Journal articles: 'Wind energy measurement'

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Pichugina, Yelena L., Robert M. Banta, W. Alan Brewer, Scott P. Sandberg, and R. Michael Hardesty. "Doppler Lidar–Based Wind-Profile Measurement System for Offshore Wind-Energy and Other Marine Boundary Layer Applications." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 51, no. 2 (February 2012): 327–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-11-040.1.

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AbstractAccurate measurement of wind speed profiles aloft in the marine boundary layer is a difficult challenge. The development of offshore wind energy requires accurate information on wind speeds above the surface at least at the levels occupied by turbine blades. Few measured data are available at these heights, and the temporal and spatial behavior of near-surface winds is often unrepresentative of that at the required heights. As a consequence, numerical model data, another potential source of information, are essentially unverified at these levels of the atmosphere. In this paper, a motion-compensated, high-resolution Doppler lidar–based wind measurement system that is capable of providing needed information on offshore winds at several heights is described. The system has been evaluated and verified in several ways. A sampling of data from the 2004 New England Air Quality Study shows the kind of analyses and information available. Examples include time–height cross sections, time series, profiles, and distributions of quantities such as winds and shear. These analyses show that there is strong spatial and temporal variability associated with the wind field in the marine boundary layer. Winds near the coast show diurnal variations, and frequent occurrences of low-level jets are evident, especially during nocturnal periods. Persistent patterns of spatial variability in the flow field that are due to coastal irregularities should be of particular concern for wind-energy planning, because they affect the representativeness of fixed-location measurements and imply that some areas would be favored for wind-energy production whereas others would not.

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Cheynet, Etienne, Jasna Bogunović Jakobsen, Benny Svardal, Joachim Reuder, and Valerie Kumer. "Wind Coherence Measurement by a Single Pulsed Doppler Wind Lidar." Energy Procedia 94 (September 2016): 462–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2016.09.217.

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Aniskevich, S., V. Bezrukovs, U. Zandovskis, and D. Bezrukovs. "Modelling the Spatial Distribution of Wind Energy Resources in Latvia." Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 54, no. 6 (December 1, 2017): 10–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lpts-2017-0037.

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AbstractThe paper studies spatial wind energy flow distribution in Latvia based on wind speed measurements carried out at an altitude of 10mover a period of two years, from 2015 to 2016. The measurements, with 1minincrements, were carried out using certified measuring instruments installed at 22 observation stations of the Latvian National Hydrometeorological and Climatological Service of the Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Centre (LEGMC). The models of the spatial distribution of averaged wind speed and wind energy density were developed using the method of spatial interpolation based on the historical measurement results and presented in the form of colour contour maps with a 1×1kmresolution. The paper also provides the results of wind speed spatial distribution modelling using a climatological reanalysis ERA5 at the altitudes of 10, 54, 100 and 136mwith a 31×31kmresolution. The analysis includes the comparison of actual wind speed measurement results with the outcomes of ERA5 modelling for meteorological observation stations in Ainazi, Daugavpils, Priekuli, Saldus and Ventspils.

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Zhao, Yuefeng, Xiaojie Zhang, Yurong Zhang, Jinxin Ding, Kun Wang, Yuhou Gao, Runsong Su, and Jing Fang. "Data Processing and Analysis of Eight-Beam Wind Profile Coherent Wind Measurement Lidar." Remote Sensing 13, no. 18 (September 7, 2021): 3549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13183549.

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Real-time measurement of atmospheric wind field parameters plays an important role in weather analysis and forecasting, including improving the efficiency of wind energy, particle tracking, boundary layer measurements, and airport security. In this study, a wind profile coherent wind Light Detection and Ranging (Lidar) measurement with a wavelength of 1.55 µm was developed and demonstrated based on the principle of eight-beam velocimetry. The wind speed information was retrieved, and vertical and horizontal profiles were calculated via power spectrum estimation of sampled echo signals through the measurement of the atmospheric wind field in Hefei for several consecutive days. The experimental results show that the wind profiles produced using different techniques are quite consistent and the standard error is less than 0.42 m/s compared with three-beam and five-beam wind measurements.

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Kikuyama, Koji, Yutaka Hasegawa, Hiroshi Imamura, Noboru Inomata, Hitoshi Suzuki, and Hisashi Ishikawa. "Fundamental Study for Estimation of Wind Energy Resources : Wind measurement at Tappi Wind Park." Proceedings of the National Symposium on Power and Energy Systems 2002.8 (2002): 655–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmepes.2002.8.655.

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Simoes, Marcelo, Eduard Muljadi, Mohit Singh, and Vahan Gevorgian. "Measurement-based performance analysis of wind energy systems." IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 17, no. 2 (April 2014): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mim.2014.6810040.

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Hansen, Kurt S., and Knud Ole Helgesen Pedersen. "An MSc Course Module: Wind Turbine Measurement Techniques." Wind Engineering 29, no. 2 (March 2005): 183–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/0309524054797131.

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The 2-year MSc in Wind power engineering at the Technical University of Denmark comprises modules from core engineering teaching and from other modules specifically designed to the MSc. This Note outlines the content of such a specific module on the subject of wind turbine measurement. The lectures, practical exercises and work related to measurements from an operating 500 kW turbine are described.

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Kwon, Young Il, and Dae Hyun Jeong. "Eigenvector Centrality Measurement Using Patent Information of Wind Power Energy." Advanced Materials Research 1025-1026 (September 2014): 944–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1025-1026.944.

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Wind power generator produces electric energy using wind. Since fuel for operating a wind power generator costs almost nothing, it is receiving attention as a power generator for the next generation. A wind power generator consists of a device that absorbs and converts the energy of wind power, power train, and control device. Each element is connected as a whole while it performs its function. In this study, we used the patent IPC information related to segmented technologies of this wind power generator to establish a two-mode network, measure eigenvector centrality value and identify the field with the highest influence among the fields of wind power energy. In the result, the field of generator was found to have the highest influence, followed by operation system and blade. It was analyzed that the field of generator had the highest influence since H02K and H02P, the IPC codes in the field, were the important technologies that influenced on other fields. In addition, H02N and H02N, which are main IPC codes in the field of solar cell, were analyzed to have connection with the field of generator.

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Bezrukovs, V., A. Zacepins, Vl Bezrukovs, and V. Komashilovs. "Investigations of Wind Shear Distribution on the Baltic Shore of Latvia." Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 53, no. 3 (June 1, 2016): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lpts-2016-0016.

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Abstract The paper presents a review of wind parameter measurement complexes and investigation methods used for potential wind energy evaluation. Based on results of long-term investigations of wind shear distribution regularities are shown up to 160 m height on the Baltic Sea shore. Distribution of potential wind energy in Latvia is shown as a map and table of average and average cubic wind speed values. Database of wind parameter measurements is available at a public website.

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Koj, Sebastian, Axel Hoffmann, and Heyno Garbe. "Measurement Uncertainty of Radiated Electromagnetic Emissions in In Situ Tests of Wind Energy Conversion Systems." Advances in Radio Science 16 (September 4, 2018): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-16-13-2018.

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Abstract. The electromagnetic (EM) emissions of wind energy conversion systems (WECS) are evaluated in situ. Results of in situ tests, however, are only valid for the examined equipment under test (EUT) and cannot be applied to series production as samples, as the measurement uncertainty for in situ environment is not characterized. Currently measurements must be performed on each WECS separately, this is associated with significant costs and time requirement to complete. Therefore, in this work, based on the standard procedure according to the “Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty” (GUM, 2008) the measurement uncertainty is characterized. From current normative situation obtained influences on the measurement uncertainty: wind velocity and undefined ground are evaluated. The influence of increased wind velocity on the measurement uncertainty is evaluated with an analytical approach making use of the dipole characteristic. A numerically evaluated model provides information about the expected uncertainty due to reflection on different textures and varying values of relative ground moisture. Using a classical reflection law based approach, the simulation results are validated. Thanks to the presented methods, it is possible to successfully characterize the measurement uncertainty of in situ measurements of WECS's EM emissions.

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Yaghoubi, M. A., A. Sabzevari, and A. A. Golneshan. "Wind towers: Measurement and performance." Solar Energy 47, no. 2 (1991): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-092x(91)90040-4.

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Duncan, James B., Brian D. Hirth, and John L. Schroeder. "Doppler Radar Measurements of Spatial Turbulence Intensity in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 58, no. 7 (July 2019): 1535–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-18-0151.1.

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AbstractRemote sensing instruments that scan have the ability to provide high-resolution spatial measurements of atmospheric boundary layer winds across a region. However, the time required to collect the volume of measurements used to produce this spatial representation of atmospheric winds typically limits the extraction of atmospheric turbulence information using traditional temporal analysis techniques. To overcome this constraint, a spatial turbulence intensity (STI) metric was developed to quantify atmospheric turbulence intensity (TI) through analysis of spatial wind field variability. The methods used to determine STI can be applied throughout the measurement domain to transform the spatially distributed velocity fields to analogous measurement maps of STI. This method enables a comprehensive spatial characterization of atmospheric TI. STI efficacy was examined across a range of wind speeds and atmospheric stability regimes using both single- and dual-Doppler measurements. STI demonstrated the ability to capture rapid fluctuations in TI and was able to discern large-scale TI trends consistent with the early evening transition. The ability to spatially depict atmospheric TI could benefit a variety of research disciplines such as the wind energy industry, where an understanding of wind plant complex flow spatiotemporal variability is limited.

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McKinnon, Michael, and David A. Johnson. "Wind turbine wake effect visualization and LiDAR measurement techniques." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 43, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 490–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2018-0232.

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The expansion of wind energy development has resulted in larger wind farms and closer placement of turbines to utilize the space available. Each turbine produces a wake that affects downstream turbines, which causes issues such as production loss, blade loading, and fluctuating electrical output. To minimize this impact, the wake produced by turbines must first be understood. Experimental methods were used in the exploration of the wake effects of wind turbines. Smoke visualization inside the University of Waterloo Wind Generation Facility was used to determine the helical vortex wake distribution behind a 3.3 m diameter turbine as well as the tip vortex shedding from the blade. Wind Doppler Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) measurement devices were modified and used to measure wind turbine wake velocities. The University of Waterloo Wind Energy Group has a ZephIR z150 LiDAR to use in this study. The LiDAR was verified under normal operation for accuracy against a cup and vane anemometer. The LiDAR was then verified for accuracy and to determine the position of measurements after modifications necessary for future wake measurement experiments.

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Baker, R. W., S. N. Walker, and P. C. Katen. "Wake Measurements Around Operating Wind Turbines." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 107, no. 2 (May 1, 1985): 183–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3267674.

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Researchers at Oregon State University have conducted wind measurement programs to describe the wake behind large horizontal axis turbines at Goodnoe Hills, Washington, (MOD-2), and behind the FloWind vertical axis wind turbine near Ellenburg, Washington. Wake measurements were taken using portable kite anemometers as well as fixed place anemometers under several atmospheric stability conditions and turbine operating conditions. Centerline hub height (midrotor) measurements were taken downwind and crosswind from 3–9 diameters. These wake programs are discussed and the velocity deficits measured are compared to the estimated deficits calculated from wake models.

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Helming, Paula, Axel von Freyberg, Michael Sorg, and Andreas Fischer. "Wind Turbine Tower Deformation Measurement Using Terrestrial Laser Scanning on a 3.4 MW Wind Turbine." Energies 14, no. 11 (June 2, 2021): 3255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14113255.

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Wind turbine plants have grown in size in recent years, making an efficient structural health monitoring of all of their structures ever more important. Wind turbine towers deform elastically under the loads applied to them by wind and inertial forces acting on the rotating rotor blades. In order to properly analyze these deformations, an earthbound system is desirable that can measure the tower’s movement in two directions from a large measurement working distance of over 150 m and a single location. To achieve this, a terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) in line-scanning mode with horizontal alignment was applied to measure the tower cross-section and to determine its axial (in the line-of-sight) and lateral (transverse to the line-of-sight) position with the help of a least-squares fit. As a result, the proposed measurement approach allowed for analyzing the tower’s deformation. The method was validated on a 3.4 MW wind turbine with a hub height of 128 m by comparing the measurement results to a reference video measurement, which recorded the nacelle movement from below and determined the nacelle movement with the help of point-tracking software. The measurements were compared in the time and frequency domain for different operating conditions, such as low/strong wind and start-up/braking of the turbine. There was a high correlation between the signals from the laser-based and the reference measurement in the time domain, and the same peak of the dominant tower oscillation was determined in the frequency domain. The proposed method was therefore an effective tool for the in-process structural health monitoring of tall wind turbine towers.

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Zlomusica, Elvir. "Wind energy resources in Bosnia & Herzegovina." Thermal Science 14, no. 1 (2010): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci1001255z.

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Bosnia & Herzegovina state has good potentials for generation of electric power. It applies, first of all, to its water and coal potentials. In addition to this, Bosnia & Herzegovina has good potentials of certain renewable energy sources, namely: wind, sun, water flows, and biomass. Observation and measurement of wind characteristics in Bosnia & Herzegovina have been performed for over 120 years now. However, the first measurements with adequate equipment and technology aimed at determining of the wind energy potential, started in 2002. Research is still incomplete and limited by complex terrain, the wind type 'Bora', as well as by non-existence of necessary strategic documents and regulations on renewables. Based on this research, several wind farms have been already planned, with an installed power of about 200 MW, and with a high coefficient of energy efficiency. This paper provides a review of localities from the wind characteristics research performed in the area of Bosnia & Herzegovina in the period 2002-2008. Additionally, it gives a brief reference to the complexity of wind potential research under complex conditions of terrain and wind type in Bosnia & Herzegovina, giving in this way a contribution to a more realistic estimate of economically feasible potential of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which will consequently help creation of needed strategic documents.

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Meng, Wenchao, Qinmin Yang, and Youxian Sun. "Adaptive control of variable-speed wind energy conversion systems with inaccurate wind speed measurement." Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control 37, no. 1 (April 29, 2014): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142331214531008.

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Wilhelm, Paul, Michael Eggert, Julia Hornig, and Stefan Oertel. "High Spatial and Temporal Resolution Bistatic Wind Lidar." Applied Sciences 11, no. 16 (August 19, 2021): 7602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11167602.

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The high-resolution bistatic lidar developed at the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) aims to overcome the limitations of conventional monostatic lidar technology, which is widely used for wind velocity measurements in wind energy and meteorology applications. Due to the large measurement volume of a combined optical transmitter and receiver tilting in multiple directions, monostatic lidar generally has poor spatial and temporal resolution. It also exhibits large measurement uncertainty when operated in inhomogeneous flow; for instance, over complex terrain. In contrast, PTB’s bistatic lidar uses three dedicated receivers arranged around a central transmitter, resulting in an exceptionally small measurement volume. The coherent detection and modulation schemes used allow the detection of backscattered, Doppler shifted light down to the scale of single aerosols, realising the simultaneous measurement of all three wind velocity components. This paper outlines the design details and theory of operation of PTB’s bistatic lidar and provides an overview of selected comparative measurements. The results of these measurements show that the measurement uncertainty of PTB’s bistatic lidar is well within the measurement uncertainty of traditional cup anemometers while being fully independent of its site and traceable to the SI units. This allows its use as a transfer standard for the calibration of other remote sensing devices. Overall, PTB’s bistatic lidar shows great potential to improve the capability and accuracy of wind velocity measurements, such as for the investigation of highly dynamic flow processes upstream and in the wake of wind turbines.

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Alhmoud, Lina, and Hussein Al-Zoubi. "IoT Applications in Wind Energy Conversion Systems." Open Engineering 9, no. 1 (November 2, 2019): 490–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2019-0061.

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AbstractRenewable energy reliability has been the main agenda nowadays, where the internet of things (IoT) is a crucial research direction with a lot of opportunities for improvement and challenging work. Data obtained from IoT is converted into actionable information to improve wind turbine performance, driving wind energy cost down and reducing risk. However, the implementation in IoT is a challenging task because the wind turbine system level and component level need real-time control. So, this paper is dedicated to investigating wind resource assessment and lifetime estimation of wind power modules using IoT. To illustrate this issue, a model is built with sub-models of an aerodynamic rotor connected directly to a multi-pole variable speed permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) with variable speed control, pitch angle control and full-scale converter connected to the grid. Besides, a large number of various sensors for measurement of wind parameters are integrated with IoT. Simulations are constructed with Matlab/Simulink and IoT ’Thingspeak’ Mathworks web service. IoT has proved to increase the reliability of measurement strategies, monitoring accuracy, and quality assurance.

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Vasiljević, Nikola, Andrea Vignaroli, Andreas Bechmann, and Rozenn Wagner. "Digitalization of scanning lidar measurement campaign planning." Wind Energy Science 5, no. 1 (January 13, 2020): 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-73-2020.

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Abstract. By using multiple wind measurements when designing wind farms, it is possible to decrease the uncertainty of wind farm energy assessments since the extrapolation distance between measurements and wind turbine locations is reduced. A WindScanner system consisting of two synchronized scanning lidars potentially represents a cost-effective solution for multipoint measurements, especially in complex terrain. However, the system limitations and limitations imposed by the wind farm site are detrimental to the installation of scanning lidars and the number and location of the measurement points. To simplify the process of finding suitable measurement positions and associated installation locations for the WindScanner system, we have devised a campaign planning workflow. The workflow consists of four phases. In the first phase, based on a preliminary wind farm layout, we generate optimum measurement positions using a greedy algorithm and a measurement “representative radius”. In the second phase, we create several Geographical Information System (GIS) layers such as exclusion zones, line-of-sight (LOS) blockage and lidar range constraint maps. These GIS layers are then used in the third phase to find optimum positions of the WindScanner systems with respect to the measurement positions considering the WindScanner measurement uncertainty and logistical constraints. In the fourth phase, we optimize and generate a trajectory through the measurement positions by applying the traveling salesman problem (TSP) on these positions. The described workflow has been digitalized into a Python package named campaign-planning-tool, which gives users an effective way to design measurement campaigns with WindScanner systems. In this study, the Python package has been tested on three different sites characterized by different terrain complexity and wind farm dimensions and layouts. With minimal effort, the Python package can optimize measurement positions and suggest possible lidar installation locations for carrying out resource assessment campaigns.

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Wang, Chau-Shing, Wen-Ren Yang, and Yi-Cheng Hsu. "Enhancement of the Flickermeter for Grid-Connected Wind Turbines." Energies 14, no. 18 (September 13, 2021): 5734. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14185734.

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Distributed generators connected to the power system usually produce voltage fluctuations. For wind turbines connected to a grid, large changes in wind speed can cause voltage flicker at the point of common coupling. The measurement of voltage flicker caused only by wind turbines is difficult. The wind turbine under test is usually connected to a medium voltage point, in which other fluctuating loads may produce significant voltage disturbances at the wind turbine terminal where the measurement is made. Although the IEC 61400-21-1 standard specifies a method to evaluate voltage flicker caused by wind turbines, because of the complex algorithm and process of the IEC standard, there is currently a lack of measurement equipment that meets the IEC standard. In addition, some countries that use other voltage flicker standards, such as ΔV10, do not have suitable flicker measurements for wind turbines. Therefore, this study proposes an enhanced version of the IEC 61400-21-1 standard, which integrates the ΔV10 method, so that the proposed measurement system complies with the IEC and ΔV10 standards. In this study, the voltage flicker measurement system is successfully implemented, which can help engineers to predict the voltage flicker by wind turbines and assess whether a region or grid is suitable for installing wind turbines. Therefore, it can provide wind turbine companies with a quick assessment of voltage flicker to comply with the certification process.

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Coquilla, Rachael V., John Obermeier, and Bruce R. White. "Calibration Procedures and Uncertainty in Wind Power Anemometers." Wind Engineering 31, no. 5 (October 2007): 303–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/030952407783418720.

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Accurate wind measurements are critical in evaluating wind turbine power performance and site assessment. In a turbine power performance evaluation, wind speed readings are matched with corresponding turbine power measurements to produce a power curve for the turbine. For site assessment, the distribution of measured wind speed is used to determine the predicted annual energy production from the wind. Since wind power is proportional to the cube of the wind speed, a small error in the wind measurement could translate to a much greater error in the predicted wind power, which emphasizes the importance of having accurate wind speed readings. To acquire such precision in wind data, it is recommended that individually calibrated anemometers be employed. With these calibrations, it is also recommended that the uncertainty in the calibration be reported so that it may be used not only in the overall uncertainty for turbine power curves and site assessments, but also in improving the performance of an anemometer. A method of presenting calibration uncertainty is defined in the standard IEC 61400-12-1. However, the standard only refers to the measurement uncertainty of the reference wind speed from the particular test facility. It does not include the uncertainty in the anemometer linear transfer function and the errors directly made by the anemometer signal. This paper will discuss: 1) the details of uncertainty reporting as defined by IEC 61400-12-1, 2) a method of extending the uncertainty to include the errors when using the linear transfer function, and 3) a qualitative description of how to determine the uncertainty in a wind speed measurement in the field.

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Oertel, Stefan, Michael Eggert, Christian Gutsmuths, Paul Wilhelm, Harald Müller, and Helmut Többen. "Validation of three-component wind lidar sensor for traceable highly resolved wind vector measurements." Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems 8, no. 1 (January 8, 2019): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jsss-8-9-2019.

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Abstract. Conventional monostatic wind lidar (light detection and ranging) systems are well-established wind speed remote sensing devices in the field of wind energy that provide reliable measurement results for flat terrain and homogeneous wind fields. These conventional wind lidar systems use a common transmitting and receiving unit and become unacceptably inaccurate as the wind fields become increasingly inhomogeneous due to their spatial and temporal averaging procedure (large measurement volume) that is inherent to the monostatic measurement principle. The new three-component fiber laser-based wind lidar sensor developed by the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) uses one transmitting unit (fiber laser) and three receiving units to measure the velocity vector of single aerosols in a spatially highly resolved measurement volume (with diameter d and length l) in heights from 5 m (d=300 µm, l=2 mm) to 250 m (d=14 mm, l=4 m) with a resolution of about 0.1 m s−1. Detailed comparison measurements with a 135 m high wind met mast and a conventional lidar system have proven that the high spatial and temporal resolution of the new, so-called bistatic lidar leads to a reduced measurement uncertainty compared to conventional lidar systems. Furthermore, the comparison demonstrates that the deviation between the bistatic lidar and the wind met mast lies well within the measurement uncertainty of the cup anemometers of the wind met mast for both homogeneous and inhomogeneous wind fields. At PTB, the aim is to use the bistatic wind lidar as a traceable reference standard to calibrate other remote sensing devices, necessitating an in-depth validation of the bistatic lidar system and its measurement uncertainty. To this end, a new, specially designed wind tunnel with a laser Doppler anemometer (LDA) as flow velocity reference has been erected on a platform at a height of 8 m; this allows the new wind lidar to be positioned below the wind tunnel test section to be validated for wind vector measurements that are traceable to the SI units. A first validation measurement within the wind tunnel test section is presented, showing a deviation between the bistatic lidar system and the LDA clearly below 0.1 %.

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Sommerfeld, Markus, Martin Dörenkämper, Gerald Steinfeld, and Curran Crawford. "Improving mesoscale wind speed forecasts using lidar-based observation nudging for airborne wind energy systems." Wind Energy Science 4, no. 4 (October 18, 2019): 563–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/wes-4-563-2019.

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Abstract. Airborne wind energy systems (AWESs) aim to operate at altitudes above conventional wind turbines where reliable high-resolution wind data are scarce. Wind light detection and ranging (lidar) measurements and mesoscale models both have their advantages and disadvantages when assessing the wind resource at such heights. This study investigates whether assimilating measurements into the mesoscale Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model using observation nudging generates a more accurate, complete data set. The impact of continuous observation nudging at multiple altitudes on simulated wind conditions is compared to an unnudged reference run and to the lidar measurements themselves. We compare the impact on wind speed and direction for individual days, average diurnal variability and long-term statistics. Finally, wind speed data are used to estimate the optimal traction power and operating altitudes of AWES. Observation nudging improves the WRF accuracy at the measurement location. Close to the surface the impact of nudging is limited as effects of the air–surface interaction dominate but becomes more prominent at mid-altitudes and decreases towards high altitudes. The wind speed frequency distribution shows a multi-modality caused by changing atmospheric stability conditions. Therefore, wind speed profiles are categorized into various stability conditions. Based on a simplified AWES model, the most probable optimal altitude is between 200 and 600 m. This wide range of heights emphasizes the benefit of such systems to dynamically adjust their operating altitude.

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Rautenberg, Alexander, Martin Schön, Kjell zum Berge, Moritz Mauz, Patrick Manz, Andreas Platis, Bram van Kesteren, Irene Suomi, Stephan T. Kral, and Jens Bange. "The Multi-Purpose Airborne Sensor Carrier MASC-3 for Wind and Turbulence Measurements in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer." Sensors 19, no. 10 (May 17, 2019): 2292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19102292.

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For atmospheric boundary-layer (ABL) studies, unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) can provide new information in addition to traditional in-situ measurements, or by ground- or satellite-based remote sensing techniques. The ability of fixed-wing UAS to transect the ABL in short time supplement ground-based measurements and the ability to extent the data horizontally and vertically allows manifold investigations. Thus, the measurements can provide many new possibilities for investigating the ABL. This study presents the new mark of the Multi-Purpose Airborne Sensor Carrier (MASC-3) for wind and turbulence measurements and describes the subsystems designed to improve the wind measurement, to gain endurance and to allow operations under an enlarged range of environmental conditions. The airframe, the capabilities of the autopilot Pixhawk 2.1, the sensor system and the data acquisition software, as well as the post-processing software, provide the basis for flight experiments and are described in detail. Two flights in a stable boundary-layer and a close comparison to a measurement tower and a Sodar system depict the accuracy of the wind speed and direction measurements, as well as the turbulence measurements. Mean values, variances, covariance, turbulent kinetic energy and the integral length scale agree well with measurements from a meteorological measurement tower. MASC-3 performs valuable measurements of stable boundary layers with high temporal resolution and supplements the measurements of meteorological towers and sodar systems.

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Ingenhorst, Christian, Georg Jacobs, Laura Stößel, Ralf Schelenz, and Björn Juretzki. "Method for airborne measurement of the spatial wind speed distribution above complex terrain." Wind Energy Science 6, no. 2 (March 18, 2021): 427–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-427-2021.

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Abstract. Wind farm sites in complex terrain are subject to local wind phenomena, which have a relevant impact on a wind turbine's annual energy production. To reduce investment risk, an extensive site evaluation is therefore mandatory. Stationary long-term measurements are supplemented by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, which are a commonly used tool to analyse and understand the three-dimensional wind flow above complex terrain. Though under intensive research, such simulations still show a high sensitivity to various input parameters like terrain, atmosphere and numerical setup. In this paper, a different approach aims to measure instead of simulate wind speed deviations above complex terrain by using a flexible, airborne measurement system. An unmanned aerial vehicle is equipped with a standard ultrasonic anemometer. The uncertainty in the system is evaluated against stationary anemometer data at different heights and shows very good agreement, especially in mean wind speed (< 0.12 m s−1) and mean direction (< 2.4∘) estimation. A test measurement was conducted above a forested and hilly site to analyse the spatial and temporal variability in the wind situation. A position-dependent difference in wind speed increase of up to 30 % compared to a stationary anemometer is detected.

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Banta, Robert M., Yelena L. Pichugina, W. Alan Brewer, Eric P. James, Joseph B. Olson, Stanley G. Benjamin, Jacob R. Carley, et al. "Evaluating and Improving NWP Forecast Models for the Future: How the Needs of Offshore Wind Energy Can Point the Way." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 99, no. 6 (June 2018): 1155–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-16-0310.1.

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AbstractTo advance the understanding of meteorological processes in offshore coastal regions, the spatial variability of wind profiles must be characterized and uncertainties (errors) in NWP model wind forecasts quantified. These gaps are especially critical for the new offshore wind energy industry, where wind profile measurements in the marine atmospheric layer spanned by wind turbine rotor blades, generally 50–200 m above mean sea level (MSL), have been largely unavailable. Here, high-quality wind profile measurements were available every 15 min from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Earth System Research Laboratory (NOAA/ESRL)’s high-resolution Doppler lidar (HRDL) during a monthlong research cruise in the Gulf of Maine for the 2004 New England Air Quality Study. These measurements were compared with retrospective NWP model wind forecasts over the area using two NOAA forecast-modeling systems [North American Mesoscale Forecast System (NAM) and Rapid Refresh (RAP)]. HRDL profile measurements quantified model errors, including their dependence on height above sea level, diurnal cycle, and forecast lead time. Typical model wind speed errors were ∼2.5 m s−1, and vector-wind errors were ∼4 m s−1. Short-term forecast errors were larger near the surface—30% larger below 100 m than above and largest for several hours after local midnight (biased low). Longer-term, 12-h forecasts had the largest errors after local sunset (biased high). At more than 3-h lead times, predictions from finer-resolution models exhibited larger errors. Horizontal variability of winds, measured as the ship traversed the Gulf of Maine, was significant and raised questions about whether modeled fields, which appeared smooth in comparison, were capturing this variability. If not, horizontal arrays of high-quality, vertical-profiling devices will be required for wind energy resource assessment offshore. Such measurement arrays are also needed to improve NWP models.

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Drechsel, Susanne, Georg J. Mayr, Jakob W. Messner, and Reto Stauffer. "Wind Speeds at Heights Crucial for Wind Energy: Measurements and Verification of Forecasts." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 51, no. 9 (September 2012): 1602–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-11-0247.1.

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AbstractWind speed measurements from one year from meteorological towers and wind turbines at heights between 20 and 250 m for various European sites are analyzed and are compared with operational short-term forecasts of the global ECMWF model. The measurement sites encompass a variety of terrain: offshore, coastal, flat, hilly, and mountainous regions, with low and high vegetation and also urban influences. The strongly differing site characteristics modulate the relative contribution of synoptic-scale and smaller-scale forcing to local wind conditions and thus the performance of the NWP model. The goal of this study was to determine the best-verifying model wind among various standard wind outputs and interpolation methods as well as to reveal its skill relative to the different site characteristics. Highest skill is reached by wind from a neighboring model level, as well as by linearly interpolated wind from neighboring model levels, whereas the frequently applied 10-m wind logarithmically extrapolated to higher elevations yields the largest errors. The logarithmically extrapolated 100-m model wind reaches the best compromise between availability and low cost for data even when the vertical resolution of the model changes. It is a good choice as input for further statistical postprocessing. The amplitude of measured, height-dependent diurnal variations is underestimated by the model. At low levels, the model wind speed is smaller than observed during the day and is higher during the night. At higher elevations, the opposite is the case.

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Korprasertsak, Natapol, and Thananchai Leephakpreeda. "Nyquist-based adaptive sampling rate for wind measurement under varying wind conditions." Renewable Energy 119 (April 2018): 290–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.12.018.

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Naba, Agus, and Ahmad Nadhir. "Power Curve Based-Fuzzy Wind Speed Estimation in Wind Energy Conversion Systems." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 22, no. 1 (January 20, 2018): 76–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2018.p0076.

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Availability of wind speed information is of great importance for maximization of wind energy extraction in wind energy conversion systems. The wind speed is commonly obtained from a direct measurement employing a number of anemometers installed surrounding the wind turbine. In this paper a sensorless fuzzy wind speed estimator is proposed. The estimator is easy to build without any training or optimization. It works based on the fuzzy logic principles heuristically inferred from the typical wind turbine power curve. The wind speed estimation using the proposed estimator was simulated during the operation of a squirrel-cage induction generator-based wind energy conversion system. The performance of the proposed estimator was verified by the well estimated wind speed obtained under the wind speed variation.

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Xin, Hai Sheng, Hai Jun Yue, and Qiao Li Han. "Study on Noise Characteristics of Concentrated Wind Energy Turbine." Advanced Materials Research 512-515 (May 2012): 778–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.512-515.778.

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Different types of wind turbine generate different noises in normal condition. A comparison of noises from local spot by means of modern acoustic measurement is carried out between 300W concentrated wind energy turbine and ordinary wind energy turbine, and conclusion is that the noises from the concentrated wind energy turbine are lower than that from the ordinary one. Besides, the main noises are from turbine blades and increase with the wind speed on both turbines.

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Sakipova, S., A. Jakovics, and S. Gendelis. "The Potential of Renewable Energy Sources in Latvia." Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 53, no. 1 (February 1, 2016): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lpts-2016-0001.

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Abstract The article discusses some aspects of the use of renewable energy sources in the climatic conditions prevailing in most of the territory of Latvia, with relatively low wind speeds and a small number of sunny days a year. The paper gives a brief description of the measurement equipment and technology to determine the parameters of the outer air; the results of the measurements are also analysed. On the basis of the data obtained during the last two years at the meteorological station at the Botanical Garden of the University of Latvia, the energy potential of solar radiation and wind was estimated. The values of the possible and the actual amount of produced energy were determined.

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Giyanani, A., W. Bierbooms, and G. van Bussel. "Lidar uncertainty and beam averaging correction." Advances in Science and Research 12, no. 1 (May 13, 2015): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/asr-12-85-2015.

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Abstract. Remote sensing of the atmospheric variables with the use of Lidar is a relatively new technology field for wind resource assessment in wind energy. A review of the draft version of an international guideline (CD IEC 61400-12-1 Ed.2) used for wind energy purposes is performed and some extra atmospheric variables are taken into account for proper representation of the site. A measurement campaign with two Leosphere vertical scanning WindCube Lidars and metmast measurements is used for comparison of the uncertainty in wind speed measurements using the CD IEC 61400-12-1 Ed.2. The comparison revealed higher but realistic uncertainties. A simple model for Lidar beam averaging correction is demonstrated for understanding deviation in the measurements. It can be further applied for beam averaging uncertainty calculations in flat and complex terrain.

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Basse, Alexander, Lukas Pauscher, and Doron Callies. "Improving Vertical Wind Speed Extrapolation Using Short-Term Lidar Measurements." Remote Sensing 12, no. 7 (March 29, 2020): 1091. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12071091.

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This study investigates how short-term lidar measurements can be used in combination with a mast measurement to improve vertical extrapolation of wind speed. Several methods are developed and analyzed for their performance in estimating the mean wind speed, the wind speed distribution, and the energy yield of an idealized wind turbine at the target height of the extrapolation. These methods range from directly using the wind shear of the short-term measurement to a classification approach based on commonly available environmental parameters using linear regression. The extrapolation strategies are assessed using data of ten wind profiles up to 200 m measured at different sites in Germany. Different mast heights and extrapolation distances are investigated. The results show that, using an appropriate extrapolation strategy, even a very short-term lidar measurement can significantly reduce the uncertainty in the vertical extrapolation of wind speed. This observation was made for short as well as for very large extrapolation distances. Among the investigated methods, the linear regression approach yielded better results than the other methods. Integrating environmental variables into the extrapolation procedure further increased the performance of the linear regression approach. Overall, the extrapolation error in (theoretical) energy yield was decreased by around 50% to 70% on average for a lidar measurement of approximately one to two months depending on the extrapolation height and distance. The analysis of seasonal patterns revealed that appropriate extrapolation strategies can also significantly reduce the seasonal bias that is connected to the season during which the short-term measurement is performed.

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Ouahabi, Mohamed Hatim, Farid Benabdelouahab, and Abdellatif Khamlichi. "Analyzing wind speed data and wind power density of Tetouan city in Morocco by adjustment to Weibull and Rayleigh distribution functions." Wind Engineering 41, no. 3 (May 18, 2017): 174–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309524x17709908.

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Several statistical distributions have been considered to model wind speed data. However, Weibull and Rayleigh statistical distributions are the most widely used methods for analyzing wind speed measurements and determining wind energy potential. In this work, these statistical distributions were applied in order to evaluate the wind resources in the northern Moroccan city of Tetouan. Adjustment of wind measurement data was performed. Then, the obtained results were compared with the provided wind data to test their accuracy based on common statistical indicators for performance. It was found that the Weibull and Rayleigh distribution models provide adequate description of the frequencies of actual wind records in Tetouan. They can be advantageously used to assess wind resource characteristics in this region.

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Corscadden, Kenneth W., Allan Thomson, Behrang Yoonesi, and Josiah McNutt. "The Impact of Variable Wind Shear Coefficients on Risk Reduction of Wind Energy Projects." International Scholarly Research Notices 2016 (October 30, 2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5790464.

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Estimation of wind speed at proposed hub heights is typically achieved using a wind shear exponent or wind shear coefficient (WSC), variation in wind speed as a function of height. The WSC is subject to temporal variation at low and high frequencies, ranging from diurnal and seasonal variations to disturbance caused by weather patterns; however, in many cases, it is assumed that the WSC remains constant. This assumption creates significant error in resource assessment, increasing uncertainty in projects and potentially significantly impacting the ability to control gird connected wind generators. This paper contributes to the body of knowledge relating to the evaluation and assessment of wind speed, with particular emphasis on the development of techniques to improve the accuracy of estimated wind speed above measurement height. It presents an evaluation of the use of a variable wind shear coefficient methodology based on a distribution of wind shear coefficients which have been implemented in real time. The results indicate that a VWSC provides a more accurate estimate of wind at hub height, ranging from 41% to 4% reduction in root mean squared error (RMSE) between predicted and actual wind speeds when using a variable wind shear coefficient at heights ranging from 33% to 100% above the highest actual wind measurement.

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Shim, Ae-Ri, Yeon-Sung Choi, and Jang-Ho Lee. "Measurement and Analysis of Wind Energy Potential in Kokunsando of Saemankeum." Journal of The korean society for new and renewable energy 7, no. 2 (June 25, 2011): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.7849/ksnre.2011.7.2.051.

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O'Donnell, Deirdre, Bruno Srbinovsky, Jimmy Murphy, Emanuel Popovici, and Vikram Pakrashi. "Sensor Measurement Strategies for Monitoring Offshore Wind and Wave Energy Devices." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 628 (July 9, 2015): 012117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/628/1/012117.

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Thomann, G. C., M. J. Barfield, and G. A. Myers. "Measured Average Wind Speeds in Western Kansas: A Comparison With NWS Data and the Effect of Small Terrain Differences." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 107, no. 2 (May 1, 1985): 165–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3267671.

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The average wind speed at 30 ft height was measured at 19 sites in the Western Kansas region during June 1980–July 1982. Two things were noted from the measurements. First, NWS measured average wind speeds in the region for the same period were about 1.1 mph higher than those measured at the 19 sites. A NWS model anemometer was calibrated, and when the calibration results were applied to the NWS data, the difference was largely removed. Second, there was considerable variation between the measured average wind speeds at the 19 sites, even though the sites were fairly close together, had similar surface cover near each site, and had only very small elevation changes around the towers. An attempt was made to reduce the difference between the measured average wind speeds by a correction based on the small elevation features in the 10-mile radius area surrounding each measurement tower. This measurement correction significantly reduced the differences in the measured wind speeds.

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Rettenmeier, Andreas, David Schlipf, Ines Würth, and Po Wen Cheng. "Power Performance Measurements of the NREL CART-2 Wind Turbine Using a Nacelle-Based Lidar Scanner." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 31, no. 10 (October 1, 2014): 2029–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-13-00154.1.

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Abstract Different certification procedures in wind energy, such as power performance testing or load estimation, require measurements of the wind speed, which is set in relation to the electrical power output or the turbine loading. The wind shear affects the behavior of the turbine as hub heights and rotor diameters of modern wind turbines increase. Different measurement methods have been developed to take the wind shear into account. In this paper an approach is presented where the wind speed is measured from the nacelle of a wind turbine using a scanning lidar system. The measurement campaign was performed on the two-bladed Controls Advanced Research Turbine (CART-2) at the National Wind Technology Center in Colorado. The wind speed of the turbine inflow was measured and recalculated in three different ways: using an anemometer installed on a meteorological mast, using the nacelle-based lidar scanner, and using the wind turbine itself. Here, the wind speed was recalculated from turbine data using the wind turbine as a big horizontal anemometer. Despite the small number of useful data, the correlation between this so-called rotor effective wind speed and the wind speed measured by the scanning nacelle-based lidar is high. It could be demonstrated that a nacelle-based scanning lidar system provides accurate measurements of the wind speed converted by a wind turbine. This is a first step, and it provides evidence to support further investigations using a much more extensive dataset and refines the parameters in the measurement process.

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41

Liu, Xiaofeng, Lin Bo, and Hongling Luo. "Dynamical measurement system for wind turbine fatigue load." Renewable Energy 86 (February 2016): 909–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2015.08.077.

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Rakovic, Radoslav. "Vlasina wind project: Results and perspectives." Thermal Science 10, no. 4 (2006): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci0604143r.

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This paper describes activities and main results of investigation for the Vlasina Wind Project, implemented within National Energy Efficiency Program, segment that deals with alternative and renewable energy sources. The main objective of the project was investigation of possibilities of wind energy generation in mountain areas of the Republic of Serbia. Problems of choice of location, measurement of wind energy potential, choice of type and unit size of wind turbine generators, as well as the interconnection of wind turbine generators and wind power plants to power system are considered. .

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Yang, Feng. "Investigating wintertime pedestrian wind environment and user perception in dense residential neighbourhood in a city of hot-summer and cold-winter climate zone, China." Indoor and Built Environment 26, no. 3 (July 28, 2016): 392–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x15620257.

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Urban wind environment could have an impact on pedestrian’s comfort and safety, as well as pollution dispersion and building energy consumption. For cities in the hot-summer and cold-winter climate zone of China, a proper design residential neighbourhoods is important to facilitate urban ventilation in hot and transient seasons and to protect users from strong winds in cold season. This paper reports the results of field measurements and a questionnaire survey in a large residential development with three different types of housings. Micrometeorology measurement was carried out at the pedestrian height level as well as at a rooftop reference station. Pedestrians’ subjective perception on wind and thermal comfort was recorded through a guided interview and questionnaire survey during the measurement. The measured wind velocity ratio is highest in the long-linear high-rise building layout, and is the lowest in the mid-rise linear building layout. Eight-seven per cent of respondents felt fairly comfortable living in the long-linear high-rise building layout, only 7% less than the mid-rise building layout. For similar housing forms in Shanghai, the wintertime wind shelter may not be critical compared with summertime ventilation requirement, and that the site planning and housing design should focus mainly on summertime wind channelling.

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Goit, Jay Prakash, Susumu Shimada, and Tetsuya Kogaki. "Can LiDARs Replace Meteorological Masts in Wind Energy?" Energies 12, no. 19 (September 26, 2019): 3680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12193680.

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This paper discusses whether profiling LiDARs can replace meteorological tower-based wind speed measurement for wind energy applications without severely compromising accuracy. To this end, the accuracy of LiDAR is evaluated in a moderately complex terrain by comparing long-term wind data measured by a profiling LiDAR against those obtained from tower-mounted cup and sonic anemometers. The LiDAR-measured wind speeds show good agreement with those measured using the sonic anemometer, with the slope of regression line being 1.0 and R 2 > 0.99 . Furthermore, the turbulence intensity obtained from the LiDAR has better agreement with that from the sonic anemometer compared to the cup anemometer which showed the lowest turbulence intensities among the three devices. A comparison of the turbulence intensity obtained from the 90th percentile of the standard deviation distribution shows that the LiDAR-measured turbulence intensities are mostly larger (by 2% or less) than those measured by the sonic anemometer. The gust factors obtained from both devices roughly converged to 1.9, showing that LiDAR is able to measure peak wind speed with acceptable accuracy. The accuracy of the wind speed and power distributions measured using the profiling LiDAR are then evaluated by comparing them against the corresponding distributions obtained from the sonic anemometer. Furthermore, the annual capacity factor—for the NREL 5-MW wind turbine—from the LiDAR-measured wind speed is 2% higher than that obtained from the sonic anemometer-measured wind speed. Numerical simulations are performed using OpenFAST in order to compute fatigue loads for the wind speed and turbulence distributions for the LiDAR and the sonic anemometer measurements. It is found that the 20 years lifetime Damage Equivalent Loads (DELs) computed for the LiDAR wind speed were higher than those for the sonic anemometer wind speeds, by 2%–6% for the blade root bending moments and by 11%–13% for the tower base bending moments. This study shows that even with some shortcomings, profiling LiDARs can measure wind speeds and turbulence intensities with acceptable accuracy. Therefore, they can be used to analyze wind resource and wind power potential of prospective sites, and to evaluate whether those sites are suitable for wind energy development.

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Miguel, José V. P., Eliane A. Fadigas, and Ildo L. Sauer. "The Influence of the Wind Measurement Campaign Duration on a Measure-Correlate-Predict (MCP)-Based Wind Resource Assessment." Energies 12, no. 19 (September 20, 2019): 3606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12193606.

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Driven by the energy auctions system, wind power in Brazil is undergoing a phase of expansion within its electric energy mix. Due to wind’s stochastic nature and variability, the wind measurement campaign duration of a wind farm project is required to last for a minimum of 36 months in order for it to partake in energy auctions. In this respect, the influence of such duration on a measure-correlate-predict (MCP) based wind resource assessment was studied to assess the accuracy of generation forecasts. For this purpose, three databases containing time series of wind speed belonging to a site were considered. Campaigns with durations varying from 2 to 6 years were simulated to evaluate the behavior of the uncertainty in the long-term wind resource and to analyze how it impacts a wind farm power output estimation. As the wind measurement campaign length is increased, the uncertainty in the long-term wind resource diminished, thereby reducing the overall uncertainty that pervades the wind power harnessing. Larger monitoring campaigns implied larger quantities of data, thus enabling a better assessment of wind speed variability within that target location. Consequently, the energy production estimation decreased, allowing an improvement in the accuracy of the energy generation prediction by not overestimating it, which could benefit the reliability of the Brazilian electric system.

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Pusat, Saban, and Yasin Karagöz. "A new reference wind year approach to estimate long term wind characteristics." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 13, no. 5 (May 2021): 168781402110212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/16878140211021268.

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The typical meteorological year (TMY) method has common applications in building energy performance and solar energy studies. However, there is not any well accepted method for the wind energy applications such as the TMY. In the present study, a new reference year approach is proposed for wind energy applications. By using the proposed method, the reference wind year (RWY) datasets may be generated as in the TMY methodology for any measurement station which has the possibility to be used as a reference station in the measure-correlate-predict (MCP) analyses. The MCP calculations are so significant to estimate the long term wind conditions for a candidate wind farm site. In this study, a case study is performed for Turkey after giving the details of the proposed method. The results for the RWY approach has a good agreement with the long term data as in the TMY method. Therefore, the RWY concept has the possibility to make the MCP studies easier and faster.

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Eigenmann, R., S. Metzger, and T. Foken. "Generation of free convection due to changes of the local circulation system." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 9, no. 21 (November 12, 2009): 8587–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-8587-2009.

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Abstract. Eddy-covariance and Sodar/RASS experimental measurement data of the COPS (Convective and Orographically-induced Precipitation Study) field campaign 2007 are used to investigate the generation of near-ground free convection conditions (FCCs) in the Kinzig valley, Black Forest, Southwest Germany. The measured high-quality turbulent flux data revealed that FCCs are initiated near the ground in situations where moderate to high buoyancy fluxes and a simultaneously occurring drop of the wind speed were present. The minimum in wind speed – observable by the Sodar measurements through the whole vertical extension of the valley atmosphere – is the consequence of a thermally-induced valley wind system, which changes its wind direction from down to up-valley winds in the morning hours. Buoyancy then dominates over shear within the production of turbulence kinetic energy near the ground. These situations are detected by the stability parameter (ratio of the measurement height to the Obukhov length) when the level of free convection, which starts above the Obukhov length, drops below that of the sonic anemometer. An analysis of the scales of turbulent motions during FCCs using wavelet transform shows the occurrence of large-scale turbulence structures. Regarding the entire COPS measurement period, FCCs in the morning hours occur on about 50% of all days. Enhanced surface fluxes of latent and sensible heat are found on these days.

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Kim, Hyun-Goo, and Jin-Young Kim. "Analysis of Wind Turbine Aging through Operation Data Calibrated by LiDAR Measurement." Energies 14, no. 8 (April 20, 2021): 2319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082319.

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This study analyzed the performance decline of wind turbine with age using the SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) data and the short-term in situ LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) measurements taken at the Shinan wind farm located on the coast of Bigeumdo Island in the southwestern sea of South Korea. Existing methods have generally attempted to estimate performance aging through long-term trend analysis of a normalized capacity factor in which wind speed variability is calibrated. However, this study proposes a new method using SCADA data for wind farms whose total operation period is short (less than a decade). That is, the trend of power output deficit between predicted and actual power generation was analyzed in order to estimate performance aging, wherein a theoretically predicted level of power generation was calculated by substituting a free stream wind speed projecting to a wind turbine into its power curve. To calibrate a distorted wind speed measurement in a nacelle anemometer caused by the wake effect resulting from the rotation of wind-turbine blades and the shape of the nacelle, the free stream wind speed was measured using LiDAR remote sensing as the reference data; and the nacelle transfer function, which converts nacelle wind speed into free stream wind speed, was derived. A four-year analysis of the Shinan wind farm showed that the rate of performance aging of the wind turbines was estimated to be −0.52%p/year.

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Karakasis, Nektarios, Athanasios Mesemanolis, Thomas Nalmpantis, and Christos Mademlis. "Active yaw control in a horizontal axis wind system without requiring wind direction measurement." IET Renewable Power Generation 10, no. 9 (October 1, 2016): 1441–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-rpg.2016.0005.

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Namura, Nobuo. "Wind shear estimation model using load measurement of wind turbine tower and surrogate model." Wind Energy 23, no. 2 (February 2020): 327–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/we.2432.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Wind energy measurement'

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