Relevant bibliographies by topics / Wind energy measurement

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Wind energy measurement'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Wind energy measurement"

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Pichugina, Yelena L., Robert M. Banta, W. Alan Brewer, Scott P. Sandberg, and R. Michael Hardesty. "Doppler Lidar–Based Wind-Profile Measurement System for Offshore Wind-Energy and Other Marine Boundary Layer Applications." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 51, no. 2 (February 2012): 327–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-11-040.1.

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AbstractAccurate measurement of wind speed profiles aloft in the marine boundary layer is a difficult challenge. The development of offshore wind energy requires accurate information on wind speeds above the surface at least at the levels occupied by turbine blades. Few measured data are available at these heights, and the temporal and spatial behavior of near-surface winds is often unrepresentative of that at the required heights. As a consequence, numerical model data, another potential source of information, are essentially unverified at these levels of the atmosphere. In this paper, a motion-compensated, high-resolution Doppler lidar–based wind measurement system that is capable of providing needed information on offshore winds at several heights is described. The system has been evaluated and verified in several ways. A sampling of data from the 2004 New England Air Quality Study shows the kind of analyses and information available. Examples include time–height cross sections, time series, profiles, and distributions of quantities such as winds and shear. These analyses show that there is strong spatial and temporal variability associated with the wind field in the marine boundary layer. Winds near the coast show diurnal variations, and frequent occurrences of low-level jets are evident, especially during nocturnal periods. Persistent patterns of spatial variability in the flow field that are due to coastal irregularities should be of particular concern for wind-energy planning, because they affect the representativeness of fixed-location measurements and imply that some areas would be favored for wind-energy production whereas others would not.
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Cheynet, Etienne, Jasna Bogunović Jakobsen, Benny Svardal, Joachim Reuder, and Valerie Kumer. "Wind Coherence Measurement by a Single Pulsed Doppler Wind Lidar." Energy Procedia 94 (September 2016): 462–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2016.09.217.

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Aniskevich, S., V. Bezrukovs, U. Zandovskis, and D. Bezrukovs. "Modelling the Spatial Distribution of Wind Energy Resources in Latvia." Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 54, no. 6 (December 1, 2017): 10–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lpts-2017-0037.

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AbstractThe paper studies spatial wind energy flow distribution in Latvia based on wind speed measurements carried out at an altitude of 10mover a period of two years, from 2015 to 2016. The measurements, with 1minincrements, were carried out using certified measuring instruments installed at 22 observation stations of the Latvian National Hydrometeorological and Climatological Service of the Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Centre (LEGMC). The models of the spatial distribution of averaged wind speed and wind energy density were developed using the method of spatial interpolation based on the historical measurement results and presented in the form of colour contour maps with a 1×1kmresolution. The paper also provides the results of wind speed spatial distribution modelling using a climatological reanalysis ERA5 at the altitudes of 10, 54, 100 and 136mwith a 31×31kmresolution. The analysis includes the comparison of actual wind speed measurement results with the outcomes of ERA5 modelling for meteorological observation stations in Ainazi, Daugavpils, Priekuli, Saldus and Ventspils.
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Zhao, Yuefeng, Xiaojie Zhang, Yurong Zhang, Jinxin Ding, Kun Wang, Yuhou Gao, Runsong Su, and Jing Fang. "Data Processing and Analysis of Eight-Beam Wind Profile Coherent Wind Measurement Lidar." Remote Sensing 13, no. 18 (September 7, 2021): 3549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13183549.

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Real-time measurement of atmospheric wind field parameters plays an important role in weather analysis and forecasting, including improving the efficiency of wind energy, particle tracking, boundary layer measurements, and airport security. In this study, a wind profile coherent wind Light Detection and Ranging (Lidar) measurement with a wavelength of 1.55 µm was developed and demonstrated based on the principle of eight-beam velocimetry. The wind speed information was retrieved, and vertical and horizontal profiles were calculated via power spectrum estimation of sampled echo signals through the measurement of the atmospheric wind field in Hefei for several consecutive days. The experimental results show that the wind profiles produced using different techniques are quite consistent and the standard error is less than 0.42 m/s compared with three-beam and five-beam wind measurements.
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Kikuyama, Koji, Yutaka Hasegawa, Hiroshi Imamura, Noboru Inomata, Hitoshi Suzuki, and Hisashi Ishikawa. "Fundamental Study for Estimation of Wind Energy Resources : Wind measurement at Tappi Wind Park." Proceedings of the National Symposium on Power and Energy Systems 2002.8 (2002): 655–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmepes.2002.8.655.

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Simoes, Marcelo, Eduard Muljadi, Mohit Singh, and Vahan Gevorgian. "Measurement-based performance analysis of wind energy systems." IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 17, no. 2 (April 2014): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mim.2014.6810040.

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Hansen, Kurt S., and Knud Ole Helgesen Pedersen. "An MSc Course Module: Wind Turbine Measurement Techniques." Wind Engineering 29, no. 2 (March 2005): 183–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/0309524054797131.

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The 2-year MSc in Wind power engineering at the Technical University of Denmark comprises modules from core engineering teaching and from other modules specifically designed to the MSc. This Note outlines the content of such a specific module on the subject of wind turbine measurement. The lectures, practical exercises and work related to measurements from an operating 500 kW turbine are described.
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Kwon, Young Il, and Dae Hyun Jeong. "Eigenvector Centrality Measurement Using Patent Information of Wind Power Energy." Advanced Materials Research 1025-1026 (September 2014): 944–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1025-1026.944.

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Wind power generator produces electric energy using wind. Since fuel for operating a wind power generator costs almost nothing, it is receiving attention as a power generator for the next generation. A wind power generator consists of a device that absorbs and converts the energy of wind power, power train, and control device. Each element is connected as a whole while it performs its function. In this study, we used the patent IPC information related to segmented technologies of this wind power generator to establish a two-mode network, measure eigenvector centrality value and identify the field with the highest influence among the fields of wind power energy. In the result, the field of generator was found to have the highest influence, followed by operation system and blade. It was analyzed that the field of generator had the highest influence since H02K and H02P, the IPC codes in the field, were the important technologies that influenced on other fields. In addition, H02N and H02N, which are main IPC codes in the field of solar cell, were analyzed to have connection with the field of generator.
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Bezrukovs, V., A. Zacepins, Vl Bezrukovs, and V. Komashilovs. "Investigations of Wind Shear Distribution on the Baltic Shore of Latvia." Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 53, no. 3 (June 1, 2016): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lpts-2016-0016.

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Abstract The paper presents a review of wind parameter measurement complexes and investigation methods used for potential wind energy evaluation. Based on results of long-term investigations of wind shear distribution regularities are shown up to 160 m height on the Baltic Sea shore. Distribution of potential wind energy in Latvia is shown as a map and table of average and average cubic wind speed values. Database of wind parameter measurements is available at a public website.
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Koj, Sebastian, Axel Hoffmann, and Heyno Garbe. "Measurement Uncertainty of Radiated Electromagnetic Emissions in In Situ Tests of Wind Energy Conversion Systems." Advances in Radio Science 16 (September 4, 2018): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-16-13-2018.

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Abstract. The electromagnetic (EM) emissions of wind energy conversion systems (WECS) are evaluated in situ. Results of in situ tests, however, are only valid for the examined equipment under test (EUT) and cannot be applied to series production as samples, as the measurement uncertainty for in situ environment is not characterized. Currently measurements must be performed on each WECS separately, this is associated with significant costs and time requirement to complete. Therefore, in this work, based on the standard procedure according to the “Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty” (GUM, 2008) the measurement uncertainty is characterized. From current normative situation obtained influences on the measurement uncertainty: wind velocity and undefined ground are evaluated. The influence of increased wind velocity on the measurement uncertainty is evaluated with an analytical approach making use of the dipole characteristic. A numerically evaluated model provides information about the expected uncertainty due to reflection on different textures and varying values of relative ground moisture. Using a classical reflection law based approach, the simulation results are validated. Thanks to the presented methods, it is possible to successfully characterize the measurement uncertainty of in situ measurements of WECS's EM emissions.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Wind energy measurement"

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Simley, Eric J. "Wind Speed Preview Measurement and Estimation for Feedforward Control of Wind Turbines." Thesis, University of Colorado at Boulder, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3721887.

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Wind turbines typically rely on feedback controllers to maximize power capture in below-rated conditions and regulate rotor speed during above-rated operation. However, measurements of the approaching wind provided by Light Detection and Ranging (lidar) can be used as part of a preview-based, or feedforward, control system in order to improve rotor speed regulation and reduce structural loads. But the effectiveness of preview-based control depends on how accurately lidar can measure the wind that will interact with the turbine.

In this thesis, lidar measurement error is determined using a statistical frequency-domain wind field model including wind evolution, or the change in turbulent wind speeds between the time they are measured and when they reach the turbine. Parameters of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) 5-MW reference turbine model are used to determine measurement error for a hub-mounted circularly-scanning lidar scenario, based on commercially-available technology, designed to estimate rotor effective uniform and shear wind speed components. By combining the wind field model, lidar model, and turbine parameters, the optimal lidar scan radius and preview distance that yield the minimum mean square measurement error, as well as the resulting minimum achievable error, are found for a variety of wind conditions. With optimized scan scenarios, it is found that relatively low measurement error can be achieved, but the attainable measurement error largely depends on the wind conditions. In addition, the impact of the induction zone, the region upstream of the turbine where the approaching wind speeds are reduced, as well as turbine yaw error on measurement quality is analyzed.

In order to minimize the mean square measurement error, an optimal measurement prefilter is employed, which depends on statistics of the correlation between the preview measurements and the wind that interacts with the turbine. However, because the wind speeds encountered by the turbine are unknown, a Kalman filter-based wind speed estimator is developed that relies on turbine sensor outputs. Using simulated lidar measurements in conjunction with wind speed estimator outputs based on aeroelastic simulations of the NREL 5-MW turbine model, it is shown how the optimal prefilter can adapt to varying degrees of measurement quality.

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Aseyev, Aleksandr Sergeyevich. "Vortex Identification in the Wake of a Wind Turbine Array." PDXScholar, 2015. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2217.

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Vortex identification techniques are used to analyze the flow structure in a 4 x 3 array of scale model wind turbines. Q-criterion, Δ-criterion, and λ2-criterion are applied to Particle Image Velocimetry data gathered fore and aft of the last row centerline turbine. Q-criterion and λ2-criterion provide a clear indication of regions where vortical activity exists while the Δ-criterion does not. Galilean decomposition, Reynolds decomposition, vorticity, and swirling strength are used to further understand the location and behavior of the vortices. The techniques identify and display the high magnitude vortices in high shear zones resulting from the blade tips. Using Galilean and Reynolds decomposition, swirling motions are shown enveloping vortex regions in agreement with the identification criteria. The Galilean decompositions are 20% and 50% of a convective velocity of 7 m/s. As the vortices convect downstream, these vortices weaken in magnitude to approximately 25% of those present in the near wake. A high level of vortex activity is visualized as a result of the top tip of the wind turbine blade; the location where the highest vertical entrainment commences.
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Lima, Samuel AraÃjo. "Measurement study and noise analysis of large size wind turbine in CearÃ." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2015. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=15895.

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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
With the rapid expansion of wind power during the beginning of 21st century in Brazil and worldwide, many wind turbines of different and innovative technologies began operations. Many of the environmental and operational consequences of this expansion are still being studied and evaluated. Among the environmental consequences, one can mention the noise produced by larger diameter wind turbines, whose frequencies are often not audible, although perceptible to the human brain. In this work were made measurements of the noise associated with wind turbines in the state of Ceara. It was initially made the characterization of wind turbine noise, identifying sources, frequencies, composition, intensity and impacts to health. Experimental measurements of sound in large wind generators were made in direct-drive wind turbine generators, in the city of Aracati, State of Ceara, in the light of the international standard IEC 61400-11, documenting the methodology applied in a manner that is easily replicated. The experimental results were processed and analyzed according to the standard. Filters were applied in order to identify the frequency and types of most significant noise in the experiment, comparing them with the literature. The procedures performed and documented may be applied commercially to perform noise measurements under international standard, and in future studies applied to predictive maintenance and environmental engineering.
Com a rÃpida expansÃo da Energia EÃlica ocorrida no inÃcio do SÃculo XXI no Brasil e no mundo, muitos aerogeradores de tecnologias distintas e inovadoras iniciaram suas operaÃÃes. Muitas das consequÃncias ambientais e operacionais dessa expansÃo ainda estÃo sendo estudadas e avaliadas. Entre as consequÃncias ambientais pode-se citar o ruÃdo provocado pelo funcionamento de aerogeradores de maior diÃmetro, cujas frequÃncias nÃo sÃo muitas vezes audÃveis, ainda que perceptÃveis ao cÃrebro humano. Neste trabalho foram feitas mediÃÃes do ruÃdo associado a aerogeradores no Estado do CearÃ. Foi feita inicialmente a caracterizaÃÃo do ruÃdo de aerogeradores, identificando fontes, frequÃncias, composiÃÃo, intensidades e impactos à saÃde. Foram realizadas mediÃÃes experimentais de som em Aerogeradores de grande porte do tipo direct-drive na cidade de Aracati, no Estado do CearÃ, à luz da norma internacional IEC 61400-11, documentando a metodologia aplicada de forma que seja facilmente replicada. Os resultados experimentais foram tratados e analisados conforme a norma. Filtros foram aplica- dos a fim de se identificar as frequÃncias e o tipos de ruÃdos mais relevantes no experimento, comparando-os com a literatura. Os procedimentos executados e documentados poderÃo ser aplicados comercialmente para a realizaÃÃo de mediÃÃes de ruÃdos à luz da norma internacional, e em estudos futuros aplicados à manutenÃÃo preditiva e à engenharia ambiental.
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Hamilton, Nicholas Michael. "Anisotropy of the Reynolds Stress Tensor in the Wakes of Counter-Rotating Wind Turbine Arrays." PDXScholar, 2014. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1848.

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A wind turbine array was constructed in the wind tunnel at Portland State University in a standard Cartesian arrangement. Configurations of the turbine array were tested with rotor blades set to rotate in either a clockwise or counter-clockwise sense. Measurements of velocity were made with stereo particle-image velocimetry. Mean statistics of velocities and Reynolds stresses clearly show the effect of direction of rotation of rotor blades for both entrance and exit row turbines. Rotational sense of the turbine blades is visible in the mean spanwise velocity W and the Reynolds shear stress -[macron over vw]. The normalized anisotropy tensor was decomposed yielding invariants [lowercase eta] and [lowercase xi], which are plotted onto the Lumley triangle. Invariants of the normalized Reynolds stress anisotropy tensor indicate that distinct characters of turbulence exist in regions of the wake following the nacelle and the rotor blade tips. Eigendecomposition of the tensor yields principle components and corresponding coordinate system transformations. Characteristic spheroids are composed with the eigenvalues from the decomposition yielding shapes predicted by the Lumley triangle. Rotation of the coordinate system defined by the eigenvectors demonstrates streamwise trends, especially trailing the top rotor tip and below the hub of the rotors. Direction of rotation of rotor blades is evidenced in the orientation of characteristic spheroids according to principle axes. The characteristic spheroids of the anisotropy tensor and their relate alignments varies between cases clearly seen in the inflows to exit row turbines. There the normalized Reynolds stress anisotropy tensor shows cumulative effects of the rotational sense of upstream turbines. Comparison between the invariants of the Reynolds stress anisotropy tensor and terms from the mean mechanical energy equation indicate a correlation between the degree of anisotropy and the regions of the wind turbine wakes where turbulence kinetic energy is produced. The flux of kinetic energy into the momentum-deficit area of the wake from above the canopy is associated with prolate characteristic spheroids. Flux upward into the wake from below the rotor area is associate with oblate characteristic spheroids. Turbulence in the region of the flow directly following the nacelle of the wind turbines demonstrates more isotropy compared to the regions following the rotor blades. The power and power coefficients for wind turbines indicate that flow structures on the order of magnitude of the spanwise turbine spacing that increase turbine efficiency depending on particular array configuration.
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Sarban, Singh Ranjit Singh. "A design scheme of energy management, control, optimisation system for hybrid solar-wind and battery energy storages system." Thesis, Brunel University, 2016. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/13788.

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Hybrid renewable energy system was introduced to improve the individual renewable energy power system’s productivity and operation-ability. This circumstance has led towards an extensive technological study and analysis on the hybrid renewable energy system. The extensive technological study is conducted using many different approaches, but in this research the linear programming, artificial intelligence and smart grid approaches are studied. This thesis proposed a complete hardware system development, implementation and construction of real-time DC Hybrid Renewable Energy System for solar-wind-battery energy source integrated with grid network support. The proposed real-time DC HRES hardware system adopts the hybrid renewable energy system concept which is composed of solar photovoltaic, wind energy system, battery energy storage system and grid network support. The real-time DC HRES hardware system research work is divided into three stages. Stage 1 involves modelling and simulation of the proposed system using MATLAB Simulink/Stateflow software. During this stage, system’s methodological design and development is emphasised. The obtained results are considered as fundamental finding to design, develop, integrate, implement and construct the real-time DC HRES hardware system. Stage II is designing and developing the electronic circuits for the real-time DC HRES hardware system using PROTEUS software. Real time simulation is performed on the electronic circuits to study and analyse the circuit’s behaviour. This stage also involves embedded software application development for the microcontroller PIC16F877A. Thus, continuous dynamic decision-making algorithm is developed and incorporated into microcontroller PIC16F877A. Next, electronic circuits and continuous dynamic decision-making algorithm are integrated with the microcontroller PIC16F877A as a real-time DC HRES hardware system to perform real time simulation. The real-time DC HRES hardware system simulation results are studied, analysed and compared with the results obtained in Stage 1. Any indifference between the obtained results in Stage 1 and Stage 2 are analysed and necessary changes are made. Stage 3 involves integrating, implementation and construction of real-time DC HRES. The continuous dynamic decision-making algorithm is also incorporated into the real microcontroller PCI16F877A development board. Real-time DC HRES’s experimental results have successfully demonstrated the system’s ability to perform supervision, coordination, management and control of all the available energy sources with lease dependency on the grid network. The obtained results demonstrated the energy management and optimisation of the available energy sources as primary power source deliver.
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Melius, Matthew Scott. "Identification of Markov Processes within a Wind Turbine Array Boundary Layer." PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1422.

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The Markovianity within a wind turbine array boundary layer is explored for data taken in a wind tunnel containing a model wind turbine array. A stochastic analysis of the data is carried out using Markov chain theory. The data were obtained via hot-wire anemometry thus providing point velocity statistics. The theory of Markovian processes is applied to obtain a statistical description of longitudinal velocity increments inside the turbine wake using conditional probability density functions. It is found that two and three point conditional probability density functions are similar for scale differences larger than the Taylor micro-scale. This result is quantified by use of the Wilcoxon rank-sum test which verifies that this relationship holds independent of initial scale selection outside of the near-wake region behind a wind turbine. Furthermore, at the locations which demonstrate Markovian properties there is a well defined inertial sub-range which follows Kolmogorv's -5/3 scaling behavior. Results indicate an existence of Markovian properties at scales on the order of the Taylor micro-scale, λ for most locations in the wake. The exception being directly behind the tips of the rotor and the hub where the complex turbulent interactions characteristic of the near-wake demonstrate influence upon the Markov process. The presence of a Markov process in the remaining locations leads to characterization of the multi-point statistics of the wind turbine wakes using the most recent states of the flow.
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Lee, Christopher Francis. "Use of wind profilers to quantify atmospheric turbulence." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/use-of-wind-profilers-to-quantify-atmospheric-turbulence(d6a12ed2-533a-4dae-9f0d-747bc0b4c725).html.

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Doppler radar wind profilers are already widely used to measure atmospheric winds throughout the free troposphere and stratosphere. Several methods have been developed to quantify atmospheric turbulence with such radars, but to date they have remained largely un-tested; this thesis presents the first comprehensive validation of one such method. Conventional in-situ measurements of turbulence have been concentrated in the surface layer, with some aircraft and balloon platforms measuring at higher altitudes on a case study basis. Radars offer the opportunity to measure turbulence near continuously, and at a range of altitudes, to provide the first long term observations of atmospheric turbulence above the surface layer. Two radars were used in this study, a Mesosphere-Stratosphere-Troposphere (MST) radar, at Capel Dewi, West Wales, and the Facility for Ground Based Atmospheric Measurements (FGAM) mobile boundary layer profiler. In-situ measurements were made using aircraft and tethered-balloon borne turbulence probes. The spectral width method was chosen for detailed testing, which uses the width of a radar's Doppler spectrum as a measure of atmospheric velocity variance. Broader Doppler spectra indicate stronger turbulence. To obtain Gaussian Doppler spectra (a requirement of the spectral width method), combination of between five and seven consecutive spectra was required. Individual MST spectra were particularly non-Gaussian, because of the sparse nature of turbulence at its observation altitudes. The width of Gaussian fits to the Doppler spectrum were compared to those from the `raw' spectrum, to ensure that non-atmospheric signals were not measured. Corrections for non-turbulent broadening, such as beam broadening, and signal processing, were investigated. Shear broadening was found to be small, and the errors in its calculation large, so no corrections for wind shear were applied. Beam broadening was found to be the dominant broadening contribution, and also contributed the largest uncertainty to spectral widths. Corrected spectral widths were found to correlate with aircraft measurements for both radars. Observing spectral widths over time periods of 40 and 60 minutes for the boundary layer profiler and MST radar respectively, gave the best measure of turbulence intensity and variability. Median spectral widths gave the best average over that period, with two-sigma limits (where sigma is the standard deviation of spectral widths) giving the best representation of the variability in turbulence. Turbulent kinetic energies were derived from spectral widths; typical boundary layer values were 0.13 m 2.s (-2) with a two-sigma range of 0.04-0.25 m 2.s (-2), and peaked at 0.21 m 2.s (-2) with a two-sigma range of 0.08-0.61 m 2.s (-2). Turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rates were also calculated from spectral widths, requiring radiosonde measurements of atmospheric stability. Dissipation rates compared well width aircraft measurements, reaching peaks of 1x10 (-3) m 2.s (-3) within 200 m of the ground, and decreasing to 1-2x10 (-5) m 2.s (-3) near the boundary layer capping inversion. Typical boundary layer values were between 1-3x10 (-4) m 2.s (-3). Those values are in close agreement with dissipation rates from previous studies.
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Hamilton, Nicholas Michael. "Wake Character in the Wind Turbine Array: (Dis-)Organization, Spatial and Dynamic Evolution and Low-dimensional Modeling." PDXScholar, 2016. http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3084.

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To maximize the effectiveness of the rapidly increasing capacity of installed wind energy resources, new models must be developed that are capable of more nuanced control of each wind turbine so that each device is more responsive to inflow events. Models used to plan wind turbine arrays and control behavior of devices within the farm currently make questionable estimates of the incoming atmospheric flow and update turbine configurations infrequently. As a result, wind turbines often operate at diminished capacities, especially in arrays where wind turbine wakes interact and inflow conditions are far from ideal. New turbine control and wake prediction models must be developed to tune individual devices and make accurate power predictions. To that end, wind tunnel experiments are conducted detailing the turbulent flow in the wake of a wind turbine in a model-scale array. The proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) is applied to characterize the spatial evolution of structures in the wake. Mode bases from distinct downstream locations are reconciled through a secondary decomposition, called double proper orthogonal decomposition (DPOD), indicating that modes of common rank in the wake share an ordered set of sub-modal projections whose organization delineates underlying wake structures and spatial evolution. The doubly truncated basis of sub-modal structures represents a reduction to 0.015% of the total degrees of freedom of the wind turbine wake. Low-order representations of the Reynolds stress tensor are made using only the most dominant DPOD modes, corrected to account for energy excluded from the truncated basis with a tensor of constant coefficients defined to rescale the low-order representation of the stresses to match the original statistics. Data from the wind turbine wake are contrasted against simulation data from a fully-developed channel flow, illuminating a range of anisotropic states of turbulence. Complexity of flow descriptions resulting from truncated POD bases is suppressed in severe basis truncations, exaggerating anisotropy of the modeled flow and, in extreme cases, can lead to the loss of three dimensionality. Constant corrections to the low-order descriptions of the Reynolds stress tensor reduce the root-mean-square error between low-order descriptions of the flow and the full statistics as much as 40% and, in some cases, reintroduce three-dimensionality to severe truncations of POD bases. Low-dimensional models are constructed by coupling the evolution of the dynamic mode coefficients through their respective time derivatives and successfully account for non-linear mode interaction. Deviation between time derivatives of mode coefficients and their least-squares fit is amplified in numerical integration of the system, leading to unstable long-time solutions. Periodic recalibration of the dynamical system is undertaken by limiting the integration time and using a virtual sensor upstream of the wind turbine actuator disk in to read the effective inflow velocity. A series of open-loop transfer functions are designed to inform the low-order dynamical system of the flow incident to the wind turbine rotor. Validation data shows that the model tuned to the inflow reproduces dynamic mode coefficients with little to no error given a sufficiently small interval between instances of recalibration. The reduced-order model makes accurate predictions of the wake when informed of turbulent inflow events. The modeling scheme represents a viable path for continuous time feedback and control that may be used to selectively tune a wind turbine in the effort to maximize power output of large wind farms.
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Kjellin, Jon. "Vertical Axis Wind Turbines : Electrical System and Experimental Results." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Elektricitetslära, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-182438.

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The wind power research at the division of Electricity at Uppsala University is aimed towards increased understanding of vertical axis wind turbines. The considered type of wind turbine is an H-rotor with a directly driven synchronous generator operating at variable speed. The experimental work presented in this thesis comprises investigation of three vertical axis wind turbines of different design and size. The electrical, control and measurement systems for the first 12 kW wind turbine have been designed and implemented. The second was a 10 kW wind turbine adapted to a telecom application. Both the 12 kW and the 10 kW were operated against dump loads. The third turbine was a 200 kW grid-connected wind turbine, where control and measurement systems have been implemented. Experimental results have shown that an all-electric control, substituting mechanical systems such as blade-pitch, is possible for this type of turbine. By controlling the rectified generator voltage, the rotational speed of the turbine is also controlled. An electrical start-up system has been built and verified. The power coefficient has been measured and the stall behaviour of this type of turbine has been examined. An optimum tip speed ratio control has been implemented and tested, with promising results. Use of the turbine to estimate the wind speed has been demonstrated. This has been used to get a faster regulation of the turbine compared to if an anemometer had been used.
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Rossander, Morgan. "Electromechanics of Vertical Axis Wind Turbines." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Elektricitetslära, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-331844.

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Wind power is an established mean of clean energy production and the modern horizontal axis wind turbine has become a common sight. The need for maintenance is high and future wind turbines may need to be improved to enable more remote and offshore locations. Vertical axis wind turbines have possible benefits, such as higher reliability, less noise and lower centre of gravity. This thesis focuses on electromechanical interaction in the straight bladed Darrieus rotor (H-rotor) concept studied at Uppsala University. One of the challenges with vertical axis technology is the oscillating aerodynamic forces. A force measurement setup has been implemented to capture the forces on a three-bladed 12 kW open site prototype. The normal force showed good agreement with simulations. An aerodynamic torque could be estimated from the system. The total electrical torque in the generator was determined from electrical measurements. Both torque estimations lacked the expected aerodynamic ripple at three times per revolution. The even torque detected is an important result and more studies are required to confirm and understand it. The force measurement was also used to study the loads on the turbine in parked conditions. It was discovered that there is a strong dependence on wind direction and that there is a positive torque on the turbine at stand still. The results can assist to determine the best parking strategies for an H-rotor turbine. The studied concept also features diode rectification of the voltage from the permanent magnet synchronous generator. Diodes are considered a cheap and robust solution for rectification at the drawback of inducing ripple in the torque and output voltage. The propagation of the torque ripple was measured on the prototype and studied with simulations and analytical expressions. One key conclusion was that the mechanical driveline of the turbine is an effective filter of the diode induced torque ripple. A critical speed controller was implemented on the prototype. The controller was based on optimal torque control and according to the experiments and the simulations it was able to avoid a rotational speed span. Finally, the optimal torque control was evaluated for multiple turbines with diode rectification to a common DC-link. The setup can potentially reduce the overall complexity of wind farms. The simulations suggest that stability of the system can be obtained by controlling the DC-link load as a semi constant voltage. The thesis is based on nine papers of which six are treated in the thesis summary.
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Books on the topic "Wind energy measurement"

1

Jenkins, N. H. A. Measurement of wind energy and other wind effects around model buildings. [S.l.]: Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Dept. of Aeronautics, 1994.

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Graham, R. Electrical demand profiles at six wind monitoring sites. Edinburgh: Scottish Agricultural College, Engineering Dept., 1999.

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Sangyōshō, Japan Keizai. Fūryoku hatsuden tō shin enerugī hatsuden shisutemu no kokusai kikaku e no ninshō shisutemu ni kansuru chōsa kenkyū: Seika hōkokusho : Heisei 13-nendo Keizai Sangyōshō itaku. Tōkyō: Nihon Denki Kōgyōkai, 2002.

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Jet Propulsion Laboratory (U.S.) and Nova University, eds. Air-sea interaction with SSM/I and altimeter: Report of the NASA Ocean Energy Fluxes Science Working Group. Pasadena, Calif: Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 1985.

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Jet Propulsion Laboratory (U.S.) and Nova University, eds. Air-sea interaction with SSM/I and altimeter: Report of the NASA Ocean Energy Fluxes Science Working Group. Pasadena, Calif: Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 1985.

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Spence, John C. H. Lightspeed. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198841968.001.0001.

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This book tells the human story of one of mankind’s greatest intellectual adventures—how we understood that light travels at a finite speed, so that when we look up at the stars we are looking back in time. And how the search for an absolute frame of reference in the universe led inexorably to Einstein’s famous equation E = mc2 for the energy released by nuclear weapons which also powers our sun and the stars. From the ancient Greeks measuring the distance to the Sun, to today’s satellite navigation and Einstein’s theories, the book takes the reader on a gripping historical journey. How Galileo with his telescope discovered the moons of Jupiter and used their eclipses as a global clock, allowing travellers to find their longitude. How Roemer, noticing that the eclipses were sometimes late, used this delay to obtain the first measurement of the speed of light, which takes eight minutes to get to us from the Sun. From the international collaborations to observe the transits of Venus, including Cook’s voyage to Australia, to the extraordinary achievements of Young and Fresnel, whose discoveries eventually taught us that light travels as a wave but arrives as a particle, and the quantum weirdness which follows. In the nineteenth century we find Faraday and Maxwell, struggling to understand how light can propagate through the vacuum of space unless it is filled with a ghostly vortex Aether foam. We follow the brilliantly gifted experimentalists Hertz, discoverer of radio, Michelson with his search for the Aether wind, and Foucault and Fizeau with their spinning mirrors and lightbeams across the rooftops of Paris. The difficulties of sending messages faster than light, using quantum entanglement, and the reality of the quantum world conclude this saga.
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Book chapters on the topic "Wind energy measurement"

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Gutierrez, J. J., P. Saiz, A. Lazkano, J. Ruiz, L. A. Leturiondo, and I. Azkarate. "Voltage Flicker Measurement in Wind Turbines." In Wind Energy Conversion Systems, 169–96. London: Springer London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-2201-2_8.

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Ruffino, Giuseppe, Susan Schaar, Daniel Lehser-Pfeffermann, Danjana Theis, Frank Ulrich Rückert, Tobias Müller, and Franz Joos. "Numerical Simulation and Measurement for Location Optimization of a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT)." In Wind Energy Exploitation in Urban Environment, 39–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13531-7_3.

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Ozbek, Muammer, and Daniel J. Rixen. "Structural Health Monitoring of Multi-MW-Scale Wind Turbines by Non-contact Optical Measurement Techniques: An Application on a 2.5-MW Wind Turbine." In Energy Systems and Management, 125–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16024-5_12.

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Koukal, André, Stefan Lange, and Michael H. Breitner. "Measurement of Risk for Wind Energy Projects: A Critical Analysis of Full Load Hours." In Operations Research Proceedings 2013, 255–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07001-8_35.

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Kantz, Holger, Detlef Holstein, Mario Ragwitz, and Nikolay K. Vitanov. "Short Time Prediction of Wind Speeds from Local Measurements." In Wind Energy, 93–98. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-33866-6_16.

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van Dooren, Marijn Floris. "Doppler Lidar Inflow Measurements." In Handbook of Wind Energy Aerodynamics, 1–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05455-7_35-1.

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Gottschall, Julia. "Wake Measurements with Lidar." In Handbook of Wind Energy Aerodynamics, 1–18. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05455-7_55-1.

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Mann, Jakob, Ameya Sathe, Julia Gottschall, and Mike Courtney. "Lidar Turbulence Measurements for Wind Energy." In Springer Proceedings in Physics, 263–70. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28968-2_57.

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Schneemann, Jörge, Stephan Voss, Gerald Steinfeld, Davide Trabucchi, Juan José Trujillo, Björn Witha, and Martin Kühn. "Lidar Simulations to Study Measurements of Turbulence in Different Atmospheric Conditions." In Research Topics in Wind Energy, 127–32. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54696-9_19.

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Gertz, Drew, David A. Johnson, and Nigel Swytink-Binnema. "Comparative Measurements of the Effect of a Winglet on a Wind Turbine." In Research Topics in Wind Energy, 121–26. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54696-9_18.

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Conference papers on the topic "Wind energy measurement"

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Ennis, Brandon, Jonathan White, and Joshua Paquette. "Uncertainty Quantification of Wind Turbine Blade Load Measurement, Estimation, and Transformation." In 2018 Wind Energy Symposium. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2018-1729.

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Quon, Eliot W., Matthew J. Churchfield, Sang Lee, Lawrence Cheung, and Stefan Kern. "Development of a Wind Plant Large-Eddy Simulation with Measurement-Driven Atmospheric Inflow." In 35th Wind Energy Symposium. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2017-1163.

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Thapa Magar, Kaman S., and Mark J. Balas. "Adaptive Individual Blade Pitch Control for Large Wind Turbines with LiDAR Measurement of Wind Speed." In 33rd Wind Energy Symposium. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2015-1212.

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Lowson, Martin, Jonathan Lowson, and Andrew Bullmore. "Wind turbine noise - Analysis of results from a new measurement technique." In 1998 ASME Wind Energy Symposium. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1998-37.

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Braquehais, Jeanne Elizabeth de Paula, and Antonio Augusto Lisboa de Souza. "Energy-autonomous wind speed smart sensor." In 2014 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc.2014.6860879.

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Ciprian, Vlad, Adriana Burlibasa, Paduraru Romeo, Epure Silviu, Georgescu Puiu Lucian, and Murariu Gabriel. "Wind energy conversion control with local data measurement." In 2018 22nd International Conference on System Theory, Control and Computing (ICSTCC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icstcc.2018.8540707.

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Sutherland, Herbert J. "Inflow and the Fatigue of the LIST Wind Turbine." In ASME 2002 Wind Energy Symposium. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/wind2002-65.

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The Long-term Inflow and Structural Test (LIST) program is collecting long-term, continuous inflow and structural response data to characterize the spectrum of loads on wind turbines. A heavily instrumented Micon 65/13M turbine with SERI 8m blades is being used as the primary test turbine for this test. This turbine is located in Bushland, TX, a test site that exposes the turbine to a wind regime representative of a Great Plains commercial site. The turbine and inflow are being characterized with 60 measurements: 34 to characterize the inflow, 19 to characterize structural response, and 7 to characterize the time-varying state of the turbine. In this paper, the inflow and structural data from this measurement campaign are analyzed to determine the correlation of various inflow descriptors with fatigue loads. The inflow is described by various parameters, including the mean, standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis of the wind speed, turbulence intensity, turbulence length scales, Reynolds stresses, local friction velocity, Obukhov length and the gradient Richardson number. The fatigue load spectrum corresponding to these parameters is characterized as an equivalent fatigue load. A regression analysis is then used to determine which parameters are correlated to the fatigue loads. The results illustrate that the vertical component of the inflow is the most important of the secondary inflow parameters on fatigue loads. Long-term fatigue spectra illustrate that extrapolation of relatively short-term data to longer times is consistent for the data reported here.
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Sutherland, Herbert J., Neil D. Kelley, and M. Maureen Hand. "Inflow and Fatigue Response of the NWTC Advanced Research Turbine." In ASME 2003 Wind Energy Symposium. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/wind2003-862.

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The Long-term Inflow and Structural Test (LIST) program is collecting long-term inflow and structural response data to characterize the spectrum of loads on wind turbines. In one of the measurement campaigns being conducted under this program, the 42-m diameter, 600-kW NWTC Advanced Research Turbine (ART) was monitored. The turbine is an upwind, two-bladed teetered-hub machine. It has full span pitch control and a synchronous generator. The inflow was monitored with a planar array of five high-resolution sonic anemometers and supporting meteorological instrumentation located 1.5 diameters upwind of the turbine. The structural response of the turbine was measured using strain gauge circuits and an inertial measurement unit (IMU). The former were used to monitor root bending moments and the low-speed shaft torque, while the latter was used to monitor the motion of the tower and the nacelle. Auxiliary gauges measured blade pitch, rotor teeter, nacelle yaw and generator power. A total of 3299 10-minute records were collected for analysis. From this set, 1044 records are used to examine the influence of various inflow parameters on fatigue loads. Long-term fatigue loads and extreme loads are also examined.
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Nadi, Navila Rahman, Ferhat Bingol, and Merete Badger. "Offshore Wind Energy Estimation in the Bay of Bengal with Satellite Wind Measurement." In 2019 1st International Conference on Advances in Science, Engineering and Robotics Technology (ICASERT). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icasert.2019.8934915.

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Gutierrez, Alejandro, Gabriel Cazes, and Santiago de Mello. "Analysis of the optimal grid resolution for the forecasting of wind energy in different wind farms." In 2014 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc.2014.6860998.

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Reports on the topic "Wind energy measurement"

1

Frehlich, Rodney. Upstream Measurements of Wind Profiles with Doppler Lidar for Improved Wind Energy Integration. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1053852.

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