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Finlay-Jones, Richard. "Putting the spin on wind energy risk management issues associated with wind energy project development in Australia /." Connect to this title online, 2006. http://epubs.scu.edu.au/theses/23/.
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Pell, Christopher James. "Industrial-scale wind energy development in the United States physical, legislative, and economic conditions for success /." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2009. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Spring2009/C_Pell_041909.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in environmental science)--Washington State University, May 2009.Title from PDF title page (viewed on May 26, 2009). "School of Earth and Environmental Sciences." Includes bibliographical references (p. 76-78).
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Geary, Ryan D. "A review of offshore wind technology and the development of the Virginia coastline and outer continental shelf /." Full-text of dissertation on the Internet (1.84 MB), 2009. http://www.lib.jmu.edu/general/etd/2009/Masters/Geary_RyanD/gearyrd_masters_12-10-2009_01.pdf.
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Fischer, Felix Friedrich. "The regulation of Section 17 (2a) of the German Energy Economy Act against the background of current developments of the German and European offshore wind industry." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5750.
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Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--Stellenbosch University, 2008.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: With the introduction of Section 17 of the EnWG (German Energy Economy Act), the legislator created a new situation for the complex relationships in the German offshore wind industry. The transmission system operators are now obliged not only to provide the connection for offshore wind farms, but also to reimburse the developers of such plants for the costs they incurred in the course of planning the cable connection between the wind farm and the onshore grid. Forecasts had predicted that by 2007 numerous offshore wind farms would be operational. But no development company in the entire sector had moved beyond the planning phase. However, the rapid development of the offshore wind industry is important in order to achieve the German goal to generate 20% of all energy from renewable energy sources by 2020 and thus contribute to the prevention of grave climate changes. It is also important for the domestic labour market and the initiation of further exports of energy technologies. Early domestic growth will eventually payoff as offshore wind energy is implemented by more countries, which will then rely on the experience of German companies. Under these circumstances, Section 17 (2a) S.3 of the EnWG induces a positive impulse for offshore development. Under the financial constraints that dampened the expectations of developers of offshore wind farms, the suggested reimbursement will offer welcome relief. However a broad interpretation of Section 17 (2a) S.3 of the EnWG must be applied in order to reach the goal of actually enhancing offshore development, as is the legislator's intent. Such a broad interpretation of the reimbursement claim will lead to rapid implementation of the new law, as this will be in the interest of the developers and transmission system operators. The developers will have a large interest in beginning with the actual construction of the wind farm, and the transmission system operators will need to proceed with the planning of the cable connection. Even though improvements remain necessary the introduction of Section 17 (2a) S.3 EnWG can be considered a success.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Met die inwerkingstelling van afdeling 17 van die EnGW (Duitse Energie Ekonomie Wet), het die regering 'n nuwe situasie geskep vir die komplekse verhouding in die Duitse see-gebonde wind-energie industrie. Die transmissie stelsel operateurs word nou verplig om nie net die verbinding met die wind-plaas te verskaf nie, maar moet ook die ontwikkelaar van die aanleg vergoed vir enige kostes wat hulle aangegaan het met die beplanning van die verbinding tussen die windplaas en die elektrisiteits-netwerk. Vooruitskattings het voorspel dat verskeie see-gebonde windplase operasioneel sou wees teen 2007. Geen ontwikkelingsmaatskappy het egter al tot dusver verder as die beplanningstadium gevorder nie. Desnieteenstaande, die spoedige ontwikkeling van die see-gebonde wind industrie is onontbeerlik in die Duitse mikpunt om 20% van energiebehoeftes op te wek vanuit hernubare bronne teen 2020 en om dus klimaatsverandering teen te werk. Dit is ook belangrik vir werkskepping in Duitsland en vir die uitvoer van energie tegnologie. Spoedige groei in die industrie sal uiteindelik dividende lewer soos seegebonde wind-energie deur ander lande ontwikkel word en gevolglik op Duitse ervaring moet staatmaak. Onder hierdie omstandighede het afdeling 17 (2a) 5.3 van die EnGW 'n positiewe effek op seegebonde ontwikkeling. As gevolg van die dempende effek wat finansiele beperkinge het op die verwagtinge van ontwikkelaars sal die terugbetalings welkome verligting bied. Dit is egter nodig om 'n bree interpretasie van afdeling 17 (2a) 5.3 van die EnGW te gebruik om die mikpunt van werklike bevordering van seegebonde ontwikkeling te bewerkstellig soos die wetgewer beoog. So 'n bree interpretasie sal lei tot spoedige implimentasie van die nuwe wet omdat dit in die belang van ontwikkelaars en transmissie-netwerk eienaars sal wees. Die ontwikkelaars sal baat daarby om spoedig met ontwikkeling te begin, terwyl die netwerk operateurs vordering sal moet maak met die beplanning van die kabel-verbinding. Ten spyte daarvan dat verdere verbeteringe nodig is kan die inwerkingstelling van afdeling 17 (2a) 5.3 van die EnGW as 'n sukses gereken word.
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Gnauck, Robert. "Innovation System Wind Energy Industry." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-149822.
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The wind industry has arrived at a state of technological maturity and is occasionally already today cost-competitive to conventional sources of energy. This thesis investigates the process of innovation that took place within the industry. A theoretical background into economical theory of innovation together with a status quo assessment of today's wind industry serves as introduction to the topic. In the analytical part, inducement mechanisms and functions of technological development will be identified as crucial drivers for innovation within the sector. The key findings of this thesis lead to conclude that it is now the responsibility of the industry to becoming fully cost-competitive to conventional sources. The advancement of technological lifecycle will primarily depend on turbine manufacturers and their capability to drive innovation more independently from governments.
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Zhou, Yun, and Quanfeng Wang. "Wind power in China." Thesis, University of Gävle, Department of Technology and Built Environment, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-4879.
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n today's complex environment, clear and sustainable energy is needed to support society development. How to develop the sustainable energy is a core issue in China. Compared with traditional energy, Wind energy has many advantages such as non-fuel cost, less pollution. And wind energy has the absolute advantage that it is worldwide available. In many courtiers, wind energy has become a major part of their plans for sustainable development. The primary goal of this paper is to analysis advantages and disadvantages of wind power in China and the development potential of wind power in China. In this paper the main methodology is using the information about wind power in China, which is including current situation, development stage, industry development stage, and combining the real case to analysis wind power development potential in China. There are six parts of this paper which are the overview of wind power in china; case description, analysis, conclusions, suggestion, development perspectives and imagination In the first part, the overview of wind power in china, the history of wind power in china, wind resource distribution, wind power development stages, the situation of some key regions, wind power industry develop stage and also some policies about wind power of Chinese government are discussed. The goal of this part is giving some fundamental information about wind power in China. In the second part, a real case has been described, and according to this case, the construction cost of a wind power plant in China has been discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of wind power are also analyzed based on this case study, such as long-team return, environmental impact, and also some other problem analysis. After the analysis parts, there are the conclusion parts, those parts are about the development perspectives and imagination of wind power in China.
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Phillips, Russell Leslie. "Development of a reciprocating aerofoil wind energy harvester." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/899.
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Cross flow wind turbines are not unique. The performance of Savonius and Darrieus turbines is well documented. Both share the advantage of being able to accept fluid flow from any direction. The Savonius is drag based and hence has poor power output while the Darrieus is lift based. Due to the fact that the Darrieus has fixed blades the fluid flow through the rotor does not result in optimal lift being generated at all points in the rotation circle. A drawback of the Darrieus system is that it has to operate at a high tip-to wind-speed ratio to obtain reasonable performance with the fixed blades. Deviation from a small optimal range of tip speed ratios results in poor performance. The Darrieus also has poor starting torque. The research conducted in this project focused on overcoming the shortcomings of other turbines and developing an effective cross flow turbine capable of good performance. A number of different concepts were experimented with, however all were based on a symmetrical aerofoil presented to the actual relative airflow at an angle that would produce the highest lift force at all times. The lift force was then utilized to generate movement and to do work on an electrical generator. All concepts contemplated were researched to ascertain their appropriateness for the intended application. During development of the final experimental platform and after lodging of a provisional patent (RSA 2007/00927) it was ascertained that the design shared some similarities with an American patent 5503525 dated 28/4/1994. This patent employed complex electronic sensing and control equipment for control of blade angle. This was thought to be overly complex and costly, particularly for small scale wind energy generation applications and a simpler mechanical solution was sought in the design of the final experimental platform used in this project. The design of the mechanical control system was refined in an attempt to make it simpler, more durable and employ the least number of moving parts. Literature studies and patent searches conducted, suggested that the mechanical control system as developed for the final experimental platform was unique. The enormous variation in the power available from the wind at the different wind speeds likely to be encountered by the device necessitated some means of control. In high wind conditions control of the amount of wind power into the device was deemed to be the preferable means of control. A number of different concepts to achieve this were devised and tested. The final concept employed limited the tail angle deflection and hence the lift produced by the aerofoils. This resulted in a seamless “throttle” control allowing the device to be used in any wind strength by adjusting the control to a position that resulted in the device receiving a suitable amount of power from the wind. The outcome of performance tests conducted indicated that the device has the potential to be developed into a viable wind turbine for both small and large scale applications. The ability to control the power input from the wind to the machine from zero to a maximum is considered to be one of the most beneficial outcomes of this project and together with the quiet operation and low speed, are considered the main advantages of the device over existing wind turbine designs. The possibilities of using the device to compress air for energy storage are exciting avenues that warrant further research.
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Nayar, C. V. "Development of an electrical generation scheme using wind energy." University of Western Australia. Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 1985. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2006.0118.
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[Truncated Abstract] This thesis describes investigations carried out in the development of a wind powered generation system suitable for interconnection with a power grid ... The simplicity and flexibility exhibited by the induction machines in providing electromechanical energy conversion make it the most favoured choice for wind-powered systems operated in parallel with an existing powers system. Although not as common as the ‘squirrel cage’ induction machine, the slip-ring type has several attractive features in providing constant-frequency ac power when driven from a varaible-speed source such as a wind turbine. The fundamental energy conversion properties of the induction machine system are studied in order to determine the suitability of these systems for constant-frequency variable-speed electric power generation. Two distinct control policies are formulated: (i) optimising power from the wind when the generator is connected to an ‘infinite’ bus bar and, (ii), scheduling a constant output power irrespective of fluctuations in wind speed when the generator is operated in parallel with a ‘weak grid’.
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Batlle, Linares Oriol. "International Competitiveness of Wind Power Industry: : the case of GAMESA Corp. S.A." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekonomi och organisation (Inst.), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-91325.
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The modern lifestyle is highly dependent on the electricity consumption, which demand is expected to continue growing worldwide, especially in those developing areas where the whole economy is transforming. Until now, most of this electricity demand had been supplied through the combustion of fossil fuels or nuclear power. But the utilization of these energy sources to power the human activity is unsustainable because of limitless of the resources and the hazardous emissions and wastes that they generate. That is why since few decades ago thewind power became one of the best-positioned renewable energy in terms of costs effectiveness as a viable alternative to the energetic model based on pollutant fossil fuels. This technology was firstly developed and implemented on those countries with a traditional environmental conscientiousness, but as the global warming issue increased new countries were interested to use wind power as a clean and sustainable energy source. The growing wind power demand of developing countries has changed in few years the entire industry, because new local manufacturers have appeared thanks to the government renewable policy, which main objective is to develop a strong domestic wind power industry capable of lead the world transformation to a clean energy model. The thesis defines the most commons renewable energy policies, and focus in the policy used in China with the aim to analyze if it is promoting or damaging the expansion of wind power use because of the priority is protect its own domestic wind power industry from international firms. The conclusions are that those protectionist policies are useful in the early stage of the industry development but the government must know the exact moment in which these subsidies and supporting mechanisms become counterproductive. If those are used during a prolonged period, then companies become dependent on subsidies and don’t act like in free markets where the innovation is the key to gain and maintain sustainable competitive advantage.
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Waller, Mary Kate. "Challenges facing the wind energy industry in South Africa : lessons learned from international experience in promoting wind energy." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11147.
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Includes abstract.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 87-94).
Growing concerns regarding climate change, energy security, long-term carbon price exposure, fuel price risk and fossil fuel depletion have continued to drive growth in wind energy globally over the past decade. In spite of South Africa’s renewable energy target and feed-in tariff for renewable energy, the current deployment of wind energy in South Africa is extremely low. Consequently, as the country embarks upon promoting the development of renewable energy, it is important to consider the challenges facing the wind energy industry in South Africa.
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Rallis, Evan. "Solar and Wind Energy Development in Maine: 1973-1997." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2003. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/RallisE2003.pdf.
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Rodman, Lauren Sacha. "Spinning wind into power : industry and energy in Gitxaała Nation, British Columbia." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/44518.
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Wind power currently represents the fastest growing renewable energy resource in the world. Disputes over siting, disparities in economic and community benefits, and perceptions of landscape change all surface with renewable energy projects. Recently, renewable energy projects in partnership with First Nations have spread throughout Canada, yet limited studies exist regarding First Nations and renewable energy projects. This research examines proposed wind farms in Gitxaała Nation, a First Nation located near Prince Rupert, on British Columbia’s North Coast. Gitxaała Nation has four wind projects proposed in their claimed traditional territory, including the Naikun Wind Farm, potentially Canada’s first offshore wind project.
Based on three months of qualitative fieldwork in Prince Rupert, BC (May 2012-August 2012), this thesis examines wind turbine projects in the context of Gitxaała Nation’s experiences and explores the shifting terrain of renewable energy development in British Columbia. Twelve semi-structured interviews were conducted, paired with participant observation and numerous informal conversations. This thesis analyzes how wind turbine development in this context is intricately tied to (and viewed as) large-scale industrial development. For Gitxaała Nation, it is linked to the development of the Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipeline. In exploring views surrounding wind power’s introduction, the research examines how wind turbine projects are understood and the factors influencing how they are viewed and either accepted or rejected. It raises questions regarding renewable energies in BC and their place with First Nations, and it begins to address whether renewable energy is viewed differently from conventional resource extraction projects. Additionally, this research evaluates the impacts of renewable energy projects on local communities while exploring whether such projects are desired by and/or beneficial to Gitxaała Nation.
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Makhalas, Kharsan Al, and Faisal Alsehlli. "Wind Power." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för tillämpad signalbehandling, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-4336.
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This Bachelor thesis has been written at the Blekinge Institute of Technology. This thesis concentrates on the wind power and their components, also the large wind farm is studied. The electrical power is generated by using the power in wind to drive a wind turbine to produce mechanical power. This mechanical power can be converted into electrical power by using electrical induction generators. There are two types of the wind turbines, the horizontal axis and vertical axis wind turbine, where the horizontal axis wind turbine is mostly used and was studied in this thesis. The rotor can be placed in two directions: an upwind rotor where the blade of turbine faces to the wind, so it operates more smoothly and transmit more power. The other type is a downwind rotor which orients itself with respect for the wind direction. Moreover, the tower shadow makes the blade to flex, consequently resulting in fatigue, noise, and reduces output of the power. The modern wind turbine has been built with an odd number of blades which is important for the stability of the turbine. The rotor with an odd number of blades can be considered to be similar to a disc when calculating the dynamic properties of the machine. The main idea of this thesis is to study the wind power in general and large wind parks specifically. The Horns Rev wind park was taken as an example of a wind park in Denmark and the Gotland wind park as an example of a wind park in Sweden too. Into account, the distance between wind turbine in the wind direction cannot be too small. If the wind turbines are located to close to each other, the wind will be more and more turbulent after it passes through each single wind turbine. This would lead to that wind turbines downstream in the wind park, and it might even have to shut down due to that mechanical loading gets to high during strong conditions. This is due to the fact that when wind passes through the rotor of the wind turbine it gets very turbulent and the wind speed is decreased. The minimum length of the rotor should be approximately 5-7 rotor diameters to avoid that issue. Gotland Energy AB (GEAB) considered, that high voltage direct current light would be the only realistic way to solve the technical problems for the high amount of wind power in-feed. One result is that The stability of voltage during transient events, has become much better by using the high voltage direct current light so that the output current stability from the asynchronous generators have been improved, which reduces the stresses on the AC grid and on the mechanical construction of the windmills.In general the wind turbines with three blades accommodated a thicker root are used. It is obvious that, the less number of blades on the wind turbine, the cost of material and manufacturing will be lower. It is worthy to mentioned that, the modern wind turbine has been built with an odd number of blades. When the length of the blade increases the deflection of blade tip due to axial wind force also increase as well. So without consider the increase in length of blade may lead to dangerous situation of collision of tower and blade. Moreover, by increasing the number of blades cost of the system would increased as well. The limit of transfer for the AC transmission system depends on the distance from shore and is therefore physically limited by this. AC large wind parks that are placed at a long distance from the shore, which means AC long transmission line, and more drop voltage A solution to AC long transmission line, it could be to decrease the offshore frequency and use a low frequency AC networks. There is a suggestion by for instance (Schütte, Gustavsson and Ström 2011). The usages of a low frequency system are in electrified railway systems, where the frequency ranges from 16.67 Hz to 25 Hz. However, the network of a low frequency would allow a simpler design of the offshore WTs and The aerodynamic rotor of a large WT operates at maximum revolutions at 15-20 rpm. The lower frequency would then allow a smaller gear ratio for turbines with a gearbox, or decrease the poles number for WTs with direct driven generators. This would lead to lighter and cheaper turbines. One of the disadvantages by using a low frequency system is the size of transformer would be increased, and hence, the costs of transformer will increased too. The operator of the grid, Gotland Energy AB (GEAB) considered, that HVDC light would be the only realistic way to solve the technical problems for the high amount of wind power in-feed. The experiences have supported expected improvements in the characteristics for example: - Stability in the system arose. - Reactive demands, power flows, as well as voltage level in the harmonic and system were reduced. - Flicker problems were eliminated with the installation of HVDC light and transient phenomena disappeared. Moreover, Overall experiences of Gotland Energy AB (GEAB) are that the control of power flow from the converters makes the AC grid easier to observe than a conventional AC network and the power variations do not stress the AC grid as much as in normal network. Voltage quality has been better with the increased wind power production. A topic to study in the future is the consequences of blackouts in power supply with many wind power farm.
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KAUTS, MAREK-ANDRES. "Competitive Strategy for Entering Wind Turbine Manufacturing Industry." Thesis, KTH, Entreprenörskap och Innovation, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-189275.
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The purpose of this thesis is to explore, how it is best to enter to the wind turbine manufacturingindustry and suggest a competitive strategy for that purpose.The thesis follows Michael E. Porter's Competitive Strategy framework. The market is analyzed using data and scenarios from World Energy Council, Global Wind Energy Council and European Wind Energy Association. As competitors, European-based wind turbine manufacturers belonging by their market share to Global Top 10 are analyzed. A five-point competitive strategy is drafted.Technological innovations and business model improvements are not analyzed in this thesis.The result of competitive strategy research performed in this thesis is, that a window to enter to wind turbine manufacturing industry is embedded into the process of establishing a new experience curve. The new experience curve is based on direct drive wind turbine concept. The thesis suggests that the market to enter the industry is European onshore wind turbine market.A major barrier entering the industry is well established relationships between old wind turbine manufacturers and customers whereas the newcomers lack of sufficient references. A strategy to hurdle the barrier is acquiring the references by forward integration. Therefore, to enter to the market, wind turbine company should own its own wind park as a base of references and new product testing. As wind parks product, electricity is a commodity and sold on a commodities market, the forward integration does not need major extra know how.Core competences for the emerging company include product engineering and quality management.
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Yu, Wai-kwok, and 余偉國. "Current progress and future development of wind energy in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4673479X.
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Zhang, Yiying. "Peak Neodymium : Material Constraints for Future Wind Power Development." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-211692.
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Developing renewable alternatives for energy production is one of the main methods for climate change mitigation and sustainable development. As the key component in permanent magnets, neodymium is considered as one of the most critical elements in the rare earth family in the development of modern society. It plays a significant role in increasing efficiency and reducing weight in many applications like hard disc drives, audio equipment, direct- driven gearless and conventional wind turbine design, as well as electric vehicles designs with NiMH batteries. The emerging problem of neodymium production is the peak neodymium issue, which implies a potential risk of supply in the future due to the unsustainable production pathway. Now, China is producing more than 90% of the rare earth elements with an around 40% reserves and is facing severe problems of environmental pollution, smuggling, and increasing domestic demand. This paper makes efforts to see if the risk of supply would constrain future wind power development with a special focus on the China’s dominance in production and policies. By fitting historic production data with three curve models (logistic, Gompertz, and Richards) and designing future demand based on IEA’s scenarios, the projections of future supply and demand trends of neodymium was obtained. This paper shows that though neodymium-based wind turbine construction might not be the cause for neodymium shortage, it would be confronted with material constraints in the future. Thus, more consideration should be taken in the investment of wind turbines with permanent magnet. Also, a mineral strategy, which integrates technological innovation, joint effort from different stakeholders, and better resource management, is required for a sustainable production of neodymium in the long run.
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Dye, Jared James. "From Leader to Laggard: The Development of Wind Power in Russia." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1492725236380155.
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Mitchell, Catherine. "The renewable non-fossil fuel obligation : a case study of the barriers to energy technology development." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.240632.
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Batlle, Oriol. "International Competitiveness of the wind power industry : The case of Gamesa S.A." Thesis, KTH, Industriell dynamik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-34750.
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The modern lifestyle is highly dependent on the electricity consumption, which demand is expected to continue growing worldwide, especially in those developing areas where the whole economy is transforming. Until now, most of this electricity demand had been supplied through the combustion of fossil fuels or nuclear power. But the utilization of these energy sources to power the human activity is unsustainable because of limitless of the resources and the hazardous emissions and wastes that they generate. That is why since few decades ago the wind power became one of the best-positioned renewable energy in terms of costs effectiveness as a viable alternative to the energetic model based on pollutant fossil fuels. This technology was firstly developed and implemented on those countries with a traditional environmental conscientiousness, but as the global warming issue increased new countries were interested to use wind power as a clean and sustainable energy source. The growing wind power demand of developing countries has changed in few years the entire industry, because new local manufacturers have appeared thanks to the government renewable policy, which main objective is to develop a strong domestic wind power industry capable of lead the world transformation to a clean energy model. The thesis defines the most commons renewable energy policies, and focus in the policy used in China with the aim to analyze if it is promoting or damaging the expansion of wind power use because of the priority is protect its own domestic wind power industry from international firms. The conclusions are that those protectionist policies are useful in the early stage of the industry development but the government must know the exact moment in which these subsidies and supporting mechanisms become counterproductive. If those are used during a prolonged period, then companies become dependent on subsidies and don’t act like in free markets where the innovation is the key to gain and maintain sustainable competitive advantage.
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Gillies, John. "European Wind Power Development, Factors That Influenced Change and What Can Be Learned." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-282027.
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The success of wind power integration throughout Europe has been largely varied with some European countries showing large boosts in capacity compared to some which show none at all. This Thesis looks at those countries that have been successful in order to determine which factors have led to this success and what if any lessons can be learned in order to assist other countries. The countries studied make up the top three for total wind power capacity and top three for total capacity per capita. The surrounding elements that affect wind power development are assessed and relevant trends are investigated and discussed. Factors such as, support instruments and overall governance are discussed in detail with a number of trends being found. Calculations were conducted developing an average mean annual percentage increase for total capacity which showed that countries with an undeveloped wind power industry switching to a form of quota system could show a boost to total capacity. No evidence was found that suggested switching to or changing an existing feed in tariff system would result in a boost in installed capacity. In assessing governance, a trend was discovered showing obligations and targets helped to drive boosts in capacity especially for the countries who implemented a quota system. Brining these two trends together it was determined that strong top level governance was required to actually kick start boosts in total capacity. The use of combinations of support schemes is assessed and a trend determined that suggests that use a quota system as a primary support scheme is better suited to having tax incentives as a secondary with feed in tariff systems having financial support as a secondary system. A plan for developing wind power in countries with undeveloped wind power industries is developed based on the trends identified within the Thesis. This suggests that a switch to a quota system combined with strong EU and national Governance could help to boost capacity to a point at which time a switch to a form of FIT would be beneficial to build on this steady base.
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Connor, Peter Michael. "Strategic development of renewable energy technology in Europe." Thesis, n.p, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/.
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Buxamusa, Adnan. "Wind Flow Analysis and Modeling Power Generation for a Multiple Wind Turbine Installation." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1299607231.
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Lledó, Ponsatí Llorenç. "Climate variability predictions for the wind energy industry: a climate services perspective." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670882.
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In order to mitigate the climate change effects, the world is undergoing an energy transition from polluting sources towards renewable energies. This transition is turning the electricity system more dependent on atmospheric conditions and more prone to suffer the effects of climate variability. The atmospheric circulation is changing in certain aspects due to increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, but it also varies from year to year due to natural variability processes occurring in the Earth system at timescales of weeks, months and years.
The atmosphere interacts with other components of the Earth System such as the ocean, the cryosphere or the continental surface, that evolve more slowly than the atmosphere and drive the low-frequency variability. The natural climate oscillations that occur at those timescales impact wind speed and wind power generation. Therefore a better knowledge of how the wind resource varies at sub-seasonal, seasonal and decadal time scales is key to understand the risks that the electricity system is facing.
Anticipating this variability would also be helpful to many stakeholders in the energy sector to take precautionary actions. Forecasts at sub-seasonal, seasonal and decadal timescales are starting to be possible recently thanks to advances in climate modelling capabilities. Because climate variability is partly driven by coupled physical processes occurring in the Earth, numerical models that represent the interaction between different components of the Earth system can be employed to produce forecasts at these scales. The science of climate prediction deals with the challenge of producing predictions beyond meteorological timescales (i.e. weeks, months and years ahead) although not reaching the centennial timescales, which are studied with scenario-based climate projections. Climate predictions employ the current state of the atmosphere, the ocean, the cryosphere, and the land surface to produce numerical integrations of each component and the forcings and interactions between them to model the evolution of the Earth system as a whole.
However, the usage of climate predictions in the wind power sector (or more generally in any specific decision-making context) poses a series of difficulties due to many complex aspects of this type of predictions. The efforts devoted in many initiatives to bring the needs of the users to the center of the discussion have given rise to the field of climate services. In order to assist decision-making, it is not only desirable to have the best predictions available but also to tailor them to the specific needs of each user. To achieve this goal, a dialogue with stakeholders needs to be established, and a trans- disciplinary approach needs to be set up to take advantage of the developments in many research fields regarding knowledge transfer and communication.
The work presented in this dissertation advances the knowledge required to produce and successfully apply climate predictions to decision-making in the wind power sector and deals with the three aforementioned challenges: a) understanding the impact of climate oscillations at sub-seasonal and seasonal timescales on wind resource; b) developing methods to produce forecasts of wind speed and wind power generation at this scales; and c) facilitating the uptake of those predictions by means of a climate-services-based approach.Per tal de mitigar els efectes del canvi climàtic, tots els països del món estan duent a terme una transició energètica de fonts contaminants cap a energies renovables. Aquesta transició està incrementant la sensibilitat del sistema elèctric a les condicions atmosfèriques i fent-lo més vulnerable als efectes de la variabilitat climàtica. A escales de setmanes, mesos i anys, l'atmosfera interacciona amb altres components del sistema Terra com l'oceà, la criosfera o la superfície continental, que evolucionen més lentament que l'atmosfera, condicionant-ne la seva variabilitat a baixa freqüència. Al seu torn, les oscil·lacions que tenen lloc a aquestes escales temporals impacten el vent i la generació d'energia eòlica. Per tant, un millor coneixement de com varia el recurs eòlic a escales sub-estacionals, estacionals i decadals permetrà anticipar els riscs a què el sistema elèctric està sotmès. En segon lloc, anticipar aquesta variabilitat climàtica seria de gran utilitat a diversos actors del sistema energètic. L'ús de models climàtics que representen les interaccions entre les diferents components del sistema Terra permet abordar el repte de produir pronòstics més enllà de l'escala meteorològica (és a dir, a setmanes, mesos i anys vista). Malgrat tot, l'ús de les prediccions climàtiques en el sector de l'energia eòlica presenta una sèrie de dificultats degut a les complexitats d'aquest tipus de previsions. Per tal d'assistir la presa de decisions, no només és necessari disposar de les millors prediccions possibles sinó que cal també ajustar-les a les necessitats específiques de cada ús. Aquest objectiu només es pot assolir amb un diàleg constant i transdisciplinari entre els científics i les parts interessades que integri els avenços en diferents àmbits respecte la transferència de coneixement i la comunicació. Aquesta tesi avança el coneixement necessari per tal de produir i aplicar prediccions climàtiques a la presa de decisions per part de la indústria eòlica, abordant tres reptes: a) avaluar l'impacte d'oscil·lacions climàtiques sub-estacionals i estacional en el recurs eòlic; b) desenvolupar mètodes per produir prediccions de vent o de generació eòlica a aquestes escales; i c) facilitar l'adopció d'aquestes previsions mitjançant una aproximació basada en els serveis climàtics.
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Gyawali, Netra Prasad. "Development of Control and Operational Strategies for Wind Power Based Microgrid with Integrated Energy Storage." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/142224.
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Montenegro, Borbolla Ivan. "Using refurbished turbines to provide affordable wind energy: A case study in Africa." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-274246.
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When a wind farm is repowered, decommissioned turbines are discarded. This creates a stock of wind turbines that can be acquired for a fraction of the original cost, and refurbished. Taking advantage of the reduced price and the ruggedness of first generation wind turbines, new markets for sale of wind energy can be explored. This thesis first analyses the repowering background of Germany, Denmark, and other European countries, where transition to repowered or “second generation” wind farms is taking place. Then, a number of feasibility studies are reviewed to create a study framework, which will allow in-depth study of suitable energy markets. Using this framework, the suitability of four countries is analysed in detail: Djibouti, Madagascar, Mozambique, and Tanzania. Two countries are selected to perform a total of 6 site studies: Djibouti and Tanzania. Using WindPro 2.9, six model wind farms are simulated. A financial model is built, based on an NREL study, to analyse the economic viability of wind farms. Using the financial model, the levelized cost of energy is obtained, and used to evaluate the competitiveness of the model wind farms. A sensitivity study is carried out to identify the major influences on the LCOE. Using the cost data, the cost competitiveness of the proposed wind farms is discussed, including competitiveness in the target markets, and a cost comparison with commercial wind farms with new turbines is performed. Five out of six proposed wind farms are competitive in price in the target markets, and all achieve an average installation cost per kW of one third of conventional wind farms, while producing energy in the low range of commercial projects, and even lower for sites with excellent wind resources.
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Lieu, Jenny. "Influences of policy learning, transfer, and post transfer learning in the development of China's wind power policies." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2013. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/46453/.
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China's renewable energy (RE) sector is developing rapidly, driven by growing energy needs, increased awareness of climate change, and heightened concerns for environmental degradation caused by the country's industrialisation process over the past decades. The Chinese government has been dedicated to the development of its RE industry and has engaged extensively in drawing lessons from abroad and applying these lessons to its own experiences in the post transfer learning process to develop policies that have contributed to the development of the largest wind power sector in the world. This thesis provides a perspective of how China, a ‘socialist market economy', has applied primarily market mechanisms from liberalised market systems found in Western Europe and the United States to develop its domestic wind power sector. Having similar economic, political and cultural value systems is not necessarily a prerequisite to policy learning; rather policy objective compatibility is a more important criterion when drawing and transferring lessons. The objective of this thesis is to analyse how the policy learning from abroad, policy transfer and the post transfer process has influenced the development of wind power policies in China through the application of a framework to analyse the policies. The framework was specifically developed for this thesis and was largely based on policy learning and policy transfer concepts as well as general learning literature. Using the wind power policies in China as a case study, this thesis identifies elements of policy learning from abroad and examines how transferred policies have been applied in first level policies that are top-level coordinating policies (e.g. mid- to long-term strategies and frameworks) as well as second level policies, with specific objectives focusing on diffusion and adoption (e.g. renewable energy policy instruments). Overall, studying policy learning from abroad, policy transfer and the post transfer process contributes to understanding how learning across political boarders contributes to the domestic policy formation and implementation process.
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Kimm, Dennis. "Windy Business: Exploring a Local Wind Power Project in Germany." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-330950.
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The need for a sustainable energy supply is widely recognized, as formulated under goal 7 of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals. Yet, on the local level problems may arise with the implementation of renewable energy systems, such as wind power. Issues around visual intrusion of the landscape, noise and shadow flicker, and concerns over wildlife protections are often in the heart of local resistance to wind power projects. The aim of this thesis is to closely examine the developments for wind power in the city of Euskirchen in Germany, including the planning and decision making processes, with regards to milestones and obstacles encountered over the last two decades. The analysis applies the methodology of a qualitative case study. Furthermore, views and opinions of involved and affected parties are collected through semi-structured interviews, and analysed through the lenses of social acceptance and public participation. Finally, from the examination of the planning and decision making processes and the discovered local attitudes towards wind energy, recommendations will be formulated to guide future wind power developments in the region.
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Rouillard, Justin. "Can the province of Québec (Canada) learn from Sweden in the field of wind power energy?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-184692.
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For several years now it has been indicated by the scientific research that human activity has a definite impact on the temperature of the Earth. There are different ways of reducing anthropogenic climate change, to consume less energy for instance, but also to use renewable sources of energy. Since the wind power market is growing rapidly lately, it seemed interesting to compare how different countries have developed wind power energy and how they intend to do it in the future. Sweden has developed wind power energy for a long time and since Québec, a Canadian province, is similar to the Scandinavian country in many aspects; it was interesting to determine if the province of Québec in Canada can learn from Sweden in the field of wind power energy. When looking to stimulate wind power on their respective territories, it seems that Sweden and Québec have very different approaches to the development of that energy. In Québec, the governmental policy is criticised because it gives too much latitude to private companies when it is almost the opposite in Sweden, where the government is charged to have introduced too many restrictions and environmental policies that hinder the development of wind power. The conclusion is that Québec can learn from Sweden and from Sweden’s mistakes in the wind energy sector, but also from more successful countries like Denmark and Germany. First, Québec could benefit from having a more decentralised development strategy i.e. giving more power to local authorities and local populations. Second, Québec needs stronger economic incentives providing a stable market for developers.
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Benham, William T. Cabral Noel J. "The role of the Department of Defense (DoD) in solar energy research, development and diffusion." Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2008. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA483508.
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"Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business Administration from the Naval Postgraduate School, June 2008."Advisor(s): Dew, Nicholas ; Ventresca, Marc. "June 2008." "MBA professional report"--Cover. Description based on title screen as viewed on August 7, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 91-97). Also available in print.
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Khan, Akrama. "Development of a power conditioner for a PMSG-based wind energy system integrated into a weak grid." Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32243.
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With the growing use of non-linear loads and due to their ever changing nature, electricity networks experience power imbalance continually. These non-linear asymmetrical loads draw distorted unbalanced currents and voltages at the point of common coupling (PCC) which propagate into the distribution network. Power quality has therefore become an important issue, which has resulted in the development of numerous control strategies and other interventions to maintain the integrity of the electric network. Recent advancements in power electronics have provided new ways to optimize power systems by regulating the active power transfer. These developments lead to opportunities for renewable energy systems to harness energy and at the same time inject optimized currents into the network by means of distributed units. An emerging problem with most such units is that they are located far from the PCC and are usually designed for the small linear loads. Moreover, the problem is exacerbated during overload conditions when the voltage level drops below the allowed minimum level due to the high network impedance which characterizes a weak grid. This thesis aims to study similar scenarios where a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) based wind energy conversion system (WECS) is integrated into a weak AC grid. The system comprises of a machine-side (MSC) and a grid-side (GSC) converter, which provides available ancillary services and is envisaged to augment existing power quality conditioners such as STATCOM devices. To represent a weak grid, a Thevenin equivalent model of the electric network is considered with unbalanced loads. The main objective of this project is to transform the traditional converter topology into a versatile system that can perform as a power conditioner. In particular, it monitors a distribution line, sense changes in the load, detects faults and redistributes the currents to ensure maximized power transfer into the network. The system under consideration possesses the capability of independent injection of active and reactive currents within the defined limits. Since the system under consideration is integrated v into a weak grid, the perceived load is always considered to be unbalanced. Under the specified condition, if a fault occurs at one or two phases, unbalanced voltages are observed at the PCC. Two scenarios are created to perform the case study. Firstly, a no-fault case is considered with symmetrical voltages at the PCC. To ensure maximum power transfer into the network with least losses, a set of currents is injected according to the optimal current injection technique. Secondly, asymmetrical faults are considered at the PCC and currents are injected according to the coordinated sequence current injection technique. This technique defines a new current injection limit which not only improves the power transfer but also enhances the power factor. Furthermore, the peak magnitude of the three phase currents is also kept within the rated current limit. For both scenarios described above, the MSC regulates the DC link voltage so as to limit the active power coming from the generator according to the grid condition. The GSC however performs two important functions. It implements small active/reactive power perturbations for the impedance estimation, and once the impedances are determined, magnitudes of the required currents are calculated and injected based on the proposed techniques. Validation of the analysis is done experimentally on a 3.3kW PMSG connected to a programmable regenerative power supply which emulates a weak grid. The MSC and GSC utilized in this project are conventional two-level converters which are controlled by means of a FPGA based controller.
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Jalkenäs, Frida. "Evaluation tool for large scale onshore wind power projects." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-264261.
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Sweden has a goal of having 100% renewable electricity production by 2040. To reach this goal, wind power is one of the most important energy sources that needs to be heavily expanded. However, finding a good project site and realizing a project is a process that takes several years and can be difficult to achieve. Between 2015 and 2018, no less than 76% of Swedish wind power projects applying for permits were rejected. As an industry player with the aim of becoming fossil free, Pöyry has the interest to pursue Sweden reaching its goal. Pöyry has long experience of wind energy development and has now requested a method that can evaluate and compare Swedish wind power projects in all stages with the aim of identifying the best available project to proceed with. The objective of this thesis is thus to investigate factors that are critical for developing profitable projects, identify the largest expenses and create a tool that evaluates projects based on several parameters. A literature review is performed to obtain knowledge about wind power project development and data is collected from various projects in Sweden from 2016 and onwards to get an updated view with information and valuable numbers from realized projects. An analysis is then carried out with the aim of finding the most important factors that can affect the development of wind power projects, positively or negatively. This is followed by an identification of the most significant expenses in a project, whereupon a simplified but realistic way of calculating these are created. Lastly an evaluation tool is developed using Excel, with the purpose of evaluating projects, finding risks and estimating costs as well as electric energy production. Finally, candidate projects can be compared, helping developers finding the most beneficial and environmentally friendly projects.Sverige har som mål att ha 100% förnyelsebar elproduktion till 2040. För att nå detta mål är vindkraft en av de viktigaste källorna till energiproduktion och måste därmed expandera de kommande åren. Att hitta ett bra projektområde och fullfölja ett projekt är en process som tar flera år och kan i många fall vara svårt att uppnå. Av alla svenska projekt som ansökte om tillstånd mellan 2015 och 2018, fick 76% avslag. Med inriktningen att bidra till ett fossilfritt Sverige är Pöyry en aktör inom industrin som vill hjälpa Sverige att nå detta mål. Företaget har lång erfarenhet av vindkraftsutveckling och har nu efterfrågat en metod som kan utvärdera och jämföra svenska vindkraftsprojekt i alla dess olika stadier med syfte att identifiera de bästa projekten att jobba vidare med. Syftet med detta examensarbete är därmed att undersöka faktorer som är kritiska för projektutvecklingen, identifiera de största kostnaderna samt skapa ett verktyg som utvärderar projekt utifrån flertalet faktorer. För ett erhålla kunskap om utveckling av vindkraftsprojekt utförs en litteraturstudie, varpå projektdata från 2016 och framåt samlas in för att få en uppdaterad bild med värdefull information och siffror från realiserade projekt. Därefter utförs en analys med syfte att hitta de faktorer som har störst påverkan, negativ som positiv, på utveckling och uppbyggnad av vindkraftsprojekt. Därpå identifieras de största utgifterna i ett projekt och en förenklad men realistisk beräkningsmodell skapas för att uppskatta dessa. Slutligen utvecklas ett verktyg i Excel som utvärderar projekt, hittar risker samt uppskattar kostnader och energiproduktion, vars syfte är att hjälpa projektörer att jämföra projekt och därmed hitta det mest kostnadseffektiva och hållbara alternativet.
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Jarvis, Christina M. "An evaluation of the wildlife impacts of offshore wind development relative to fossil fuel power production." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file 0.67 Mb., 123 p, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1430770.
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Kliatsko, Aleh. "Scenarios of Wind Power Development Prospects for Belarus by 2020 within a World’s Context." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-53246.
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The aim of the master’s work is to assess the wind-power development prospects andproceeding therefrom assume scenarios of the wind-power development in Belarus until 2020 reasoning from the situations and tendencies common to both the national and world powerindustry. In my master’s work I have referred to ХХI-century current problems: procuring energypreparedness of the Republic of Belarus and reducing the anthropogenic impact on thebiosphere and reducing impact on the climate. For Belarus characteristic is a variety ofenvironmental challenges. For instance, one of the most urgent problems is Chernobyldisaster aftermath which affected Belarus to a very great extent. In my opinion some of these global problems may be partially solved by way of usingalternative energy sources, specifically the wind-power engineering. Such a narrow enough notion as the prediction of the wind-power engineering development inBelarus is described in my work by way of so deep and wide analysis of issues dealing withthe wind-power engineering development and prediction: the encyclical analysis of the stateand development of the power industry in its entirety in Belarus and how to reach energypreparedness at the time when effects of the finance-and-economic crisis are currently addedto other negative factors. It has been done specially for the purpose of making such an accurate prediction as possiblehaving analyzed the whole range of interrelated problems. I pitched upon the prediction of the development of the wind-power engineering preciselyuntil 2020 since I’d like to be tied to the basic document: “the National Strategy ofSustainable Social-and-Economic Development of the Republic of Belarus for a Period until2020”. In my work I have analyzed a possibility and horizons of developing the power industry inBelarus based on sustainable development principles. I have proved a capability andprofitability of developing renewable energy sources in Belarus. And the main emphasis wason considering the wind-power engineering. For Belarusian conditions there has beenproposed an optimum alternative of the integrated approach to developing the wind-powerengineering, i.e. joint using the wind-power engineering with other renewable and exhaustibleenergy sources. In this manner there has been refuted an opinion generally held that the windpower engineering development in Belarus is prospectless. In so doing the author, prior to turning to a major issue of the work: the prospects ofdeveloping the wind-power engineering in the Republic of Belarus, has given an estimate ofworld reserves of fuel resources and drawn up the following conclusions: deposits of fossilfuels are depleting and, consequently, the cost of mining operations will grow. Due to the factthat the main extraction of power resources is shifted to extreme regions the cost of conveying energy products is growing. Belarus has to import deficient power resources. Recently the price for Russian energy products for Belarus has grown dramatically. I have also approached the issue of expediency of building an atomic power station in Belarus. The prospects and consequences of using unconventional renewable energy sources in theRepublic of Belarus (with no wind-power engineering) are considered in all their aspectsfollowed by a detailed consideration of the prospects of developing the wind-powerengineering in the Republic of Belarus. Based on the above data there have been proposed two scenarios of developing the wind power engineering in Belarus: Scenario 1 «Unsustainable» and Scenario 2, which I called «Middle way to sustainable energy engineering».Syftet med magister-arbetet är att bedöma vindkraftverkens utvecklingsmöjligheter och därifrån anta scenarier för vindkraftutvecklingen i Vitryssland till 2020, genom resonemang från de situationer och tendenser som är gemensamma för både nationella och internationella kraftindustrin. I mitt magister-arbete har jag hänvisat till 2000-talets nuvarande problem: att skaffa energisäkerhet i Republiken Vitryssland, minska effekterna av mänsklighetens påverkan på biosfären och minska påverkan på klimatet. Vitryssland kännetecknas av en rad olika utmaningar på miljöområdet. Till exempel är en av de mest akuta problemen Tjernobylkatastrofens efterdyningar som påverkade Vitryssland i mycket stor utsträckning. Min åsikt är att en del av dessa globala problem kan delvis lösas genom att använda alternativa energikällor, särskilt vindkraft-tekniken. Ett sådant specifierat begrepp som förutsägelsen av vindkraftteknikens utveckling i Vitryssland beskrivs i mitt arbete i form av en djup och bred analys av frågor som handlar om vindkraftteknikens utveckling och prognoser: Analysen av läget och utvecklingen av kraftindustrin i sin helhet i Vitryssland och hur man når energi-säkerhet när effekterna av finanskrisen för närvarande läggs till andra negativa faktorer. Det har gjorts speciellt för att göra en sådan precis förutsägelse som möjligt genom att ha analyserat hela raden av sammanhängande problem. Jag fokuserade på prognoser om utvecklingen av vindkraft-teknik innan 2020 eftersom jag vill vara bunden till det grundläggande dokument: ”den nationella strategin för hållbar socialoch ekonomisk utveckling i Vitryssland under en period fram till 2020”. I mitt arbete har jag analyserat en mängd olika möjlighet för att utveckla kraftindustrin i Vitryssland som bygger på principerna för hållbar utveckling. Jag har visat att det går att utveckla förnybara energikällor i Vitryssland, som är både kapabla och lönsamma. Med sikte på att använda sig av vindkraft-tekniken. För de vitryska förhållandena har det föreslagits ett optimalt alternativ för den integrerade strategin för att utveckla vindkraft-tekniken, dvs gemensamt med hjälp av vindkraft-teknik och med andra förnybara och icke förnybara energikällor. På detta sätt har det finns det en allmän åsikt angående vindkraft-teknikens utveckling i Vitryssland, som säger att det inte finns några direkta förutsättningar för denna typ av energi. Därigenom har författaren, innan upptagandet av huvud frågan i arbetet:,utsikterna att utveckla vindkraft teknik i Republiken Vitryssland, gjort en beräkning av världens reserver av bränsle-resurser och kommit fram till följande slutsatser: depåerna av fossila bränslen håller på att ta slut och därmed kommer kostnaderna för utvinning att växa. På grund av det faktum att huvuddelen av utvinningen av bränsle flyttas till extrema regioner så kommer kostnaden för att tillhandahålla energiprodukter växa. Vitryssland måste importera bristfälligt bränsle. Nyligen har priset för ryska energiprodukter för Vitryssland ökat dramatiskt. Jag har också tagit upp frågan om lämpligheten av att bygga ett kärnkraftverk i Vitryssland. Förutsättningarna och konsekvenserna av att använda okonventionella förnybara energikällor bedömning av möjligheterna att utveckla vindkraft tekniken i Vitryssland. Baserat på ovanstående data har det lagts fram två scenarier för utvecklandet av vindkrafttekniken i Vitryssland: Scenario 1 «Ohållbart» och Scenario 2, som jag kallade «Vägen mellan hållbar energi-teknologi».
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Valivand, Sania. "Democratic principles and the energy transition : The case of municipal decision making and wind power development in Sweden." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Nationalekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-45945.
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The purpose of this study is to empirically investigate if the municipal decision on wind power development can be explained by a model including socioeconomic variables and proxies for the natural environment, using a pooled cross-section data set for Swedish municipalities for the period 2010-2019. The study poses the question whether politicians' decisions-making can be explained by socioeconomic factors. In order to analyse the approving or denying of wind power development in Swedish municipalities, three models are used: the linear probability model, the probit and the logit model. The results show that the Green political party (positively affecting wind power development) and that the unemployment rate, income, population density, protected areas and the affiliations with the Sweden Democrats (negatively affecting the approval rate), has a statistical significant effect on the permissionprocess. Installed capacity of wind power plants seemingly have no impact. Our findings suggest that the municipal decision making is less random than the critics of the municipal veto proposes.
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Mataifa, Haltor. "Modeling and control of a dual-mode grid-integrated renewable energy system." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2190.
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Thesis (MTech (Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2015.From the electric power generation perspective, the last three decades have been characterized by sustained growth in the amount of Distributed Power Generation (DPG) systems integrated into the electric grid. This trend is anticipated to continue, especially in light of the widespread acceptance of the many benefits envisaged in the increase of renewable-based power generation. The potential for grid-integrated DPG systems to significantly contribute to electric power supply reliability has consistently attracted extensive research in recent times, although concerns continue to be raised over their adverse impact on the normal grid operation at high penetration levels. These concerns largely stem from the limited controllability of most DPG systems, which tend to exhibit large output impedance variation, and non-deterministic power output characteristics. There has therefore also been a growing need to develop effective control strategies that can enhance the overall impact of the DPG systems on the grid operation, thus improving their synergistic properties, and probably also enabling an even higher penetration level into the utility grid. In line with this identified need, this thesis discusses the modeling and controller design for an inverter-based DPG system with the capability to effectively operate both in grid-connected and autonomous (i.e. independent of the utility grid) operational modes. The dual-mode operation of the DPG is made possible by incorporating into the inverter interface control scheme the means to ensure seamless transition of the DPG between the grid-connected and autonomous modes of operation. The intention is to have a grid-integrated inverter-based DPG system whose operation approximates that of an online Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) system, in that it is able to sustain power supply to the local load in the absence of the grid supply, which would be desirable for critical loads, for which the level of power supply reliability guaranteed by the grid often falls short of the requirements. The work developed in this thesis considers three of the aspects associated with grid-integrated DPG systems that are equipped with autonomous-mode operation capability.
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Weiss, Torsten. "Wind Power Project Development : Financial Viability of Repowering with RETScreen as a Decision Aid Tool." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-257684.
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There is a need for an efficient adjustment of the energy supply system towards renewable energy resources in the near future. This raises the question whether it is financially efficient to repower an onshore wind turbine or wind farm in operation with respect to specific surrounding conditions? To this purpose, the objective of this Thesis is a quantitative analysis of a wind power project repowering addressing certain legislative parameters, varying economic factors and WT models respectively. To enable this analysis, a case-study considering a number of hypothetical scenarios for repowering a wind farm in Germany has been applied. The scenarios address in particular the widely implemented limitation in overall building heights of 100m depending upon varying economical parameters. Nevertheless, this case-study applies three different WT models whereof one model matches the legislations and the other two models exceed the legislations by a varying degree in order to evaluate a potential productivity growth. The varying economic conditions are represented by a base case projection applying average wind power construction costs and financial rates whereas a best case and worst case projection consider deviating interest rates, capacity factors, investment and O&M costs respectively. The economic calculations together with the determination of the capacity factor with respect to each WT model are performed by utilising the decision aid tool RETScreen. The results obtained by this case-study show versatile economic and technological performance. WT models of minor size addressing in particular local existing legislation regarding the limitation of overall height which must not exceed 100m are inefficient regardless of varying economic conditions. Exceeding the limitation, WT models provide a significant increase in performance and thus return positive economic results independent of varying economic conditions. The main conclusion is that existing local legislations based on previous considerations from the past but which no longer correspond to the state of technology have to be questioned in general or have to be mitigated by subsidy instruments in order to support a generation shift in technology before the end of life of operational wind farms and thus promptly increase efficiency by repowering.
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Chlebna, Camilla M. "The role of institutions for the path dependent development of the wind energy industry in Germany and Britain." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 2017. https://radar.brookes.ac.uk/radar/items/21dd4aef-25b7-41ab-9ff0-4eeadaf4c7e7/1/.
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The key argument of this thesis is that institutional settings have a crucial impact on path dependent economic development. It is also argued that both formal and informal institutions play an important role. The contribution to knowledge lies in the unique combination of a path dependency perspective with an institutional focus and the proposition of two frameworks to examine the relationships between the concepts. It is evidence for the valuable contribution that strongly qualitative approaches in studies in evolutionary economic geography can make. A multi-level perspective is applied in two frameworks. Three key levels are examined: The civil society, where transitional new pathways originate, the path dependent industrial landscape which new technological pathways seek to reach, and the institutions which need to support these new technological pathways so they can develop. It is argued through the conceptual framework that the institutional arrangements act as a filter on agents’ perceptions and that therefore different institutional constellations in different regions or countries are one important cause of divergent economic development. The analysis framework proposes a role for both informal and formal institutional arrangements, where informal institutions have an important impact on whether and how the formal institutional arrangements are co-evolved by agents because of their immediate effect on their perceptions and behaviour. These frameworks were tested by applying them to the case of the path dependent development of the wind energy industry in Germany and Britain. 32 semi-structured interviews with industry experts followed a pilot study of four interviews with academics. A good spread across the two countries and across perspectives was achieved. It was found that in Germany the strength of the anti-nuclear sentiment in combination with the federal structure allowed for new ideas about energy generation to get a foothold amongst policymakers. In contrast the relatively closed, hierarchical formal institutional structure in Britain in combination with a lack of a comparable strength of sentiment amongst society in general hindered similar institutional co-evolution and institutional hysteresis continued.
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White, James. "Availability and cost of capital for IPP wind energy project financing in South Africa : an investigation study into how financiers and investors in the South African wind power market react to perceived uncertainties in the policy and regulatory ena." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10711.
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Includes abstract.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 212-224).
In recent months there has been an increased interest in the potential for a wind power sector in South Africa. This is in response to broader climate change commitments by government and the potential inclusion of independent power producers (IPP) in the South African generation capacity. In support of this the government has set policies that indicate their support for the inclusion of renewable energy into the mix. However, this policy does not send a clear signal of certainty to investors, especially with regard to the implementation. This thesis set out to review how investors and financiers have responded to these signals and how they set the cost and availability of project funding based off the uncertainty due to the gaps in the enabling environment.
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Moularé, Éboua Yves Éric Didier. "The Influence of Stakeholders on the Sustainable Development of the Wind Power Industry in Canada: The Firm’s Perspective." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/33456.
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We propose making an empirical application of the temporal view of stakeholder management theory by applying it in the particular context of the Canadian wind industry. The temporal view builds on insights from the resource-based view (RBV), institutional theory, and stakeholder salience theory. We argue that both early stage competitive advantage and late stage sustained competitive advantage could be dependent on the use of salient stakeholders as a special network of resources. We contribute to the literature in various ways. First we determine an empirical list of five salient stakeholders specific to the wind industry. Second, we show that, at early stages, the moderating effects of firm size and market conditions determines stakeholder support or rejection. Lastly, we show that, at late stages, the sustainability equation must take into account the introduction of new salient stakeholders. Also, we make practical recommendations for industry players and policy makers. We reached theory refinement by adopting an exploratory qualitative methodology based on interviews with seven cases of large and small wind firms operating in different electricity market types and provinces across Canada.
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Schmidt, Michael Frank. "Economic optimization of wind turbine design." Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19740.
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STECHER, LUIZA C. "Cálculo de viabilidade econômica de fontes alternativas de energia considerando seus custos ambientais para pequenas comunidades da região nordeste brasileira." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2014. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10619.
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Dissertação (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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Elver-Evans, Joanna Claire. "Off-shore weather-windows for the purposes of managing costs in the marine renewable industry : a study of the Shetland Isles, Pentland Firth & Orkneys and Western Isles." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2016. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=231079.
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In order to increase energy security and meet carbon emission reduction targets set by the EU and UK government, the UK energy sector has increased its reliance on renewable energy. The marine renewable sector is set to become a major contributor to the UK's energy portfolio but incumbent on the offshore renewable sector are the high development, operation and maintenance costs. Prevailing metocean conditions at an offshore energy site contribute significantly to the life-cycle costs of an offshore energy project. Where access to a site is limited by a lack of suitable weather-windows, leading to high instances of downtime, weather-induced costs increase. Determination of suitable metocean weather-windows, defined by maximum operating thresholds and the length of time required to perform a task can assist with the risk management of a project and the reduction of downtimes, thus reducing costs. Metocean weather-windows are determined using 31 years (the “climatological norm”) of ECMWF ERA-40 reanalysis data. The annual, seasonal and monthly distribution parameters for wind and wave regimes at three sites are derived, using three different distribution parameter estimation models. Probabilities of defined weather-windows are determined using the derived distribution parameters and compared with empirical probabilities, based on the frequentist approach. Wind regimes fit a Weibull distribution and wave regimes fit a 3P gamma distribution and unique annual, seasonal and monthly distribution parameters are required for accurate weather-window determination. When fitted to appropriate PDFs, the shape and scale values determined by the different estimation techniques result in significantly different probabilities. Empirical probabilities converge with those determined using the MLE model but both significantly differ from those derived using the LSM and MoM derived parameters. In the absence of a dataset spanning the climatological norm, this suggests that the MLE method of parameter estimation is more accurate for the successful determination of weather-windows.
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Arnström, Sebastian. "The Nuclear Option : A Global Sustainability Appraisal of Civil Nuclear Energy." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för byggnadsteknik, energisystem och miljövetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-32853.
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Energy production systems are essential for human progress. They fuel the technologies that underpin economic growth and are prerequisite for efficient food production, education and healthcare. On the flip side, they also incur substantial eco-social costs. Hence, finding and promoting sustainable means of energy production is a key topic within the Environmental Sciences. This thesis examines the sustainability of nuclear power, by comparing its social, economic and ecological impacts to those of wind and solar power. The assessment is performed using Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA), with a Weighted Sum scoring system and a Distance-To-Target weighting scheme. The selection and the weighting of the indicators are grounded in the Planetary Boundaries framework, the Oxfam Doughnut Economics model and the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals, and the technologies are compared on 9 axes of evaluation; greenhouse gas emissions, land-take requirements, material throughput, non-recyclable wastes, toxic and radioactive wastes, negative health impacts, economic costs, intermittency and energy return on energy invested. The thesis finds nuclear power to be the most sustainable option according to all but three indicators, and in the unified analysis, it outcompetes wind and solar by a factor of 2 and 3 respectively. Also notable is that solar power does not excel in a single impact category; it has the highest greenhouse gas emissions, the largest land-take, and it is costly, intermittent and energy-inefficient. It is also a source of toxic pollution, the effects of which cannot yet be determined. Although wind is more competitive, it consumes vast amounts of physical resources, generates a lot of waste, and its land-take is at least 10 times higher than that of nuclear power. In addition to the MCA, the thesis investigates three perceived threats that are often raised in criticisms of nuclear power; the risk of nuclear fuel depletion, the risk of nuclear weapons proliferation and the risk of catastrophic nuclear accidents. The results show that many popular arguments against the technology are loosely aligned with reality, and the thesis as a whole presents a challenge to the notion that nuclear power is a dangerous and unsustainable energy source.
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Senteles, Athanasios. "A GIS-Based Multicriteria Decision Analysis Approach on Wind Power Development: the Case Study of Nova Scotia, Canada." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-366797.
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The growing need for reducing the negative impacts of climate change and ensuring a constant and environmentally friendly energy supply, led the way to the exploitation of renewable energy sources. Canada has already acknowledged this trend by incorporating more power from renewables on its energy mix. Similarly, Nova Scotia has started an ambitious energy program in which the substitution of most of the fossil fuels by wind energy, will play a significant factor. The purpose of this research is to investigate all suitable locations for wind energy development in the province of Nova Scotia, under the scope of minimizing environmental impacts, increasing social acceptance and maximizing energy production. This spatial analysis is performed through the combination of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and a Multi Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA). The analysis of the province was based on the preferences of wind experts and administration authorities, which formed the weights assigned on eight (8) evaluation criteria. The extract of the relative weights was succeeded by using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), while their spatial dimensions were expressed by GIS software. The above procedure was possible through the application of a methodology where exclusion areas were found on the first place and the remaining areas were assessed on their level of suitability. The implementation of the GIS-MCDA methodological framework indicates that, despite the exclusion of a significant part of the province, there is still enough space to develop wind energy. The applied methodology and relevant results could be used as a Decision-Making tool by planning authorities, wind developers, and stakeholders.
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Negash, Teklebrhan. "Wind resource assessment for posibel wind farm development in Dekemhare and Assab, Eritrea." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-36835.
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Recently wind resource assessment studies have become an important research tool to identify the possible wind farm locations. In this thesis work technical analysis was carried out to determine the wind resource potential of two candidate sites in Eritrea with help of suitable software tools. The first site is located along the Red Sea cost which is well known for its wind resource potential, whereas the second site is located in the central highlands of Eritrea with significant wind resource potential. Detailed wind resource assessment, for one year hourly weather data including wind speed and wind direction, was performed for the two candidate sites using MS Excel and MATLAB. The measured wind data at Assab wind site showed that the mean wind speed and power density was 7.54 m/s and 402.57 W/m2 , whereas the mean wind speed and mean power density from Weibull distribution was 7.51 m/s and 423.71 W/m2 respectively at 80m height. Similarly, the measured mean wind speed and mean power density at Dekemahre wind site was obtained to be 5.498 m/s and 141.45 W/m2, whereas the mean wind speed and mean power density from Weibull distribution was 5.4859m/s and 141.057W/m2 respectively. Based on the analysis results Assab wind site classified as wind class-III and Dekemhare as wind class-I. Wind farm modeling and Annual Energy Production (AEP) estimation was performed for E-82 & E-53 model turbines from Enercon Company with the help of MATLAB and Windpro software. The analysis revealed that Assab wind farm was an ideal site for wind energy production with capacity factor (CF) 53.4% and 55% for E-82 and E-53 turbines respectively. The gross and net AEP for turbine E-82 at Assab wind farm was 469.5 GWh and 446.025 GWh respectively with 95% park efficiency. Similarly, the analysis showed that the CF in Dekemhare site was very low with typical value 14.2% and 15.26% for E-82 and E-53 turbines respectively. The gross and net AEP of that site for model turbine E-53 was 53.5 GWh and 50.825 GWh respectively with 5% wake loss. Finally, a simplified economic analysis was carried out to determine the economic feasibility of possible wind power projects in both sites by assuming investment cost 1600 €/kW for E-82 turbine and 2000 €/kW for E-53 turbine. The total wind farm investment cost was found to be 215.85 and 107.93 Million Euro for E-82 and E-53 model turbines respectively. The levelized cost of energy at Assab and Dekemhare wind farm for E-82 model turbine was 0.0307 €/kWh and 0.5526 €/kWh respectively. The analysis result show that the levelized cost of energy in Dekemhare wind fasrm was much higher than that of Assab wind farm.
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Tan, Jun Liang. "Development of a pitch based wake optimisation control strategy to improve total farm power production." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-304705.
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In this thesis, the effect of pitch based optimisation was explored for a 80 turbine wind farm. Using a modified Jensen wake model and the Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO) model, a pitch optimisation strategy was created for the dominant turbulence and atmospheric condition for the wind farm. As the wake model was based on the FLORIS model developed by P.M.O Gebraad et. al., the wake and power model was compared with the FLORIS model and a -0.090% difference was found. To determine the dynamic predictive capability of the wake model, measurement values across a 10 minute period for a 19 wind turbine array were used and the wake model under predicted the power production by 17.55%. Despite its poor dynamic predictive capability, the wake model was shown to accurately match the AEP production of the wind farm when compared to a CFD simulation done in FarmFlow and only gave a 3.10% over-prediction. When the optimisation model was applied with 150 iterations and particles, the AEP production of the wind farm increased by 0.1052%, proving that the pitch optimisation method works for the examined wind farm. When the iterations and particles used for the optimisation was increased to 250, the power improvement between optimised results improved by 0.1144% at a 222.5% increase in computational time, suggesting that the solution has yet to fully converge. While the solutions did not fully converge, they converged sufficiently and an increase in iterations gave diminishing results. From the results, the pitch optimisation model was found to give a significant increase in power production, especially in wake intensive wind directions. However, the dynamic predictive capabilities will have be improved upon before the control strategy can be applied to an operational wind farm.
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Bergvall, Daniel. "Cost Comparison of Repowering Alternatives for Offshore Wind Farms." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-395298.
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The aim of this thesis is to evaluate different repowering alternatives from the viewpoint of increasing power production from existing offshore wind farms (OWF), as some of the first commissioned OWFs are approaching the end of their expected lifetime. The thesis presents a literature review of components and financial aspects that are of importance for repowering of OWFs. In the literature review, risks and uncertainties regarding repowering are also lifted and analysed. The thesis contains a case study on Horns Rev 1 OWF, where three different repowering scenarios are evaluated by technical and financial performance, aiming to compare the cost of repowering alternatives. The design of the case study is based around previous studies of offshore repowering having focused mainly on achieving the lowest possible levelized cost of energy (LCoE) and highest possible capacity factor, often resulting in suggested repowering utilizing smaller wind turbines than the existing ones. In order to evaluate the financial viability of repowering alternatives, the software RETScreen Expert was used to estimate the annual energy production (AEP) after losses and calculate the net present value (NPV) and LCoE for lifetime extension and full repowering utilizing different capacity wind turbines. Input values from the literature as well as real wind resource measurements from the site was utilized to achieve as accurate results as possible. The result of the case study shows that repowering of OWFs have the possibility of providing a very strong business case with all scenarios resulting in a positive NPV as well as lower LCoE than the benchmarked electricity production price. Although the initial investment cost of the different repowering alternatives presented in this thesis still are uncertain to some extent, due to the lack of reliable costs for repowering alternatives, this thesis provides a base for further research regarding the repowering of OWFs.
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Sawyer, Charles. "Meeting Future Electricity Needs in the East African Community : Mapping Renewable Energy Potential." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-284462.
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The East African Community (EAC) is an intergovernmental organisation comprised of six countries, five of which are classed as having a low development level and one of which is classed as medium. The region has low rates of human development and electrical connectivity but is committed to meeting the universal access and clean energy goals of Sustainable Development Goal 7. This thesis seeks to explore the renewable energy potential of the EAC at a regional level. There is little study of the energy situation of the EAC as a specific region, contrasting this work to the majority of similar analyses that focus on the national or sub-Saharan level. The potential for solar PV and wind power in the EAC was examined through an analysis of existing energy systems, a simplified multi-criteria analysis through geographical information systems, and a comparison with similar work by the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). The region was shown to have a small but growing electricity sector and a primary energy system dominated by traditional biomass. The mapping analysis identified large areas across all studied countries as potentially suitable for on- or off-grid renewable energy. It also highlighted issues with the results of IRENA’s work in its current form. Solar PV and wind energy potential across the EAC is shown to be high, with a low carbon electricity sector consequently a possibility for the region in the future.Den Östafrikanska Gemenskapen (EAC) är en mellanstatlig organisation av sex länder. Fem av de länderna har en låg utvecklingsnivå och en är klassificerad som medelnivå. Regionen har låg mänsklig utveckling och tillgång till elkraft men har bestämt att uppfylla globala målen 7: säkerställa tillgång till ekonomiskt överkomlig, tillförlitlig, hållbar och modern energi för alla. Denna uppsats utforskade potentialen för förnybar energi i den EAC på en regional nivå. Potentialen för solenergi och vindkraft i EAC undersöktes genom en analys av befintliga energisystem, en förenklad multikriterianalys genom geografiska informationssystem (GIS) och en jämförelse med liknande arbete från den International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). En liten men växande elsektor och ett primärt energisystem dominerat av traditionell biomassa identifierades i regionen. Kartläggningsanalysen identifierade stora områden i alla studerade länder som lämpliga för förnybar energi på, eller utanför, elnätet. Analysen fann också problem med resultaten från IRENAs arbete med Global Atlas of Renewable Energy projektet. Det finns god potential för sol- och vindkraft i EAC och möjligheten av ett lågkoldioxidenergisystem är diskuterade som en potential framtid för regionen.
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Bergman, Jonas. "Sustainable environmental vs. sustainable social development : Tendencies of carbon colonialism and green authoritarianism when implementing renewable energy strategies on indigenous peoples’ territories." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Religionsvetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-33799.
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The intention with this essay is to illustrate the conflicts that might occur when states implement renewable energy strategies on lands that have traditionally belonged to indigenous peoples. To do so I have analysed case studies from Sweden as well as Latin America regarding renewable energy projects in areas that could be claimed to belong to indigenous groups and compared the conclusions from these studies to what the existing legal framework on the topic of the rights of indigenous peoples dictates. The results show that the main international legislation on the topic is very clear in expressing that states should grant indigenous peoples access to lands and territories that have traditionally been occupied by them, as well as granting them participation in the exploitation of natural resources. The analysis of the case studies shows that there exists a tendency among states to bypass what is stipulated in the international regulations when executing renewable energy projects, as well as using the term “sustainable development” as a cover-up when violating the rights of indigenous peoples. Although the international legislation on the topic is very precise, the majority of the world’s countries have not ratified the main legally binding convention. I conclude that one reason for this could be that states would find it hard to reach environmental objectives while at the same time complying with the legislation on the rights of indigenous peoples, i.e. states face difficulties in fulfilling sustainable environmental and economic objectives with sustainable social objectives.
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Munro, Hugh M. "The impact of national oil companies on the energy security of OECD countries." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2012. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=186098.
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National oil companies (NOCs) control over 80 percent of world oil reserves and over 50 percent of gas reserves and hold exclusive rights to exploration and development of oil and gas reserves within their home countries. Because of host government involvement and supervision, NOCs may also act as instruments of state, implementing government foreign and domestic policies such as wealth re-distribution through the provision of subsidised oil products, job creation, and economic development. Such activities can lead to restricted availability of funds for finding and developing reserves for future production and to inefficiencies in current production and distribution. This thesis assesses the geopolitical factors that influence the conduct, strategies and priorities of NOCs and how these may impact on the continuing security of energy supplies to countries which are members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). It will focus on ten NOCs supplying oil to world markets and two which supply gas to the European market. The study will also review the activities and .scope for influence as state instruments of Sovereign Wealth Funds which have been established by states with NOCs, in particular, those which have earned substantial petro-dollar surpluses, during the period of high oil and gas prices of2006-2008. In an age of global interdependence between nations, specific objectives of this thesis are to consider the implications of anticipated growth in world demand for oil and gas supplies over the next 20 years, whether world production capacity is likely to grow to meet increases in world demand, the potential impact on world oil and gas supplies of the policies and practices of NOCs, in particular, the desire of host governments to require NOCs to follow non- commercial objectives, and the responses from OECD countries to threats to their energy security from potential restrictions on supplies.