were their elders. Warner Fabian's 1923 best seller, Flaming Youth, for example, proposes that part of the shock of the modern was youth's tendency to voice disconcerting, uncomfortable truths of the type Ann Douglas has explor

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Sams II, Richard W. "The Moral Dissociation Curve, Blind Spots and Prescribing Death in Canada." Canadian Journal of Bioethics 7, no. 4 (2024): 125–30. https://doi.org/10.7202/1114969ar.

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Provider assisted death is becoming a leading cause of death in Canada since the passage of Medical Assistance in Dying (MAiD) legislation in 2016. What was to be exceptional has now become common; some are calling for it to be expected. Increasing numbers of patients with chronic, non-terminal conditions are being euthanized. Healthcare personnel are now approving and offering MAiD to vulnerable patients who are depressed, disabled, chronically ill or impoverished. This paper presents a rationale from a transcendent moral law perspective, traditionally called natural law, for why Canada now h

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Sung, Minkyu. "Surveillance and Anti-Communist Authoritarianism in South Korea." Surveillance & Society 15, no. 3/4 (2017): 486–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ss.v15i3/4.6592.

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In this essay, I argue that anti-communist authoritarianism has still survived into the 21st century South Korean public sphere, having been intensified in the idea of jongbuk. Jongbuk combines jong (to follow) and buk (North Korea) ideologically labeling people who are presumed to blindly follow, or be willfully serve North Korea’s totalitarian regime. People who are labeled jongbuk, pro-North Korea followers, are not only stigmatized and marginalized socially, but they are also subject to legal sanctions in their civic participation under the National Security Law. Especially under Park Geun

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Callaghan, Walter. "Missing the Point: A Critical Reflection on Operation HONOUR and Reactions to Military Sexual Misconduct by Veterans of the Canadian Armed Forces." Atlantis 41, no. 2 (2021): 72–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1076201ar.

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While there has undoubtedly been progress made in regards to the inclusion of women and LGBTQ+ individuals as full members of the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF), it is questionable as to whether the organizational culture has shifted since these efforts were initiated almost thirty years ago. This article argues that resistance to culture change is based in sexist beliefs and attitudes, which are most noticeable in discussions related to Operation HONOUR, the CAF initiative meant to purposefully change military culture in an effort to eliminate sexual misconduct. The article critically reflects o

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Stephen, Errol Blythe. "Auditors' Duty to Detect Related Party Transactions, to be Professionally Skeptical, and to Detect Fraud: A Case Study of Aegean Marine Petroleum Network, Inc." Journal of Economics, Finance and Management Studies 4, no. 06 (2021): 873–78. https://doi.org/10.47191/jefms/v4-i6-24.

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This is a case study of Aegean Marine Petroleum Network, Inc. (Aegean). Aegean’s founder and former CEO was the mastermind of several fraud schemes which pilfered $300 million from the company. During 2006-2018, Aegean’s Big 4 auditors, Deloitte and Price Waterhouse, failed to detect the fraud and issued clean, unqualified opinions year after year. After the fraud was discovered by Aegean’s audit committee in 2018, a group of Aegean’s stockholders filed a securities fraud lawsuit in New York City against the former CEO and the two auditors, and it will come to trial in

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Gilchrist, Gregory M. "Willful Blindness as Mere Evidence." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3690351.

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Fath, Sean, Xingruo Zhang, and Rick Larrick. "Self-blinding and the Benefits of Willful Ignorance." Current Opinion in Psychology, June 2025, 102094. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2025.102094.

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Liebowitz, Stan J. "Willful Blindness: The Inefficient Reward Structure in Academic Research." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2214207.

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Bergeron-Boutin, Olivier. "Willful Blindness: Franco-American Relations and the Escalation of the Vietnam War." Flux: International Relations Review 9, no. 1 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.26443/firr.v9i1.5.

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The long and stable Franco-American diplomatic rapport was undermined throughout the American escalation of the Vietnam War. This paper specifically examines French President Charles de Gaulle’s increasing discontent at his ally’s involvement in Southeast Asia and analyzes the decisions of successive American presidents to ignore him. Beginning in 1961, with the inauguration of American President John F. Kennedy, the paper proceeds chronologically to 1964, by which point transatlantic relations had worsened considerably as a result of de Gaulle’s growing confrontation of the Indochina question

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Barbosa, Stella Aguiar, and Luiza Silveira Da Silva. "A TEORIA DA CEGUEIRA DELIBERADA NO DIREITO BRASILEIRO." Revista Eletrônica da Faculdade de Direito de Pelotas 6, no. 1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.15210/rfdp.v6i1.14092.

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Resumo: A teoria da cegueira deliberada (willful blindness) serve para punir agentes que se colocam, deliberadamente, em situação de ignorância quanto a elementos penalmente relevantes, dando causa a uma conduta ilícita, com o intuito de eximir-se de eventual responsabilidade penal. É um instituto originário do direito estrangeiro e, por tal razão, é indispensável que seja feito um estudo acerca da possibilidade da sua importação para o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro. Além disso, trata-se de um tema com diversos pontos controversos e de muita discussão pelos aplicadores e estudiosos da ciênci

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Mebane, Christopher A. "Double-blind peer review is detrimental to scientific integrity." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, January 6, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1093/etojnl/vgae046.

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Abstract I make six arguments for why double-blind peer review practices increase vulnerability to scientific integrity lapses over more transparent peer review practices: (1) obscuring data from reviewers is detrimental; (2) obscuring sponsorship makes bias harder to detect; (3) author networks can be revealing; (4) undue trust and responsibility are placed on editors; (5) double-blind reviews are not really all that blind; and (6) willful blindness is not the answer to prestige bias. I offer an alternative approach that could provide a more transparent approach for improving scientific integ

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Brakel, Linda. "Categories of Wrong Beliefs—A Proposal." Qeios, December 8, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.32388/etxoil.

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Wrong beliefs, known by some as ‘alternative facts’, have proliferated lately in important areas of human life, including social, political, and public health domains. This can be and has been damaging. This brief article proposes an epistemological category classification of these wrong beliefs, with the following mappings: a) ‘No-Information’ marked by willful blindness produces ‘Empty Beliefs’; b) ‘Mis-Information’ yields ‘Mis(taken) Beliefs’; and c) ‘Dis-Information’ predicated on blatant distortions produces ‘Dis(torted) Beliefs’. This simple classification system, is perhaps epistemologi

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Brakel, Linda. "Categories of Wrong Beliefs—A Preliminary Proposal." Qeios, December 19, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.32388/etxoil.2.

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Wrong beliefs, known by some as ‘alternative facts’, have proliferated lately in important areas of human life, including social, political, and public health domains. This can be and has been damaging. This brief article proposes an epistemological category classification of these wrong beliefs, with the following mappings: a) ‘No-Information’ marked by willful blindness produces ‘Empty Beliefs’; b) ‘Mis-Information’ yields ‘Mis(taken) Beliefs’; and c) ‘Dis-Information’ predicated on blatant distortions produces ‘Dis(torted) Beliefs’. This simple classification system, is perhaps epistemologi

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Johns, Rebecca A., and Julie Beach. "Experiencing nature at Weedon Island Nature Preserve: discourses of duality, willful blindness and ecological nobility." Journal of Outdoor and Environmental Education, September 8, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42322-022-00114-0.

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Dorji, Samten, Phuntsho Dorji, and Mendu Dukpa. "A case of apraxia of eyelid opening associated with benign essential blepharospasm in Bhutan." Bhutan Health Journal 10, no. 2 (2024). https://doi.org/10.47811/bhj.178.

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Apraxia of eyelid opening (AEO) is a non-paralytic motor abnormality characterized by difficulty in eyelid opening bilaterally. This is due to the inability of voluntary opening of the eyes in the absence of visible contraction of the orbicularis oculi despite sustained willful frontalis contraction. We present you a case of a 60-year-old woman with AEO associated with benign essential blepharospasm who suffered marked limitation in daily activities due to functional blindness. She was treated with botulinum toxin type A injections following which she had adequate eyelid opening in both eyes d

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Journal articles on the topic 'Willful blindne'

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