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Journal articles on the topic 'Wind speed at the sea surface'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 July 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Monahan, Adam H. "The Temporal Autocorrelation Structure of Sea Surface Winds." Journal of Climate 25, no. 19 (2012): 6684–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00698.1.

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Abstract The temporal autocorrelation structures of sea surface vector winds and wind speeds are considered. Analyses of scatterometer and reanalysis wind data demonstrate that the autocorrelation functions (acf) of surface zonal wind, meridional wind, and wind speed generally drop off more rapidly in the midlatitudes than in the low latitudes. Furthermore, the meridional wind component and wind speed generally decorrelate more rapidly than the zonal wind component. The anisotropy in vector wind decorrelation scales is demonstrated to be most pronounced in the storm tracks and near the equator

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2

Xue, Jialiang, and Rui Sun. "GNSS-R based Partitioned Sea Surface Wind Speed Monitoring Model." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2999, no. 1 (2025): 012043. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2999/1/012043.

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Abstract The accurate sea surface wind speed monitoring is important for typhoon warning. The Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (GNSS-R) technology provide an approach for monitoring sea surface wind speed with benefits of low costs and wide coverage. However, existing GNSS-R based wind speed monitoring models exhibit high accuracy in retrieving low wind speeds but low accuracy when dealing with high wind speeds. To address this issue, this paper proposes a partitioned Gradient Boosting Decision Tree (GBDT) model for sea surface wind speed retrieval. Quality control of CYGNSS da

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3

Monahan, Adam Hugh. "Empirical Models of the Probability Distribution of Sea Surface Wind Speeds." Journal of Climate 20, no. 23 (2007): 5798–814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jcli1609.1.

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Abstract This study considers the probability distribution of sea surface wind speeds, which have historically been modeled using the Weibull distribution. First, non-Weibull structure in the observed sea surface wind speeds (from SeaWinds observations) is characterized using relative entropy, a natural information theoretic measure of the difference between probability distributions. Second, empirical models of the probability distribution of sea surface wind speeds, parameterized in terms of the parameters of the vector wind probability distribution, are developed. It is shown that Gaussian

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4

Shi, Jian, Zhihao Feng, Yuan Sun, Xueyan Zhang, Wenjing Zhang, and Yi Yu. "Relationship between Sea Surface Drag Coefficient and Wave State." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 11 (2021): 1248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9111248.

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The sea surface drag coefficient plays an important role in momentum transmission between the atmosphere and the ocean, which is affected by ocean waves. The total air–sea momentum flux consists of effective momentum flux and sea spray momentum flux. Sea spray momentum flux involves sea surface drag, which is largely affected by the ocean wave state. Under strong winds, the sea surface drag coefficient (CD) does not increase linearly with the increasing wind speed, namely, the increase of CD is inhibited by strong winds. In this study, a sea surface drag coefficient is constructed that can be

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5

Sun, Cangjie, and Adam H. Monahan. "Statistical Downscaling Prediction of Sea Surface Winds over the Global Ocean." Journal of Climate 26, no. 20 (2013): 7938–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00722.1.

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Abstract The statistical prediction of local sea surface winds from large-scale, free-tropospheric fields is investigated at a number of locations over the global ocean using a statistical downscaling model based on multiple linear regression. The predictands (the mean and standard deviation of both vector wind components and wind speed) calculated from ocean buoy observations on daily, weekly, and monthly scales are regressed on upper-level predictor fields from reanalysis products. It is found that in general the mean vector wind components are more predictable than mean wind speed in the No

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6

Obermann, Anika, Benedikt Edelmann, and Bodo Ahrens. "Influence of sea surface roughness length parameterization on Mistral and Tramontane simulations." Advances in Science and Research 13 (July 8, 2016): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/asr-13-107-2016.

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Abstract. The Mistral and Tramontane are mesoscale winds in southern France and above the Western Mediterranean Sea. They are phenomena well suited for studying channeling effects as well as atmosphere–land/ocean processes. This sensitivity study deals with the influence of the sea surface roughness length parameterizations on simulated Mistral and Tramontane wind speed and wind direction. Several simulations with the regional climate model COSMO-CLM were performed for the year 2005 with varying values for the Charnock parameter α. Above the western Mediterranean area, the simulated wind speed

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7

Cheng, Tianyi, Zhaohui Chen, Jingkai Li, Qing Xu, and Haiyuan Yang. "Characterizing the Effect of Ocean Surface Currents on Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) Winds Using Open Ocean Moored Buoy Data." Remote Sensing 15, no. 18 (2023): 4630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15184630.

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The ocean surface current influences the roughness of the sea surface, subsequently affecting the scatterometer’s measurement of wind speed. In this study, the effect of surface currents on ASCAT-retrieved winds is investigated based on in-situ observations of both surface winds and currents from 40 open ocean moored buoys in the tropical and mid-latitude oceans. A total of 28,803 data triplets, consisting of buoy-observed wind vectors, current vectors, and ASCAT Level 2 wind vectors, were collected from the dataset spanning over 10 years. It is found that the bias between scatterometer-retrie

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8

Sun, Difu, Junqiang Song, Xiaoyong Li, Kaijun Ren, and Hongze Leng. "A Novel Sea Surface Roughness Parameterization Based on Wave State and Sea Foam." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 3 (2021): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9030246.

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A wave state related sea surface roughness parameterization scheme that takes into account the impact of sea foam is proposed in this study. Using eight observational datasets, the performances of two most widely used wave state related parameterizations are examined under various wave conditions. Based on the different performances of two wave state related parameterizations under different wave state, and by introducing the effect of sea foam, a new sea surface roughness parameterization suitable for low to extreme wind conditions is proposed. The behaviors of drag coefficient predicted by t

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9

Ben Miloud, Haifa M., and Maha A. Alssabri. "The Effect of Wind Speed and Sea Surface Temperature on Chlorophyll –A Concentration in Sea Water Off the Libyan Coast." Al-Mukhtar Journal of Basic Sciences 22, no. 1 (2024): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.54172/whj12t15.

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The effect of winds and sea surface temperature on the concentration of chlorophyll-a, which is the primary source for phytoplankton to produce carbon through photosynthesis, is one of the climatic changes formed in the atmosphere and oceans that are the focus of current global studies. The study found a strong correlation between the concentration of chlorophyll-a and wind speed. The concentration of chlorophyll-a rises with increasing wind speed and reaches 0.85. Conversely, the relationship between sea surface temperatures and chlorophyll-a concentration is inverse, meaning that the higher

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10

Bell, T. G., W. De Bruyn, S. D. Miller, B. Ward, K. Christensen, and E. S. Saltzman. "Air/sea DMS gas transfer in the North Atlantic: evidence for limited interfacial gas exchange at high wind speed." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13, no. 5 (2013): 13285–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-13285-2013.

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Abstract. Shipboard measurements of eddy covariance DMS air/sea fluxes and seawater concentration were carried out in the North Atlantic bloom region in June/July 2011. Gas transfer coefficients (k660) show a linear dependence on mean horizontal wind speed at wind speeds up to 11 m s−1. At higher wind speeds the relationship between k660 and wind speed weakens. At high winds, measured DMS fluxes were lower than predicted based on the linear relationship between wind speed and interfacial stress extrapolated from low to intermediate wind speeds. In contrast, the transfer coefficient for sensibl

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11

Bell, T. G., W. De Bruyn, S. D. Miller, B. Ward, K. H. Christensen, and E. S. Saltzman. "Air–sea dimethylsulfide (DMS) gas transfer in the North Atlantic: evidence for limited interfacial gas exchange at high wind speed." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13, no. 21 (2013): 11073–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-11073-2013.

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Abstract. Shipboard measurements of eddy covariance dimethylsulfide (DMS) air–sea fluxes and seawater concentration were carried out in the North Atlantic bloom region in June/July 2011. Gas transfer coefficients (k660) show a linear dependence on mean horizontal wind speed at wind speeds up to 11 m s−1. At higher wind speeds the relationship between k660 and wind speed weakens. At high winds, measured DMS fluxes were lower than predicted based on the linear relationship between wind speed and interfacial stress extrapolated from low to intermediate wind speeds. In contrast, the transfer coeff

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12

Tokinaga, Hiroki, and Shang-Ping Xie. "Wave- and Anemometer-Based Sea Surface Wind (WASWind) for Climate Change Analysis*." Journal of Climate 24, no. 1 (2011): 267–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3789.1.

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Abstract Ship-based measurements of sea surface wind speed display a spurious upward trend due to increases in anemometer height. To correct this bias, the authors constructed a new sea surface wind dataset from ship observations of wind speed and wind wave height archived in the International Comprehensive Ocean–Atmosphere Data Set (ICOADS). The Wave- and Anemometer-based Sea surface Wind (WASWind) dataset is available for wind velocity and scalar speed at monthly resolution on a 4° × 4° longitude–latitude grid from 1950 to 2008. It substantially reduces the upward trend in wind speed through

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13

Vickery, Peter J., Dhiraj Wadhera, Mark D. Powell, and Yingzhao Chen. "A Hurricane Boundary Layer and Wind Field Model for Use in Engineering Applications." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 48, no. 2 (2009): 381–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jamc1841.1.

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Abstract This article examines the radial dependence of the height of the maximum wind speed in a hurricane, which is found to lower with increasing inertial stability (which in turn depends on increasing wind speed and decreasing radius) near the eyewall. The leveling off, or limiting value, of the marine drag coefficient in high winds is also examined. The drag coefficient, given similar wind speeds, is smaller for smaller-radii storms; enhanced sea spray by short or breaking waves is speculated as a cause. A fitting technique of dropsonde wind profiles is used to model the shape of the vert

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14

Monahan, Adam H. "Can We See the Wind? Statistical Downscaling of Historical Sea Surface Winds in the Subarctic Northeast Pacific." Journal of Climate 25, no. 5 (2012): 1511–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011jcli4089.1.

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The statistical predictability of wintertime (December–February) monthly-mean sea surface winds (both vector wind components and wind speed) in the subarctic northeast Pacific off the west coast of Canada is considered, in the context of surface wind downscaling. Predictor fields (zonal wind, meridional wind, wind speed, and temperature) are shown to carry predictive information on the large scales (both vertical and horizontal) that are well simulated by numerical weather prediction and global climate models. It is found that, in general, the monthly mean vector wind components are more predi

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15

Manaster, Andrew, Lucrezia Ricciardulli, and Thomas Meissner. "Validation of High Ocean Surface Winds from Satellites Using Oil Platform Anemometers." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 36, no. 5 (2019): 803–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-18-0116.1.

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AbstractReliable sources for validating wind observations made by spaceborne microwave radiometer and scatterometer sensors above 15 m s−1 are scarce. Anemometers mounted on oil platforms provide usable wind speed measurements that can help fill this gap. In our study we compare wind speed observations from six microwave satellites (WindSat, AMSR-E, AMSR2, SMAP, QuikSCAT, and ASCAT) with wind speed records from 10 oil platform anemometers in the North and Norwegian Seas that were provided by the Norwegian Meteorological Institute. We study various forms of the vertical wind profile, which is r

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16

Dale, Ethan R., Adrian J. McDonald, Jack H. J. Coggins, and Wolfgang Rack. "Atmospheric forcing of sea ice anomalies in the Ross Sea polynya region." Cryosphere 11, no. 1 (2017): 267–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-267-2017.

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Abstract. We investigate the impacts of strong wind events on the sea ice concentration within the Ross Sea polynya (RSP), which may have consequences on sea ice formation. Bootstrap sea ice concentration (SIC) measurements derived from satellite SSM/I brightness temperatures are correlated with surface winds and temperatures from Ross Ice Shelf automatic weather stations (AWSs) and weather models (ERA-Interim). Daily data in the austral winter period were used to classify characteristic weather regimes based on the percentiles of wind speed. For each regime a composite of a SIC anomaly was fo

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17

Li, Ming, Jiping Liu, Zhenzhan Wang, et al. "Assessment of Sea Surface Wind from NWP Reanalyses and Satellites in the Southern Ocean." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 30, no. 8 (2013): 1842–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-12-00240.1.

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Abstract Reanalysis projects and satellite data analysis have provided surface wind over the global ocean. To assess how well one can reconstruct the variations of surface wind in the data-sparse Southern Ocean, sea surface wind speed data from 1) the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–Department of Energy reanalysis (NCEP–DOE), 2) the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Interim Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim), 3) National Climate Data Center (NCDC) blended sea winds, and 4) cross-calibrated multiplatform (CCMP) ocean surface velocity are evaluated. First, the accur

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18

Li, Zheng, Bingcheng Wan, Zexia Duan, Yuanhong He, Yingxin Yu, and Huansang Chen. "Evaluation of HY-2C and CFOSAT Satellite Retrieval Offshore Wind Energy Using Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Simulations." Remote Sensing 15, no. 17 (2023): 4172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15174172.

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This study simulated the spatial distribution of wind speeds and wind energy density by using the WRF model, and we used the WRF-simulated results to evaluate the sea surface wind speeds retrieved from the HY-2C and CFOSAT satellite-borne microwave scatterometers over the Yellow Sea region. The main conclusions were as follows: (1) The combination of the MRF boundary layer parameterization scheme, the MM5 near-surface parameterization scheme, and the Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS) initial field demonstrated the best performance in simulating the 10 m wind speed in the Yellow Sea region

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19

Nissen, J. N., and S. E. Gryning. "Seasonality in onshore normalized wind profiles above the surface layer." Advances in Science and Research 4, no. 1 (2010): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/asr-4-57-2010.

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Abstract. This work aims to study the seasonal difference in normalized wind speed above the surface layer as it is observed at the 160 m high mast at the coastal site Høvsøre at winds from the sea (westerly). Normalized and stability averaged wind speeds above the surface layer are observed to be 20 to 50% larger in the winter/spring seasons compared to the summer/autumn seasons at winds from west within the same atmospheric stability class. A method combining the mesoscale model, COAMPS, and observations of the surface stability of the marine boundary layer is presented. The objective of the

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20

Wurl, O., E. Wurl, L. Miller, K. Johnson, and S. Vagle. "Formation and distribution of sea-surface microlayers." Biogeosciences Discussions 7, no. 4 (2010): 5719–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-7-5719-2010.

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Abstract. Results from a study of surfactants in the sea-surface microlayer (SML) in different regions of the ocean (subtropical, temperate, polar) suggest that this interfacial layer between the ocean and atmosphere covers the ocean's surface to a significant extent. Threshold values at which primary production acts as a significant source of natural surfactants have been derived from the enrichment of surfactants in the SML relative to underlying water and local primary production. Similarly, we have also derived a wind speed threshold at which the SML is disrupted. The results suggest that

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21

Chechin, Dmitry G., Irina A. Makhotina, Christof Lüpkes, and Alexander P. Makshtas. "Effect of Wind Speed and Leads on Clear-Sky Cooling over Arctic Sea Ice during Polar Night." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 76, no. 8 (2019): 2481–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-18-0277.1.

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Abstract A simple analytical model of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) coupled to sea ice is presented. It describes clear-sky cooling over sea ice during polar night in the presence of leads. The model solutions show that the sea ice concentration and wind speed have a strong impact on the thermal regime over sea ice. Leads cause both a warming of the ABL and an increase of stability over sea ice. The model describes a sharp ABL transition from a weakly stable coupled state to a strongly stable decoupled state when wind speed is decreasing. The threshold value of the transition wind speed

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22

Fan, Xu Yan, Peng Chen, Kai Guo Fan, and Zhong Tang. "One Operational Method for Offshore Wind Speeds Retrieval from SAR Image." Advanced Materials Research 1092-1093 (March 2015): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1092-1093.47.

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The high resolution offshore wind speeds retrieval from SAR image is of great signification in the field of offshore wind energy estimation. In this paper, one operational method for offshore wind speeds retrieval from SAR image is conducted. Taking one scene ENVISAT ASAR image as a case study, the offshore wind speeds is operational retrieved combing with the NCEP/QSCAT blended sea surface wind directions. The retrieved wind speeds are compared with those from both the NCEP/QSCAT blended sea surface wind speeds and daily averaged Quick Scatter meter sea surface wind speeds. The results show t

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23

Rachman, Faizal, Ratih Ida Adharini, Riza Yuliratno Setiawan, Indun Dewi Puspita, and Endy Triyannanto. "Wind-Driven Coastal Upwelling in the Southern Coast of Yogyakarta." Jurnal Perikanan Universitas Gadjah Mada 20, no. 1 (2018): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jfs.29252.

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Satellite measurement provides synoptic view of sea surface wind and can be used to study variability of coastal upwelling. Here we analyzed data of 12 years of satellite-derived sea surface wind, sea surface temperature (SST), and sea surface chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) to examine the spatial and temporal distributions of coastal upwelling off the Yogyakarta waters. Results show that upwelling occurs during the Southeast Monsoon (SEM) season. During this season, the Yogyakarta waters are dominated by strong wind speed (~7 m/s) and SST cooling (25 °C). Whereas during the Northwest Monsoon (NWM) seas

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24

Dong, Zhounan, and Shuanggen Jin. "Evaluation of Spaceborne GNSS-R Retrieved Ocean Surface Wind Speed with Multiple Datasets." Remote Sensing 11, no. 23 (2019): 2747. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11232747.

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Spaceborne Global Navigation Satellite Systems-Reflectometry (GNSS-R) can estimate the geophysical parameters by receiving Earth’s surface reflected signals. The CYclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) mission with eight microsatellites launched by NASA in December 2016, which provides an unprecedented opportunity to rapidly acquire ocean surface wind speed globally. In this paper, a refined spaceborne GNSS-R sea surface wind speed retrieval algorithm is presented and validated with the ground surface reference wind speed from numerical weather prediction (NWP) and cross-calibrated

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25

ZABOLOTSKIKH, E. V., S. M. AZAROV, and M. A. ZHIVOTOVSKAYA. "SEA SURFACE WIND SPEED RETRIEVAL FROM MTVZA-GYA DATA." Meteorologiya i Gidrologiya, no. 8 (August 2023): 24–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.52002/0130-2906-2023-8-24-34.

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A neural network (NN) algorithm for the sea surface wind speed retrieval from the MTVZA-GYa Russian satellite microwave radiometer measurements is presented. The algorithm is based on the physical modeling of the brightness temperature of microwave radiation in the ocean-atmosphere system using new theoretical geophysical model functions of the dependence of ocean radiation on wind speed. The algorithm is validated by comparing the wind fields retrieved from the MTVZA-GYa data with those obtained from the AMSR2 radiometer (Japan) for different areas of the World Ocean with a difference in meas

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26

Takeyama, Yuko, and Shota Kurokawa. "Development of X-Band Geophysical Model Function for Sea Surface Wind Speed Retrieval with ASNARO-2." Atmosphere 15, no. 6 (2024): 686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos15060686.

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In the present study, a new geophysical model function (GMF) is developed for the X-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) on board the Advanced Satellite with New System Architecture for Observation-2 (ASNARO-2) to retrieve accurate offshore wind speeds. Equivalent neutral wind speeds based on the local forecast model (LFM) are employed as reference wind vectors, and 12,259 matching points from 502 SAR images obtained with horizontal transmitting, horizontal receiving polarization around Japan are collected. To ensure convergence of the calculation, 8129 points are selected from the matching poi

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27

Gentile, Emanuele S., Suzanne L. Gray, Janet F. Barlow, Huw W. Lewis, and John M. Edwards. "The Impact of Atmosphere–Ocean–Wave Coupling on the Near-Surface Wind Speed in Forecasts of Extratropical Cyclones." Boundary-Layer Meteorology 180, no. 1 (2021): 105–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10546-021-00614-4.

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AbstractAccurate modelling of air–sea surface exchanges is crucial for reliable extreme surface wind-speed forecasts. While atmosphere-only weather forecast models represent ocean and wave effects through sea-state independent parametrizations, coupled multi-model systems capture sea-state dynamics by integrating feedbacks between the atmosphere, ocean and wave model components. Here, we investigate the sensitivity of extreme surface wind speeds to air–sea exchanges at the kilometre scale using coupled and uncoupled configurations of the Met Office’s UK Regional Coupled Environmental Predictio

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28

Jiang, Zhuhui, Xiaojuan Kong, Weihua Ai, et al. "Correction of WindSat sea surface wind speed under rain." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2486, no. 1 (2023): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2486/1/012012.

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Abstract To improve the accuracy of sea surface wind speed under rain based on data obtained from the U.S. spaceborne fully polarimetric microwave radiometer (WindSat), a wind speed correction model based on a statistical algorithm is constructed. First, the coupled samples from 2003 to 2014 are considered as the training sample set, and the coupled samples from 2015 to 2020 are used as the test sample set. Then, the WindSat sea surface wind speed under rain correction model is constructed. Results show that the WindSat wind speed data is overestimated severely. The higher the wind speed, the

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Wurl, O., E. Wurl, L. Miller, K. Johnson, and S. Vagle. "Formation and global distribution of sea-surface microlayers." Biogeosciences 8, no. 1 (2011): 121–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-121-2011.

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Abstract. Results from a study of surfactants in the sea-surface microlayer (SML) in different regions of the ocean (subtropical, temperate, polar) suggest that this interfacial layer between the ocean and atmosphere covers the ocean's surface to a significant extent. New, experimentally-derived threshold values at which primary production acts as a significant source of natural surfactants to the microlayer are coupled with a wind speed threshold at which the SML is presumed to be disrupted, and the results suggest that surfactant enrichment in the SML is greater in oligotrophic regions of th

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Capps, Scott B., and Charles S. Zender. "Observed and CAM3 GCM Sea Surface Wind Speed Distributions: Characterization, Comparison, and Bias Reduction." Journal of Climate 21, no. 24 (2008): 6569–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2374.1.

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Abstract Climatological surface wind speed probability density functions (PDFs) estimated from observations are characterized and used to evaluate, for the first time, contemporaneous wind PDFs predicted by a GCM. The observations include NASA’s global Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) dataset, the NCEP/Department of Energy Global Reanalysis 2 (NCEP-2) 6-hourly reanalysis, and the Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO)/Triangle Trans-Ocean Buoy Network (TRITON) moored buoy data, all from 2000 to 2005. Wind speed mean, 90th percentile, standard deviation, and Weibull shape parameter climatologies are con

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31

Monahan, Adam Hugh. "The Probability Distribution of Sea Surface Wind Speeds. Part II: Dataset Intercomparison and Seasonal Variability." Journal of Climate 19, no. 4 (2006): 521–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3641.1.

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Abstract The statistical structure of sea surface wind speeds is considered, both in terms of the leading-order moments (mean, standard deviation, and skewness) and in terms of the parameters of a best-fit Weibull distribution. An intercomparison is made of the statistical structure of sea surface wind speed data from four different datasets: SeaWinds scatterometer observations, a blend of Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) satellite observations with ECMWF analyses, and two reanalysis products [NCEP–NCAR and 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40)]. It is found that while the details of the sta

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Calleja, M. Ll, C. M. Duarte, Y. T. Prairie, S. Agustí, and G. J. Herndl. "Evidence for surface organic matter modulation of air-sea CO<sub>2</sub> gas exchange." Biogeosciences Discussions 5, no. 6 (2008): 4209–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-5-4209-2008.

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Abstract. Air-sea CO2 exchange depends on the air-sea CO2 gradient and the gas transfer velocity (k), computed as a simple function of wind speed. Large discrepancies among relationships predicting k from wind suggest that other processes may also contribute significantly to modulate CO2 exchange. Here we report, on the basis of the relationship between the measured gas transfer velocity and the ocean surface organic carbon concentration at the ocean surface, a significant role of surface organic matter in suppressing air-sea gas exchange, at low and intermediate winds, in the open ocean. The

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PAN, Yuewei, and Dongmei SONG. "Global Applicability Analysis of GNSS-R Sea Surface Wind Speed Retrieval Based on TM-1." Acta Interdisciplinary Science 2, no. 2 (2025): 58–66. https://doi.org/10.48014/ais.20250303002.

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Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (GNSS-R) technology demonstrates significant potential in sea surface wind speed retrieval due to its advantages of low cost, strong signal penetration, and all-weather observation capabilities. However, current spaceborne GNSS-R research primarily focuses on low-latitude regions owing to the limited coverage of CYGNSS satellites, lacking systematic validation of GNSS-R wind speed retrieval' s global applicability. Therefore, this study systematically evaluates the global applicability of GNSS-R wind speed retrieval from three dimensions—wind sp

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Liu, Shang, Cheng-Cheng Liu, Karl D. Froyd, et al. "Sea spray aerosol concentration modulated by sea surface temperature." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 9 (2021): e2020583118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2020583118.

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Natural aerosols in pristine regions form the baseline used to evaluate the impact of anthropogenic aerosols on climate. Sea spray aerosol (SSA) is a major component of natural aerosols. Despite its importance, the abundance of SSA is poorly constrained. It is generally accepted that wind-driven wave breaking is the principle governing SSA production. This mechanism alone, however, is insufficient to explain the variability of SSA concentration at given wind speed. The role of other parameters, such as sea surface temperature (SST), remains controversial. Here, we show that higher SST promotes

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Voermans, Joey J., Henrique Rapizo, Hongyu Ma, Fangli Qiao, and Alexander V. Babanin. "Air–Sea Momentum Fluxes during Tropical Cyclone Olwyn." Journal of Physical Oceanography 49, no. 6 (2019): 1369–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-18-0261.1.

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AbstractObservations of wind stress during extreme winds are required to improve predictability of tropical cyclone track and intensity. A common method to approximate the wind stress is by measuring the turbulent momentum flux directly. However, during high wind speeds, wave heights are typically of the same order of magnitude as instrument heights, and thus, turbulent momentum flux observations alone are insufficient to estimate wind stresses in tropical cyclones, as wave-induced stresses contribute to the wind stress at the height of measurements. In this study, wind stress observations dur

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Kihara, Naoto, and Hiromaru Hirakuchi. "A Model for Air–Sea Interaction Bulk Coefficient over a Warm Mature Sea under Strong Wind." Journal of Physical Oceanography 38, no. 6 (2008): 1313–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jpo3828.1.

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Abstract A boundary layer model for evaluating sensible and latent heat fluxes over a mature sea accounting for sea spray effects at wind speeds of up to 28 m s−1 is presented. Heat exchange across the ocean surface controls the development of tropical cyclones, and Emanuel’s theory suggests that the ratio of the exchange coefficient of total enthalpy to the drag coefficient should be greater than 0.75 to maintain the intensity of tropical cyclones. However, traditional bulk algorithms predict a monotonic decrease in this ratio with increasing wind speed, giving a value of less than 0.5 under

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Hu, Y., K. Stamnes, M. Vaughan, et al. "Sea surface wind speed estimation from space-based lidar measurements." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8, no. 1 (2008): 2771–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8-2771-2008.

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Abstract. Global satellite observations of lidar backscatter measurements acquired by the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) mission and collocated sea surface wind speed data from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System (AMSR-E), are used to investigate the relation between wind driven wave slope variance and sea surface wind speed. The new slope variance – wind speed relation established from this study is similar to the linear relation from Cox-Munk (1954) and the log-linear relation from Wu (1972, 1990) for wind spe

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Hu, Y., K. Stamnes, M. Vaughan, et al. "Sea surface wind speed estimation from space-based lidar measurements." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8, no. 13 (2008): 3593–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-3593-2008.

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Abstract. Global satellite observations of lidar backscatter measurements acquired by the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) mission and collocated sea surface wind speed data from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System (AMSR-E), are used to investigate the relation between wind driven wave slope variance and sea surface wind speed. The new slope variance – wind speed relation established from this study is similar to the linear relation from Cox-Munk (1954) and the log-linear relation from Wu (1990) for wind speed lar

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Calleja, M. Ll, C. M. Duarte, Y. T. Prairie, S. Agustí, and G. J. Herndl. "Evidence for surface organic matter modulation of air-sea CO<sub>2</sub> gas exchange." Biogeosciences 6, no. 6 (2009): 1105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-1105-2009.

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Abstract. Air-sea CO2 exchange depends on the air-sea CO2 gradient and the gas transfer velocity (k), computed as a function of wind speed. Large discrepancies among relationships predicting k from wind suggest that other processes also contribute significantly to modulate CO2 exchange. Here we report, on the basis of the relationship between the measured gas transfer velocity and the organic carbon concentration at the ocean surface, a significant role of surface organic matter in suppressing air-sea gas exchange, at low and intermediate winds, in the open ocean, confirming previous observati

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Rouault, M., P. Verley, and B. Backeberg. "Wind increase above warm Agulhas Current eddies." Ocean Science Discussions 11, no. 5 (2014): 2367–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-11-2367-2014.

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Abstract. Sea surface temperature estimated from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer E onboard the Aqua satellite and altimetry derived sea level anomalies are used south of the Agulhas Current to identify warm mesoscale eddies presenting a distinct SST perturbation superior to 1 °C to the surrounding ocean. The analysis of 2500 instantaneous charts of equivalent stability neutral wind speed estimates from the SeaWinds scatterometer onboard the QuikScat satellite collocated with sea surface temperature and sea level anomaly show stronger wind speed above warm eddies than surrounding wat

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ZABOLOTSKIKH, E. V., M. A. ZHIVOTOVSKAYA, K. I. YARUSOV, and S. M. AZAROV. "SEA SURFACE WIND SPEEDS IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC EXTRATROPICAL CYCLONES ACCORDING TO MTVZA-GYA DATA." Meteorologiya i Gidrologiya, no. 10 (October 2024): 5–14. https://doi.org/10.52002/0130-2906-2024-10-5-14.

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The paper analyzes the possibilities of using the algorithm for sea surface wind speed retrieval from the MTVZA-GYa Russian microwave radiometer measurements for studying the wind fields in the North Atlantic extratropical cyclones. On the basis of analyzing the ASCAT scatterometer wind fields for one year, a database of the North Atlantic extratropical cyclones has been created. Quasisynchronous (within a 2-hour time difference) fields of sea surface wind speed have been constructed from the MTVZA-GYa measurements for the areas of strong (>15 m/s) and storm (>25 m/s) winds in the cyclon

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Dorman, Clive E., and Darko Koračin. "Response of the Summer Marine Layer Flow to an Extreme California Coastal Bend." Monthly Weather Review 136, no. 8 (2008): 2894–922. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007mwr2336.1.

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Abstract A summer wind speed maximum extending more than 200 km occurs over water around Point Conception, California, the most extreme bend along the U.S. West Coast. The following several causes were investigated for this wind speed maximum: 1) synoptic conditions, 2) marine layer hydraulic flow effects, 3) diurnal variations, 4) mountain leeside downslope flow, 5) sea surface temperature structure, and 6) island influence. Synoptic conditions set the general wind speed around Point Conception, and these winds are classified as strong, moderate, or weak. The strong wind condition extends abo

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Jiang, Chong, Lin Ren, Jingsong Yang, Qing Xu, and Jinyuan Dai. "Wind Speed Retrieval Using Global Precipitation Measurement Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar Ka-Band Data at Low Incidence Angles." Remote Sensing 14, no. 6 (2022): 1454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14061454.

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In this study, sea surface wind speed was retrieved using the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) dual-frequency precipitation radar (DPR) Ka-band data. In order to establish the Ka-band model at low incidence angles, the dependence of the DPR Ka-band normalized radar cross section (NRCS) on the wind speed, incidence angle, sea surface temperature (SST), significant wave height (SWH), and sea surface current speed (CSPD) was analyzed first. We confirmed that the normalized radar cross section depends on the wind speed, incidence angle, and SST. Second, an empirical model at low incidence an

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Fisher, C. M., G. S. Young, N. S. Winstead, and J. D. Haqq-Misra. "Comparison of Synthetic Aperture Radar–Derived Wind Speeds with Buoy Wind Speeds along the Mountainous Alaskan Coast." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 47, no. 5 (2008): 1365–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jamc1716.1.

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Abstract Satellite-borne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) offers the potential for remotely sensing surface wind speed both over the open sea and in close proximity to the coast. The resolution improvement of SAR over scatterometers is of particular advantage near coasts. Thus, there is a need to verify the performance of SAR wind speed retrieval in coastal environments adjacent to very complex terrain and subject to strong synoptic forcing. Mountainous coasts present a challenge because the wind direction values required for SAR wind speed retrieval algorithms cannot be obtained from global mod

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Xu, Dan, Zhanhong Wan, Luping Li, Xiuyang Lu, Jiawang Chen, and Bingru Li. "Simulation of spray droplets over the ocean surface." Thermal Science 23, no. 4 (2019): 2171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci1904171x.

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Spray droplets, ejected from the ocean surface, are known to transport in the marine atmospheric boundary-layer, in which they exchange momentum and heat with the atmosphere. This paper gives a numerical approach to description of sea spray drops. Large eddy simulation is used to perform the air-flow over the sea surface while simultaneously tracking the trajectories of Lagrangian point-particle elements designed to represent spray particles in air, the particle mo-mentum relaxation time, the suspension time, the velocity of particles in different radii and different wind speeds are discussed.

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Clarizia, Maria Paola, and Christopher S. Ruf. "Bayesian Wind Speed Estimation Conditioned on Significant Wave Height for GNSS-R Ocean Observations." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 34, no. 6 (2017): 1193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-16-0196.1.

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AbstractSpaceborne Global Navigation Satellite System reflectometry observations of the ocean surface are found to respond to components of roughness forced by local winds and to a longer wave swell that is only partially correlated with the local wind. This dual sensitivity is largest at low wind speeds. If left uncorrected, the error in wind speeds retrieved from the observations is strongly correlated with the significant wave height (SWH) of the ocean. A Bayesian wind speed estimator is developed to correct for the long-wave sensitivity at low wind speeds. The approach requires a character

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Bao, J. W., C. W. Fairall, S. A. Michelson, and L. Bianco. "Parameterizations of Sea-Spray Impact on the Air–Sea Momentum and Heat Fluxes." Monthly Weather Review 139, no. 12 (2011): 3781–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-11-00007.1.

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Abstract This paper focuses on parameterizing the effect of sea spray at hurricane-strength winds on the momentum and heat fluxes in weather prediction models using the Monin–Obukhov similarity theory (a common framework for the parameterizations of air–sea fluxes). In this scheme, the mass-density effect of sea spray is considered as an additional modification to the stratification of the near-surface profiles of wind, temperature, and moisture in the marine surface boundary layer (MSBL). The overall impact of sea-spray droplets on the mean profiles of wind, temperature, and moisture depends

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Gao, Zhiqiu, Shaohui Zhou, Jianbin Zhang, Zhihua Zeng, and Xueyan Bi. "Parameterization of Sea Surface Drag Coefficient for All Wind Regimes Using 11 Aircraft Eddy-Covariance Measurement Databases." Atmosphere 12, no. 11 (2021): 1485. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12111485.

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The drag coefficient is essential for calculating the aerodynamic friction between air and sea. In this study, we regress a set of relationships between the drag coefficient and the wind speed for different wind ranges using an observational dataset that consists of 5941 estimates of the mean flow and fluxes from 11 aircraft turbulent measurements over the sea surface. Results show that: (1) the drag coefficient is a power function of wind speed over smooth sea surface when it is no greater than 4.5 ms−1, and the drag coefficient decreases with the increase of wind speed; and (2) for rough sea

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Jankevičienė, Justė, and Arvydas Kanapickas. "Projected Near-Surface Wind Speed Trends in Lithuania." Energies 14, no. 17 (2021): 5425. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14175425.

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Developing wind energy in Lithuania is one of the most important ways to achieve green energy goals. Observational data show that the decline in wind speeds in the region may pose challenges for wind energy development. This study analyzed the long-term variation of the observed 2006–2020 and projected 2006–2100 near-surface wind speed at the height of 10 m over Lithuanian territory using data of three models included in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5). A slight decrease in wind speeds was found in the whole territory of Lithuania for the projected wind speed data of

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Gao, Yuan, Jie Zhang, Changlong Guan, and Jian Sun. "Analyzing Sea Surface Wind Distribution Characteristics of Tropical Cyclone Based on Sentinel-1 SAR Images." Remote Sensing 13, no. 22 (2021): 4501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13224501.

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The spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) cross-polarization signal remains sensitive to sea surface wind speed with high signal-to-noise ratio under tropical cyclone (TC) conditions. It has the capability of observing TC intensity and size information over the ocean with large coverage and high spatial resolution. In this paper, TC wind distribution characteristics were studied based on SAR images. We collected 41 Sentinel-1A/B cross-polarization images covering TC eye, which were acquired between 2016 and 2020. For each case, sea surface wind speeds were retrieved by the modified MS1A mo

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