Academic literature on the topic 'William Benjamin'

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Journal articles on the topic "William Benjamin"

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Clee, P. "William Benjamin Clee." BMJ 337, sep16 1 (September 16, 2008): a1642. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a1642.

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Myers, Edward D. "Thomas Henry Osler (1875–1936): A descendant of Sir William Osler's great-uncle and the founder of a South African medical dynasty." Journal of Medical Biography 17, no. 3 (August 2009): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/jmb.2009.009007.

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Summary Sir William Osler's great-uncle Benjamin emigrated from England to South Africa with his wife and children in 1820. From Benjamin's son, Stephen, descended a large family of Oslers including at least seven doctors and dentists. This paper describes the lives and careers of Thomas Henry, and his medical and dental descendants.
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Rather, Susan. "Benjamin West's Professional Endgame and the Historical Conundrum of William Williams." William and Mary Quarterly 59, no. 4 (October 2002): 821. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3491572.

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Araujo, Felipe Neis. "Chapando com Benjamin e Burroughs." Ilha Revista de Antropologia 21, no. 2 (February 13, 2020): 193–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-8034.2019v21n2p193.

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O autor explora as experiências de Walter Benjamin com o haxixe e as de William Burroughs com o yagé, ensaiando uma reflexão sobre a influência do uso dessas substâncias nos estilos narrativos dos autores. A discussão gira em torno da importância das viagens dos autores – tanto no sentido de deslocamentos físicos quanto de efeitos das substâncias que consumiam – para seus modos de coletar e inventar histórias e descrições etnográficas.
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Lidwell-Durnin, John. "William Benjamin Carpenter and the Emerging Science of Heredity." Journal of the History of Biology 53, no. 1 (June 26, 2019): 81–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10739-019-09568-3.

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Kershner, Jon R. "“To Renew the Covenant”." Brill Research Perspectives in Quaker Studies 1, no. 4 (September 7, 2018): 1–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2542498x-12340008.

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AbstractIn“To Renew the Covenant”: Religious Themes in Eighteenth-Century Quaker Abolitionism, Jon R. Kershner argues that Quakers adhered to a providential view of history, which motivated their desire to take a corporate position against slavery. Antislavery Quakers believed God’s dealings with them, for good or ill, were contingent on their faithfulness. Their history of deliverance from persecution, the liberty of conscience they experienced in the British colonies, and the ethics of the Golden Rule formed a covenantal relationship with God that challenged notions of human bondage. Kershner traces the history of abolitionist theologies from George Fox and William Edmundson in the late seventeenth century to Paul Cuffe and Benjamin Banneker in the early nineteenth century. It covers the Germantown Protest, Benjamin Lay, John Woolman, Anthony Benezet, William Dillwyn, Warner Mifflin, and others who offered religious arguments against slavery. It also surveys recent developments in Quaker antislavery studies.
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Ward, Megan. "William Morris’s Conditional Moment." Articles, no. 53 (May 12, 2009): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/029900ar.

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Abstract This article argues that William Morris’s “The Defence of Guenevere” (1858) writes history through a singular unit of the time, the ephemeral moment. The moment is constructed through sensory experience, lodging historical narrative in the body and departing from mainstream Victorian progressive narratives. Morris constructs what I call an historiography of conditionality, an historical consciousness predicated on the immanent self-contradiction of memorializing any particular moment. In doing so, Morris anticipates what Walter Benjamin and others, following Karl Marx, theorized as historical materialism. My reading of “The Defence of Guenevere” departs from critics who have labeled Morris as escapist, nostalgic, or someone who uses the past to critique the present. Instead, Morris creates a poetic historical consciousness that weighs the cost of memorialization for the present day.
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Ford, Susan Allen, Sarah Gleeson-White, and Patsy Stoneman. "Reviews." Journal of Juvenilia Studies 2, no. 1 (July 27, 2019): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/jjs31.

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Jane Austen's Geographies, edited by Robert Clark, reviewed by Susan Allen Ford; William Faulkner's Ole Miss Juvenilia, edited by Carvel Collins, reviewed by Sarah Gleeson-White; Patrick Branwell Brontë's The Pirate, edited by Christine Alexander, Joetta Harty and Benjamin Drexler, reviewed by Patsy Stoneman.
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De Oliveira, Kleverton Halleysson Bibiano, and Adrualdo De Lima Catão. "A Disputa entre Peirce e James sobre o Pragmatismo: Consequências para a Teoria Jurídica de Benjamin Cardozo." Prim@ Facie - Direito, História e Política 14, no. 27 (February 20, 2016): 01. http://dx.doi.org/10.24977/pf340/2016.15-28/02.

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O presente trabalho objetiva acentuar as relações existentes entre o pragmatismo jurídico de Benjamin Cardozo e a filosofia pragmática de Charles S. Peirce e William James, isto é, tenta responder se a versão jurídica do pragmatismo foi influenciada por essas filosofias e em qual medida isso ocorreu.
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Kaufman, Martin, and Lester S. King. "Transformations in American Medicine: From Benjamin Rush to William Osler." American Historical Review 97, no. 3 (June 1992): 943. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2164947.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "William Benjamin"

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Salfen, Kevin. "Myth in early collaborations of Benjamin Britten and William Plomer." connect to online resource, 2005. http://www.unt.edu/etd/all/Aug2005/salfen%5Fkevin%5Fmcgregor/index.htm.

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Salfen, Kevin McGregor. "Myth in the Early Collaborations of Benjamin Britten and William Plomer." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2005. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4837/.

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Although the most well-known collaborations of William Plomer and Benjamin Britten are the three church parables (or church operas) - Curlew River, The Burning Fiery Furnace, and The Prodigal Son - by the time of the completion of Curlew River in 1964, the librettist and composer had been working together for well over a decade. During that time, they had completed the opera Gloriana and had considered collaborating on three other projects: one a children's opera on Beatrix Potter's The Tale of Mr. Tod, one on an original story of Plomer's called "Tyco the Vegan," and one on a Greek myth (possibly Arion, Daedalus and Icarus, or Phaëthon). Far from being footnotes to the parables, these early collaborations established Plomer and Britten's working relationship and brought to light their common interests as well as their independent ones. Their successive early collaborations, therefore, can be thought of as a conversation through creative expression. This metaphor of conversation can be applied both to successive collaborations and to the completed Gloriana, in that the libretto and the music can be seen as representing different interpretations of both major and minor characters in the opera, including Elizabeth I and Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex. In Gloriana, Britten employed at least three specifically musical methods of challenging the meaning of the libretto: instrumental commentary, textural density, and dramatically significant referential pitches. Plomer and Britten's conversation, carried out through these early collaborations, touches on the function of art, activism, and modern morality, but it is best circumscribed by the concept of myth. Two divergent and very influential interpretations of myth - Matthew Arnold's "sweetness and light" and primal liberation (deduced from Nietzsche) - can be usefully applied to Plomer and Britten's unfolding conversation. The implications of Plomer and Britten's adoption of myth as the topic and language of their collaborative conversation are vast and must be considered in order to understand more fully their work together.
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Berry, Jefferson. "The Schemes of Public Parties: William Allen, Benjamin Franklin and The College of Philadelphia, 1756." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2010. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/106604.

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History
M.A.
Chief Justice William Allen and Benjamin Franklin met hundreds of times prior to Franklin's departure to London in 1757, and yet very little has been written about Allen. For over twenty years, Franklin and Allen worked closely on a variety of municipal improvements: the library, the hospital, the school, the fire company and many other projects that were the first of their kind in America. And while Allen was Franklin's main benefactor for close to twenty-five years --it was Allen's endorsement of Franklin that got him his job as Postmaster-- Franklin mentions him only twice in his Autobiography
Temple University--Theses
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Delorme, Shannon. "The Unitarian physiologist : science and religion in the life and work of William Benjamin Carpenter (1813-1885)." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:5372009d-0c43-4a8d-81ea-b5bddcd17c8d.

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This thesis provides the first comprehensive study of an eminent but oft-overlooked Victorian polymath, with the overarching aims of assessing his contributions to nineteenth-century intellectual life and of exploring the mutual relations between science and religion in his work. One of the towering figures of the Victorian scientific establishment, William Carpenter (1813-1885), F.R.S, was a famous physiologist and public figure. He is most remembered for his concept of 'unconscious cerebration' which contributed to the emergence of the disciplines of neurology and modern psychology, but Carpenter was also noted amongst his peers for his evolutionary approach to the study of the unicellular marine invertebrates known as the foraminifera. As a lifelong practicing Unitarian, Carpenter's outspoken support for evolutionary theory made him an exemplary advocate of the compatibility between rational thought and Christian belief amidst the Victorian debate about science and religion. As the Registrar of the University of London during its formative years, Carpenter also had a nationwide impact on the fortunes of scientific education and secondary education as a whole. Finally, as a populariser of science and public moralist, "Dr. Carpenter" was also well known to the Victorian public as one of the most outspoken critics of spiritualism, alleged paranormal phenomena, and superstition more generally. Nevertheless, no systematic study of Carpenter's work had until now been carried out, and the commonly held view that he lacked originality as a scientist had not been fully questioned. The current study therefore aims to review Carpenter's achievements and trace his intellectual legacy. As an intellectual biography, it argues that focusing on the now lesser-known members of the British intelligentsia can shine new light on the context of the professionalization of science in Victorian Britain. In its focus on science and religion, this thesis argues that a deeper understanding of Carpenter's Unitarianism must feature at the heart of any endeavour to analyse his work. Previous references to Carpenter either bypassed Unitarianism and its nineteenth-century transformations, or reduced Unitarian thought to certain core tenets that fell short of uncovering Carpenter's philosophical pursuits. Carpenter's Unitarianism is still often equated with the rationalism and mortalism that defined late eighteenth-century Unitarianism, and this failure to recognise how much Carpenter's own faith had departed from earlier strands of Unitarian belief has led to some misinterpretations of his motives. The current thesis therefore offers fresh interpretations of Carpenter's work, based on new archival material and recent historical studies of the shifting priorities shaping the more romantic and emotional spirituality of nineteenth-century Unitarianism. Taking an integrative approach to Carpenter's various projects makes it possible to show how seminal many of his ideas were, and how his Unitarianism, both in its social and spiritual dimensions, influenced his professional, political and intellectual choices. The biographical angle taken in this thesis also makes it possible to uncover a degree of epistemological coherence underpinning Carpenter's thought, and to argue that Carpenter's efforts to transcend conflicting viewpoints partook of his wider social and metaphysical aims.
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Beeler, John Francis. "British naval policy in the Gladstone-Disraeli era, 1866-1880 /." Stanford (Calif.) : Stanford university press, 1997. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37177618c.

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May, Benjamin David William [Verfasser], Hans-Peter [Akademischer Betreuer] Steinrück, Hans-Peter [Gutachter] Steinrück, and Juergen [Gutachter] Schatz. "Properties and Reactions of Transition Metals and Transition Metal Complexes in Ionic Liquids / Benjamin David William May ; Gutachter: Hans-Peter Steinrück, Juergen Schatz ; Betreuer: Hans-Peter Steinrück." Erlangen : FAU University Press, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1194651216/34.

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Bourse, Anne. "Archiver, machiner, hériter : la mémoire et ses techniques dans la littérature occidentale des XXe et XXIe siècles." Paris 8, 2009. http://octaviana.fr/document/152362487#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0.

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Ce travail comparatiste a pour objet de mettre au jour les gestes et les rouages de la mémoire dans la littérature occidentale des XXe et XXIe siècles. Afin d'établir les enjeux de la création à l'époque de l'informatisation et de la disparition de masse, il étudie la manière dont les grands généalogistes (Zola, Nietzsche, Faulkner) soumettent l'archive aux détours de l'anachronisme et de l'oubli, avant d'aborder la dimension "machinique" de la mémoire. Au travers de l'œuvre protéiforme de Chris Marker et de la pensée de Benjamin, se donne à lire le travail d'une mémoire tisserande, accentuant la fêlure tout en raccommodant les accrocs du temps, prothèse assurant à la fois la conservation des données et rompant la chaîne de la transmission, qui exige que la lecture se fasse elle-même appareillage. C'est à l'aune d'une telle épistémo-critique, au croisement de la littérature, de la philosophie et des arts de l'image, que sont examinés les dispositifs romanesques de J. G. Ballard, W. G. Sebald, Jacques Roubaud, Hélène Cixous et Ricardo Piglia
This thesis seeks to shed light on memory's gestures and machinery in 20th and 21st century western literature. In order to analyze what is at stake in contemporary creation, in the paradoxical era of computerization and mass disappearance, this work studies the way great genealogists (Zola, Nietzsche, Faulkner) push archives along the winding roads of anachronism and oblivion, before addressing the "machinic" dimension of memory. Chris Marker's protean oeuvre and Benjamin's philosophical thought reveal the work of a weaving memory that deepens time's fissure as it stitches up its tears. Thus, memory also acts as a prosthesis that ensures the conservation of data even as it breaks up the chain of transmission, thereby requiring that our reading become an epistemo-critical apparatus. This thesis, operating at the intersection of comparative literature, philosophy and visual arts, examines the novelistic devices of J. G. Ballard, W. G. Sebald, Jacques Roubaud, Hélène Cixous and Ricardo Piglia
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Igoe, Laura Turner. "The Opulent City and the Sylvan State: Art and Environmental Embodiment in Early National Philadelphia." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2014. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/287834.

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Art History
Ph.D.
This dissertation investigates the ways in which Philadelphia artists and architects visualized, comprehended, and reformed the city's rapidly changing urban environment in the early republic, prior to the modern articulation of "ecology" as a scientific concept by late nineteenth-century naturalists such as Ernst Haeckel. I consider a variety of different media--including popular depictions and manifestations of Penn's Treaty Elm, fireplace and stove models by Charles Willson Peale, architectural designs for the Philadelphia Waterworks by Benjamin Henry Latrobe, and a self-portrait bust by the sculptor William Rush--in order to demonstrate that the human body served as a powerful creative metaphor in Philadelphia circa 1800, not only for understanding and representing natural processes in political or aesthetic terms, but also for framing critical public discourse about the city's actual environmental conditions. Specifically, I reveal how this metaphorical framework produced a variety of effects in art and architecture of the period, sometimes facilitating and at other times obscuring an understanding about the natural world as an arena of dynamic transformation. By revealing the previously unexplored environmental significance of the objects in question, my dissertation asserts that ecological change played an instrumental role in shaping artistic production and urban development in the decades following United States independence.
Temple University--Theses
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Alexander, Jessica L. "‘World Wisdom’: Difference And Identity In Gertrude Stein’s “Melanctha”." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1213987268.

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Davis, Kiersten Claire. "Secondhand Chinoiserie and the Confucian Revolutionary: Colonial America's Decorative Arts "After the Chinese Taste"." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2008. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/1465.

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This thesis explores the implications of chinoiserie, or Western creations of Chinese-style decorative arts, upon an eighteenth century colonial American audience. Chinese products such as tea, porcelain, and silk, and goods such as furniture and wallpaper displaying Chinese motifs of distant exotic lands, had become popular commodities in Europe by the eighteenth century. The American colonists, who were primarily culturally British, thus developed a taste for chinoiserie fashions and wares via their European heritage. While most European countries had direct access to the China trade, colonial Americans were banned from any direct contact with the Orient by the British East India Company. They were relegated to creating their own versions of these popular designs and products based on their own interpretations of British imports. Americans also created a mental construct of China from philosophical writings of their European contemporaries, such as Voltaire, who often envisioned China as a philosopher's paradise. Some colonial Americans, such as Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson, fit their understanding of China within their own Enlightenment worldview. For these individuals, chinoiserie in American homes not only reflected the owners' desires to keep up with European fashions, but also carried associations with Enlightenment thought. The latter half of the eighteenth century was a time of escalating conflict as Americans colonists began to assert the right to govern themselves. Part of their struggle for freedom from England was a desire to rid themselves of the British imports, such as tea, silk, and porcelain, on which they had become so dependent by making those goods themselves. Americans in the eighteenth century had many of the natural resources to create such products, but often lacked the skill or equipment for turning their raw materials into finished goods. This thesis examines the colonists' attempts to create their own chinoiserie products, despite these odds, in light of revolutionary sentiments of the day. Chinoiserie in colonial America meshed with neoclassical décor, thereby reflecting the Enlightenment and revolutionary spirit of the time, and revealing a complex colonial worldview filled with trans-oceanic dialogues and cross-cultural currents.
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Books on the topic "William Benjamin"

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MacPhail, Ian. Benjamin Smith Barton and William Paul Crillon Barton. Lisle, Il: Morton Arboretum, 1986.

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Benjamin and William Franklin: Father and son, patriot and loyalist. Boston: Bedford Books of St. Martin's Press, 1994.

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Transformations in American medicine: From Benjamin Rush to William Osler. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991.

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Dobson, Henry G. Men of merit: John Dobson, William Newton, John and Benjamin Green. [Great Britain]: H.G. Dobson, 2006.

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James, Peter. William Jerome Harrison, Sir Benjamin Stone and the Photographic Record and Survey Movement. Birmingham: Birmingham Polytechnic, 1989.

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Paschen, Stephen H., and Leonard C. Schlup. Presidential campaign letters and speeches of James A. Garfield (1880), Benjamin Harrison (1892), William McKinley (1896), and William Howard Taft (1908). Lewiston, N.Y: Edwin Mellen Press, 2010.

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Jones, Stanley P. African-American aviators: Bessie Coleman, William J. Powell, James Herman Banning, Benjamin O. Davis Jr., General Daniel James Jr. Mankato, MN: Capstone High/Low Books, 1998.

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Assembly, East African Legislative. A memorandum by the East African Legislative Assembly to H.E. Benjamin William Mkapa, chairperson of the Summit of the EAC. Arusha [Tanzania]: Published by the East African Legislative Assembly in conjunction with the European Parliamentarians for Africa, 2006.

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Wise, Frank E. A history of William Cuthbertson and Benjamin Wise, and adjoining families: Davis, Wilson, Lonon, Henson, Chandler, Thompson, Turner, and others. [Nebo, NC (P.O. Box 178, Nebo 28761): F.E. Wise, 1990.

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Tanzania. President (1995-2005 : Mkapa). Hotuba ya rais wa jamhuri ya muungano wa Tanzania, Mhe. Benjamin William Mkapa, akiagana na Bunge y Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania, Dodoma, julai 14, 2000. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "William Benjamin"

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Orel, Harold. "Benjamin Robert Haydon (1786–1846)." In William Wordsworth, 139–52. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230501904_15.

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Williams, John. "Three Narrative Poems: Peter Bell (1798/1819), Benjamin the Waggoner (1806/1819), The White Doe of Rylstone (1807/1815)." In William Wordsworth, 102–25. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-26601-9_6.

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Rury, John L. "Race and the Politics of Chicago’s Public Schools: Benjamin Willis and the Tragedy of Urban Education." In Urban Education in the United States, 219–39. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403981875_11.

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Brenner, Lisa S., Chris Ceraso, and Evelyn Diaz Cruz. "Roundtable discussion with Amikogaabawiikwe (Adrienne Benjamin), Chris Ceraso, Claro de los Reyes, Marion Lopez, Willa J. Taylor, and Joe Tolbert Jr." In Applied Theatre with Youth, 32–36. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003039419-6.

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"BENJAMIN T. SPENCER, review, 'Modern Drama', May 1963." In William Carlos Williams, 356–59. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315005966-126.

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Newbolt, Peter. "Benjamin Leopold Farjeon." In William Tinsley (1831–1902), 225–32. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315195322-23.

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Hart, D. G. "Family Man." In Benjamin Franklin, 91–110. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198788997.003.0006.

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Chapter 5 discusses how Franklin was not a model husband or father, though he dutifully provided for his wife, Deborah Read Franklin, and his three children (Francis and Sarah with Deborah and William, from a previous relationship). He flirted with a number of other women throughout his long life. But Franklin recognized the importance of marriage to civil society and wrote about it for humorous and serious purposes under another alias in his newspaper. His aliases included Anthony Afterwit. He also affirmed the equality of women in ways that were untypical of his time. Although Franklin was unconventional in his roles as husband and father, he was swimming in domestic currents that Protestantism had prompted with its reform of marriage as a secular institution.
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Hart, D. G. "Young, Restless and Deist (Briefly)." In Benjamin Franklin, 34–53. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198788997.003.0003.

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Chapter 2 traces the intellectual genealogy of the young Benjamin Franklin during a time when he was the most free-spirited and least restrained by social conventions. At age seventeen, having learnt the printing trade, he left Boston. For almost three years, while attempting to find regular work as a printer first in Philadelphia and then London, Franklin continued to read widely and think deep thoughts about his place in the universe. This was the period when he espoused deism and wrote (and published) a short treatise on predestination and determinism (subsequently destroyed) as well as A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity. The chapter discusses the influence on Franklin of the Earl of Shaftesbury, John Locke, and William Wollaston. In 1726, Franklin produced Articles of Belief and Acts of Religion.
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Marshall, P. J. "William Burke and Guadeloupe." In Edmund Burke and the British Empire in the West Indies, 27–46. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198841203.003.0003.

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William Burke gained the very desirable office of Secretary in the new regime established in the French island of Guadeloupe after the British conquest of 1758. The autonomy guaranteed to the French population under the terms of Guadeloupe’s surrender, however, limited the pecuniary advantages which he could obtain there. For much of his tenure he was in Britain, where he orchestrated a vigorous campaign for Guadeloupe to be turned into a permanent British colony. In his pamphlets, William, assisted by Edmund, argued cogently for greater value to be attached to gains in the Caribbean than to territorial aggrandizement on the North American continent. He was opposed by Benjamin Franklin among others. Whatever their merits, William’s arguments could not overturn long-established strategic priorities, in which new acquisitions in the West Indies did not feature highly. Guadeloupe went back to France in 1763 and William lost his office.
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"“THAT BANTRY JOBBER:” WILLIAM MARTIN MURPHY AND THE CRITIQUE OF PROGRESS AND PRODUCTIVITY IN ULYSSES." In Joyce, Benjamin and Magical Urbanism, 210–23. Brill | Rodopi, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789401207096_012.

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Conference papers on the topic "William Benjamin"

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Pulla González, Jorge. "Walker Evans y Europa. La influencia de las vanguardias en el estilo documental norteamericano." In I Congreso Internacional sobre Fotografia: Nuevas propuestas en Investigacion y Docencia de la Fotografia. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/cifo17.2017.6740.

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Walker Evans (1903-1975) es una figura central de lo que se ha llamado el “estilo documental”, en especial por el papel que tuvo en el seno del proyecto emprendido por la Farm Security Administration durante los años treinta. Evans fue despedido de la FSA muy tempranamente, pero su trabajo constituye el núcleo del proyecto y la base del estilo documental norteamericano. A lo largo de esta comunicación indicaremos las fuentes europeas de las que este surgió, entre las que se encuentra la literatura y la fotografía del entorno de las vanguardias, en especial del surrealismo francés. Mostraremos cómo la fotografía de Evans surge en un medio totalmente europeo y bebe de dos fuentes completamente distintas: En primer lugar, está la literatura, especialmente la literatura francesa encarnada en dos figuras fundamentales: el poeta Baudelaire, del cual extraerá el espíritu propio del flâneur, y Flaubert, figura clave del realismo exacerbado. El método de Flaubert será incorporado por Evans de modo natural, como una prolongación involuntaria de su fracasada actividad literaria. Walker Evans estableció una estrecha relación con la literatura francesa de vanguardia a través de sus lecturas, primero, en la biblioteca universitaria del Williams College y, más tarde, durante sus tres años de trabajo en la New York Public Library. En estas instituciones leyó a Baudelaire, a Gide y al resto de los escritores franceses más innovadores. Esta relación se hizo más estrecha aún durante la larga estancia en París de la que disfrutó los años 1926-1927. Aunque la estancia en Francia no le reportó ningún beneficio a su casi inexistente prosa, su experiencia europea y el contacto con la vanguardia literaria que esta le procuró han de tenerse en cuenta a la hora de entender su desarrollo posterior como fotógrafo, hecho que la crítica norteamericana tiende a minusvalorar a la hora de analizar su obra, que prefiere entender como algo pura e intrínsecamente estadounidense. Pero, como veremos, Evans mismo desmiente este acercamiento a su trabajo. En 1927 regresa a los Estados Unidos, abandonando definitivamente la escritura. Cuando comienza a fotografiar, la atención a los objetos comunes y a lo ordinario presentes en la literatura de las vanguardias serán inmediatamente el origen de las listas de temas de su trabajo, centrado, en línea con Mac Orlan, Benjamin y el surrealismo, en “los desechos de lo cotidiano” y en los signos urbanos: la publicidad y las señales, los maniquíes… En segundo lugar, la fotografía, cuyos referentes más directos son Brady y, especialmente, el francés Atget, con cuya obra entabló contacto en ambientes muy influidos por el surrealismo. También asimiló estrategias de la fotografía constructivista soviética y alemana de vanguardia, especialmente en sus estudios de las potencialidades geométricas de las grandes estructuras arquitectónicas.
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