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Journal articles on the topic 'Win ratio'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 12 February 2022

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1

Dong, Gaohong, Junshan Qiu, Duolao Wang, and Marc Vandemeulebroecke. "The stratified win ratio." Journal of Biopharmaceutical Statistics 28, no. 4 (2017): 778–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10543406.2017.1397007.

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2

Brunner, Edgar, Marc Vandemeulebroecke, and Tobias Mütze. "Win odds: An adaptation of the win ratio to include ties." Statistics in Medicine 40, no. 14 (2021): 3367–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sim.8967.

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3

Redfors, Björn, John Gregson, Aaron Crowley, et al. "The win ratio approach for composite endpoints: practical guidance based on previous experience." European Heart Journal 41, no. 46 (2020): 4391–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa665.

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Abstract The win ratio was introduced in 2012 as a new method for examining composite endpoints and has since been widely adopted in cardiovascular (CV) trials. Improving upon conventional methods for analysing composite endpoints, the win ratio accounts for relative priorities of the components and allows the components to be different types of outcomes. For example, the win ratio can combine the time to death with the number of occurrences of a non-fatal outcome such as CV-related hospitalizations (CVHs) in a single hierarchical composite endpoint. The win ratio can provide greater statistical power to detect and quantify a treatment difference by using all available information contained in the component outcomes. The win ratio can also incorporate quantitative outcomes such as exercise tests or quality-of-life scores. There is a need for more practical guidance on how best to design trials using the win ratio approach. This manuscript provides an overview of the principles behind the win ratio and provides insights into how to implement the win ratio in CV trial design and reporting, including how to determine trial size.

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4

Mao, Lu. "On the alternative hypotheses for the win ratio." Biometrics 75, no. 1 (2018): 347–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/biom.12954.

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5

Ferreira, João Pedro, Pardeep S. Jhund, Kévin Duarte, et al. "Use of the Win Ratio in Cardiovascular Trials." JACC: Heart Failure 8, no. 6 (2020): 441–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchf.2020.02.010.

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6

Loh, Jillian. "Could the Pay Ratio Disclosure Backfire?" Texas A&M Law Review 4, no. 3 (2017): 417–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/lr.v4.i3.5.

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At the signing of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (“Dodd-Frank Act”), President Barack Obama asserted that, “We all win when investors around the world have confidence in our markets. We all win when shareholders have more power and more information. . . . And we all win when folks are rewarded based on how well they perform, not how well they evade accountability.” After the financial crisis in 2008, the Obama Administration recognized the need to reconstruct the existing American financial regulatory system to ensure that a financial meltdown would never happen again. It is quite clear that Congress’s purpose behind the Dodd-Frank Act is to redevelop the financial system to ensure that the 2008 financial crisis will never be repeated. However, the Dodd-Frank Act contains considerable provisions that add substantial new requirements for certain publicly traded companies based in the United States. Analysts have theorized that the creation of new regulations relating to executive compensation and corporate governance was due to assertions that large executive pay contributed to the financial crisis. There has been much debate over whether such changes to executive compensation and corporate governance practices under Title IX of the DoddFrank Act are meeting the intended goals of financial system reform.

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7

Dong, Gaohong, David C. Hoaglin, Junshan Qiu, et al. "The Win Ratio: On Interpretation and Handling of Ties." Statistics in Biopharmaceutical Research 12, no. 1 (2019): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19466315.2019.1575279.

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8

Finkelstein, Dianne M., and David A. Schoenfeld. "Graphing the Win Ratio and its components over time." Statistics in Medicine 38, no. 1 (2018): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sim.7895.

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9

Luo, Xiaodong, Hong Tian, Surya Mohanty, and Wei Yann Tsai. "Rejoinder to “on the alternative hypotheses for the win ratio”." Biometrics 75, no. 1 (2018): 352–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/biom.12953.

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10

Kandzari, David E., Graeme L. Hickey, Stuart J. Pocock, et al. "Prioritised endpoints for device-based hypertension trials: the win ratio methodology." EuroIntervention 16, no. 18 (2021): e1496-e1502. http://dx.doi.org/10.4244/eij-d-20-01090.

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11

Wu, Yonghua, Guohun Zhu, Huaying Chen, and Jucun Qin. "WIN Algorithm for Discrete Online TSP." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 15, no. 9 (2011): 1199–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2011.p1199.

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Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) which is proved as an NP-Complete problem is solved by many algorithms. In this paper, we propose online TSP which is based on general discrete metric space. A Waiting-If-Necessary (WIN) algorithm is proposed that involves with increasing cost caused by zealous algorithms and unnecessary waiting caused by cautious algorithms. We measure the performance of the WIN algorithm using competitive analysis and found that it is a 2-competitive algorithm. The competitive ratio of theWIN algorithm can be improved by setting parameterT0.

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12

Kotalik, Ales, Anne Eaton, Qinshu Lian, Carlos Serrano, John Connett, and James D. Neaton. "A win ratio approach to the re-analysis of Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial." Clinical Trials 16, no. 6 (2019): 626–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1740774519868233.

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Background: Composite outcomes, which combine multiple types of clinical events into a single outcome, are common in clinical trials. The usual analysis considers the time to first occurrence of any event in the composite. The major criticisms of such an approach are (1) this implicitly treats the outcomes as if they were of equal importance, but they often vary in terms of clinical relevance and severity, (2) study participants often experience more than one type of event, and (3) often less severe events occur before more severe ones, but the usual analysis disregards any information beyond that first event. Methods: A novel approach, referred to as the win ratio, which addresses the aforementioned criticisms of composite outcomes, is illustrated with a re-analysis of data on fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular disease time-to-event outcomes reported for the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. In this trial, 12,866 participants were randomized to a special intervention group ( n = 6428) or a usual care ( n = 6438) group. Non-fatal outcomes were ranked by risk of cardiovascular disease death up to 20 years after trial. In one approach, participants in the special intervention and usual care groups were first matched on coronary heart disease risk at baseline and time of enrollment. Each matched pair was categorized as a winner or loser depending on which one experienced a cardiovascular disease death first. If neither died of cardiovascular disease causes, they were evaluated on the most severe non-fatal outcome. This process continued for all the non-fatal outcomes. A second win ratio statistic, obtained from Cox partial likelihood, was also estimated. This statistic provides a valid estimate of the win ratio using multiple events if the marginal and conditional survivor functions of each outcome satisfy proportional hazards. Loss ratio statistics (inverse of win ratios) are compared to hazard ratios from the usual first event analysis. A larger 11-event composite was also considered. Results: For the 7-event cardiovascular disease composite, the previously reported first event analysis based on 581 events in the special intervention group and 652 events in the usual care group yielded a hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) of 0.89 (0.79–0.99), compared to 0.86 (0.77–0.97) and 0.91 (0.81–1.02) for the severity ranked estimates. Results for the 11-event composite also confirmed the findings of the first event analysis. Conclusion: The win ratio analysis was able to leverage information collected past the first experienced event and rank events by severity. The results were similar to and confirmed previously reported traditional first event analysis. The win ratio statistic is a useful adjunct to the traditional first event analysis for trials with composite outcomes.

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13

Luo, Xiaodong, Hong Tian, Surya Mohanty, and Wei Yann Tsai. "An alternative approach to confidence interval estimation for the win ratio statistic." Biometrics 71, no. 1 (2014): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/biom.12225.

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14

Verbeeck, Johan, Brice Ozenne, and William N. Anderson. "Evaluation of inferential methods for the net benefit and win ratio statistics." Journal of Biopharmaceutical Statistics 30, no. 5 (2020): 765–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10543406.2020.1730873.

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15

Gandon-Ros, Gerard, Samuel S. Nuñez, Nuria Ortuño, Ignacio Aracil, María Francisca Gómez-Rico, and Juan A. Conesa. "A Win–Win Combination to Inhibit Persistent Organic Pollutant Formation via the Co-Incineration of Polyvinyl Chloride E-Waste and Sewage Sludge." Polymers 13, no. 5 (2021): 835. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13050835.

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Persistent organic pollutant inhibition in the combustion process of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) by prior addition of an inhibitor is currently being studied, reducing the emission of pollutants, and thus reducing the large amount of waste PVC destined for landfill. In this work, the use of sewage sludge (SS) as an alternative to chemical inhibitors to improve the quality emissions of the incineration of polyvinyl chloride waste (PVC e-waste) was studied and optimized. Different combustion runs were carried out at 850 °C in a laboratory tubular reactor, varying both the molar ratio Ri (0.25, 0.50, 0.75) between inhibitors (N + S) and chlorine (Cl) and the oxygen ratio λ (0.15, 0.50) between actual oxygen and stoichiometric oxygen. The emissions of several semivolatile compounds families such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorobenzenes (ClBzs), and polychlorophenols (ClPhs), with special interest in the emissions of the most toxic compounds, i.e., polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs), were analyzed. A notable decrease in PCDD/F and dl-PCB formation was achieved in most of the experiments, especially for those runs performed under an oxygen-rich atmosphere (λ = 0.50), where the addition of sludge was beneficial with inhibition ratios Ri ≥ 0.25. An inhibition ratio of 0.75 showed the best results with almost a 100% reduction in PCDD/F formation and a 95% reduction in dl-PCB formation.

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16

Oakes, D. "On the win-ratio statistic in clinical trials with multiple types of event." Biometrika 103, no. 3 (2016): 742–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biomet/asw026.

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17

Wang, Duolao, and Stuart Pocock. "A win ratio approach to comparing continuous non-normal outcomes in clinical trials." Pharmaceutical Statistics 15, no. 3 (2016): 238–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pst.1743.

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18

Reinmuth, Katherine A., and Paul Martin Sommers. "Does Bill James's Pythagorean Formula Apply to England's Premier League?" Journal of Student Research 7, no. 2 (2018): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.47611/jsr.v7i2.460.

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Bill James’s Pythagorean formula relates runs scored and runs allowed to team winning in Major League Baseball. Researchers have applied James’s Pythagorean formula to basketball, ice hockey, and tennis, among other sports. Current literature, however, questions the applicability of the Pythagorean approach to soccer. This paper finds that such results may be because the dependent variable is based on the Fédération Internationale de Football Association’s (FIFA) point system rather than wins and losses. The authors successfully apply James’s Pythagorean formula to soccer and, in particular, England’s Premier League (EPL). Between 2000/01 and 2016/17, there is a statistically significant relationship between a team’s goal ratio (defined as goals scored divided by goals allowed) and a team’s win-loss ratio. A one percent increase in the goal ratio is associated with a 1.70 percent increase in the win-loss ratio.

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19

Abdalla, Safa, Maria E. Montez-Rath, Patrick S. Parfrey, and Glenn M. Chertow. "The win ratio approach to analyzing composite outcomes: An application to the EVOLVE trial." Contemporary Clinical Trials 48 (May 2016): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2016.04.001.

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20

Liang, Ling, Lin Tian, Jiaping Xie, Jianhong Xu, and Weisi Zhang. "Optimal pricing model of car-sharing: market pricing or platform pricing." Industrial Management & Data Systems 121, no. 3 (2021): 594–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imds-04-2020-0230.

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PurposeThe car-sharing market has entered the mature stage, and consumers' demand shows a diversified increasing trend. This paper considers two modes of operation and two pricing strategies, which are business-to-consumer and consumer-to-consumer modes, market pricing and platform pricing. Under these conditions, the platform's revenue-sharing ratio will be different. The purpose of this paper is to explore this research question, and seeks an optimal pricing mechanism that can achieve a win–win situation between platform and automobile manufacturer in the two market modes.Design/methodology/approachThe authors design different profit functions for platform under the two contexts. Of course, the platform's function is constrained to the manufacturer's function. By introducing a revenue-sharing contract a Stackelberg game model dominated by the platform is established and the equilibrium solutions under the two pricing models are derived.FindingsThe study found that even if only market pricing is executed, the scale of the car-sharing market will continue to expand. As the car-sharing market becomes more saturated, platform pricing is better for the automobile manufacturer; in most cases, the platform prefers platform pricing, but when the number of private cars is relatively small, if the cost of car operation and maintenance for the automobile manufacturer is lower or the revenue-sharing ratio of private cars is high, then market pricing will be more favorable to the platform.Practical implicationsWith the cross-border integration of car service platforms and the automobile manufacturing industry, the key to achieving win–win cooperation and sustainable development in the car-sharing market will converge on the question of how to design a suitable pricing mechanism and revenue-sharing method.Originality/valueAuthors have determined how a car-sharing platform achieves a win–win order pricing strategy with the manufacturer and private car owners, respectively. And authors combined the supply chain revenue-sharing contract with the car-sharing market to explore the application of the revenue-sharing contract in the sharing economy.

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21

Webber, A. M., R. E. Wong, S. Du Plessis, and M. A. Garcia-Barrera. "A-46 Deconstructing Competitiveness: The Effect of Age on Athlete’s Desire to Succeed, Win, and Achieve Goals." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 35, no. 5 (2020): 642. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acaa036.46.

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Abstract Objective Our previous research indicated that athletes scoring high in competitiveness were less likely to report sports-related concussion symptoms and withdraw from the game. The present study examined whether athletes’ desire to succeed (competitiveness motive), win (win orientation), and achieve personal goals (goal orientation) were related to the age of players. Method Participants included 161 athletes, ages 14–32 (M = 17.6 years; 33.2% female), recruited from a mid-sized Canadian city participating in low (rowing), moderate (soccer) and high (hockey, rugby, football) contact sports. Confirmatory factor analysis was first used to evaluate the structure of the Sports Orientation Questionnaire. Then, using SEM, athletes’ competitiveness, goal orientation, and win orientation were predicted by age. Results High internal consistency was obtained within each factor (.84–.93). The model demonstrated suboptimal fit for this sample (CFI = .84; χ2f/df ratio = 2.02; RMSEA = .087; 90% CI: .077–.097). All factors were significantly related to age, indicating that athletes’ desire to succeed (competitiveness motive; β = .18, p = .009), achieve personal goals (goal orientation; β = .26, p = .007), and win (win orientation; β = .30, p = .000) increases with age. Conclusion The small positive association between age and competitiveness, win, and goal orientation indicates that older athletes are more competitive than younger athletes. Given that competitiveness predicts athletes’ intention to report a concussion, clinicians and coaches should pay particular attention to senior athletes who demonstrate high levels of general competitiveness and who are driven by the desire to win and achieve personal goals. Therefore, interventions targeting the barriers to reporting concussions should evaluate subco.

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22

Dong, Gaohong, Bo Huang, Yu‐Wei Chang, Yodit Seifu, James Song, and David C. Hoaglin. "The win ratio: Impact of censoring and follow‐up time and use with nonproportional hazards." Pharmaceutical Statistics 19, no. 3 (2019): 168–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pst.1977.

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23

Chen, May-Ru, and Shoou-Ren Hsiau. "Two New Models for the Two-Person Red-And-Black Game." Journal of Applied Probability 47, no. 01 (2010): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021900200006422.

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In a two-person red-and-black game, each player holds an integral amount of chips. At each stage of the game, each player can bet any integral amount in his possession, winning the chips of his opponent with a probability which is a function of the ratio of his bet to the sum of both players' bets and is called a win probability function. Both players seek to maximize the probability of winning the entire fortune of his opponent. In this paper we propose two new models. In the first model, at each stage, there is a positive probability that two players exchange their bets. In the second model, the win probability functions are stage dependent. In both models, we obtain suitable conditions on the win probability functions such that it is a Nash equilibrium for the subfair player to play boldly and for the superfair player to play timidly.

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24

Chen, May-Ru. "TWO-PERSON RED-AND-BLACK GAME WITH LOWER LIMIT." Probability in the Engineering and Informational Sciences 25, no. 1 (2010): 119–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269964810000288.

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In this article we consider a two-person red-and-black game with lower limit. More precisely, assume each player holds an integral amount of chips. At each stage, each player can bet an integral amount between a fixed positive integer ℓ and his possession x if x ≥ ℓ; otherwise, he bets all of his own fortune. He might win his opponent's stakes with a probability that is a function of the ratio of his bet to the sum of both players' bets and is called a win probability function. The goal of each player is to maximize the probability of winning the entire fortune of his opponent by gambling repeatedly with suitably chosen stakes. We will give some suitable conditions on the win probability function such that it is a Nash equilibrium for the subfair player to play boldly and for the superfair player to play timidly.

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25

Chen, May-Ru, and Shoou-Ren Hsiau. "Two New Models for the Two-Person Red-And-Black Game." Journal of Applied Probability 47, no. 1 (2010): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1239/jap/1269610819.

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In a two-person red-and-black game, each player holds an integral amount of chips. At each stage of the game, each player can bet any integral amount in his possession, winning the chips of his opponent with a probability which is a function of the ratio of his bet to the sum of both players' bets and is called a win probability function. Both players seek to maximize the probability of winning the entire fortune of his opponent. In this paper we propose two new models. In the first model, at each stage, there is a positive probability that two players exchange their bets. In the second model, the win probability functions are stage dependent. In both models, we obtain suitable conditions on the win probability functions such that it is a Nash equilibrium for the subfair player to play boldly and for the superfair player to play timidly.

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26

Montgomery, A., T. Abuan, and M. Kollef. "The win ratio method: a novel hierarchical endpoint for pneumonia trials in patients on mechanical ventilation." Critical Care 18, Suppl 1 (2014): P260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc13450.

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27

Bebu, Ionut, and John M. Lachin. "Large sample inference for a win ratio analysis of a composite outcome based on prioritized components." Biostatistics 17, no. 1 (2015): 178–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biostatistics/kxv032.

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28

Pontiggia, Laura. "Nonconstant Sum Red-And-Black Games with Bet-Dependent Win Probability Function." Journal of Applied Probability 44, no. 02 (2007): 547–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021900200003156.

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In this paper we investigate a class of N-person nonconstant sum red-and-black games with bet-dependent win probability functions. We assume that N players and a gambling house are engaged in a game played in stages, where the player's probability of winning at each stage is a function f of the ratio of his bet to the sum of all the players' bets. However, at each stage of the game there is a positive probability that all the players lose and the gambling house wins their bets. We prove that if the win probability function is super-additive and it satisfies f(s)f(t)≤f(st), then a bold strategy is optimal for all players.

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29

Pontiggia, Laura. "Nonconstant Sum Red-And-Black Games with Bet-Dependent Win Probability Function." Journal of Applied Probability 44, no. 02 (2007): 547–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021900200118017.

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In this paper we investigate a class of N-person nonconstant sum red-and-black games with bet-dependent win probability functions. We assume that N players and a gambling house are engaged in a game played in stages, where the player's probability of winning at each stage is a function f of the ratio of his bet to the sum of all the players' bets. However, at each stage of the game there is a positive probability that all the players lose and the gambling house wins their bets. We prove that if the win probability function is super-additive and it satisfies f(s)f(t)≤f(st), then a bold strategy is optimal for all players.

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30

Pontiggia, Laura. "Nonconstant Sum Red-And-Black Games with Bet-Dependent Win Probability Function." Journal of Applied Probability 44, no. 2 (2007): 547–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1239/jap/1183667420.

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In this paper we investigate a class of N-person nonconstant sum red-and-black games with bet-dependent win probability functions. We assume that N players and a gambling house are engaged in a game played in stages, where the player's probability of winning at each stage is a function f of the ratio of his bet to the sum of all the players' bets. However, at each stage of the game there is a positive probability that all the players lose and the gambling house wins their bets. We prove that if the win probability function is super-additive and it satisfies f(s)f(t)≤f(st), then a bold strategy is optimal for all players.

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31

Barreto, Flávio Vinicius Fonseca, Roberto Jerônimo dos Santos Silva, and Marcos Bezerra de Almeida. "Timeline, Scores and Results Prediction in Professional Men's Soccer FIFA World Cups (1930-2018)." Lecturas: Educación Física y Deportes 25, no. 264 (2020): 112–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.46642/efd.v25i264.1616.

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Professional men's soccer FIFA World Cup (FWC) takes place every four years, so it is an excellent opportunity to follow evolution in this modality. Hence, three objectives were set: a) to verify the trend of the average goals scored and score frequency; b) to analyze the association between first-half results and final results of matches; and c) to identify if half times results could predict matches outcomes. Thus, we analyzed all 900 FWC matches between years 1930 and 2018. Data were organized in goals scored and against in the first half and at the end of matches, first-half and matches outcome (win, draw or lose). Descriptive and trend analysis were carried out for the evolution of goals in FWC editions. A cross table was used to verify the final scores of matches, followed by an analysis of the association between partial results (first half) and final matches outcome, and a multinomial logistic regression to identify the match win odds ratio. It concludes that goals average in FWC has an undulatory trend; scores up to three goals were prevalent; first half win is associated to final win matches, and first half lose or draw increases odds to lose at the end of matches.

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32

Labocha, Marta, Małgorzata Kruczek, Jacek Radwan, Paweł Koteja, and Katarzyna Grabiec. "Contest winning and metabolic competence in male bank voles Clethrionomys glareolus." Behaviour 141, no. 3 (2004): 343–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853904322981897.

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AbstractFamale bank voles prefer dominant males as mates, and it has been suggested that this preference may benefit females genetically, via increased fitness of their progeny. This requires that male ability to win intrasexual contests is associated with their genetic quality. An important aspect of individual quality is metabolic competence. Here, we investigated whether male ability to win contests is correlated with aerobic capacity (the maximum rate of oxygen consumption) or factorial aerobic scope (the ratio of aerobic capacity to basal metabolic rate [BMR]). The ability to win was assessed as proportion of dominant behaviours in staged contests with five other males, and aerobic capacity was measured both during exercise (swimming) and during cold-exposure trials. Contest winning ability was not correlated with the aerobic capacity (p > 0.6), the factorial metabolic scope (p > 0.25) or BMR (p = 0.24; all the traits were corrected for the effect of body mass). Thus, the results indicate that the trait (male dominance) subject to female preference in the bank vole fails to reveal an important aspect of male quality, i.e. his metabolic competence.

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33

Wang, Yuan, and Khellil Sefiane. "Confined Bubble and Heat Transfer during Flow Boiling in a High Aspect Ratio Mini-Channel." Defect and Diffusion Forum 312-315 (April 2011): 548–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.312-315.548.

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Single vapour bubble growth and heat transfer mechanism during flow boiling in a rectangular horizontal mini-channel were experimentally investigated. The hydraulic diameter of the channel was 1454 μm, with an aspect ratio (Win/din) of 10. Degassed FC-72 was used as the working liquid. In this paper, bubble equivalent radius was found to increase linearly till a critical time, beyond which the growth turned into exponential. Bubble growth rate increases with increasing heat flux. Heat transfer mechanisms of the bubble growth at different heat fluxes and mass fluxes were discussed. In addition, the relation between thermal and flow conditions with bubble temporal geometry was explored.

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34

Okano, Takuya, and Itsuki Noda. "Adaptation Method of the Exploration Ratio Based on the Orientation of Equilibrium in Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Under Non-Stationary Environments." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 21, no. 5 (2017): 939–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2017.p0939.

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In this paper, we propose a method to adapt the exploration ratio in multi-agent reinforcement learning. The adaptation of exploration ratio is important in multi-agent learning, as this is one of key parameters that affect the learning performance. In our observation, the adaptation method can adjust the exploration ratio suitably (but not optimally) according to the characteristics of environments. We investigated the evolutionarily adaptation of the exploration ratio in multi-agent learning. We conducted several experiments to adapt the exploration ratio in a simple evolutionary way, namely, mimicking advantageous exploration ratio (MAER), and confirmed that MAER always acquires relatively lower exploration ratio than the optimal value for the change ratio of the environments. In this paper, we propose a second evolutionary adaptation method, namely, win or update exploration ratio (WoUE). The results of the experiments showed that WoUE can acquire a more suitable exploration ratio than MAER, and the obtained ratio was near-optimal.

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35

Torre, Peter, Jonathan S. Russell, Renee Smith, et al. "Words-in-Noise Test Performance in Young Adults Perinatally HIV Infected and Exposed, Uninfected." American Journal of Audiology 29, no. 1 (2020): 68–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2019_aja-19-00042.

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Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare Words-in-Noise (WIN) data between young adults with perinatal HIV (PHIV) infection and those with PHIV exposure but uninfected (PHEU) and to evaluate associations between antiretroviral therapy (ART) exposures and WIN data. Method The WIN test and cognitive function were assessed in participants of the Pediatric HIV/AIDS Cohort Study Adolescent Master Protocol Up. Impaired WIN (IWIN) performance was defined as a signal-to-babble ratio of > +10 dB. Cognitive function was determined based on fluid cognition composite scores (FCCSs) and crystallized cognition composite scores, and < 70 was considered a fluid or crystallized cognitive impairment. Log binomial models were used to calculate the relative risks of IWIN between PHIV and PHEU. Results PHIV ( n = 334) and PHEU ( n = 52) participants had similar WIN thresholds and IWIN percentages. For young adults with FCCS ≥ 70, participants with PHIV were less likely to have IWIN for the better ear and worse ear as compared to participants with PHEU. For young adults with FCCS < 70, there was no association between HIV status and risk of IWIN for the better ear or worse ear. For those adults with crystallized cognition composite score of ≥ 70, young adults with PHIV were less likely to have IWIN for the better ear than young adults with PHEU; there was no association between HIV status and IWIN for the worse ear. For young adults with PHIV without a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Class C diagnosis, a longer combination ART duration was associated with a higher risk of IWIN for the better ear. Conclusions For those without cognitive impairment, young adults with PHEU had poorer WIN thresholds than those young adults with PHIV. In young adults with PHIV who had no prior Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Class C diagnosis, a longer combination ART duration was associated with IWIN only in the better ear.

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Matsui, Tomomi, and Katsunori Ano. "Compare the ratio of symmetric polynomials of odds to one and stop." Journal of Applied Probability 54, no. 1 (2017): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jpr.2016.83.

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AbstractIn this paper we deal with an optimal stopping problem whose objective is to maximize the probability of selecting k out of the last ℓ successes, given a sequence of independent Bernoulli trials of length N, where k and ℓ are predetermined integers satisfying 1≤k≤ℓ<N. This problem includes some odds problems as special cases, e.g. Bruss’ odds problem, Bruss and Paindaveine’s problem of selecting the last ℓ successes, and Tamaki’s multiplicative odds problem for stopping at any of the last m successes. We show that an optimal stopping rule is obtained by a threshold strategy. We also present the tight lower bound and an asymptotic lower bound for the probability of a win. Interestingly, our asymptotic lower bound is attained by using a variation of the well-known secretary problem, which is a special case of the odds problem. Our approach is based on the application of Newton’s inequalities and optimization technique, which gives a unified view to the previous works.

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Long, Xiaofeng, Jiali Ge, Tong Shu, and Chunxia Liu. "Production Decision and Coordination Mechanism of Socially Responsible Closed-Loop Supply Chain." Complexity 2020 (May 23, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9095215.

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Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has a significant impact on the operation of enterprises. This study analyzes the production and coordination decisions of closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) by establishing two assumptions of endogenous and exogenous CSR. The results reveal that, for ordinary consumers, CSR is quantified as the parameter of consumer surplus, which has an impact on the patent licensing fee, revenue-sharing ratio, and so on, and which not only increases the sales quantity in CLSC but also creates more value for the manufacturer and the retailer. Considering endogenous CSR, the study found that the manufacturer’s CSR level and the manufacturer’s and the retailer’s profits both increase with the proportion of CSR-sensitive consumers. In the endogenous model, the manufacturer sets a higher wholesale price and lower patent licensing fee than in the exogenous model. Perfect coordination in the two models can be achieved by setting a revenue-sharing ratio related to wholesale price and patent licensing fee. In practice, improving the social responsibility consciousness of consumers and raising enterprises’ CSR level can achieve a win-win situation for revenues and social welfare.

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Lee, Young Hoon, Yongdai Kim, and Sara Kim. "Competitive balance with unbalanced schedules." Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports 15, no. 3 (2019): 239–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jqas-2017-0100.

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Abstract Many empirical studies on competitive balance (CB) use the ratio of the actual standard deviation to the idealized standard deviation of win percentages (RSD). This paper suggests that empirical studies that use RSD to compare CB among different leagues are invalid, but that RSD may be used for time-series analysis on CB in a league if there are no changes in season length. When schedules are unbalanced and/or include interleague games, the final winning percentage is a biased estimator of the true win probability. This paper takes a mathematical statistical approach to derive an unbiased estimator of within-season CB that can be applied to not only balanced but also unbalanced schedules. Simulations and empirical applications are also presented, which confirm that the debiasing strategy to obtain the unbiased estimator of within-season CB is still effective for unbalanced schedules.

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Chen, May-Ru, and Shoou-Ren Hsiau. "Two-person red-and-black games with bet-dependent win probability functions." Journal of Applied Probability 43, no. 04 (2006): 905–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002190020000231x.

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In this paper a two-person red-and-black game is investigated. We suppose that, at every stage of the game, player I's win probability, f, is a function of the ratio of his bet to the sum of both players' bets. Two results are given: (i) if f is convex then a bold strategy is optimal for player I when player II plays timidly; and (ii) if f satisfies f(s)f(t) ≤ f(st) then a timid strategy is optimal for player II when player I plays boldly. These two results extend two formulations of red-and-black games proposed by Pontiggia (2005), and also provide a sufficient condition to ensure that the profile (bold, timid) is the unique Nash equilibrium for players I and II. Finally, we give a counterexample to Pontiggia's conjecture about a proportional N-person red-and-black game.

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Chen, May-Ru, and Shoou-Ren Hsiau. "Two-person red-and-black games with bet-dependent win probability functions." Journal of Applied Probability 43, no. 4 (2006): 905–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1239/jap/1165505196.

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In this paper a two-person red-and-black game is investigated. We suppose that, at every stage of the game, player I's win probability, f, is a function of the ratio of his bet to the sum of both players' bets. Two results are given: (i) if f is convex then a bold strategy is optimal for player I when player II plays timidly; and (ii) if f satisfies f(s)f(t) ≤ f(st) then a timid strategy is optimal for player II when player I plays boldly. These two results extend two formulations of red-and-black games proposed by Pontiggia (2005), and also provide a sufficient condition to ensure that the profile (bold, timid) is the unique Nash equilibrium for players I and II. Finally, we give a counterexample to Pontiggia's conjecture about a proportional N-person red-and-black game.

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Lee, Young Hoon, Yongdai Kim, and Sara Kim. "A Bias-Corrected Estimator of Competitive Balance in Sports Leagues." Journal of Sports Economics 20, no. 4 (2018): 479–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1527002518777974.

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The ratio of the actual standard deviation (ASD) to the idealized standard deviation of win percentages (RSD) is the conventional measure of competitive balance (CB). RSD is designed to control for the effect of season length on the sample standard deviation of win percentages (ASD). Theoretically, the RSD should be greater than 1, but empirical values below 1 have been found in previous studies. This article employs a mathematical statistics approach to evaluate the statistical properties of RSD and ASD. In doing so, this study finds that RSD is constructed by an invalid normalization approach and that ASD is biased. It also presents a bias-corrected standard deviation (BCSD) as a new estimator of the standard deviation of true win probabilities. Results from the simulations confirm the following: (i) ASD is prone to underestimate CB levels when the number of games is small, (ii) the RSD values become unreasonably large when the number of games is large, and (iii) BCSD performs well with respect to mean bias and root mean squared errors. According to empirical analysis of the English Premier League (EPL) and the Korea Baseball Organization (KBO), BCSD shows that the KBO was more competitively balanced than the EPL between 2000 and 2015, while the RSD implies that the two leagues were roughly equal.

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Skordilis, E. K., and N. A. Stavrou. "Sport Orientation Model for Wheelchair Basketball Athletes." Perceptual and Motor Skills 100, no. 3_suppl (2005): 1081–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.100.3c.1081-1096.

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This study examined the validity of the Sport Orientation Questionnaire (Competitiveness: 13 items, Win Orientation: 6 items, and Goal Orientation: 6 items) in a sample of 195 wheelchair basketball athletes from the USA. Following evidence for sample-specific validity, the measurement model that underlies the questionnaire was examined. A short-form with 15 items for three factors of Competitiveness (7 items), Win Orientation (5 items) and Goal Orientation (3 items) fit the data (χ2/ df ratio = 2.21, NNFI = .892, CFI = .991, RCFI = .935, SRMR = .058, RMSEA = .071). To evaluate the findings further, we cross-validated the short-form by sex. Structural equation modeling indicated there were similar measurement properties and factor structures for the men and women, indicating similar conceptualization of sport orientations. Meaningful comparisons across sex may be undertaken, since both men and women who are wheelchair basketball athletes perceive the three short-form SOQ factors similarly.

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Pocock, S. J., C. A. Ariti, T. J. Collier, and D. Wang. "The win ratio: a new approach to the analysis of composite endpoints in clinical trials based on clinical priorities." European Heart Journal 33, no. 2 (2011): 176–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehr352.

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Wilson, Richard H., and Wendy B. Cates. "A Comparison of Two Word-Recognition Tasks in Multitalker Babble: Speech Recognition in Noise Test (SPRINT) and Words-in-Noise Test (WIN)." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 19, no. 07 (2008): 548–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.19.7.4.

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Background: The Speech Recognition in Noise Test (SPRINT) is a word-recognition instrument that presents the 200 Northwestern University Auditory Test No. 6 (NU-6) words binaurally at 50 dB HL in a multitalker babble at a 9 dB signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) (Cord et al, 1992). The SPRINT was developed by and used by the Army as a more valid predictor of communication abilities (than pure-tone thresholds or word-recognition in quiet) for issues involving fitness for duty from a hearing perspective of Army personnel. The Words-in-Noise test (WIN) is a slightly different word-recognition task in a fixed level multitalker babble with 10 NU-6 words presented at each of 7 S/N from 24 to 0 dB S/N in 4 dB decrements (Wilson, 2003; Wilson and McArdle, 2007). For the two instruments, both the babble and the speakers of the words are different. The SPRINT uses all 200 NU-6 words, whereas the WIN uses a maximum of 70 words. Purpose: The purpose was to compare recognition performances by 24 young listeners with normal hearing and 48 older listeners with sensorineural hearing on the SPRINT and WIN protocols. Research Design: A quasi-experimental, mixed model design was used. Study Sample: The 24 young listeners with normal hearing (19 to 29 years, mean = 23.3 years) were from the local university and had normal hearing (≤20 dB HL; American National Standards Institute, 2004) at the 250–8000 Hz octave intervals. The 48 older listeners with sensorineural hearing loss (60 to 82 years, mean = 69.9 years) had the following inclusion criteria: (1) a threshold at 500 Hz between 15 and 30 dB HL, (2) a threshold at 1000 Hz between 20 and 40 dB HL, (3) a three-frequency pure-tone average (500, 1000, and 2000 Hz) of ≤40 dB HL, (4) word-recognition scores in quiet ≥40%, and (5) no history of middle ear or retrocochlear pathology as determined by an audiologic evaluation. Data Collection and Analysis: The speech materials were presented bilaterally in the following order: (1) the SPRINT at 50 dB HL, (2) two half lists of NU-6 words in quiet at 60 dB HL and 80 dB HL, and (3) the two 35-word lists of the WIN materials with the multitalker babble fixed at 60 dB HL. Data collection occurred during a 40–60 minute session. Recognition performances on each stimulus word were analyzed. Results: The listeners with normal hearing obtained 92.5% correct on the SPRINT with a 50% point on the WIN of 2.7 dB S/N. The listeners with hearing loss obtained 65.3% correct on the SPRINT and a WIN 50% point at 12.0 dB S/N. The SPRINT and WIN were significantly correlated (r = −0.81, p < .01), indicating that the SPRINT had good concurrent validity. The high-frequency, pure-tone average (1000, 2000, 4000 Hz) had higher correlations with the SPRINT, WIN, and NU-6 in quiet than did the traditional three-frequency pure-tone average (500, 1000, 2000 Hz). Conclusions: Graphically and numerically the SPRINT and WIN were highly related, which is indicative of good concurrent validity of the SPRINT.

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Ko, Chuan-Chuan, Chien-Yu Liu, Zan-Yu Chen, and Jing Zhou. "Sustainable Development Economic Strategy Model for Reducing Carbon Emission by Using Real Options Approach." Sustainability 11, no. 19 (2019): 5498. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11195498.

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This paper is aimed at the call of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for the need to maintain global warming within a controllable range. The goal is to target carbon emissions to achieve “net-zero” emissions, along with constructing a green energy investment strategy model for firms in response to government’s environmental protection policies. The paper uses the real options approach of dynamic investment decision to construct an investment decision model. Considerations include government taxation of carbon emissions, subsidies to reduce carbon emission policies, and incentives for firms to renew their investments in green energy equipment. Assuming that there is uncertainty in government carbon emission taxes and a reduction of carbon emission subsidies, the changes follow the joint geometric Brownian movement. We used this model to solve the optimum of the threshold for carbon emission taxes and of carbon emission reduction subsidies ratio. If carbon emission taxes and carbon emission reduction subsidies ratio are higher than the threshold, a firm suspends investment in green energy equipment because government subsidies are insufficient. If carbon emission taxes and the carbon emission reduction-subsidy ratio are less than or equal to the threshold, then a firm is qualified for the government’s subsidies for reducing carbon emissions, and the firm invests in green energy equipment. The results of this study can provide reference for firms to invest in green energy equipment, and for government control of carbon emission policies. This policy can effectively reduce carbon emissions and achieve co-construction, co-governance, and the sharing of innovative social governance patterns. Finally, it can create a win–win situation between the government, firms, and society.

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Chung, Y. Peter, and Thomas Kim. "The win–loss ratio as an ability signal of mutual fund managers: a measure that is less influenced by luck." Financial Markets and Portfolio Management 29, no. 4 (2015): 301–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11408-015-0255-3.

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Dong, Gaohong, Di Li, Steffen Ballerstedt, and Marc Vandemeulebroecke. "A generalized analytic solution to the win ratio to analyze a composite endpoint considering the clinical importance order among components." Pharmaceutical Statistics 15, no. 5 (2016): 430–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pst.1763.

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Dong, Gaohong, Lu Mao, Bo Huang, et al. "The inverse-probability-of-censoring weighting (IPCW) adjusted win ratio statistic: an unbiased estimator in the presence of independent censoring." Journal of Biopharmaceutical Statistics 30, no. 5 (2020): 882–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10543406.2020.1757692.

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Bento, Jose Mauricio S., Jose Roberto P. Parra, Silvia H. G. de Miranda, Andrea C. O. Adami, Evaldo F. Vilela, and Walter S. Leal. "How much is a pheromone worth?" F1000Research 5 (July 20, 2016): 1763. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.9195.1.

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Pheromone-baited traps have been widely used in integrated pest management programs, but their economic value for growers has never been reported. We analyzed the economic benefits of long-term use of traps baited with the citrus fruit borer Gymnandrosoma aurantianum sex pheromone in Central-Southern Brazil. Our analysis show that from 2001 to 2013 citrus growers avoided accumulated pest losses of 132.7 million to 1.32 billion USD in gross revenues, considering potential crop losses in the range of 5 to 50%. The area analyzed, 56,600 to 79,100 hectares of citrus (20.4 to 29.4 million trees), corresponds to 9.7 to 13.5% of the total area planted with citrus in the state of São Paulo. The data show a benefit-to-cost ratio of US$ 2,655 to US$ 26,548 per dollar spent on research with estimated yield loss prevented in the range of 5-50%, respectively. This study demonstrates that, in addition to the priceless benefits for the environment, sex pheromones are invaluable tools for growers as their use for monitoring populations allows rational and reduced use of insecticides, a win-win situation.

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Makino, M., T. Odaka, J. Kuroiwa, I. Suwa, and H. Shirai. "Feature Selection to Win the Point of ATP Tennis Players Using Rally Information." International Journal of Computer Science in Sport 19, no. 1 (2020): 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ijcss-2020-0003.

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AbstractIn tennis, the accumulation of data has progressed and research on tactical analysis has been conducted. Estimating strategically important factors would have the benefit of providing players with useful advice and helping audience members understand what tennis players are good at. Previous research has been conducted into ways of predicting Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) tennis match outcomes as well as estimating factors that are important for victories using machine learning models. The challenge of previous research is that the victory factor lacks concreteness. Since we thought the root of the abovementioned problem was that previous researchers used game summary as a feature and did not consider the process of rallies between points, this research focused on calculating the frequency of single shots, two-shot patterns, and specific effective shot patterns from each point rally of ATP singles matches. We then used those data to predict point winners and useful features using L1-regularized logistic regression. The highest accuracy obtained was 66.5%, and the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.689. The most prominent feature we found was the ratio of specific shots by specific players. From these results, our method could reveal more concretely tactical factors than previous studies.

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