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Journal articles on the topic 'Wind-waves'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

S.S.– DSc, Eshev, I. X. Gayimnazarov, А. R. Rakhimov, and Latipov Sh. A. "Generation of Wind Waves in Large Streams." International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation 24, no. 1 (2020): 518–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.37200/ijpr/v24i1/pr200157.

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2

Ryan, Marleigh Grayer, Yasushi Inoue, and James T. Araki. "Wind and Waves." World Literature Today 63, no. 3 (1989): 537. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40145521.

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3

Ogborn, Miles. "Wind and Waves." Slavery & Abolition 41, no. 3 (2020): 669–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0144039x.2020.1784662.

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4

Kuznetsova, A., G. Baydakov, A. Dosaev, D. Sergeev, and Yu Troitskaya. "Wind Waves Modeling Under Hurricane Wind Conditions." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1163 (February 2019): 012054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1163/1/012054.

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5

Frigaard, Peter. "Wind generated ocean waves." Coastal Engineering 42, no. 1 (2001): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-3839(00)00061-2.

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6

Wiegel, R. L. "WIND WAVES AND SWELL." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 7 (2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v7.1.

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Winds blowing over the water surface generate waves. In general the higher the wind velocity, the larger the fetch over which it blows, and the longer it blows the higher and longer will be the average waves . Waves still under the action of the winds that created them are called wind waves, or a sea. They are forced waves rather than free waves. They are variable in their direction of advance (Arthur, 1949). They are irregular in the direction of propagation. The flow is rotational due to the shear stress of the wind on the water surface and it is quite turbulent as observations of dye in the

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7

Havas, Magda, and David Colling. "Wind Turbines Make Waves." Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society 31, no. 5 (2011): 414–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0270467611417852.

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8

Gough, Douglas. "Waves in the wind." Nature 376, no. 6536 (1995): 120–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/376120a0.

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9

Naeser, Harald. "The Capillary Waves’ Contribution to Wind-Wave Generation." Fluids 7, no. 2 (2022): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids7020073.

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Published theories and observations have shown that dissipation of gravity waves implies frequency downshifting of wave energy. Hence, for wind-waves, the wind energy input to the highest frequencies is of special interest. Here it is shown that this input is vital, because the direct wind energy input obtained by the air-pressure’s work on most gravity waves is slightly less than what the waves need to grow. Further, the wind’s input of the angular momentum that waves need to grow is found to be absent at most gravity wave frequencies. The capillary waves that appear at the surface of the sea

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10

Husain, Nyla T., Tetsu Hara, and Peter P. Sullivan. "Wind Turbulence over Misaligned Surface Waves and Air–Sea Momentum Flux. Part I: Waves Following and Opposing Wind." Journal of Physical Oceanography 52, no. 1 (2022): 119–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-21-0043.1.

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Abstract Air–sea momentum and scalar fluxes are strongly influenced by the coupling dynamics between turbulent winds and a spectrum of waves. Because direct field observations are difficult, particularly in high winds, many modeling and laboratory studies have aimed to elucidate the impacts of the sea state and other surface wave features on momentum and energy fluxes between wind and waves as well as on the mean wind profile and drag coefficient. Opposing wind is common under transient winds, for example, under tropical cyclones, but few studies have examined its impacts on air–sea fluxes. In

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11

Takagaki, Naohisa, Naoya Suzuki, Yuliya Troitskaya, Chiaki Tanaka, Alexander Kandaurov, and Maxim Vdovin. "Effects of current on wind waves in strong winds." Ocean Science 16, no. 5 (2020): 1033–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-16-1033-2020.

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Abstract. It is important to investigate the effects of current on wind waves, called the Doppler shift, at both normal and extremely high wind speeds. Three different types of wind-wave tanks along with a fan and pump are used to demonstrate wind waves and currents in laboratories at Kyoto University, Japan, Kindai University, Japan, and the Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia. Profiles of the wind and current velocities and the water-level fluctuation are measured. The wave frequency, wavelength, and phase velocity of the significant waves are calculated, and th

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12

Rodriguez Gandara, Ruben, and John Harris. "NEARSHORE WAVE DAMPING DUE TO THE EFFECT ON WINDS IN RESPONSE TO OFFSHORE WIND FARMS." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 33 (2012): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v33.waves.55.

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Despite the progress that has been made in modeling wind wake interaction between turbines in offshore wind farms, only a handful of studies have quantified the impact of wind turbines or wave farms upon surface waves, and there are even less articles about the wave blockage induced by the whole array of turbines upon wind waves. This hypothetical case study proposes a methodology that takes into account the combined effect of wind wake and wave blockage on wind waves when transforming offshore waves to nearshore in an offshore wind farm scenario.

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13

Contardo, Stephanie, Graham Symonds, Laura Segura, Ryan Lowe, and Jeff Hansen. "Infragravity Wave Energy Partitioning in the Surf Zone in Response to Wind-Sea and Swell Forcing." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, no. 11 (2019): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse7110383.

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An alongshore array of pressure sensors and a cross-shore array of current velocity and pressure sensors were deployed on a barred beach in southwestern Australia to estimate the relative response of edge waves and leaky waves to variable incident wind wave conditions. The strong sea breeze cycle at the study site (wind speeds frequently > 10 m s−1) produced diurnal variations in the peak frequency of the incident waves, with wind sea conditions (periods 2 to 8 s) dominating during the peak of the sea breeze and swell (periods 8 to 20 s) dominating during times of low wind. We observed that

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14

Huttunen, K. E. J., S. D. Bale, T. D. Phan, M. Davis, and J. T. Gosling. "Wind/WAVES observations of high-frequency plasma waves in solar wind reconnection exhausts." Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 112, A1 (2007): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006ja011836.

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15

Takagaki, Naohisa, Satoru Komori, Mizuki Ishida, Koji Iwano, Ryoichi Kurose, and Naoya Suzuki. "Loop-Type Wave-Generation Method for Generating Wind Waves under Long-Fetch Conditions." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 34, no. 10 (2017): 2129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-17-0043.1.

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AbstractIt is important to develop a wave-generation method for extending the fetch in laboratory experiments, because previous laboratory studies were limited to the fetch shorter than several dozen meters. A new wave-generation method is proposed for generating wind waves under long-fetch conditions in a wind-wave tank, using a programmable irregular-wave generator. This new method is named a loop-type wave-generation method (LTWGM), because the waves with wave characteristics close to the wind waves measured at the end of the tank are reproduced at the entrance of the tank by the programmab

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16

Liu, Huiqing, Lian Xie, Leonard J. Pietrafesa, and Shaowu Bao. "Sensitivity of wind waves to hurricane wind characteristics." Ocean Modelling 18, no. 1 (2007): 37–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2007.03.004.

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17

Chen, Gang, and Stephen E. Belcher. "Effects of Long Waves on Wind-Generated Waves." Journal of Physical Oceanography 30, no. 9 (2000): 2246–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(2000)030<2246:eolwow>2.0.co;2.

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18

van der Werf, Ivo, and Marcel van Gent. "Wave Overtopping over Coastal Structures with Oblique Wind and Swell Waves." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 6, no. 4 (2018): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse6040149.

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Most guidelines on wave overtopping over coastal structures are based on conditions with waves from one direction only. Here, wave basin tests with oblique wave attack are presented where waves from one direction are combined with waves from another direction. This is especially important for locations where wind waves approach a coastal structure under a specific direction while swell waves approach the coastal structure under another direction. The tested structure was a dike with a smooth and impermeable 1:4 slope. The test programme consisted of four types of wave loading: (1) Wind waves o

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19

Sakhnenko, O. I. "Results of calculation of wave-wind water dynamics at the Tiligul Estuary." Ukrainian hydrometeorological journal, no. 18 (October 29, 2017): 140–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31481/uhmj.18.2016.16.

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Features of spatial distribution of the main parameters of wind waves, such as height, average orbital velocities of wave motions determining transportation of bottom material were specified. Maximum heights of significant waves were obtained in the central, most deep-water part of the estuary, as well as in the southern part and near the windward shores. At the time of storm winds maximum heights of significant waves, according to the simulation results, constitute up to 0,83 m. On the basis of calculations of wind waves with application of the SWAN numerical model (Simulating Waves Nearshore

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20

Chen, Shi-Ming. "Water Exchange Due to Wind and Waves in a Monsoon Prevailing Tropical Atoll." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 1 (2023): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11010109.

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Physical forcings affect water exchange in coral reef atolls. Characteristics of the consequent water exchange depend on the atoll morphology and the local atmospheric and hydrographic conditions. The pattern of water exchange at the Dongsha atoll under the influences of tides, wind, and waves was investigated by conducting realistic modeling and numerical experiments. The analyses suggest that the southwestern wind could enhance the inflow transports at the southern reef flat and the outflow transports at the northern reef flat/north channel. The northeastern wind induces an inversed pattern.

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21

Draxl, Caroline, Rochelle P. Worsnop, Geng Xia, et al. "Mountain waves can impact wind power generation." Wind Energy Science 6, no. 1 (2021): 45–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-45-2021.

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Abstract. Mountains can modify the weather downstream of the terrain. In particular, when stably stratified air ascends a mountain barrier, buoyancy perturbations develop. These perturbations can trigger mountain waves downstream of the mountains that can reach deep into the atmospheric boundary layer where wind turbines operate. Several such cases of mountain waves occurred during the Second Wind Forecast Improvement Project (WFIP2) in the Columbia River basin in the lee of the Cascade Range bounding the states of Washington and Oregon in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. Signals fr

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22

Husain, Nyla T., Tetsu Hara, and Peter P. Sullivan. "Wind Turbulence over Misaligned Surface Waves and Air–Sea Momentum Flux. Part II: Waves in Oblique Wind." Journal of Physical Oceanography 52, no. 1 (2022): 141–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-21-0044.1.

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Abstract The coupled dynamics of turbulent airflow and a spectrum of waves are known to modify air–sea momentum and scalar fluxes. Waves traveling at oblique angles to the wind are common in the open ocean, and their effects may be especially relevant when constraining fluxes in storm and tropical cyclone conditions. In this study, we employ large-eddy simulation for airflow over steep, strongly forced waves following and opposing oblique wind to elucidate its impacts on the wind speed magnitude and direction, drag coefficient, and wave growth/decay rate. We find that oblique wind maintains a

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23

Zavolgensky, M. V., and P. B. Rutkevich. "Turbulent wind waves on a water current." Advances in Geosciences 15 (May 13, 2008): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-15-35-2008.

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Abstract. An analytical model of water waves generated by the wind over the water surface is presented. A simple modeling method of wind waves is described based on waves lengths diagram, azimuthal hodograph of waves velocities and others. Properties of the generated waves are described. The wave length and wave velocity are obtained as functions on azimuth of wave propagation and growth rate. Motionless waves dynamically trapped into the general picture of three dimensional waves are described. The gravitation force does not enter the three dimensional of turbulent wind waves. That is why the

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24

Lee, J. H., and J. P. Monty. "On the Interaction between Wind Stress and Waves: Wave Growth and Statistical Properties of Large Waves." Journal of Physical Oceanography 50, no. 2 (2020): 383–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-19-0112.1.

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AbstractStatistical properties and development of wave fields with different wind forcings are investigated through parametric laboratory experiments. Thirty different, random sea states simulated using a JONSWAP spectrum are mechanically generated in deep-water conditions. Each of the random simulated sea states is exactly repeated but subjected to a range of different wind speeds to study the interaction between wind stress and the existing random sea state waves, especially the isolated effect of the wind stress on the largest waves. Wave crest distributions are sensitive to the wind at the

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25

Makin, V. K., H. Branger, W. L. Peirson, and J. P. Giovanangeli. "Stress above Wind-Plus-Paddle Waves: Modeling of a Laboratory Experiment." Journal of Physical Oceanography 37, no. 12 (2007): 2824–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jpo3550.1.

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Abstract A model based on wind-over-waves coupling (WOWC) theory is used to simulate a laboratory experiment and to explain the observed peculiarities of the surface stress distribution above a combined wave field: wind-generated-plus-monochromatic-paddle waves. Observations show the systematic and significant decrease in the stress as the paddle wave is introduced into the pure wind-wave field. As the paddle-wave steepness is further increased, the stress level returns to the stress level characteristic of the pure wind waves. Further increase in the paddle-wave steepness augments the stress

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26

Van Vledder, G. Ph, and L. H. Holthuijsen. "WAVES IN TURNING WIND FIELDS." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 21 (1988): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v21.43.

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A numerical model to compute to a high degree of accuracy nonlinear wave-wave interactions of wind generated waves supplemented with formulations of wind generation and white-capping, has been used to estimate qualitatively and quantitatively the effect of these physical processes on the directional response of waves in a turning wind field. After a sudden shift in wind direction the wave spectrum develops a secondary peak in the new wind direction. The initial peak of the spectrum either merges fairly quickly with this new peak or it slowly disappears, depending on the magnitude of the direct

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27

Kukulka, Tobias, and Tetsu Hara. "The Effect of Breaking Waves on a Coupled Model of Wind and Ocean Surface Waves. Part II: Growing Seas." Journal of Physical Oceanography 38, no. 10 (2008): 2164–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jpo3962.1.

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Abstract This is the second part of a two-part investigation of a coupled wind and wave model that includes the enhanced form drag of breaking waves. The model is based on the wave energy balance and the conservation of air-side momentum and energy. In Part I, coupled nonlinear advance–delay differential equations were derived, which govern the wave height spectrum, the distribution of breaking waves, and vertical air side profiles of the turbulent stress and wind speed. Numeric solutions were determined for mature seas. Here, numeric solutions for a wide range of wind and wave conditions are

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28

Starodubtsev, Sergei, Anton Zverev, Peter Gololobov, and Vladislav Grigoryev. "Cosmic ray fluctuations and MHD waves in the solar wind." Solar-Terrestrial Physics 9, no. 2 (2023): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/stp-92202309.

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During large-scale solar wind disturbances, variations in galactic cosmic rays with periods from several minutes to 2–3 hours, which are called cosmic ray fluctuations in the scientific literature, often occur. Such fluctuations are not observed in the absence of disturbances. Since cosmic rays are charged particles, their modulation in the heliosphere occurs mainly under the influence of the interplanetary magnetic field, or rather its turbulent part — MHD waves. In order to adequately describe the relationship between their fluctuation spectra, it is necessary to be able to isolate a certain

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29

Alielden, Khaled, and Youra Taroyan. "Evolution of Alfvén Waves in the Solar Wind. Monochromatic Driver." Astrophysical Journal 935, no. 2 (2022): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac7f41.

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Abstract We use a 2.5D magnetohydrodynamic model to investigate the propagation of azimuthally driven Alfvén waves with different periods and their interaction with the solar wind. In the absence of waves, the dipole field is stretched into a helmet streamer by the solar wind. The wind speeds near the equator are lower than those in the mid and high latitudes. Magnetic reconnection in the equatorial plasma sheet regularly triggers a breakup and expulsion of a plasmoid. We next inject monochromatic Alfvén waves with a moderate amplitude of 9 km s−1 and a period of τ = 1000 s at the coronal base

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30

Morland, L. C. "Oblique wind waves generated by the instability of wind blowing over water." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 316 (June 10, 1996): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112096000481.

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The growth rates of gravity waves are computed from linear, inviscid stability theory for wind velocity profiles that are representative of the mean flow in a turbulent boundary layer. The energy transfer to the waves is largely concentrated in an angle (to the wind) interval that broadens with increasing wind speed and narrows with increasing wavelength. At sufficiently high wind speeds and sufficiently short wavelengths, the waves of maximum growth rate propagate at an oblique angle to the wind. The connection with bimodal directional distributions of observed spectra is discussed.

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31

PHILLIPS, W. R. C. "Langmuir circulations beneath growing or decaying surface waves." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 469 (October 15, 2002): 317–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112002001908.

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The instability to longitudinal vortices of two-dimensional density-stratified temporally evolving wavy shear flow is considered. The problem is posited in the context of Langmuir circulations, LCs, beneath wind-driven surface waves and the instability mechanism is generalized Craik–Leibovich, either CLg or CL2. Of interest is the influence of non-stationary base flows on the instability according to linear theory. It is found that the instability is described by a family of similarity solutions and that the growth rate of the instability, in non-stationary base flows, is doubly exponential in

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32

Greenslade, Diana, Mark Hemer, Alex Babanin, et al. "Priorities for Wind-Waves Research." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 101, no. 6 (2020): 505–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-18-0262.a.

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33

Donelan, M. A., M. Curcic, S. S. Chen, and A. K. Magnusson. "Modeling waves and wind stress." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 117, no. C11 (2012): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011jc007787.

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34

Hemer, Mark A., Xiaolan L. Wang, Ralf Weisse, and Val R. Swail. "Advancing Wind-Waves Climate Science." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 93, no. 6 (2012): 791–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-11-00184.1.

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35

Komen, Gerbrand. "Interactions of wind and waves." Nature 328, no. 6130 (1987): 480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/328480a0.

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36

Cavaleri, Luigi, and Stefano Zecchetto. "Reynolds stresses under wind waves." Journal of Geophysical Research 92, no. C4 (1987): 3894. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/jc092ic04p03894.

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37

Nevins, A., and R. E. Yahnke. "Whisper, The Waves, The Wind." Gerontologist 27, no. 4 (1987): 533–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geront/27.4.533.

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38

Rao, A. D., and J. W. de Vries. "Wind waves: modeling and observations." Natural Hazards 49, no. 2 (2009): 163–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-008-9338-z.

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39

Jia, Pan, Bruno Andreotti, and Philippe Claudin. "Paper waves in the wind." Physics of Fluids 27, no. 10 (2015): 104101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4931777.

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40

Jahoda, Karel, and Tamara Spanila. "On Motion of Wind Waves." Water Resources 31, no. 3 (2004): 266–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:ware.0000028696.13749.f5.

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41

Xu, Delun, Paul A. Hwang, and Jin Wu. "Breaking of Wind-Generated Waves." Journal of Physical Oceanography 16, no. 12 (1986): 2172–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1986)016<2172:bowgw>2.0.co;2.

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42

Banner, Michael L. "Equilibrium Spectra of Wind Waves." Journal of Physical Oceanography 20, no. 7 (1990): 966–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1990)020<0966:esoww>2.0.co;2.

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43

Maat, N., C. Kraan, and W. A. Oost. "The roughness of wind waves." Boundary-Layer Meteorology 54, no. 1-2 (1991): 89–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00119414.

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44

Banner, Michael L. "The influence of wave breaking on the surface pressure distribution in wind—wave interactions." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 211 (February 1990): 463–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112090001653.

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In reviewing the current status of our understanding of the mechanisms underlying wind-wave generation, it is apparent that existing theories and models are not applicable to situations where the sea surface is disturbed by breaking waves, and that the available experimental data on this question are sparse. In this context, this paper presents the results of a detailed study of the effects of wave breaking on the aerodynamic surface pressure distribution and consequent wave-coherent momentum flux, as well as its influence on the total wind stress.Two complementary experimental configurations

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45

Shen, Wei, and Klaus-Werner Gurgel. "Wind Direction Inversion from Narrow-Beam HF Radar Backscatter Signals in Low and High Wind Conditions at Different Radar Frequencies." Remote Sensing 10, no. 9 (2018): 1480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10091480.

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Land-based, high-frequency (HF) surface wave radar has the unique capability of monitoring coastal surface parameters, such as current, waves, and wind, up to 200 km off the coast. The Doppler spectrum of the backscattered radar signal is characterized by two strong peaks that are caused by the Bragg-resonant scattering from the ocean surface. The wavelength of Bragg resonant waves is exactly half the radio wavelength (grazing incidence), and these waves are located at the higher frequency part of the wave spectral distribution. When HF radar operates at higher frequencies, the resonant waves

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46

Neumann, Gerhard. "NOTES ON THE GENERATION AND GROWTH OF OCEAN WAVES UNDER WIND ACTION." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 3 (2000): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v3.7.

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The basic problem of forecasting wind-generated waves is the development of equations which express the energy budget between wind and waves, and the derivation of physical laws governing the growth of the component wave trains. The waves can grow only in the case where the supply of energy by wind exceeds the loss of energy by friction and turbulence. Thus any attempt to calculate the growth of ocean waves under wind action requires a knowledge of the energy supply and the energy dissipation in every phase of wave development.

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47

Lifermann, A., Bernd Jähne, and A. Ramamonjiarisoa. "Une ètude en soufflerie de la rèflexion des hyperfrèquences par des champs de houles et de vagues." Oceanologica Acta SP (February 24, 1987): 15–22. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13128.

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    <strong>А laboratory study of microwave reflection by swell and wind wave</strong> <strong>fields</strong> Experiments conducted in the IMST large Wind-Wave facility using principally the CNES RAMSES II radar device led to initial results on the identification of the phases of swell and wind-wave motions which contribute to the microwave (C and K bands) reflection. For geometrical reasons or non-linearity of the wave profiles, the reflection by the wave troughs appeared larger than the reflection by the wave crests. The reflection was seen to be dependent upon the presence of wav

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48

Kahma, Kimmo K., Mark A. Donelan, William M. Drennan, and Eugene A. Terray. "Evidence of Energy and Momentum Flux from Swell to Wind." Journal of Physical Oceanography 46, no. 7 (2016): 2143–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-15-0213.1.

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AbstractMeasurements of pressure near the surface in conditions of wind sea and swell are reported. Swell, or waves that overrun the wind, produces an upward flux of energy and momentum from waves to the wind and corresponding attenuation of the swell waves. The estimates of growth of wind sea are consistent with existing parameterizations. The attenuation of swell in the field is considerably smaller than existing measurements in the laboratory.

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49

Miller, Sarah J., Omar H. Shemdin, and Michael S. Longuet-Higgins. "Laboratory measurements of modulation of short-wave slopes by long surface waves." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 233 (December 1991): 389–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112091000538.

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Hydrodynamic modulation of wind waves by long surface waves in a wave tank is investigated, at wind speeds ranging from 1.5 to 10 m s−1. The results are compared with the linear, non-dissipative, theory of Longuet-Higgins & Stewart (1960), which describes the modulation of a group of short gravity waves due to straining of the surface by currents produced by the orbital motions of the long wave, and work done against the radiation stresses of the short waves. In most cases the theory is in good agreement with the experimental results when the short waves are not too steep, and the rate of

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50

Henney, William J., and S. J. Arthur. "Bow shocks, bow waves, and dust waves – III. Diagnostics." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 489, no. 2 (2019): 2142–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz2283.

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ABSTRACT Stellar bow shocks, bow waves, and dust waves all result from the action of a star’s wind and radiation pressure on a stream of dusty plasma that flows past it. The dust in these bows emits prominently at mid-infrared wavelengths in the range 8 to 60 $\mu$m. We propose a novel diagnostic method, the τ–η diagram, for analysing these bows, which is based on comparing the fractions of stellar radiative energy and stellar radiative momentum that is trapped by the bow shell. This diagram allows the discrimination of wind-supported bow shocks, radiation-supported bow waves, and dust waves i

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