Journal articles on the topic 'Win-CE'

Building supporting technologies of wireless sensor network system, the data acquisition network scenarios, Win CE and ZigBee technology, design a typical multi-level network model to achieve the CC2430 chip integrated positioning enginewireless communications, applications, short-range multi-network node microprocessor WinCE operating system the center gateway human-computer interaction platform to connect to the public network via broadband and the public telephone network, the use of serial wireless communication terminal acquisition part and gateway platformdata transmission, to achieve environmental monitoring, centralized management of data sent and comprehensive information.

This design has proposed a method which uses the Hypogynous Computer and ARM together to get a high speed temperature field display.It displays multi re-biulded severed two dimension section by takig image superier performance of WinCE 6.0 operation system as the subject.It has introduced a design idea with modular processes, and it provides a reference for the miniaturization intelligent instrument which it's measure subject is field.

Purpose Banks in India are underperforming on customer-centric measures. The existing mechanisms used by Indian banks for evaluating their customer interface are efficiency measures which are limited in deciphering bank’s success in fulfilling customer needs. The purpose of this paper is to build a case for banks to evaluate their processes on the dimension of customer experience (CE). Design/methodology/approach The study performs in-depth review of literature to identify the factors of CE and uses confirmatory factor analysis to confirm these factors in Indian retail banking context. Post factor confirmation, it uses discriminant analysis to test the predictive strength of the CE factors for discretionary behaviors of customers. Findings CE factors are categorized as functional clues (convenience and credibility), humanic clues (employee competence and compassion) and mechanic clues (service context). The study finds that the functional clues are the most significant predictors of customers’ discretionary behaviors followed by humanic clues while the mechanic clues are only hygiene factors for customer behaviors. Practical implications The study highlights CE factors which could be developed into potential competitive advantages for banks. Banks can prioritize their investments in these factors for improved economic performance. Originality/value There is no clear definition of CE in the extant literature particularly, in the context of retail banking. A factor-level study of CE for discretionary behaviors of bank customers is an attempt to provide specific inputs to those banks which are looking forward to use CE as a means to win and retain customers in markets characterized by intense competition.

The aim of this paper is to present Parthian-Armenian relations from the end of the 2nd century BCE to the so-called Treaty of Rhandeia (63 CE). This covers the period from the first contact of both states to the final conclusion of long-drawn-out military conflicts over Armenia between the Arsacids ruling the Parthian Empire and Rome. The author discusses reasons for the Parthian involvement in Armenia during the rule of Mithradates II and various efforts of the Arsacids to win control over this area. He also identifies three phases of their politics towards Armenia in the discussed period.

It is considerably challenging task to have a buffer zone (BZ) around protected areas (PA) in the urban area due to the conflict of interest between conservation and development. There is a need for ‘win-win situation’. This research is to identify the impact of a potential buffer zone on human and conservation of natural environment which derived from the stakeholders’ understanding. In-depth interviews with stakeholders of the PA and their surroundings were carried out. The findings suggested that a ‘dual purpose’ BZ – environmental conservation and socio-economic benefits are suitable for the FRIM area.Keywords:; Buffer Zone Concept; Protected Areas; Urban Setting; FRIM, MalaysiaISSN: 2398-4287© 2017. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA by e-International Pub lishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.

Abstract O.BYU Mag., a Coptic love spell written continuously over three successive ostraca, consists largely of a narrative in which Horus asks for the help of his mother Isis to win the love of a woman whom he meets in the underworld. It is one of twenty-two known Coptic magical texts that mention Egyptian or Greek deities, and its narrative is paralleled almost exactly in three of these. Dating to the seventh or eighth century CE, it provides important evidence regarding the knowledge and survival of Egyptian deities at a time when Egypt was thoroughly Christian.

Community Engagement (CE) is investigated in this study as a moderator on whether it can innovatively strengthen the Consumer Perspective Model (CPM) or the opposite, in order to build Strong Brand Equity (SBE) for Malaysia-Origin Fashion Brands’ (MOFBs) business sustainability. CE has been stated to have significant impacts especially through electronic Word-of-Mouth (eWOM) on sustainable advantage. CPM is a strategic brand management model adapted from Consumer-based Brand Equity (CBBE) (Keller, 1993) with Independent Variables (IVs) of Brand Awareness (BA), Brand Image (BI) and Purchase Intention (PI) to predict Dependent Variable (DV) of SBE building for MOFBs like Padini, Vinci, Polo Haus, Variante and others that have low equity to win over international rivals (IRs) such as H&M, ZARA, Mango, Uniqlo and others, due to consumers switching their brand preferences. CE provides a good eWOM platform for a consumer-brand relationship, thus, would turn commercial content moderation to financial outgrowth in its moderating effects together with Brand Loyalty (BL) as a mediating variable. The study employed a non-probability convenient sampling technique with the success response rate of 29.7% where 798 datasets were run through data screening procedures for further statistical analysis in SEM-PLS. A quantitative research method by using SPSS version 25 and SmartPLS version 3.2.8 on 6 constructs and 17 latent variables was employed too. The findings showed that Brand Loyalty has full mediating effects. CE was found to weaken the relationships between IVs and DV, thus, insignificantly affecting the innovative roles as a moderator variable. Overall, MOFBs are perceived as having low equity in the marketplace. Therefore, different consumers’ perspectives to successfully build SBE are needed. Particularly, more comprehensive and innovative roles of CE in eWOM interactivities can contribute to business sustainability.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of vaginoscopy and rectal palpation (palpable liquid in uterine horns) compared with hysteroscopy (presence of pus in the uterine lumen) for the diagnosis of clinical endometritis (CE), and hysteroscopy compared with endometrial cytology for the diagnosis of subclinical endometritis (SE) in postpartum dairy cows. Thirty Holstein cows between 20 and 35 days postpartum were examined for diagnosis of CE with a vaginal speculum, by rectal palpation, and by hysteroscopy; and examined for diagnosis of SE with hysteroscopy and endometrial cytology. Categorical data were analyzed with PROC CATMOD (SAS®, SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA) and continuous data were analyzed with PROC GLM (SAS®, SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). Sensitivity, specificity, predicted value of a positive and negative result, and efficiency were calculated using Win Episcope® 2.0 software (Clive, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK). Prevalence of CE diagnosed by vaginoscopy was 27%, by rectal palpation was 23%, and by hysteroscopy was 13%. When hysteroscopy, the only tool for direct examination of the endometrium, was used as the gold standard for diagnosis of CE, vaginoscopy had 100% sensitivity, 85% specificity, and 87% efficiency, and rectal palpation had 75% sensitivity, 85% specificity, and 83% efficiency. Prevalence of SE diagnosed by endometrial cytology was 35.3%. When endometrial cytology was used as the gold standard for diagnosis of SE, hysteroscopy had 11% sensitivity, 92% specificity, and 59% efficiency. In conclusion, vaginoscopy had higher sensitivity than, and similar specificity and efficiency to, rectal palpation for diagnosis of CE. Conversely, hysteroscopy, although having high specificity, had low sensitivity and efficiency for diagnosis of SE. Hysteroscopy proved to be efficient for diagnosis of CE but inefficient for diagnosis of SE. The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the study by World of Medicine (WOM), Berlin, Germany, for providing all endoscopic equipment and the cooperation with the dairy farm in Brandenburg, Germany. Vanina Madoz visit to the Freie Universität Berlin was supported by a fellowship from the Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst, DAAD.

The present study aspires to catch a glimpse of a peculiar phenomenon in the history of religions, namely, the competitive character of early Christian apologetic literature in its attempt to confront head-on the non-Christian ideological life-world and, for that matter, to persuade the latter’s adherents to convert to the new hierophanic message. More specifically, in this study I look into the hierophanic/religious/spiritual market of the first three centuries CE, focusing on its creating, perpetuating and promoting of intellectual hegemony interactions, while at the same time I explore the conversion discourse used by all parties concerned in order to win over the Other. Apart from other religions, early Christian ‘Apologists’ faced predominantly Middle Platonism, Stoicism, Neopythagoreanism and, last but not least, Neoplatonism. In doing so they adopted a number of rhetoric and social strategies at hand; strategies that, although intended to turn the Other into the Same—which they did achieve, albeit gradually—ended up turning the Same into the Other as well.

: Introdução: Profissionais da Estratégia Saúde da Família, normalmente são submetidos a uma alta demanda técnico-científica, humana e emocional. Tal contexto tende a conduzir a fatores predisponentes ao adoecimento, com impacto sobre a qualidade da assistência prestada. Objetivo: Avaliar as dimensões da Síndrome de Burnout em profissionais da Estratégia Saúde da Família. Método: Estudo descritivo, transversal de abordagem quantitativa. Realizado em Várzea Alegre – CE, com 162 profissionais, participantes da ESF. O instrumento utilizado para coleta de dados foi o Inventário de Burnout de Maslach. Os dados foram analisados via pacote estatístico SPSS/Win, versão 18.0, com estatística descritiva. Resultados: A amostra contou com uma maioria de mulheres, casadas, católicas e com média de idade de 42 anos, predominantemente agentes comunitários de saúde. Foram detectados níveis baixos de Exaustão Emocional, em alguns casos com sinais de despersonalização. Considerações Finais: O trabalho na ESF submete os trabalhadores a um panorama de complexas e intensas relações interpessoais, o que pode produzir uma maior carga emocional. Urge a necessidade de medidas para a promoção de maior integração entre os atores envolvidos no processo de cuidado, com redução da pressão das relações interpessoais e da carga de trabalho sobre as emoções dos trabalhadores

Résumé La concordance interlinguale de termes polylexicaux et syntagmatiques, communément appelés expressions, linguistiquement nommés collocations, phrasèmes terminologiques, termes phraséologiques ou encore phraséotermes, reste un problème crucial et bien connu de la traduction en langue de spécialité. Les sciences du risque se révèlent être un point de rencontre interdisciplinaire, de sorte que de hautes instances nationales (ministères) et des institutions internationales (l’Union européenne, le Conseil de l’Europe) s’investissent dans l’information, la formation et les interventions dans ce domaine. WIN (Wide Information Network for Risk Management) est l’un des trois projets intégrés soutenus par la Commission européenne (2004-2007), le multilinguisme restant sa priorité. La proposition linguistique ici présentée concerne un glossaire multilingue, dont l’architecture combine termino- et lexicographie : macrostructure onomasiologique, microstructure sémasiologique, médiostructure grammaticale et sémantique, ainsi que des définitions multiples de termes clés avec leurs collocations semi-automatiquement extraites d’un important corpus textuel, scientifique, administratif et journalistique. La législation de l’Europe et du globe privilégiant l’harmonisation terminologique, la découverte et la création de concordances interlinguales deviennent l’objectif majeur pour garantir la sécurité des vies, des biens et de l’environnement dans le monde. Pour cette raison, une extension à d’autres langues, d’autres pays et d’autres continents devient une nécessité afin de promouvoir autant la diffusion du savoir que les spécificités culturelles.

Speaking with a female patient and her same-sex partner about their experiences of colorectal cancer and ileostomy surgery led to reflection on how specialist nursing care could be made more inclusive of the needs of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people. The LGBT community includes people who are attracted to the same sex and/or identify as a different gender to the one they were assigned at birth. LGBT people in the UK have experienced a long history of discrimination and only begun to win legal protections over the past two decades, an experience that still affects the older generation especially. Compared with the general population, LGBT people are more likely to report poor health status, experience mental health issues and engage in risky behaviours; however, many are reluctant to attend healthcare services due to fear of discrimination. UK LGBT rights charity charity Stonewall surveys have revealed some discriminatory attitudes and widespread unconscious bias among health and social care staff. For health professionals, it can be a challenge to use the correct terminology to avoid causing offen ce, and there is a largely unmet need for inclusion training to improve their understanding and confidence to speak with patients about sexual preference and gender identity. However, confident LGBT inclusivity can be achieved with simple communication skills, such as equal treatment for same-sex partners, acknowledgement of post-transition names and pronouns and discretion in documentation, as well as awareness of verbal and non-verbal cues. Clinic environments can be made more LGBT-friendly with gender-neutral toilets, as well as wearable LGBT symbols, inclusive imagery and posters and literature that promotes LGBT rights, inclusion and support groups. Specialist nurses can act as role models and advocates for LGBT patients and colleagues in their area through small but impactful actions.

Long before the 2011 renewal of the Senate took place, some commentators had already decreed that the results of the 2008 municipal elections meant that the Senate would fall to the left. These predictions came true, but the left's conquest of the upper house was not simply the result of fortunate electoral conjuncture. The efforts of the Socialist party and its allies to win over the local notables have been a long process and have seen a noticeable shift in rhetoric and strategy. In September 2011, the strategy paid off, and began what the left hoped would become a grand slam of the Luxembourg, Élysée and Bourbon Palaces.

Abstract: This article addresses a prophecy found in vv. 2‒7 of the thirtieth Qurʾānic sūra, known as al-Rūm (“The Romans”). These verses report on the Romans’ (al-Rūm) involvement in a conflict against an unnamed enemy and predict its eventual outcome. The passage refers to the conflict between the Byzantines and Sasanians that lasted for about thirty years during the first three decades of the 7th c. (602‒628 CE). These verses are usually considered to be the only Qurʾānic allusion to a historical event that can be confirmed by sources external to the Islamic tradition. In this study I will argue that the prophecy on the Rūm has close parallels with other prophecies on the war that were circulating in the Middle East in the first half of the 7th c. The contextualization and comparison with other 7th c. prophecies will provide us with a better understanding of the Qurʾānic passage.

The high level of abstraction of software process improvement modelsand most software products make Maturity Test (TMA) and Test Process Improvement (TPI) win in industry and software research. The objective of this work is to delineate, from a literature review, the results are compared with the maturity models of Testing Processes (TMMi, TPI (Next) and MPT.br). The systemic basis of literature based on data available on the web. The results are a synthesis of the three types of test maturity investigated, being that they are part of the academic model and the comparisonsare characteristic of the models. In conclusion there are many maturity models of tests proposed in the literature, with TMMi and TPI being the most usable at an international level, and MPT.br the model in the Brazilian context.

- After the Popolo della Libertŕ's win at the 13th and 14th of April 2008 elections, most of the Newscasts on both public and private television welcomed the inaugural speeches made by the President of the Senate Schifani, the President of the Chamber Fini and the Prime Minister Berlusconi as the confirmation of the Italian right wing tradition of government. Looking closer, apart from the formal tributes towards President Napolitano, the three inaugural speeches introduce a substantial breach as regards republican democracy, the balance of popular sovereignty, parliamentary representation and government action, the recognition of the plurality of creeds and religious confessions, of cultural and political pluralism, and the synthesis of the rights of freedom and equality resolutely pursued by the Constituent Assembly. The entire system of the equilibrium of powers between the State bodies and a central part of the bill of rights of the republican Constitution is brought into discussion: with the predominance of the principle of freedom over the principle of equality, the democratic game is bereft of the fundamental dialectics between freedom and equality perceived by Norberto Bobbio as the inseparable nucleus of modern constitutionalism. Thus, it has to be the historian's task to try and re-establish a virtuous circle between politics, culture and the ability to intervene in the most delicate topics concerning the quality of Italian democracy today. Key words: Republican Constitution, Freedom/Equality, Renato Schifani, Gianfranco Fini, Silvio Berlusconi, Norberto Bobbio, Gustavo Zagrebelski, Politics/Culture, Italian Democracy.

This paper presents the design and implementation of a Continuing Education and Professional Development (CE&PD) ‘intraprise’ by the Faculty of Engineering at the University of Ottawa (GuOE) that involves the active collaboration and contributions of the University’s Professional Development Institute (PDI) as well as other internal and external partners. The ultimate goal of this endeavour is to gradually incorporate CE&PD as an integral component of GuOE’s mission. GuOE has identified five (5) criteria for its CE&PD initiatives: 1. Responding to clear and validated CE&PD needs; 2. Leveraging GuOE’s expertise and resources; 3. Involving and empowering GuOE ‘champions’; 4. Developing ‘win-win’ partnerships with internal (PDI and others) and external organizations and; 5. Generating net revenue for GuOE. In order to generate the required internal ‘buy in’ and commitment, a number of CE&PD pilot projects are being undertaken. The pilot projects allow for experimenting with various forms of CE&PD offerings and intended for different categories of learners.
 Cette communication porte sur le développement et la mise en oeuvre d’une ‘intraprise’ de formation continue et de développement professionnel (FC&DP) à la Faculté de génie de l’Université d’Ottawa (GuOE), en collaboration avec l’Institut de développement professionnel (IDP) de l’Université ainsi que d’autres partenaires internes et externes. Ultimement, cette initiative vise à intégrer graduellement la FC&DP à l’intérieur de la mission éducative de GuOE. Cinq (5) critères ont été identifiés pour les initiatives de FC&DP de GuOE : 1. Répondre à des besoins de FC&DP précis et validés; 2. Tirer profit de l’expertise et des ressources de GuOE; 3. Identifier et impliquer activement des ‘champions’ facultaires; 4. Développer des parternariats ‘gagnant – gagnant’ avec des collaborateurs internes et des organisations externes et; 5. Générer des revenus nets pour GuOE. Un certain nombre de projets pilotes ont été identifiés afin de susciter l’intérêt et la participation de la communauté facultaire. Ceux-ci portent sur différents types de formation et s’adressent à différentes catégories d’apprenants. 

Abstract: Political marketing—the utilization and adaptation of marketing techniques and concepts by political parties—is increasingly used by opposition leaders seeking to win elections the world over. They can adopt a market orientation and develop a product in response to market demands. However, how they maintain a market orientation while in government has rarely been considered. This article discusses how marketing can be used after the election, utilizing new theoretical perspectives and comparative empirical research to create a framework for market-oriented government. It also discusses the potential for marketing to be a tool of good government.Résumé : Le marketing politique, qui est l’adaptation et l’utilisation de concepts et techniques de marketing commercial par les partis politiques, est une méthode qui gagne en popularité auprès des chefs de partis d’opposition afin de remporter des élections, et ce à travers le monde. Ce faisant, ils suivent une « approche-marché » et développent un produit électoral qui répond aux demandes qu’expriment les consommateurs visés (les électeurs). Toutefois, peu d’études se sont intéressées à la poursuite de cette « approche-marché » lorsque les partis d’opposition remportent l’élection et forment un gouvernement. Cet article examine précisément comment le marketing politique peut être employé après une élection. Il propose des nouvelles perspectives théoriques et s’appuie sur des données empiriques comparatives qui jettent les bases d’un cadre explicatif de l’utilisation du marketing au sein des gouvernements. Enfin, l’article démontre comment le marketing politique peut devenir un outil de bonne gouvernance.

Since previous research has indicated that high levels of education might protect against gambling problems, studies have tested the hypothesis that academics have fewer erroneous thoughts related to gambling, such as the illusion of control (i.e., the overestimation of the contribution of personal skill in gambling outcomes). However, the results of these studies were equivocal. The illusion of control can, however, be fostered by various sociodemographic, dispositional, and cognitive factors that may be present in highly educated individuals, including degree of optimism, internal of the locus of control, knowledge of statistics and probabilities (SP) and, finally, the degree of conviction about gambling beliefs. Indeed, it has been shown that pathological gamblers not only have more irrational thoughts, but they also tend to be more convinced of the correctness of these thoughts. For example, an individual might think that a lucky charm might help them win, but not be too sure how right they are to hold this belief (low degree of conviction). On the contrary, a person might be convinced that lucky charms definitely help them win, or definitely do not help them win (both of which are examples of a high degree of conviction). Based on data previously collected by Smith and Giroux (2018) investigating the gambling behavior of 142 university students with and without SP knowledge, this study examines the relationships between the illusion of control in gambling and factors known to influence the illusion of control. Secondly, this article seeks to verify the predictive potential of these individual variables on the illusion of control. The results indicate that a high level of SP knowledge is associated with a higher degree of optimism (p <.01), as well as fewer superstitions (p <.01). Moreover, the less university students are convinced of the rightness of their beliefs, the more they report an illusion of control (p <.01). Within this sample, being a man, having little SP knowledge and a low degree of conviction statistically predict more illusion of control (p <.01). The discussion explores how doubt can be beneficial for educated individuals who engage in such erroneous thinking.RésuméPuisque la recherche antérieure a indiqué que de hauts niveaux d’éducation pourraient protéger contre les problèmes de jeu, des études ont testé l’hypothèse selon laquelle les universitaires entretiennent moins de pensées erronées liées aux jeux de hasard et d’argent (JHA), telle l’illusion de contrôle qui consiste à surestimer l’apport de l’habileté personnelle dans les résultats du jeu. Or, les résultats de ces études ont été équivoques. L’illusion de contrôle peut toutefois être favorisée par différents facteurs sociodémographiques, dispositionnels et cognitifs que peuvent présenter des individus fortement scolarisés, soit le degré d’optimisme, l’internalité du lieu de contrôle, les connaissances des statistiques et des probabilités (SP) et, finalement, le degré de conviction quant aux croyances liées au jeu. En effet, il a été démontré que les joueurs pathologiques ont non seulement plus de pensées erronées, mais ils tendent également à être davantage convaincus de la justesse de ces croyances. Ainsi, quelqu’un pourrait endosser un certain nombre de pensées erronées, mais exprimer du doute quant à la justesse de celles-ci. Par exemple, quelqu’un pourrait penser qu’un porte-bonheur aidera (un peu, modérément, beaucoup) à gagner, mais ne pas être certain d’avoir raison à ce sujet. Contrairement, une personne pourrait être persuadée (haut degré de conviction) que les porte-bonheurs aident ou n’aident pas. S’appuyant sur les données préalablement recueillies par Smith et Giroux (2018) pour une étude sur les comportements de jeu de 142 universitaires avec ou sans connaissances des statistiques et des probabilités (SP), la présente étude examine les relations entre l’illusion de contrôle liée aux JHA et ces facteurs connus pour influencer l’illusion de contrôle. Deuxièmement, cet article cherche à vérifier le potentiel prédictif de ces variables individuelles sur l’illusion de contrôle. Les résultats indiquent qu’un niveau élevé de connaissances des SP est associé à un degré supérieur d’optimisme (p < .01), ainsi qu’à moins de superstitions (p < .01). De plus, moins les universitaires sont convaincus quant à leurs croyances, plus ils rapportent d’illusion de contrôle (p < .01). Au sein de cet échantillon, le fait d’être un homme, d’avoir peu de connaissances des SP ainsi qu’un degré de conviction peu élevé prédisent statistiquement plus d'illusion de contrôle (p < .01). La discussion porte sur les avantages possibles de la présence de doute auprès d’individus scolarisés faisant état de ce type de pensées erronées.

Although many types of scratch cards exist, research on gamblers’ physiological responses to scratch card wins, losses, and near misses has been limited to a single type of game. We created two distinct scratch card types. In a “Match Three” game, we expected arousal to rise with each successive matching symbol—hence arousal would change even before the final outcome was known. In a “Number Matching” game, where players were given a set of lucky numbers and hoped to find a match within a scratch-off play area, we expected arousal to rise only once a match was made. A near miss in a Match Three game involved uncovering two large-prize symbols (but not the third). A near miss in a Number Matching game involved just missing a match (lucky number 18, uncovering a 17). For each game type, participants played four cards (small win, near miss, and two losses) while their physiological arousal was recorded. Participants rated each outcome on a number of subjective measures. For wins, arousal changes occurred as predicted (pre-outcome changes for Match Three vs. only post-outcome changes for Number Matching games). Participants rated near-miss outcomes in both card types as being more subjectively arousing, disappointing, negative, frustrating, and urge inducing than for regular losses, but we found no strong evidence for physiological near-miss effects. We provide evidence that the structure of scratch card games influences the timing of individuals’ physiological responses to various outcomes.RésuméBien qu’il existe de nombreux modèles de cartes à gratter, les recherches menées jusqu’ici sur les réactions physiologiques des joueurs face à un gain, une perte ou un quasi-gain se limitent à un seul type de jeu. Nous avons conçu deux jeux de cartes à gratter distincts. Le premier était un jeu « à trois correspondances »; nous nous attendions à ce que le degré d’excitation monte à chaque apparition d’un symbole identique - et ce, avant même que le résultat final soit connu. Le second jeu consistait à donner aux joueurs un jeu de chiffres chanceux avec instruction de dévoiler un chiffre correspondant dans la partie à gratter de la carte; nous nous attendions à ce que l’excitation monte seulement après le dévoilement d’une correspondance. Dans le premier jeu, un quasi-gain consistait en la découverte de deux symboles représentant un lot important (mais pas du troisième). Dans le second jeu, un quasi-gain consistait en l’obtention d’un nombre très proche du chiffre gagnant (obtention d’un 17 alors que le gagnant est le 18). Les participants ont été invités à gratter quatre cartes par jeu (un petit gain, un quasi-gain et deux pertes) tandis qu’on enregistrait leurs réactions physiologiques, puis à donner une évaluation subjective de chaque résultat. Les réactions anticipées se sont produites dans le cas des gains (soit avant le dévoilement du résultat dans le premier jeu et seulement après dans le second). Peu importe le type de carte, les sujets ont qualifié le quasi-gain, comparativement aux pertes régulières, d’expérience excitante, décevante, négative, frustrante et propre à attiser le désir de jouer, mais nous n’avons recueilli aucune preuve de réaction physiologique dans ce cas précis. Selon nos conclusions, la structure des jeux de cartes à gratter a une incidence sur le moment de la réaction physiologique aux différents résultats de jeu.

Scratch cards are a pervasive form of gambling in the Canadian marketplace. Despite their widespread appeal, we are only beginning to understand the influence of their structural characteristics on the player. The most widely studied of these characteristics is the near-miss, a game outcome in which the player gets two of the three needed symbols to win a jackpot prize. Although other authors have noted the existence of these outcomes in scratch cards, no systematic investigation has been undertaken to understand their occurrence in these games. We present the results of an analysis to determine the frequency of these outcomes using two samples (sample A, n = 41; sample B, n = 61) of a popular scratch card game available in Ontario, Canada. Our results suggest that certain scratch card games may be designed to include more pairs of jackpot symbols (i.e., more near-miss outcomes) than any other symbol pair. In the game that we analyzed, the top prize symbol occurred more often than any other symbol and appeared to be manipulated to appear in clusters of two, creating many near-miss outcomes to the jackpot prize. This work has strong implications for the study of gambling behaviour, responsible gambling strategies, as well as for the scientific investigation of scratch card games. Les cartes à gratter sont une forme très répandue de jeux sur le marché canadien. Malgré leur grand attrait, nous commençons à comprendre l’influence de leurs caractéristiques structurelles sur le joueur. La caractéristique la plus étudiée parmi elles est un résultat s'approchant du résultat gagnant; le joueur obtient deux des trois symboles nécessaires pour gagner un gros lot. Bien que d’autres auteurs aient noté l’existence de ce genre de résultats dans des cartes à gratter, aucune enquête systématique n’a été entreprise pour comprendre leur occurrence dans ces jeux. Nous présentons les résultats d’une analyse pour déterminer la fréquence de ces résultats en utilisant deux échantillons (échantillon A, n = 41; échantillon B, n = 61) d’un jeu de cartes à gratter populaire, vendu en Ontario, au Canada. Selon nos résultats, certains jeux de cartes à gratter peuvent être conçus pour inclure plus de paires de symboles pour le gros lot (c’est-à-dire des résultats plus proches) que n’importe quelle autre paire de symboles. Dans le jeu que nous avons analysé, le symbole du prix le plus élevé était présent plus souvent que tout autre symbole et semblait être manipulé pour apparaître en grappes de deux, créant de nombreux résultats proches du résultat gagnant. Ce travail a de fortes répercussions pour l’étude du comportement du jeu, du jeu et des stratégies responsables, de même que pour l’étude scientifique des jeux de cartes à gratter.

Scratch cards are a pervasive form of gambling in the Canadian marketplace. Despite their widespread appeal, we are only beginning to understand the influence of their structural characteristics on the player. The most widely studied of these characteristics is the near-miss, a game outcome in which the player gets two of the three needed symbols to win a jackpot prize. Although other authors have noted the existence of these outcomes in scratch cards, no systematic investigation has been undertaken to understand their occurrence in these games. We present the results of an analysis to determine the frequency of these outcomes using two samples (sample A, n = 41; sample B, n = 61) of a popular scratch card game available in Ontario, Canada. Our results suggest that certain scratch card games may be designed to include more pairs of jackpot symbols (i.e., more near-miss outcomes) than any other symbol pair. In the game that we analyzed, the top prize symbol occurred more often than any other symbol and appeared to be manipulated to appear in clusters of two, creating many near-miss outcomes to the jackpot prize. This work has strong implications for the study of gambling behaviour, responsible gambling strategies, as well as for the scientific investigation of scratch card games. Les cartes à gratter sont une forme très répandue de jeux sur le marché canadien. Malgré leur grand attrait, nous commençons à comprendre l’influence de leurs caractéristiques structurelles sur le joueur. La caractéristique la plus étudiée parmi elles est un résultat s'approchant du résultat gagnant; le joueur obtient deux des trois symboles nécessaires pour gagner un gros lot. Bien que d’autres auteurs aient noté l’existence de ce genre de résultats dans des cartes à gratter, aucune enquête systématique n’a été entreprise pour comprendre leur occurrence dans ces jeux. Nous présentons les résultats d’une analyse pour déterminer la fréquence de ces résultats en utilisant deux échantillons (échantillon A, n = 41; échantillon B, n = 61) d’un jeu de cartes à gratter populaire, vendu en Ontario, au Canada. Selon nos résultats, certains jeux de cartes à gratter peuvent être conçus pour inclure plus de paires de symboles pour le gros lot (c’est-à-dire des résultats plus proches) que n’importe quelle autre paire de symboles. Dans le jeu que nous avons analysé, le symbole du prix le plus élevé était présent plus souvent que tout autre symbole et semblait être manipulé pour apparaître en grappes de deux, créant de nombreux résultats proches du résultat gagnant. Ce travail a de fortes répercussions pour l’étude du comportement du jeu, du jeu et des stratégies responsables, de même que pour l’étude scientifique des jeux de cartes à gratter.

With the increasing rate of youth unemployment in the country, Nigeria’s youths have invested their time, money, and intrinsic efforts in several gambling avenues, such as Baba Ijebu, Naira Bet, Western Lotto Bet, and others. These commitments provide them with financial resources to meet daily expenses, augment low incomes arising from unemployment, and help mitigate the rising crime rate that results from the high unemployment rate. The overall unemployment rate for the population is 70%, and youth unemployment accounts for about 58%. This study examined the participation of youths in gambling in Lagos State and the effects of youth gambling on household welfare and spending. A two-stage survey design was used: a qualitative component comprising targeted focus group discussions and probit modelling to estimate the importance of the identified challenges. The results showed that Nigeria’s unemployed youths have an intense interest in gambling to sustain their income sources and to meet their daily spending needs. These activities have reduced crime rates orchestrated by youths, with rising displacement effects on household welfare and spending. Gambling thus has adverse effects on youth welfare. The authors recommend that the Lagos State Government embark on formalizing all gambling activities to protect gambling youths, as well as on strengthening tax revenue collection through the introduction of a “win tax.” RésuméLe Nigéria connaît un taux croissant de chômage chez les jeunes, et les jeunes Nigérians investissent leur temps et leur argent et consacrent d’intenses efforts dans plusieurs domaines de jeu tels que le Baba Ijebu, le Naira Bet, le Westen Lotto Bet, etc. pour tenter de couvrir leurs dépenses quotidiennes. Cela contribue à réduire le taux de criminalité qui aurait été important en raison du taux élevé de chômage qui est de 70 % pour l’ensemble de la population, et d’environ 58 % chez les jeunes. Compte tenu de ce taux élevé chez les jeunes dans le pays, l’étude a permis d’examiner le niveau de participation des jeunes aux jeux dans l’État de Lagos. On a en outre examiné les effets du jeu des jeunes sur le bien-être et les dépenses des ménages. Les méthodes utilisées dans l’étude incluent : un plan de sondage en deux étapes, une composante qualitative qui comprend les discussions de groupe ciblées et la modélisation probit pour estimer l’importance des défis recensés. L’étude révèle que les jeunes chômeurs nigérians ont tout intérêt à jouer pour préserver leur source de revenus et couvrir leurs dépenses quotidiennes. Ces activités ont contribué à réduire le taux de criminalité observé chez les jeunes, mais on a constaté des effets de déplacement croissants sur le bien-être et les dépenses des ménages. On conclut que le jeu a des effets néfastes sur le bien-être des jeunes et on recommande donc au gouvernement de l’État de Lagos d’encadrer de manière formelle toutes les activités de jeu afin de protéger les jeunes joueurs et de renforcer le recouvrement de recettes fiscales grâce à la mise en place d’un « impôt par gagnant ».

When George Orwell encountered ideas of a technological utopia sixty-five years ago, he acted the grumpy middle-aged man Reading recently a batch of rather shallowly optimistic “progressive” books, I was struck by the automatic way in which people go on repeating certain phrases which were fashionable before 1914. Two great favourites are “the abolition of distance” and “the disappearance of frontiers”. I do not know how often I have met with the statements that “the aeroplane and the radio have abolished distance” and “all parts of the world are now interdependent” (1944). It is worth revisiting the old boy’s grumpiness, because the rhetoric he so niftily skewers continues in our own time. Facebook features “Peace on Facebook” and even claims that it can “decrease world conflict” through inter-cultural communication. Twitter has announced itself as “a triumph of humanity” (“A Cyber-House” 61). Queue George. In between Orwell and latter-day hoody cybertarians, a whole host of excitable public intellectuals announced the impending end of materiality through emergent media forms. Marshall McLuhan, Neil Postman, Daniel Bell, Ithiel de Sola Pool, George Gilder, Alvin Toffler—the list of 1960s futurists goes on and on. And this wasn’t just a matter of punditry: the OECD decreed the coming of the “information society” in 1975 and the European Union (EU) followed suit in 1979, while IBM merrily declared an “information age” in 1977. Bell theorized this technological utopia as post-ideological, because class would cease to matter (Mattelart). Polluting industries seemingly no longer represented the dynamic core of industrial capitalism; instead, market dynamism radiated from a networked, intellectual core of creative and informational activities. The new information and knowledge-based economies would rescue First World hegemony from an “insurgent world” that lurked within as well as beyond itself (Schiller). Orwell’s others and the Cold-War futurists propagated one of the most destructive myths shaping both public debate and scholarly studies of the media, culture, and communication. They convinced generations of analysts, activists, and arrivistes that the promises and problems of the media could be understood via metaphors of the environment, and that the media were weightless and virtual. The famous medium they wished us to see as the message —a substance as vital to our wellbeing as air, water, and soil—turned out to be no such thing. Today’s cybertarians inherit their anti-Marxist, anti-materialist positions, as a casual glance at any new media journal, culture-industry magazine, or bourgeois press outlet discloses. The media are undoubtedly important instruments of social cohesion and fragmentation, political power and dissent, democracy and demagoguery, and other fraught extensions of human consciousness. But talk of media systems as equivalent to physical ecosystems—fashionable among marketers and media scholars alike—is predicated on the notion that they are environmentally benign technologies. This has never been true, from the beginnings of print to today’s cloud-covered computing. Our new book Greening the Media focuses on the environmental impact of the media—the myriad ways that media technology consumes, despoils, and wastes natural resources. We introduce ideas, stories, and facts that have been marginal or absent from popular, academic, and professional histories of media technology. Throughout, ecological issues have been at the core of our work and we immodestly think the same should apply to media communications, and cultural studies more generally. We recognize that those fields have contributed valuable research and teaching that address environmental questions. For instance, there is an abundant literature on representations of the environment in cinema, how to communicate environmental messages successfully, and press coverage of climate change. That’s not enough. You may already know that media technologies contain toxic substances. You may have signed an on-line petition protesting the hazardous and oppressive conditions under which workers assemble cell phones and computers. But you may be startled, as we were, by the scale and pervasiveness of these environmental risks. They are present in and around every site where electronic and electric devices are manufactured, used, and thrown away, poisoning humans, animals, vegetation, soil, air and water. We are using the term “media” as a portmanteau word to cover a multitude of cultural and communications machines and processes—print, film, radio, television, information and communications technologies (ICT), and consumer electronics (CE). This is not only for analytical convenience, but because there is increasing overlap between the sectors. CE connect to ICT and vice versa; televisions resemble computers; books are read on telephones; newspapers are written through clouds; and so on. Cultural forms and gadgets that were once separate are now linked. The currently fashionable notion of convergence doesn’t quite capture the vastness of this integration, which includes any object with a circuit board, scores of accessories that plug into it, and a global nexus of labor and environmental inputs and effects that produce and flow from it. In 2007, a combination of ICT/CE and media production accounted for between 2 and 3 percent of all greenhouse gases emitted around the world (“Gartner Estimates,”; International Telecommunication Union; Malmodin et al.). Between twenty and fifty million tonnes of electronic waste (e-waste) are generated annually, much of it via discarded cell phones and computers, which affluent populations throw out regularly in order to buy replacements. (Presumably this fits the narcissism of small differences that distinguishes them from their own past.) E-waste is historically produced in the Global North—Australasia, Western Europe, Japan, and the US—and dumped in the Global South—Latin America, Africa, Eastern Europe, Southern and Southeast Asia, and China. It takes the form of a thousand different, often deadly, materials for each electrical and electronic gadget. This trend is changing as India and China generate their own media detritus (Robinson; Herat). Enclosed hard drives, backlit screens, cathode ray tubes, wiring, capacitors, and heavy metals pose few risks while these materials remain encased. But once discarded and dismantled, ICT/CE have the potential to expose workers and ecosystems to a morass of toxic components. Theoretically, “outmoded” parts could be reused or swapped for newer parts to refurbish devices. But items that are defined as waste undergo further destruction in order to collect remaining parts and valuable metals, such as gold, silver, copper, and rare-earth elements. This process causes serious health risks to bones, brains, stomachs, lungs, and other vital organs, in addition to birth defects and disrupted biological development in children. Medical catastrophes can result from lead, cadmium, mercury, other heavy metals, poisonous fumes emitted in search of precious metals, and such carcinogenic compounds as polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxin, polyvinyl chloride, and flame retardants (Maxwell and Miller 13). The United States’ Environmental Protection Agency estimates that by 2007 US residents owned approximately three billion electronic devices, with an annual turnover rate of 400 million units, and well over half such purchases made by women. Overall CE ownership varied with age—adults under 45 typically boasted four gadgets; those over 65 made do with one. The Consumer Electronics Association (CEA) says US$145 billion was expended in the sector in 2006 in the US alone, up 13% on the previous year. The CEA refers joyously to a “consumer love affair with technology continuing at a healthy clip.” In the midst of a recession, 2009 saw $165 billion in sales, and households owned between fifteen and twenty-four gadgets on average. By 2010, US$233 billion was spent on electronic products, three-quarters of the population owned a computer, nearly half of all US adults owned an MP3 player, and 85% had a cell phone. By all measures, the amount of ICT/CE on the planet is staggering. As investigative science journalist, Elizabeth Grossman put it: “no industry pushes products into the global market on the scale that high-tech electronics does” (Maxwell and Miller 2). In 2007, “of the 2.25 million tons of TVs, cell phones and computer products ready for end-of-life management, 18% (414,000 tons) was collected for recycling and 82% (1.84 million tons) was disposed of, primarily in landfill” (Environmental Protection Agency 1). Twenty million computers fell obsolete across the US in 1998, and the rate was 130,000 a day by 2005. It has been estimated that the five hundred million personal computers discarded in the US between 1997 and 2007 contained 6.32 billion pounds of plastics, 1.58 billion pounds of lead, three million pounds of cadmium, 1.9 million pounds of chromium, and 632000 pounds of mercury (Environmental Protection Agency; Basel Action Network and Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition 6). The European Union is expected to generate upwards of twelve million tons annually by 2020 (Commission of the European Communities 17). While refrigerators and dangerous refrigerants account for the bulk of EU e-waste, about 44% of the most toxic e-waste measured in 2005 came from medium-to-small ICT/CE: computer monitors, TVs, printers, ink cartridges, telecommunications equipment, toys, tools, and anything with a circuit board (Commission of the European Communities 31-34). Understanding the enormity of the environmental problems caused by making, using, and disposing of media technologies should arrest our enthusiasm for them. But intellectual correctives to the “love affair” with technology, or technophilia, have come and gone without establishing much of a foothold against the breathtaking flood of gadgets and the propaganda that proclaims their awe-inspiring capabilities.[i] There is a peculiar enchantment with the seeming magic of wireless communication, touch-screen phones and tablets, flat-screen high-definition televisions, 3-D IMAX cinema, mobile computing, and so on—a totemic, quasi-sacred power that the historian of technology David Nye has named the technological sublime (Nye Technological Sublime 297).[ii] We demonstrate in our book why there is no place for the technological sublime in projects to green the media. But first we should explain why such symbolic power does not accrue to more mundane technologies; after all, for the time-strapped cook, a pressure cooker does truly magical things. Three important qualities endow ICT/CE with unique symbolic potency—virtuality, volume, and novelty. The technological sublime of media technology is reinforced by the “virtual nature of much of the industry’s content,” which “tends to obscure their responsibility for a vast proliferation of hardware, all with high levels of built-in obsolescence and decreasing levels of efficiency” (Boyce and Lewis 5). Planned obsolescence entered the lexicon as a new “ethics” for electrical engineering in the 1920s and ’30s, when marketers, eager to “habituate people to buying new products,” called for designs to become quickly obsolete “in efficiency, economy, style, or taste” (Grossman 7-8).[iii] This defines the short lifespan deliberately constructed for computer systems (drives, interfaces, operating systems, batteries, etc.) by making tiny improvements incompatible with existing hardware (Science and Technology Council of the American Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences 33-50; Boyce and Lewis). With planned obsolescence leading to “dizzying new heights” of product replacement (Rogers 202), there is an overstated sense of the novelty and preeminence of “new” media—a “cult of the present” is particularly dazzled by the spread of electronic gadgets through globalization (Mattelart and Constantinou 22). References to the symbolic power of media technology can be found in hymnals across the internet and the halls of academe: technologies change us, the media will solve social problems or create new ones, ICTs transform work, monopoly ownership no longer matters, journalism is dead, social networking enables social revolution, and the media deliver a cleaner, post-industrial, capitalism. Here is a typical example from the twilight zone of the technological sublime (actually, the OECD): A major feature of the knowledge-based economy is the impact that ICTs have had on industrial structure, with a rapid growth of services and a relative decline of manufacturing. Services are typically less energy intensive and less polluting, so among those countries with a high and increasing share of services, we often see a declining energy intensity of production … with the emergence of the Knowledge Economy ending the old linear relationship between output and energy use (i.e. partially de-coupling growth and energy use) (Houghton 1) This statement mixes half-truths and nonsense. In reality, old-time, toxic manufacturing has moved to the Global South, where it is ascendant; pollution levels are rising worldwide; and energy consumption is accelerating in residential and institutional sectors, due almost entirely to ICT/CE usage, despite advances in energy conservation technology (a neat instance of the age-old Jevons Paradox). In our book we show how these are all outcomes of growth in ICT/CE, the foundation of the so-called knowledge-based economy. ICT/CE are misleadingly presented as having little or no material ecological impact. In the realm of everyday life, the sublime experience of electronic machinery conceals the physical work and material resources that go into them, while the technological sublime makes the idea that more-is-better palatable, axiomatic; even sexy. In this sense, the technological sublime relates to what Marx called “the Fetishism which attaches itself to the products of labour” once they are in the hands of the consumer, who lusts after them as if they were “independent beings” (77). There is a direct but unseen relationship between technology’s symbolic power and the scale of its environmental impact, which the economist Juliet Schor refers to as a “materiality paradox” —the greater the frenzy to buy goods for their transcendent or nonmaterial cultural meaning, the greater the use of material resources (40-41). We wrote Greening the Media knowing that a study of the media’s effect on the environment must work especially hard to break the enchantment that inflames popular and elite passions for media technologies. We understand that the mere mention of the political-economic arrangements that make shiny gadgets possible, or the environmental consequences of their appearance and disappearance, is bad medicine. It’s an unwelcome buzz kill—not a cool way to converse about cool stuff. But we didn’t write the book expecting to win many allies among high-tech enthusiasts and ICT/CE industry leaders. We do not dispute the importance of information and communication media in our lives and modern social systems. We are media people by profession and personal choice, and deeply immersed in the study and use of emerging media technologies. But we think it’s time for a balanced assessment with less hype and more practical understanding of the relationship of media technologies to the biosphere they inhabit. Media consumers, designers, producers, activists, researchers, and policy makers must find new and effective ways to move ICT/CE production and consumption toward ecologically sound practices. In the course of this project, we found in casual conversation, lecture halls, classroom discussions, and correspondence, consistent and increasing concern with the environmental impact of media technology, especially the deleterious effects of e-waste toxins on workers, air, water, and soil. We have learned that the grip of the technological sublime is not ironclad. Its instability provides a point of departure for investigating and criticizing the relationship between the media and the environment. The media are, and have been for a long time, intimate environmental participants. Media technologies are yesterday’s, today’s, and tomorrow’s news, but rarely in the way they should be. The prevailing myth is that the printing press, telegraph, phonograph, photograph, cinema, telephone, wireless radio, television, and internet changed the world without changing the Earth. In reality, each technology has emerged by despoiling ecosystems and exposing workers to harmful environments, a truth obscured by symbolic power and the power of moguls to set the terms by which such technologies are designed and deployed. Those who benefit from ideas of growth, progress, and convergence, who profit from high-tech innovation, monopoly, and state collusion—the military-industrial-entertainment-academic complex and multinational commandants of labor—have for too long ripped off the Earth and workers. As the current celebration of media technology inevitably winds down, perhaps it will become easier to comprehend that digital wonders come at the expense of employees and ecosystems. This will return us to Max Weber’s insistence that we understand technology in a mundane way as a “mode of processing material goods” (27). Further to understanding that ordinariness, we can turn to the pioneering conversation analyst Harvey Sacks, who noted three decades ago “the failures of technocratic dreams [:] that if only we introduced some fantastic new communication machine the world will be transformed.” Such fantasies derived from the very banality of these introductions—that every time they took place, one more “technical apparatus” was simply “being made at home with the rest of our world’ (548). Media studies can join in this repetitive banality. Or it can withdraw the welcome mat for media technologies that despoil the Earth and wreck the lives of those who make them. In our view, it’s time to green the media by greening media studies. References “A Cyber-House Divided.” Economist 4 Sep. 2010: 61-62. “Gartner Estimates ICT Industry Accounts for 2 Percent of Global CO2 Emissions.” Gartner press release. 6 April 2007. ‹http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=503867›. Basel Action Network and Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition. Exporting Harm: The High-Tech Trashing of Asia. Seattle: Basel Action Network, 25 Feb. 2002. Benjamin, Walter. “Central Park.” Trans. Lloyd Spencer with Mark Harrington. New German Critique 34 (1985): 32-58. Biagioli, Mario. “Postdisciplinary Liaisons: Science Studies and the Humanities.” Critical Inquiry 35.4 (2009): 816-33. Boyce, Tammy and Justin Lewis, eds. Climate Change and the Media. New York: Peter Lang, 2009. Commission of the European Communities. “Impact Assessment.” Commission Staff Working Paper accompanying the Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) (recast). COM (2008) 810 Final. Brussels: Commission of the European Communities, 3 Dec. 2008. Environmental Protection Agency. Management of Electronic Waste in the United States. Washington, DC: EPA, 2007 Environmental Protection Agency. Statistics on the Management of Used and End-of-Life Electronics. Washington, DC: EPA, 2008 Grossman, Elizabeth. Tackling High-Tech Trash: The E-Waste Explosion & What We Can Do about It. New York: Demos, 2008. ‹http://www.demos.org/pubs/e-waste_FINAL.pdf› Herat, Sunil. “Review: Sustainable Management of Electronic Waste (e-Waste).” Clean 35.4 (2007): 305-10. Houghton, J. “ICT and the Environment in Developing Countries: Opportunities and Developments.” Paper prepared for the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2009. International Telecommunication Union. ICTs for Environment: Guidelines for Developing Countries, with a Focus on Climate Change. Geneva: ICT Applications and Cybersecurity Division Policies and Strategies Department ITU Telecommunication Development Sector, 2008. Malmodin, Jens, Åsa Moberg, Dag Lundén, Göran Finnveden, and Nina Lövehagen. “Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Operational Electricity Use in the ICT and Entertainment & Media Sectors.” Journal of Industrial Ecology 14.5 (2010): 770-90. Marx, Karl. Capital: Vol. 1: A Critical Analysis of Capitalist Production, 3rd ed. Trans. Samuel Moore and Edward Aveling, Ed. Frederick Engels. New York: International Publishers, 1987. Mattelart, Armand and Costas M. Constantinou. “Communications/Excommunications: An Interview with Armand Mattelart.” Trans. Amandine Bled, Jacques Guot, and Costas Constantinou. Review of International Studies 34.1 (2008): 21-42. Mattelart, Armand. “Cómo nació el mito de Internet.” Trans. Yanina Guthman. El mito internet. Ed. Victor Hugo de la Fuente. Santiago: Editorial aún creemos en los sueños, 2002. 25-32. Maxwell, Richard and Toby Miller. Greening the Media. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. Nye, David E. American Technological Sublime. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1994. Nye, David E. Technology Matters: Questions to Live With. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. 2007. Orwell, George. “As I Please.” Tribune. 12 May 1944. Richtel, Matt. “Consumers Hold on to Products Longer.” New York Times: B1, 26 Feb. 2011. Robinson, Brett H. “E-Waste: An Assessment of Global Production and Environmental Impacts.” Science of the Total Environment 408.2 (2009): 183-91. Rogers, Heather. Gone Tomorrow: The Hidden Life of Garbage. New York: New Press, 2005. Sacks, Harvey. Lectures on Conversation. Vols. I and II. Ed. Gail Jefferson. Malden: Blackwell, 1995. Schiller, Herbert I. Information and the Crisis Economy. Norwood: Ablex Publishing, 1984. Schor, Juliet B. Plenitude: The New Economics of True Wealth. New York: Penguin, 2010. Science and Technology Council of the American Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. The Digital Dilemma: Strategic Issues in Archiving and Accessing Digital Motion Picture Materials. Los Angeles: Academy Imprints, 2007. Weber, Max. “Remarks on Technology and Culture.” Trans. Beatrix Zumsteg and Thomas M. Kemple. Ed. Thomas M. Kemple. Theory, Culture [i] The global recession that began in 2007 has been the main reason for some declines in Global North energy consumption, slower turnover in gadget upgrades, and longer periods of consumer maintenance of electronic goods (Richtel). [ii] The emergence of the technological sublime has been attributed to the Western triumphs in the post-Second World War period, when technological power supposedly supplanted the power of nature to inspire fear and astonishment (Nye Technology Matters 28). Historian Mario Biagioli explains how the sublime permeates everyday life through technoscience: "If around 1950 the popular imaginary placed science close to the military and away from the home, today’s technoscience frames our everyday life at all levels, down to our notion of the self" (818). [iii] This compulsory repetition is seemingly undertaken each time as a novelty, governed by what German cultural critic Walter Benjamin called, in his awkward but occasionally illuminating prose, "the ever-always-the-same" of "mass-production" cloaked in "a hitherto unheard-of significance" (48).