Academic literature on the topic 'Win-Win relationship'

PurposeIt is well established that partnerships between universities and community organizations can serve to enhance student learning and employability (Anderson et al., 2011; Arantes do Amaral and Matsusaki, 2017; Jones and Sherr, 2014; Voss et al., 2015). Within this context, the purpose of this paper is to explore how one such partnership has resulted in the successful implementation of three pedagogical methodologies, which individually and collectively promote student-centered learning and employability skills through an experiential learning framework.Design/methodology/approachUsing this methodological case study approach where the pedagogies of internships, service-learning opportunities, and project-based learning are critically evaluated, the research reveals only positive benefits for students, faculty, and the community organization(s). These benefits center on improved employability skills, the development of social skills and societal contribution for students.FindingsParticipating students also noted the development of their confidence and the importance of feedback from both peers and assigned staff. Members of faculty considered the opportunity for students to put theory into practice, enhanced employability skills and the collective nature of the methodologies as the main benefits with The center echoing the sentiments of other stakeholders. The center considered the workplace preparedness, the development of soft skills and confidence and the collective nature of the methodologies as the main benefits of the partnership.Originality/valueThe insight provided by the research contributes to existing literature through examining the relationship between an academic institution and its community, providing a practical framework and guidelines for the implementation of student-centered pedagogical methods.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study the relational impact of using win-win or win-lose negotiation strategies within different types of buyer-supplier relationships. Design/methodology/approach A multi-method approach is used. Qualitative interviews with supply chain managers reveal that relationship-specific assets and cooperation are important relational factors in buyer-supplier negotiations. Framing interview insights within the social exchange theory (SET), hypotheses are tested using a scenario-based behavioral experiment. Findings Experimental results suggest that win-lose negotiators decrease their negotiating partner’s commitment of relationship-specific assets and levels of cooperation. In addition, the use of a win-lose negotiation strategy reduces levels of relationship-specific assets and cooperation more in highly interdependent buyer-supplier relationships than relationships that are not as close. Research limitations/implications Buyer-supplier relationships are complex interactions. Negotiation strategy choice decisions can have long-term effects on the overall relationship. As demonstrated in this study, previous research focusing on one side “winning” a negotiation as a measure of success has oversimplified this complex phenomenon. Practical implications The use of a win-lose negotiation strategy can have a negative impact on relational outcomes like cooperation and relationship-specific assets. For companies interested in developing strong supply chain relationships, buyer and suppliers should choose their negotiation strategy carefully as the relational impact extends beyond the single negotiation encounter. Originality/value Previous research predominantly advocates for the use of a win-win negotiation strategy within interdependent relationships. This research offers evidence that the use of a win-lose strategy does have a long-term relational impact.

Concepts such as freedom cannot be measured and give material measurable results. Freedom is not measured. It leaves its philosophical imprint on independent thought. According to Jean-Jacques Rousseau (Note 1), it recedes only to leave room for political freedom The supposed absolute freedom based on the quantity of material goods and choices actually leads to the commitment of individualism. Because it is difficult to change this relationship between materialism and individualism, we focus on philosophical freedom through self-knowledge that will answer the triple question (1) what is best for me, (2) what is best for you, (3) what is best for community in which we negotiate a win-win-win reasoning for everyone who negotiates with another in the community Thus arises a win-win-win inner freedom with an immeasurable result, which at its limit is identified with the complete independence of the soul and the spirit.

This article focuses on the economic cooperation between China and Kazakhstan from a win-win perspective. Kazakhstan’s geographical location and rich natural resources make it a strategic partner for regional and global actors. Dependency theory is often used to explain asymmetric and unequal relations between developed and developing countries. According to this theory, developing countries become dependent on developed countries, which hinders their economic development. However, it is argued that this traditional theory cannot fully explain only partially China and Kazakhstan. Economic cooperation between China and Kazakhstan has been analyzed through trade relations, investment flows, and significant infrastructure projects. These projects reinforce not only financial but also political and cultural interactions. Dependency theory cannot fully understand the relations between China and Kazakhstan, characterized by mutual benefit and win-win situations. China’s investments in Kazakhstan and Kazakhstan’s multi-vector foreign policy approach reveal a cooperation model that serves the interests of both countries. China’s BRI initiative and Kazakhstan’s Nurly Zhol program are concrete examples of cooperation between the two countries. This article goes beyond the boundaries of traditional dependency theory and offers a new perspective based on mutual benefit and win-win relationships.

Abstract Social epidemiology is concerned with the health effects of forces that are “above the skin.” Although causal inference should be a key goal for social epidemiology, social epidemiology and quantitative causal inference have been seemingly at odds over the years. This does not have to be the case and, in fact, both fields stand to gain through a closer engagement of social epidemiology with formal causal inference approaches. We discuss the misconceptions that have led to an uneasy relationship between these 2 fields, propose a way forward that illustrates how the 2 areas can come together to inform causal questions, and discuss the implications of this approach. We argue that quantitative causal inference in social epidemiology is an opportunity to do better science that matters, a win-win for both fields.

This study aims to bring clarity to a discussion of whether the Chinese relationship with Africa can be regarded as an act of Neo-colonialism or if it contains Neo-colonial elements. As China has increasingly engaged with the continent giving extensive amounts of foreign aid and loans as well as intensifying their trade relations, the question arises whether or not this can be connected to Neo-colonial dynamics. This study will use a newly constructed framework with the help of the Neo-colonial theory, different definitions by scholars will be used to create the framework, and the basis for this analysis. The research approach is a qualitative design and the research design is a case study with a focus on China's engagement in Africa. This study finds that there are Neo-colonial elements in the processes of engagement exercised by China on the African continent in some of the variables used in the constructed theoretical framework. Lastly, this study argues that African states must be increasingly cautious when exporting raw materials and in letting private Chinese companies invest and buy shares in important African domestic sectors.

<p>It is becoming increasingly difficult, although very important, for companies to reach out to its customers and differentiate themselves in the market place. The main reason is that the competition is extremely intensified and customers can quite easily switch between suppliers. Focusing on relations is a way for companies to overcome some obstacles of competition that is evident in today’s market place. One way for companies to reach its customers, strengthen the relation, and meet them face-to-face is to create events. How-ever, finding the target group and motivating individuals to attend events is an important issue for the companies arranging events. There has to be a match between what the company arranging the event want to communicate and what the invited individual expects to gain out of attending the event. It is further important to direct the event towards certain individuals and also to make sure that the invited people actually attend the event.</p><p>The purpose of the thesis is to explore how companies can arrange meaningful events to a targeted audience and examine what factors motivates the individuals to actually attend these events.</p><p>An inductive approach is mainly used since it allows for flexible structure where empirical data is collected and before applying appropriate theoretical framework. The authors have further chose to collect data in a qualitative manner as this allows for open ended inter-views which can generate in deeper understanding of the reasons for individuals to attend corporate events. The primary data was based on interviews related to four corporate events previously taking place.</p><p>The authors found that there are numerous reasons for creating corporate events mainly because events are a platform that naturally integrates many marketing activities. When targeting individuals a personal contact can increase the likelihood that the invited people will attend an event. The reason is that through direct communication a person has the opportunity to tailor the invitation by explaining the reasons for why this particular person should find the event important and interesting to attend. Corporate events should offer valuable information for the attendees otherwise there is risk that invited individuals will not attend an event. Individuals attend events for the purpose of interacting with representatives from the arranging company as well as people from other attending companies. It can be concluded that a corporate event should be work related in some how and include new information and/or offer networking possibilities.</p><br><p>Det blir allt svårare, men ständigt mer viktigt, för företag att nå ut till sina kunder och differentiera sig på marknaden. Den främsta anledningen är att konkurrensen är mycket intensiv och det är förhållandevis enkelt för kunder att byta leverantörer. Genom att fokusera på relationer kan företag övervinna några av de konkurrenshinder som är påtagliga på dagsläget. Genom skapande av events kan företag nå sina kunder, möta dem öga mot öga och där-med stärka relationen till dem. För att lyckas med detta är det viktigt för företag att hitta de tilltänkta målgrupperna och motivera individer till att bli intresserade och faktiskt besöka eventet. Det är viktigt att anpassa ett företags motiv för skapandet av ett event men det som de inbjudna individerna förväntar sig få ut av att besöka eventet. Det är vidare viktigt att ett event riktas mot de tilltänkta individerna och för ett företag att se till att de inbjudna verkligen besöker eventet.</p><p>Uppsatsen syftar till att undersöka hur företag kan arrangera meningsfulla events för en tilltänkt målgrupp och ta reda på vilka faktorer som motiverar individer att faktiskt besöka dessa events.</p><p>Ett induktivt tillvägagångssätt används till största delen i uppsatsen eftersom det är tillåter en flexibel struktur där författarna utgår från empirisk data för att sedan hitta lämplig teori. Författarna har även valt att använda kvalitativ data eftersom det möjliggör öppna intervjuer som kan ge djupare inblick i hur företagsevent kan skapa mervärde för ett företag och dess besökare och förståelse för de inbjudnas motivationsfaktorer. Primär data baserades på intervjuer med individer relaterade till fyra olika företagsevent som tidigare ägt rum.</p><p>Studien visar att företag har många olika skäl till att arrangera events och den främsta orsaken till detta är att events är ett forum som integrerar flera marknadsföringsaktiviteter på ett naturligt och ofrånkomligt sätt. När ett företag marknadsför ett event till en tilltänkt målgrupp kan personlig direktkontakt öka sannolikheten att de inbjudna kommer att besöka eventet. Anledningen till detta är att direktkommunikation ger ett företag möjligheten att skräddarsy inbjudan genom att förklara varför just denna individ bör besöka eventet och varför det bör vara viktigt för denne. Ett företagsevent bör erbjuda besökande individer värdefull information, i annat fall riskerar företaget att många individer inte kommer priori-tera just detta event. Individer besöker företagsevent i syftet att integrera med representan-ter från det arrangerande företaget och individer från andra besökande företag. Studien visar att företagsevent bör vara arbetsrelaterade i dess utformning och erbjuda intressant in-formation och/eller erbjuda integrationsmöjligheter.</p>

<p> The purpose of this quantitative study was to examine the personal perceived stress levels of athletic coaches (n=731) in a large urban public school district in Florida in relation to win/loss records of the most recent athletic season; the study was performed utilizing the PSS-14 (Cohen, 1983). The responses to the survey queries were answered based on a 5-point Likert scale. Out of the 731 coaches who were approached with the survey, 97 participants completed the survey; however, there were four unusable surveys, leaving 93 useable surveys. The 93 surveys constituted a 13.3% portion of the population. The correlational analysis (p&lt; .05) of the responses for High stress scores indicated that these items for the entire group (n=93) of participants were significantly correlated with the win/loss records. Females (n=29) reported more High stress scores on Questions 1, 2, 3, 8, 12, and 14. Males (n=64) reported High Stress for Questions 1, 3, and 12. Questions 1, 3, and 12 were common to both Males and Females. The findings of the research study indicated that there is a relationship between the specific subsets of PSS-14 for two of the statements and the win/loss records for the district. This correlation showed that coaches recognize and attempt to cope with the stressors that they encounter in their day to day activities with regard to their win/loss records and attempt to minimize the effects of stress and worry about anticipated events, (e.g., possible future games, playoffs, tournaments, and other associated events in the high school athletic world). Success in managing these two components of coaching would augment the other components of the PSS-14 since emotional, physical, mental and psychological factors in coaching and playing a sport are closely tied together. Continued research into the infinite possibilities of education and coaching should provide a means to improve each district's performance in the education of youth. Athletics and fitness have existed as a concomitant of education since the earliest forms of education came into existence. The two faces of education and athletics should continue to be examined to profit the individual and the community. </p>

I och med friskolereformen i början på 1990-talet har förutsättningarna för skolor förändrats och konkurrensen hårdnat. Marknadsföring av skolor har blivit allt vanligare och vilket anseende skolan har är avgörande. Tidigare forskning har visat att nöjda anställda leder till att kunder blir tillfredställda och lojala, de som tar hand om sina anställda och agerar på deras idéer visar ett bättre resultat. Därför kan intern marknadsföring ses som ett verktyg för att hantera denna konkurrens. Syftet med denna uppsats är att utifrån ledningens perspektiv få förståelse för och beskriva vilka faktorer inom skolbranschen som påverkar den interna kommunikationen och vilka förutsättningar dessa faktorer ger för intern marknadsföring. Studien har intagit ett Grounded Theory-inspirerat tillvägagångsätt och tillämpar intervjuer för att svara på syftet. Fem informanter i ledande befattningar på lika många grundskolor i Stockholm har medverkat. Undersökningen har kommit fram till att faktorer som organsationens storlek och ålder har betydelse för hur den interna marknadsföringen fungerar, men också uppdragsgivarens och ledarens förhållningssätt gentemot sin personal är av vikt. Det finns goda ansatser för intern marknadsföring inom skolan, men ett medvetet arbete måste ske på alla organisatoriska nivåer och ett genuint kundfokus måste finnas genomgående, först då kan den interna marknadsföringen fungera som ett verktyg att hantera den förändrade konkurrensen.<br>With the reformation of the Swedish schoolsystem in the early 1990s, which allowed for private actors to operate schools, the conditions for schools have changed and competition has increased. Marketing of schools has become increasingly common and the reputation of schools has become crucial. Previous research has shown that employee satisfaction leads to satisfied and loyal customers, companys who take care of their employees and act on their ideas show better results. Therefore, internal marketing is seen as a tool to manage the changed conditions for competition. The purpose of this paper is to obtain understanding and describing from management's perspective the factors within the school sector that affect the internal communication and what conditions these factors provide for internal marketing. The study has adopted a Grounded Theory-inspired approach and applies interviews to answer the purpose. Five informants in senior positions in elementary schools in Stockholm participated. The investigation has concluded that factors as organizational size and age have a bearing on how the internal marketing work out, but also governement´s and principal´s attitudes towards staff is important. There are good possibilities for the internal marketing in elementary schools, but a deliberate work has to be done at all organizational levels and a keen customer focus must be held, only then can the internal marketing work as a tool to deal with the changing competition.

This research examines the concept of participation and its application to the relationship between individuals and the state. It approaches the subject from two angles; firstly by considering the role of community work and community workers employed by the local state, and secondly by investigating the relationships that developed between community based groups and departments of the local state. The research was undertaken within Derbyshire and focuses on its Social Service Department, as the main employer of community workers within the County and because of this Department's relationships with the particular community groups studied.

碩士<br>中原大學<br>室內設計研究所<br>100<br>For a long time, we have overlooked the influence of “sounds” in the space. Taipei’s Win-Raw-Den, namely the area composed of Wenzhou Street, Roosevelt Road and Tingzhou Road, is the primary place known for the cultivation of Taiwanese intellectuals. The intangible and tangible sounds have been gradually created here which have many impacts on the culture and ideology of the society as a whole. This research employs textual analysis to collect vast amount of important sound data throughout various periods of Win-Raw-Den for the purpose of analyzing the connection between sounds of the space and the society in different periods of time. Discussions and criticism taking place in professors’ dormitories in Wenzhou Street and remarks made at the homes of Yin Hai-Kuang and Peng Ming-min can be described as the sounds of enlightenment for the political movements witnessed in Taiwan’s modern history. In addition, the stories of sounds created by the uproar in Wistaria Tea House demonstrated that this particular space is indeed a public sphere in nature and the change of relationship took place between the groups using the space. People outside the KMT Party campaigned activities and erected the democracy wall in the 1978 Supplementary Legislator Election, and these activities were the actual voices from disillusioned people who expressed their dissatisfaction with the political conditions at that time. When the Democratic Progressive Party successfully formed the party caucus and eventually made its voice heard in the Legislative Yuan, all policy debates which have taken place in Chu Chih Hsiang at last became feasible. Finally, different sounds and their meanings illustrated in the modern Win-Raw-Den bookstores, Live House and coffee shops are discussed. This research attempts to interpret and analyze the political nature of the sounds in Win-Raw-Den, which subsequently affected Taiwan’s modern political history. It can be viewed as an epitome of Taiwan’s political change. With the diminishing role of sounds of political nature, the gap has been plugged by the sounds of knowledge as well as art and culture. By way of analyzing the change of the soundscape, the special characteristics of Win-Raw-Den and the trend of social changes are thus established.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--State University of New York at Buffalo, 2006.<br>Title from PDF title page (viewed on Oct. 03, 2006) Available through UMI ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Thesis adviser: Frantz, Thomas T.

Text in English with abstracts and keywords in English, Sepedi, isiXhosa and isiZulu<br>Protected areas in South Africa are often surrounded by impoverished communities. Biodiversity must be conserved while improving community wellbeing. An increased understanding of key influences on pro-conservation attitudes and behaviour is essential for the future of successful conservation and the creation of realistic solutions for poor communities. Knowledge gaps exist regarding intangible benefits and losses, as well as the relationship between benefits, losses and pro-conservation attitudes and behaviour. Furthermore, there are less qualitative studies in this field than quantitative, nor are there many that include the perspective of park staff. This research followed a novel comparative multiple-method qualitative approach, using contrasting case studies and borrowing from grounded theory. Three nature reserves were selected, each involving two constituencies – (i) the local community and (ii) protected area staff. Individual interviews, focus group interviews, mapping, and adapted nominal grouping technique were used to collect data. The data were first analysed question-by-question for each case study, followed by cross-case analysis which resulted in meta-themes for each research objective. In each case study, benefits and losses were ranked to indicate their level of importance. Key tangible benefits were employment, access to natural resources and support for schools. Intangible benefits drew less focus, but comprise key influences, such as visiting the park, environmental education, information dissemination, and involvement. These benefits emerged again as aspects that would drew less focus, but comprise key influences, such as visiting the park, environmental education, information dissemination, and involvement. These benefits emerged again as aspects that would improve future positivity if more of each could be provided. Key losses were lack of/limited access to the reserve as visitors, insufficient employment, fear of wild animals and lack of involvement/interaction. Findings indicate that communities have a range of responsibilities towards the reserve (some of which are self-imposed), and a strong sense of custodianship. Exclusion from responsibility led to negative attitudes. Good relationships resulted in fewer poaching incidents, although locals are hesitant to report subsistence poaching. Areas of non-alignment between the perceptions of both constituencies highlight areas for rectification, such as parks acknowledging the losses perceived by communities; knowing which benefits are most important to communities; and highlighting benefits not mentioned by communities. The meta-themes were used to construct a data-derived ‘Theory of Influences on Pro-conservation Attitudes and Behaviour’, which indicates how relationship is shaped by benefits, losses, detractors and facilitators; and includes solutions to increase positive attitudes. To drive practical application of the theory, recommendations for park managers and local communities are provided. Finally, this study was integrated with existing literature to develop the ‘People-Parks Win-Win Framework’ – a comprehensive representation of the influences on people-park relationships – which has not been done before. The study makes methodological, theoretical and practical contributions. Its findings can facilitate people-park win-wins, aiding both biodiversity conservation and community wellbeing.<br>Mafelo ao a šireleditšwego ka Afrika Borwa gantši a dikaneditšwe ke ditšhaba tšeo di hlokago. Diphedi tšeo di fapafapanego di swanetše go babalelwa mola ka go le lengwe re kaonafatša go phela gabotse ga ditšhaba. Kwešišo ye e oketšegilego ya dilo tše bohlokwa tše di huetšago maikutlo ao a thekgago pabalelo ya diphedi le maitshwaro e bohlokwa go bokamoso bja pabalelo ye e atlegilego le go hloma ditharollo tše di kwagalago go ditšhaba tše di hlokago. Tlhokego ya tsebo e gona mabapi le dikholego le ditahlegelo tšeo di sa bonagalego, gammogo le kamano magareng ga dikholego, ditahlegelo le maikutlo ao a thekgago pabalelo ya diphedi le maitshwaro. Godimo ga fao, go na le dinyakišišo tše mmalwa ka ga boleng ka mo lefapheng le go fetwa ke dinyakišišo ka ga bontši, ebile ga go na le tše ntši tšeo di akaretšago maikutlo a bašomi ba ka dirapeng tša diphoofolo. Dinyakišišo tše di latetše mokgwa wa papetšo wa mekgwa ye mentši ya dinyakišišo ka ga boleng, ka go šomiša dinyakišišo tša seemo tšeo di thulanago le go adima go teori yeo e tlogago e theilwe ka mabaka. Mafelo a pabalelo ya diphedi a mararo a kgethilwe, le lengwe le le lengwe le akaretša bakgathatema ba babedi ka go lona – (i) setšhaba sa kgauswi le (ii) bašomi ba lefelo leo le šireleditšwego. Batho ka o tee ka o tee ba ile ba botšišwa dipotšišo, dihlopha tše di nepišitšwego le tšona di ile tša botšišwa dipotšišo, go hlaola, le mokgwa wo o fetošitšwego wa go hlopha ka maina di šomišitšwe go kgoboketša tshedimošo. Tshedimošo e thomile ka go sekasekwa go ya ka potšišo ye e botšišitšwego go dinyakišišo tša seemo, gwa latela tshekatsheko ya dinyakišišo tše di fapafapanego yeo e feleleditšego ka merero ye megolo go maikemišetšo a mangwe le a mangwe a dinyakišišo. Ka go dinyakišišo tše dingwe le tše dingwe tša seemo, dikholego le ditahlegelo di ile tša bewa ka maemo go laetša maemo a bohlokwa bja tšona. Dikholego tše bohlokwa tšeo di bonagalago di ile tša dirišwa, gwa ba le phihlelelo go methopo ya tlhago le thekgo ya dikolo. Dikholego tšeo di sa bonagalego di ile tša ba le šedi ye nnyane, eupša tša ba le dikhuetšo tše bohlokwa, tša go swana le go etela serapeng sa diphoofolo, thuto ya tikologo, go phatlalatša tshedimošo, le go kgatha tema. Dikholego tše di tšweletše gape bjalo ka dikokwane tšeo di tlago kaonafatša maikutlo a makaone a ka moso ge e le gore tše ntši tša tšona di tla abja. Ditahlegelo tše bohlokwa e bakilwe ke tlhokego ya phihlelelo/phihlelelo ye nnyane ya go tsena ka dirapeng tša diphoofolo ka baeti, tlhokego ya mešomo, go tšhaba diphoofolo tša lešoka le tlhokego ya go kgatha tema/tirišano. Dikutollo di laetša gore ditšhaba di na le maikarabelo a mehutahuta go dirapa tša diphoofolo (a mangwe maikarabelo ke a go ithaopa ga setšhaba), le maikutlo ao a tiilego a go di hlokomela. Go se akaretše ditšhaba go maikarabelo a go feleleditše ka maikutlo ao a sego a loka. Dikamano tše botse di feleleditše ka ditiragalo tše mmalwa tša go bolaya diphoofolo ke bao ba nyakago manaka a tšona, le ge e le gore badudi ba dikadika go bega go bolaya diphoofolo ke bao ba inyakelago nama ya tšona. Makala a go se sepelelane magareng ga maikutlo a bakgathatema ka bobedi a laetša fao go swanatšego go phošollwa gona, go swana le ge dirapa tša diphoofolo di dumela ditahlegelo tšeo di bonwago ke ditšhaba; di tseba gore ke dikholego dife tše di lego bohlokwa kudu go ditšhaba; le go laetša dikholego tše di sego tša bolelwa ke ditšhaba. Mereo ye megolo e ile ya šomišwa go hlama ‘Teori ya dikhuetšo ye e tšwago tshedimošong ka ga Maikutlo le Maitshwaro ao a Thekgago Pabalelo ya diphedi’, yeo e laetšago ka fao kamano e bopšago ke dikholego, ditahlegelo, disenyi le basepediši; ebile e akaretšago ditharollo tša go oketša maikutlo a makaone. Go tšwetša pele tirišo ye e phathagatšwago ya teori ye, balaodi ba dirapa tša diphoofolo le ditšhaba ba ile ba fiwa ditšhišinyo. Mafelelong, dinyakišišo tše di ile tša tsenywa ka gare ga dingwalwa tšeo di lego gona ka nepo ya go hlama ‘Melawanatheo ya Dirapa tša Diphoofolo tša go Thekgwa ke Batho tšeo di Holago Bohle’ – e lego kemedi ye e akaretšago bohle ka ga dikhuetšo tša dikamano tša dirapa tša diphoofolo tša go thekgwa ke batho – e lego seo se sego sa ka sa dirwa mo nakong ye e fetilego. Dinyakišišo tše tsenya letsogo ka ga mekgwa, teori le tirišo. Dikutollo tša tšona di ka nolofatša kholego ya bohle go dirapa tša diphoofolo tša go thekgwa ke batho, tša thuša bobedi pabalelo ya diphedi tšeo di fapafapanego le go phela gabotse ga setšhaba.<br>Imimandla ekhuselekileyo eMzantsi Afrika ikholisa ukungqongwa yimiphakathi ehluphekileyo. Indalo esingqongileyo kufuneka ilondolozwe lo gama kuphuculwa intlalontle yoluntu. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukwanda kokuqonda imiba enefuthe kwiindlela zokucinga nokuziphatha malunga nolondolozo lwendalo ukuze kubekho impumelelo ekulondolozeni indalo, kudaleke nezisombululo ezisebenzayo kwimiphakathi ehluphekileyo. Kukho izikhewu kulwazi olumalunga noncedo nelahleko, kwanolwalamano phakathi koncedo, ilahleko neendlela zokucinga nokuziphatha. Ngaphaya koko, zimbalwa izifundo ezingqiyame kakhulu kwingxoxo nengcaciso kunezifundo ezingqiyame kumanani, kwaye zimbalwa eziqwalasela izimvo zabasebenzi bamaziko ekugcinwa kuwo indalo. Olu phando lunesimbo esitsha esiqhutywa ngokuthelekisa iindlela zophando eziliqela, kusetyenziswa izifundo ezisekelwe kumava neengcingane/iithiyori ezaziwayo. Kukhethwe amaziko endalo amathathu apho kubandakanywe amacandelo amabini kwiziko ngalinye – (i) uluntu lwendawo kunye (ii) nabaqeshwa bommandla okhuselweyo. Ulwazi okanye idatha luqokelelwe ngezi ndlela zilandelayo: Kwaqhutywa udliwano ndlebe nabantu bengabanye, bengamaqela ekugxininiswe kuwo, kwalandeliswa ngokuthelekisa okuqikelelweyo nokwenzekileyo kunye nokudibanisa amaqela ukuze axukushe imiba ekuphandwa ngayo. Iinkcukacha zolwazi eziqokelelweyo zahlalutywa ngokuthi kuqwalaselwe iimpendulo zombuzo ngamnye kule yemizekelo yamava omntu ngamnye, kwalandeliswa ngokuthelekisa iimeko namava abantu ngabantu, nto leyo eyaveza imixholo ebanzi kwinjongo nganye yesifundo sophando. Kwisifundo samava ngasinye kwalandelelaniswa uncedo nelahleko ngokokubaluleka kwazo. Izinto eziluncedo ezaqwalaselwayo yaba yimpangelo, ukufikelela kwimithombo yendalo nenkxaso yezikolo. Uncedo olungabambekiyo zange luqwalaselwe ngokungamandla kodwa lunefuthe eliphambili njengokutyelela amaziko endalo, ukufundiswa ngokusingqongileyo, ukusasazwa kolwazi nokuthatha inxaxheba. Ezi ndidi zoncedo zaphinda zavela njengamanqanaba aya kuphucula ukuzijonga ngethemba izinto xa kunokwenziwa ukuba zibe khona. Ilahleko yaba kukunqongophala kwendlela yokufikelela kwiziko njengeendwendwe, ukunqaba kwamathuba empangelo, ukoyika izilo zasendle nokungabikho kwamathuba okuthatha inxaxheba. Okufunyanisiweyo kudiza ukuba uluntu lunoxanduva oluziindidi ezahlukeneyo kwiziko (olunye uxanduva bazinike ngokwabo), kwaye luzibona lungabagcini bendawo. Ukunganikwa uxanduva kwakhokelela ekucingeni gwenxa. Intsebenziswano yakhokelela ekuncipheni kweziganeko zokuzingela ngokungekho mthethweni, nangona abahlali bendawo bemathidala ukuxela abantu abazingelela ukuzondla. Iindawo zokuhlabana kwezimvo zamacala omabini zidulisa amanqanaba afanele ukulungiswa, njengokuba amaziko endalo ayiqonde imeko ebonwa njengelahleko luluntu lwendawo; aqonde nokuba zeziphi izinto ezibalulekileyo nezibonwa njengoncedo luluntu; acacise nezinto eziluncedo ezingabalulwanga luluntu lwendawo. Imixholo ebanzi (meta-themes) yasetyenziselwa ukuqweba ‘Ingcingane Yefuthe Elenzeka Kwiimbono Nokuziphatha’ (‘Theory of Influences on Pro-conservation Attitudes and Behaviour’), nebonakalisa ukuba izinto eziluncedo, ilahleko, iziphazamiso nabaququzeleli zilubumba njani ulwalamano. Kwakhona, le ngcingane iquka izisombululo zokwandisa iingcinga ezintle. Kunikwe iingcebiso kubaphathi beziko lendalo nakuluntu lwendawo ukuze kuphuhliswe iindlela ezibonakalayo zokusebenzisa le ngcingane. Okokugqibela, esi sifundo sixutywe noncwadi oselukho ngenjongo yokuphuhlisa ‘Isakhelo Sempumelelo Yentsebenziswano Kuluntu Namaziko Endalo’ (‘People-Parks Win-Win Framework’) – lo ngumbhalo oveza ifuthe lentsebenziswano yoluntu namaziko endalo – nto leyo ingazange ibekho ngaphambili. Esi sifundo sifaka igxalaba ngobuchule, ngengcingane nangomsebenzi ophathekayo. Okufunyaniswe apha kunakho ukudala impumelelo kwintsebenziswano yokuntu namaziko endalo, sincede ulondolozo lwendalo nentlalontle yoluntu.<br>Izindawo ezivikelekile eNingizimu Afrika kaningi zihaqwe yimiphakathi entulayo. Izinto ezahlukahlukene eziphilayo kufanele zilondolozwe kanti ngakolunye uhlangothi sibe sesifafaza ivangeli lempilo ephephile emiphakathini. Ulwazi oluningi lwemithelela esemqoka emayelana nommoya kanye nemikhuba yokulondoloza kwemvelo kubalulekile kwikusasa lokwakha uhlelo olluyimpumelelo lokulondoloza kwemvelo kanye nokwakha amasu empilo yangempela okusiza imiphakathi edla imbuya ngothi. Kukhona ukwedlulana okumayelana nezinzuzo ezingabonakali ngamehlo kanye nokulahlekelwa, kanye nobudlelwano obuphakathi kwezinzuzo, kokulahlekelwa kanye nemmoya kanye nemikhuba ehlose ukulondoloza imvelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezifundo ezincane zocwaningo olugxile kwizingxoxo kulo mkhakha, uma seziqhathaniswa nezifundo zocwaningo olugxile kumanani, kanti kunjalo-nje izifundo zocwaningo eziningi azixubi umqondo wabasebenzi. Lolu cwaningo luye lwalandela indlela embaxaningi yokuqhathanisa egxile kwizingxoxo, ngokusebenzisa izifundo zocwaningolotho eziphikisanayo futhi ziye zaqhubeka nokuboleka amasu kwimiqondo egxilile. . Kuye kwakhethwa iziqiwu zokulonda izilwane ezintathu, esinye nesinye isiqiwu sinezakhamuzi zendawo – (i) umphakathi oyizakhamuzi kanye (ii) nendawo evikelekile yabasebenzi. Kuye kwasetshenziswa izinhlelo zenhlolovo yomuntu ngamunye, ukumepha, kanye nezindlela zemibuzo eshicilelwe zemibono yamaqembu, konke lokhu kuye kwasetshenziswa ukuqoqa idatha. Okokuqala idatha iye yahlaziywa ngokwemibuzo ngamunye kolunye nolunye ucwaningolotho, okuye kwalandelwa yindlela yokuhlaziya eyaziwa phecelezi ngecross-case analysis okuyindlela edale ukuba kube nezindikimba ezibizwa ngemeta-themes zenhloso enye nenye yocwaningo. Kolunye nolunye ucwaningo, izinzuzo kanye nokulahlekelwa kuye kwabekwa ngokulandelana ukuze kuvezwe amazing okubaluleka. Izinzuzo ezisemqoka eziphathekayo kuye kwaba ukusebenza, ukwazi ukuthola imithombo yemvelo kanye nokuxhaswa kwezikole. Izinzuzo ezingaphathekiyo akugxilwanga kakhulu kuzo, kodwa nazo ziqukethe imithelela esemqoka, enjengokuvakashela izindawo zokungcebeleka, ukuhlinzekwa ngemfundo yezemvelo, ukusakazwa kolwazi kanye nokubandakanyeka. Lezi zinzuzo ziye zavela futhi njengezinto ezizothuthukisa ikusasa eliqhakazile uma ngabe konke lokhu kuyalandelwa. Ukulahlekelwa okuphawulekayo kuye kwaba ukusweleka/ukufinyeleleka kancane kwezivakashi esiqiwini sezilwane, ukuqashwa kwabasebenzi benani eliphansi, ukwesaba izilwane zasendle kanye nezinga lokusweleka kokubandakanyeka/nokungahlangani. Ulwazi olutholakele luveza ukuthi imiphakathi inezindima eziningi okufanele iziidlale kwiziqiwu ezilondoloza imvelo (ezinye izindima yilezo ezizibeke phezu kwamahlombe omphakathi) kanye nokuba nesasasa lokunakekela imvelo. Kanti ukungabandakanywa komphakathi kuye kwaholela ekutheni umphakathi ube nommoya ongemuhle kulezi ziqiwu. Ubudlelwano obuhle buye baholela ekutheni kube nenani eliphansi lezehlakalo zokubulawa kwezilwane, yize abantu bezindawo ezisondelene neziqiwu beba nokuthandabuza uma kufanele babike izehlakalo zokubulawa kwezilwane. Ukungasebenzisani phakathi kwezinhlanga ezimbili, izakhamuzi kanye namalungu eziqiwu zezilwane kuveza amaphutha okufanele alungiswe, anjengokuthi iziqiwu lezi zibe nolwazi ngokulahlekelwa komphakathi; zazi ukuthi ngiziphi izinzuzo ezibalulekile emphakathini; futhi ziveze izinzuzo ezingavezwanga wumphakathi. Izinhlaka phecelezi ezingama meta-themes zisetshenzisiwe ukwakha ithiyori esuselwe kwidatha, phecelezi ‘Theory of Influences on Pro-conservation Attitudes and Behaviour’, okuveza indlela ubudlelwano obakhiwa ngayo yizinzuzo, ukulahlekelwa, yizihibhe kanye nabancedisi; kanti lokhu kuxuba izixazululo eziqonde ukwengeza ummoya omuhle. Ukuze kusetshenziswe imiqondo ngendlela ebonakalayo , kuye kwalandelwa izincomo zabaphathi beziqiwi kanye nezakhamuzi eziseduze neziqiwu. Okokugcina, lolu cwaningo luye lwahlanganiswa nombhalo wobuciko obevele ukhona ukwakha phecelezi ‘People-Parks Win-Win Framework’ – uhlelo olubanzi oluxuba zonke izinhlaka olunemithelela yemibono yezinhlelo zobudlelwano babantu kanye neziqiwu zezilwane – okuyinto engakaze yenziwe ngaphambilini. Ucwaningo luye lwaba negalelo kwindlela yokucwaningo (methodological), kwimiqondo kanye namagalelo abonakalayo. Okutholwe wucwaningo kunganceda ukuhlela uhlelo lapho kuzuza abantu kanye neziqiwu, lokhu kunganceda zombili izinhlaka ukulondolozwa ephilayo ehlukahlukene kanti futhi kungadala inhlalakahle emphakathini.<br>Environmental Sciences<br>Ph. D. (Environmental Management)

AbstractWhat has been truly extraordinary today is that China has gone through the long history of the difficult journey and now finally has attained a development status that has to be recognized and appreciated. Millions of Chinese have now come out of poverty. Unemployment is decreasing and inequality will decrease in the course of time by managing it with appropriate policy. What Africa should learn is how China achieved this status and managed how to deal with and respond to the global economy. The best gift China can give to Africa is to share frankly and honestly how the Chinese managed the difficult journey and achieved such a globally renowned success, especially building science, technology and innovation capabilities. The other important lesson from China is to relate with Africa entirely driven by the principle of mutual benefit. The gains and losses in the relationship must be fully transparent, open, tangible, explicit, measurable and fully known. What China can try to do is assist Africans to engage in an economic and political marathon race to be fully de-colonized now. The assistance that Africa has from China by promoting the win-win mutually beneficial relationship should be a role model and an example. China’s engagement in Africa has attracted a lot of interest around the globe. China is accused of stacking up debt in Africa. There is a need to do serious research to bring out the evidence-based standard yardstick anchored side in the relationship and not rely on media and opinion to distract us to know what we must know. In this context, this book aims to present research studies from across Africa shedding light on various interdisciplinary aspects of China-Africa collaborations in science, technology, and innovation.

AbstractThe proliferation of digital transformation through the Internet of Things has sparked the emergence of cryptocurrencies and elicited varied perspectives in both developed and developing countries. Ghana has imposed restrictions on the use and trading of cryptocurrencies, prompting ambiguities, uncertainties, and implications beyond the cryptocurrency world. Despite this, Ghana positions itself as a major player in the digital transformation of the African continent, both in mobile payment solutions and cryptocurrency. Given the long-standing Sino-Africa relationship, we examine the potential of a Sino-Ghanaian collaboration to aid Ghana in the development of its cryptocurrency future. Offering a unique opportunity to explore a development partnership through digital transformation in win–win cooperation. The Bank of Ghana Sandbox has enabled the provision of a digital wallet to facilitate access to both traditional and global digital currencies. This has given access to the global market and financial inclusion, enabling fintech startups to leverage the African cultural heritage by developing diverse art forms to be sold as Non-Fungible Tokens, Play-to-Earn (P2E) game offerings to Ghanaians. The implications of access to global markets, financial inclusion, and taxation have also been discussed. China is an epitome and a major propagator of digital transformation as a developing country and has eclipsed Ghana in terms of modern-day financial technologies and development. By drawing a nexus between cryptocurrency/blockchain, digital transformation and financial inclusion, an important empirical insight is provided into an interesting focal point on Sino-African collaboration in advancing cryptocurrency development in a new emerging digital economy.

Abstract This chapter explicates how the Massachusetts Nurses Association (MNA) used collective bargaining as a tool to strengthen rank-and-file leadership within their union and keep Greenfield’s strong labor tradition alive. It acknowledges Greenfield played a central role in the growth of American manufacturing during the early twentieth century. The nurses had won contract language that incentivized hiring more staff in 2012, but the enforcement of the contract took effect in 2017. Even though Baystate Franklin nurses had won huge staffing improvements at their hospital, the issue remained a priority for MNA statewide. The chapter explains the result of years of relationship-building between nurses and their community was evident in the election result after the MNA was outspent statewide by the Massachusetts Health and Hospital Association, an industry association led in part by Baystate Health that wanted to fight against nurse unionization.

The economic life implies the existence of the actors who have to satisfy their own needs, expectations, this presupposing the appearance of the choices that they must make from the multitude of products or services on the market. Since ancient times, the sale has been made for a better living, so Thales is the first wise, Solon the second founder of Athens and the mathematician Hippocrates, who were traders. Plato, the divine, sold oil, and Baruch Spinoza, philosopher, polished mirrors. Therefore, sales forces play an important role, which, through their strategies, can make a significant contribution to achieving the general and specific objectives. The art of selling tips the balance of success and failure, the relationship between the seller and the client, ending with win-win situation for both parties.

Since mid-1990, it has been discussed that China’s economic rise would affect political space. There are some worries that the “rejuvenation” of China as economic, politic, geo-strategic power could challenge to the current international system. Hence this rising has been called “China threat theory” and it could cause a conflict in international system. According to realist school, China’s peaceful rise is almost impossible, so China will threat to the current international system and clash with hegemonic power. They also provide some empirical evidence from history. On the other hand, Liberals expresses that trade provides valuable benefits to any particular states. So, China as a dependent state should avoid from war or conflict, since peaceful trading gives it all the benefits of close ties without any of the costs and risks of war. This paper attempts to examine ‘China’s peaceful rise’ based on interdependence and trade expectations theory within the context of international political economy. To analyze whether China threat or not to the world, we have to know the relationship between economic and politics. Trade expectations theory could explain the rise of China with establishes bridge between incompetence of realist and liberal theories. According to trade expectations theory, the rise of China will be peaceful because of China’s expectations as economically are positive. For this reason, China as a rational actor chooses win-win without risk instead of win-lose or lose-lose. If China’s expectations turn into negative in future, its policies could change from cooperation to conflict.

Present paper studies the optimal characteristics of the two-stage cascade R134A refrigeration system with flash and mixing chambers over its operating ranges of all cycle controlling parameters. The COP, total heat rate in Qin, total work rate in Win and second law efficiency ηII are used as cycle performance parameters. Compared to the practically-limited other rate-based optimization methods and to other experimentally-optimized specific cases of cycle parameters, the application of Monte Carlo method has proved to be very effective for optimizing the cycle performance in its global sense over all cycle controlling parameters. Correlations relating performance and cycle controlling parameters are presented and discussed. Study shows that COP of the cycle can reach a value of 8 at intermediate pressure P2 of about 200 kPa, and a maximum value of 9.92 at about 370 kPa and 720 kPa, beyond which COP goes as low as 4.2. P2 alone has no significant effect on Qin, Win and ηII unless values of other controlling parameters are specified. Values of Qin, Win and ηII can reach as high as 94 kW, 23 kW and 0.85 and as low as 6.8 kW, 1.1 kW and 0.57 respectively depending on other cycle parameters. Neither pressure ratio nor volume ratio of the HP compressor has any effect on Qin, Win or ηII. However, the ratio of inlet to exit temperatures of the condenser has the greatest effect on both ηII and the volumetric specific work of the HP compressor, which is about double the value of the volumetric specific work of the LP compressor. Study shows an almost linear relationship between the two mass flow rates in the upper and lower loops of the cycle, where its value in the lower LP loop is about 75% that in the upper HP loop. Findings of the present work as well as the elaborate application of Monte Carlo method to real cycles can greatly open the way for reducing the trade-off design methods currently used in developing such systems as well as direct the useful experimentations and assessment of such designed systems.

The term of Cloud Computing has become a buzzword that almost every single person has heard. Although, it is defined at various platforms in various ways even with exactly different sentences, the most wide-reaching definition was made by NIST as a model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources with minimal management effort or service provider interaction. As Cloud Services entered daily lives, organizations and even ordinary people started to manage their business at any time anyplace in solid and reasonable costs with the help of considerably faster, at a high performance level, flexible clouds. The datas, softwares and platforms that stored in cloud has become accessible from where you are without a need of a server center. These lead to the problem of selecting and providing appropriate cloud services for customers and providers, respectively. The relation between these two depends on a win-win relationship, and hence the pivotal points that they raise becomes crucial from business perspective. In this study we present an analysis for the IT sector in Turkey to elaborate on a possible set of pivotal points from Cloud Customer and Cloud Service Provider perspectives depending on a survey-based study.

Water pollution and climate change are two of the most pressing environmental challenges of our time, and their interconnection is increasingly evident. Water pollution and climate change are interconnected in various ways. The release of greenhouse gases, primarily carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, is a significant driver of global warming. These gases contribute to the greenhouse effect, leading to rising global temperatures, which, in turn, affect water resources. Warmer temperatures exacerbate water pollution by increasing the prevalence of harmful algal blooms, the degradation of water quality, and disruptions in aquatic ecosystems. Additionally, climate change-induced extreme weather events like floods and droughts can intensify water pollution by causing the runoff of pollutants into water bodies. Preventing water pollution is an essential component of mitigating climate change. Furthermore, the preservation of healthy ecosystems plays a vital role in both preventing water pollution and addressing climate change. Wetlands and forests act as carbon sinks, sequestering carbon dioxide, while also filtering pollutants from runoff. Protecting and restoring these ecosystems is a win-win strategy for combatting both issues simultaneously. These global challenges require integrated strategies that recognize the symbiotic relationship between them. By implementing effective pollution control measures, reducing carbon emissions, and protecting vital ecosystems, we can make significant strides in combating these urgent issues and ensuring a sustainable future for our planet.

The prerequisite for the study was the spread of views in the academic literature that the category of public welfare, without accounting for concretising factors, was a void abstraction, and that in Russia, public welfare was seen as the dominant principle over the individual. The main purpose of the study is to analyse the content of the term ‘the welfare of each and everyone’ in Russian legal theory. The author uses the methods of conceptual history and intellectual history to analyse the concept of ‘the welfare of each and everyone’ in the works of pre-revolutionary authors and the relationship between the concepts of ‘the welfare of each and everyone’ and ‘the common good’. The author determined that: ‘public welfare’ can be classified as fiction, purpose, method, interest and balance, depending on the context of use and semantic scope. The term ‘the welfare of each and every one’ became theoretically meaningful (as an objective, method, and interest), and was enshrined in law in Russian Empire in the XVIII -early XX centuries. The term was understood as achieving the common good, preserving the good of everyone and the reduction of public harm. Twentyfirst century Russian legal theory uses the related notion of ‘public welfare’, understood as a fiction, a goal, a method, an interest, a balance. The main findings of the study suggest that today the ‘public welfare’ is reduced to bringing benefits to anyone and everyone (D. I. Dedov), which is close to the historical understanding of ‘the welfare of each and every one’. The public welfare theory incorporates progressive elements such as the veil of ignorance, the win-win principle, and shapes institutions, resources, practices and formulates the issue of the emergence of a new generation of human rights.

A Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP) or Neural Network model is proposed. It restructures our knowledge and experience in product development in the form to achieve widest applicability. Up to now, product developments have been discussed within one company or one industry at the widest. But in order to increase productivity and to reduce time, cost and energy consumption by a large margin, a great change in our way of thinking is called for. We need to go beyond one company or one industry and team up with other industries. Just as Concurrent Engineering succeeded in one company or in one industry by bringing downstream information upstream and by processing them concurrently, this goal can be realized if we introduce Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP) model. PDP is more popularly known as Neural Network. As the relationship between raw materials, intermediate products and final products can be described as a neural network, this goal can be achieved if knowledge and experience are shared across different industries and re-assembled at the intermediate components layer. Then, final products can be developed as the combination of these intermediate components just like Lego. This not only eliminates overlaps between industries, but this-organizes our knowledge and experience into the form applicable to wider applications and wider areas so that it brings forth greater flexibility in product development. In short, a PDP or Neural Network model proposed here is the restructuring of our knowledge and experience in order to expand their applications to the widest. Such restructuring not only achieves widest applicability, but it also helps introduce autonomous distributed economy. Our economy has been too much centralized. If we change our economy system to autonomous distributed system, countries can team up more effectively and develop Win-Win relations, which is most important in this age of globalization.

Information flow measures, over the duration of a game, the audience’s belief of who will win, and thus can reflect the amount of surprise in a game. To quantify the relationship between information flow and audiences' perceived quality, we conduct a case study where subjects watch one of the world’s biggest esports events, LOL S10. In addition to eliciting information flow, we also ask subjects to report their rating for each game. We find that the amount of surprise in the end of the game plays a dominant role in predicting the rating. This suggests the importance of incorporating when the surprise occurs, in addition to the amount of surprise, in perceived quality models. For content providers, it implies that everything else being equal, it is better for twists to be more likely to happen toward the end of a show rather than uniformly throughout.

Abstract Kettering University (formerly GMI Engineering &amp; Management Institute) has had a strong link with industry due to its co-op approach to engineering education. This paper presents an extension of this link by collaborating with industry under two different programs: The Ford University Research Program (URP) and the Sloan Faculty Co-op Program. This paper describes the two programs and the various reasons for interaction, documents the nature of the collaborations, outlines potential benefits, and describes the manner by which the relationships were initiated. The paper focuses on the outcomes, makes recommendations towards successful and mutually beneficial relationships, and exhibits conditions for a continuing partnership. It concludes with an outline for a successful collaboration, its implications, and proposes ideas to other institutions for developing similar programs.

In thermodynamics the sign convention normally used is energy added to a system in the form of heat is taken as positive and that added in the form of work is taken as negative – HIP to WIN (heat in positive – work in negative). This is a common sign convention although some texts specify that all forms of energy added to a system as heat or work are positive. However, regardless of the sign convention adopted for heat and work interactions, later in the same text the specified convention is abandoned in favor of magnitudes or absolute values. This occurs particularly in relation to cycle analyses in which the absolute value is used for energy transfers. Generally for reversible cycles there is no proof as to why the ratio of energy added/rejected via heat transfer equals the ratio of the absolute temperatures of the thermal reservoirs. To promote sign convention consistency, this paper develops the appropriate relationship between energy transfers and thermal reservoir temperatures for reversible cycles and applies the result to power producing and power consuming engineering devices.

Protected areas are a cornerstone of forest conservation in developing countries. Yet we know little about their effects on forest cover change or the socioeconomic status of local communities, and even less about the relationship between these effects. This paper assesses whether 'win-win'scenarios are possible-that is, whether protected areas can both stem forest cover change and alleviate poverty. We examine protected areas in the Peruvian Amazon using high-resolution satellite images and household-level survey data for the early 2000s. To control for protected areas nonrandom siting, we rely on quasi-experimental (matching) methods. We find that the average protected area reduces forest cover change. We do not find a robust effect on local communities. Protected areas that allow sustainable extractive activities are more effective in reducing forest cover change but less effective in delivering win-win outcomes.

This paper investigates the relationship between political continuity and public municipal debt in Colombia, highlighting how political cycles influence fiscal behavior at the subnational level. Unlike national cycles, local political dynamics, marked by consecutive electoral victories of the same party, significantly impact fiscal policy and debt accumulation. Using a Kink Regression Discontinuity design, we explore the effects of these electoral outcomes on public financial debt. Our findings reveal that municipalities governed by the same party or coalition across successive elections exhibit a 0.25% increase in debt levels for every percentage point increase in their election win margin. This trend becomes more pronounced over time, with debt levels peaking in election years. The robustness of our results is confirmed through various bandwidths and placebo tests, which include random shuffling of electoral outcomes and reassignment of electoral results from different years. Our study contributes to the understanding of how political stability or continuity can shape fiscal outcomes at the regional level, a topic that has received limited attention in the political economy literature.