Academic literature on the topic 'Window of exposure'
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Journal articles on the topic "Window of exposure"
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Warren, Joshua L., Wenjing Kong, Thomas J. Luben, and Howard H. Chang. "Critical window variable selection: estimating the impact of air pollution on very preterm birth." Biostatistics 21, no. 4 (2019): 790–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biostatistics/kxz006.
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Summary Understanding the impact that environmental exposure during different stages of pregnancy has on the risk of adverse birth outcomes is vital for protection of the fetus and for the development of mechanistic explanations of exposure–disease relationships. As a result, statistical models to estimate critical windows of susceptibility have been developed for several different reproductive outcomes and pollutants. However, these current methods fail to adequately address the primary objective of this line of research; how to statistically identify a critical window of susceptibility. In this article, we introduce critical window variable selection (CWVS), a hierarchical Bayesian framework that directly addresses this question while simultaneously providing improved estimation of the risk parameters. Through simulation, we show that CWVS outperforms existing competing techniques in the setting of highly temporally correlated exposures in terms of (i) correctly identifying critical windows and (ii) accurately estimating risk parameters. We apply all competing methods to a case/control analysis of pregnant women in North Carolina, 2005–2008, with respect to the development of very preterm birth and exposure to ambient ozone and particulate matter $<$ 2.5 $\mu$m in aerodynamic diameter, and identify/estimate the critical windows of susceptibility. The newly developed method is implemented in the R package CWVS.
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Whitesell, Amy, Nirma D. Bustamante, Miles Stewart, et al. "Development and implementation of the Ebola Exposure Window Calculator: A tool for Ebola virus disease outbreak field investigations." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (2021): e0255631. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255631.
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During an Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak, calculating the exposure window of a confirmed case can assist field investigators in identifying the source of infection and establishing chains of transmission. However, field investigators often have difficulty calculating this window. We developed a bilingual (English/French), smartphone-based field application to assist field investigators in determining the exposure window of an EVD case. The calculator only requires the reported date of symptoms onset and the type of symptoms present at onset or the date of death. Prior to the release of this application, there was no similar electronic capability to enable consistent calculation of EVD exposure windows for field investigators. The Democratic Republic of the Congo Ministry of Health endorsed the application and incorporated it into trainings for field staff. Available for Apple and Android devices, the calculator continues to be downloaded even as the eastern DRC outbreak resolved. We rapidly developed and implemented a smartphone application to estimate the exposure window for EVD cases in an outbreak setting
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Dixit, Daksha, T. C. Singel, Dhaval Talsaniya, and Mohit Changani. "Anatomical skin incisions for window dissections." National Journal of Clinical Anatomy 03, no. 02 (2014): 100–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3401741.
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AbstractSkin incisions for comprehensive study dissection, composite dissection, composite window corridor dissection and comprehensive window dissections are different. Many authors/practical volumes have described skin incisions for comprehensive study dissections. There is great need to establish, describe and define the incisions for comprehensive window dissections. The authors have studied and practiced their skin incisions for window dissections of various regions of limbs, during the last three years(2010-2012). The authors have established superior, inferior and vertical incision lines and skin was incised according to that. Skin incisions for various regions are made on the basic principle of windows. Superior and inferior incision lines limit the dissection area and vertical incision line provides better scope of expansion and exposure in a window view. The authors have established, described and defined the incisions for various dissection topics which gives better exposure and scope for expansion of dissection layer wise and in better window manner.
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Lee, Hyo Jin, Eunhye Bae, Hong Yeul Lee, Sang-Min Lee, and Jinwoo Lee. "Association of natural light exposure and delirium according to the presence or absence of windows in the intensive care unit." Acute and Critical Care 36, no. 4 (2021): 332–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4266/acc.2021.00556.
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Background: Patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) have increased risks of delirium, which is associated with worse outcomes. As pharmacologic treatments for delirium are ineffective, prevention is important. Nonpharmacologic preventive strategies include exposure to natural light and restoring circadian rhythm. We investigated the effect of exposure to natural light through windows on delirium in the ICU.Methods: This retrospective cohort study assessed all patients admitted to the medical ICU of a university-affiliated hospital between January and June 2020 for eligibility. The ICU included 12 isolation rooms, six with and six without windows. Patients with ICU stays of >48 hours were included and were divided into groups based on their admission to a single room with (window group) or without windows (windowless group). The primary outcome was the cumulative incidence of delirium. The secondary outcomes were the numbers of delirium- and mechanical ventilation-free days, ICU and hospital length of stay, and in-ICU and 28-day mortalities.Results: Of the 150 included patients (window group: 83 [55.3%]; windowless group: 67 [44.7%]), the cumulative incidence of delirium was significantly lower in the window group than in the windowless group (21.7% vs. 43.3%; relative risk, 1.996; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.220–3.265). Other secondary outcomes did not differ between groups. Admission to a room with a window was independently associated with a decreased risk of delirium (adjusted odds ratio, 0.318; 95% CI, 0.125–0.805).Conclusions: Exposure to natural light through windows was associated with a lower incidence of delirium in the ICU.
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Nascimento, Luiz Fernando Costa, Adrian Blanco Machin, and Djalma Antonio Almeida dos Santos. "Are there differences in birth weight according to sex and associations with maternal exposure to air pollutants? A cohort study." Sao Paulo Medical Journal 135, no. 4 (2017): 347–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1516-3180.2016.0262100317.
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ABSTRACT CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Several effects of exposure to air pollutants on human health are known. The aim of this study was to identify whether exposure of pregnant women to air pollutants contributes towards low birth weight and which sex is more affected. DESIGN AND SETTING: Longitudinal study using data on newborns from mothers living in São José do Rio Preto (SP) who were exposed to air pollutants in 2012-2013. METHODS: A hierarchical model on three levels was built using maternal and newborn variables and environmental concentrations of particulate matter, ozone and nitrogen dioxide in quartiles. Preterm new-borns, twins and newborns with birth defects were excluded and exposure windows of 30, 60 and 90 days before delivery were considered. RESULTS: 8,948 newborns were included: 4,491 males (50.2%) and 4,457 females (49.8%); 301 newborns presented low birth weight (3.4%). The mean weight differed between males (3281.0 g) and females (3146.4 g) (P < 0.001). Exposure to ozone was significantly associated with low birth weight in both sexes in the 30-day window (odds ratio, OR = 1.38) and 90-day window (OR = 1.48); and among females, in the 30-day window (OR = 1.58) and 90-day window (OR = 1.59). Exposure to particulate matter had a paradoxical protective effect. No association was found among male newborns. CONCLUSIONS: Female newborns showed greater susceptibility to maternal exposure to air pollutants. Studies on low birth weight in relation to maternal exposure to air pollutants should deal with males and females separately.
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Boston, Kelley M., Luis Ostrosky-Zeichner, Misti G. Ellsworth, and Tawanna A. McInnis-Cole. "1623. Implementation of Electronic Readmission Alert for Discharged Patients Reduces Risk of Secondary Measles Exposure Events." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (2019): S592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.1487.
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Abstract Background Measles is a highly infectious illness that is causing increased numbers of outbreaks in the United States. Patients involved in a healthcare measles exposure and who have been discharged before identification of exposure are at risk of becoming infectious in the community, and may seek healthcare within their infectious window, creating a secondary exposure risk for healthcare systems. A measles exposure in an integrated healthcare system occurred, resulting in patient exposures in multiple locations at three campuses, including two community-based emergency departments and three inpatient units. There were 159 patients who were included in the exposure group; 123 were exposed in an ED, and 36 were exposed in an inpatient setting. Ninety-four percent (149/159) of the patients had been discharged at the time of measles case identification and were in the pre-infectious phase of illness. Of those, 36 percent (54/149) presented back to the healthcare system within the potentially infectious window; these 54 patients had 97 individual healthcare contacts in the potentially infectious period following the exposure event. Sixty-one of the 97 return visits (63%) were within the window in which the exposed patients were potentially infectious. Return locations included the three exposure facilities and inpatient and outpatient locations at 10 other system campuses. Methods An alert system was developed within the electronic medical record that identified patients that were involved in the exposure, and guided clinicians to mask and place in airborne isolation until measles immunity was verified. Results The alert activated 13 days after the exposure was identified, and identified 100% of returns to healthcare at all sites within the system, representing 48% of all potential secondary exposure events (29 /61). No secondary exposures or transmission occurred. Conclusion Measles exposures are an enormous burden on healthcare organizations and public health systems. When exposures occur, healthcare organizations need systems to rapidly identify discharged patients who may return within the potentially infectious window. Rapid development of electronic readmission alerts can help standardize identification and reduce the risk of subsequent exposure. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Gilbert, Kathleen M., William Woodruff, and Sarah J. Blossom. "Differential Immunotoxicity Induced by Two Different Windows of Developmental Trichloroethylene Exposure." Autoimmune Diseases 2014 (2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/982073.
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Developmental exposure to environmental toxicants may induce immune system alterations that contribute to adult stage autoimmune disease. We have shown that continuous exposure of MRL+/+ mice to trichloroethylene (TCE) from gestational day (GD) 0 to postnatal day (PND) 49 alters several aspects of CD4+T cell function. This window of exposure corresponds to conception-adolescence/young adulthood in humans. More narrowly defining the window of TCE developmental exposure causes immunotoxicity that would establish the stage at which avoidance and/or intervention would be most effective. The current study divided continuous TCE exposure into two separate windows, namely, gestation only (GD0 to birth (PND0)) and early-life only (PND0-PND49). The mice were examined for specific alterations in CD4+T cell function at PND49. One potentially long-lasting effect of developmental exposure, alterations in retrotransposon expression indicative of epigenetic alterations, was found in peripheral CD4+T cells from both sets of developmentally exposed mice. Interestingly, certain other effects, such as alterations in thymus cellularity, were only found in mice exposed to TCE during gestation. In contrast, expansion of memory/activation cell subset of peripheral CD4+T cells were only found in mice exposed to TCE during early life. Different windows of developmental TCE exposure can have different functional consequences.
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Linet, Martha S., Ethel S. Gilbert, Roel Vermeulen, et al. "Benzene Exposure Response and Risk of Myeloid Neoplasms in Chinese Workers: A Multicenter Case–Cohort Study." JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute 111, no. 5 (2018): 465–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djy143.
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Abstract Background There is international consensus that benzene exposure is causally related to acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and more recent evidence of association with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). However, there are uncertainties about the exposure response, particularly risks by time since exposure and age at exposure. Methods In a case–cohort study in 110 631 Chinese workers followed up during 1972–1999 we evaluated combined MDS/AML (n = 44) and chronic myeloid leukemia (n = 18). We estimated benzene exposures using hierarchical modeling of occupational factors calibrated with historical routine measurements, and evaluated exposure response for cumulative exposure and average intensity using Cox regression; P values were two-sided. Results Increased MDS/AML risk with increasing cumulative exposure in our a priori defined time window (2 to <10 years) before the time at risk was suggested (Ptrend = 08). For first exposure (within the 2 to <10-year window) before age 30 years, the exposure response was stronger (P = .004) with rate ratios of 1.12 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.27 to 4.29), 5.58 (95% CI = 1.65 to 19.68), and 4.50 (95% CI = 1.22 to 16.68) for cumulative exposures of more than 0 to less than 40, 40 to less than 100, and at least 100 ppm-years, respectively, compared with no exposure. There was little evidence of exposure response after at least 10 years (Ptrend = .94), regardless of age at first exposure. Average intensity results were generally similar. The risk for chronic myeloid leukemia was increased in exposed vs unexposed workers, but appeared to increase and then decrease with increasing exposure. Conclusion For myeloid neoplasms, the strongest effects were apparent for MDS/AML arising within 10 years of benzene exposure and for first exposure in the 2 to less than 10-year window before age 30 years.
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Turuban, Maxime, Hans Kromhout, Javier Vila, et al. "Occupational exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields and brain tumor risk: Application of the INTEROCC job‐exposure matrix." International Journal of Cancer 156, no. 3 (2024): 538–51. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.35182.
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AbstractRadiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF‐EMF, 100 kHz to 300 GHz) are classified by IARC as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B). This study evaluates the potential association between occupational RF‐EMF exposure and brain tumor risk, utilizing for the first time, a RF‐EMF job‐exposure matrix (RF‐JEM) developed in the multi‐country INTEROCC case–control study. Cumulative and time‐weighted average (TWA) occupational RF‐EMF exposures were estimated for study participants based on lifetime job histories linked to the RF‐JEM using three different methods: (1) by considering RF‐EMF intensity among all exposed jobs, (2) by considering RF‐EMF intensity among jobs with an exposure prevalence ≥ the median exposure prevalence of all exposed jobs, and (3) by considering RF‐EMF intensity of jobs of participants who reported RF‐EMF source use. Stratified conditional logistic regression models were used, considering various lag periods and exposure time windows defined a priori. Generally, no clear associations were found for glioma or meningioma risk. However, some statistically significant positive associations were observed including in the highest exposure categories for glioma for cumulative and TWA exposure in the 1‐ to 4‐year time window for electric fields (E) in the first JEM application method (odds ratios [ORs] = 1.36, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.08, 1.72 and 1.27, 95% CI 1.01, 1.59, respectively), as well as for meningioma for cumulative exposure in the 5‐ to 9‐year time window for electric fields (E) in the third JEM application method (OR = 2.30, 95% CI 1.11, 4.78). We did not identify convincing associations between occupational RF‐EMF exposure and risk of glioma or meningioma.
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Boulais, Denis. "Sex Offspring Ratio and Radiofrequency Radiation Exposure." Journal of System Safety 53, no. 1 (2017): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.56094/jss.v53i1.100.
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Radiofrequency (RF) radiation is a silent and invisible hazard for both high-access window cleaners and telecommunications riggers that can heat body tissue, resulting in injury. In this study, a total of 68 high-access window cleaners were interviewed to establish their sex offspring ratio. Results indicated that there was no significant variance to that of the general Australian population.
 The high-access window cleaning industry has a lower awareness of this hazard than the telecommunications industry. This study compares and contrasts its outcomes against a similar study within the telecommunications industry (n = 68), which also identified no significant variance.
 As mobile telecommunication networks expand, the risk for high-access window cleaners will increase. Therefore, the study recommended that high-access window cleaning companies should revise their safety systems to ensure this hazard is addressed. A further recommendation was that this study should be repeated in the future to determine if expanding telecommunications networks and increased potential exposure has affected sex offspring ratios.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Window of exposure"
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Hernandez, Denise Marie. "Immunotoxicological Evaluation Of Critical Windows Of Development Following Exposure to 1,2:5,6 Dibenzanthracene in B6C3F1 Mice." VCU Scholars Compass, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10156/1605.
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Nugent, Ayres Michelle V. "Spatial and Geochemical Techniques to Improve Exposure Assessment of Manganese in Windsor, Ontario." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20276.
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This study was conducted to investigate the urban geochemistry of the city of Windsor (Ontario) and to provide added source apportionment information to work being carried out by the Canadian government. The goal of this study was to investigate the distribution, spatial variation and sources of manganese in urban Windsor soil. The literature indicates that human exposure to high levels of manganese, via inhalation, can cause respiratory and/or neurological effects. At the outset of the present study it was first hypothesized that vehicular traffic was the dominant source of anthropogenic manganese. An alternative hypothesis was that there were multiple anthropogenic sources of manganese in Windsor. The sample collection scheme was designed to determine (1) the current and background soil concentrations of manganese in Windsor, (2) the spatial distribution of manganese in order to reveal sources of manganese, and (3) the manganese content of moss-sequestered airborne particles, which can potentially deposit onto the soil surface, using low-technology biomonitoring. The first phase of the study consisted of a preliminary soil survey which identified elevated areas of soil manganese concentrations. During this survey, the field efficiency of a field portable X-ray fluorescence (FPXRF) instrument, as well as sample preparation methods were evaluated. Efficiency of the FPXRF was determined by comparison to ICP-MS, a traditional trace element analysis method. The preliminary soil survey identified several areas of elevated (ranging from 884 to 2390 ppm) soil manganese which were further investigated during the second, more complete, soil survey. The moss biomonitoring technique of using moss bags was used to collect airborne particles for semi-quantitative analysis. Analysis of soil samples included total manganese and other trace elements, pH, moisture and carbon content, and manganese speciation. Urban Windsor soil manganese distribution revealed both natural and anthropogenic sources of soil manganese and three distinct soil sample types, transect, baseline and natural. In general, manganese in Windsor had a west-to-east trend of decreasing levels in soil and moss-sequestered airborne particles. The latter showed a modern-day elemental signature while the former (collocated soil) a legacy elemental signature. It was concluded that both the FPXRF instrument and the moss biomonitoring technique can be useful screening tools in studies of urban environments.
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Pedersen, Eja. "Human response to wind turbine noise : perception, annoyance and moderating factors." Doctoral thesis, Göteborg : Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2077/4431.
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Wang, Jiajia. "Assessment of the effects of maternal exposure to heatwave on birth outcomes in Brisbane, Australia." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2014. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/76289/1/Jiajia_Wang_Thesis.pdf.
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Even though heatwave events have become more frequent and intense in most regions around the world, little is known about the impact of heatwave on birth outcomes. This thesis uses a population-based study design to investigate the relationship between maternal heatwave exposure and adverse birth outcomes in Brisbane, Australia. This study found that heatwave exposure at any stage of pregnancy can be harmful to fetal growth, and further increase the risk of adverse birth outcomes. Both short- and long-term effects of heatwave on adverse birth outcomes were found. The findings in this thesis may have significant public health implications.
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Bertrin, Vincent. "Écologie et déterminisme physique des peuplements de macrophytes dans les lacs naturels peu profonds : application aux grands lacs du littoral aquitain de Carcans-Hourtin, Lacanau, Cazaux-Sanguinet et Parentis-Biscarrosse (Gironde, Landes)." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0389/document.
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Les écosystèmes littoraux lacustres, ou ceintures des lacs, ont une valeur écologique très importante. Zones de transition et d'échanges entre les écosystèmes terrestre et aquatique, les rives des lacs et leurs zones littorales sont reconnues pour abriter une forte biodiversité, dont des plantes aquatiques visibles à l'œil nu : les macrophytes. La structure spatiale, l'abondance et la composition spécifique de ces peuplements végétaux sont conditionnées par le caractère et le fonctionnement physiques des biotopes littoraux lacustres. Ce travail de thèse est dédié à l'acquisition de connaissances sur les relations entre les peuplements macrophytiques et les déterminants physiques de biotopes littoraux lacustres dans les lacs peu profonds. Il s'applique à définir, à différentes échelles, les préférences hydroécologiques et la structure fonctionnelle et spatiale de communautés et populations de plantes aquatiques. Cette recherche s'appuie sur la modélisation et sur des observations, mesures et prélèvements menés in situ sur les macrophytes et les variables environnementales dans les grands lacs naturels du littoral aquitain. Les principaux résultats indiquent que l'action du vent et des vagues, la pente des rives, la profondeur, la granulométrie et la matière organique des sédiments influencent l'organisation spatiale et les assemblages d'espèces de macrophytes. Ces variables peuvent être utilisées pour prédire la distribution potentielle de certaines communautés végétales. Les altérations anthropiques de l'hydromorphologie favorisent le développement des espèces exotiques tout en compromettant le maintien des espèces indigènes patrimoniales. Les enjeux liés à la gestion des espèces exotiques et des espèces indigènes ont également été identifiés à partir d'une analyse diachronique des dynamiques écologiques de la végétation depuis quarante ans dans les lacs aquitains. Il est désormais urgent d'établir une stratégie de conservation des espèces indigènes, voire de restauration pour les patrimoniales, et de limiter la dispersion des espèces exotiques dans les lacs. Présentant de nombreuses analogies avec les lacs d'Europe du Nord tels que les softwater lakes ou les Lobelia lakes, les processus écologiques en cours dans les lacs du sud-ouest de la France pourraient préfigurer la situation à venir pour l'ensemble des lacs du même type dans le contexte du changement global. Les écosystèmes littoraux lacustres concentrent des enjeux écologiques, économiques et sociétaux, soulevant des questions et problématiques scientifiques sur leur fonctionnement et sur la bioindication de leur état écologique qu'il est nécessaire de continuer à explorer<br>Lakeshores zones are of very high ecological value. As they are ecotones between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, lake shoreline and littoral zones are characterized by a high level of biodiversity, including macroscopic aquatic plants known as macrophytes. Plant distribution, abundance and species composition are determined by physical features of lakeshores. This work aims to assess relationships between macrophyte populations and communities and hydromorphological components in shallow lakes at different scales. Plant and environmental variables were modeled or collected on the field in large lakes located along the western French Atlantic coast. Wind and wave action, slope, depth, sediment grain size and organic matter content are well known for their influence on macrophyte species distribution and assemblages. Physical variables can be used to predict the potential distribution of plant communities. Anthropogenic physical disturbances enhances the development of invasive species while they threaten rare and endangered native species. Plant management issues were also highlighted from a long-term field data (fourty years) analysis of macrophyte dynamics in these shallow lakes. Management strategies are needed for the conservation of native species, or even their restoration, and the control of alien species spread in these lakes. Similar in some ways to northern European lakes such as softwater lakes or Lobelia lakes, the ecological processes identified in these Atlantic shallow lakes could foreshadow the future situation for all lakes of the same type in the context of global change. Lakeshore ecosystems gather ecological, economic and societal issues, raising scientific questions and issues about their functioning and the bioindication of their ecological status that needs to be further explored
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Jones, Esther Lane. "Spatial ecology of marine top predators." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/12278.
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Species distribution maps can provide important information to focus conservation efforts and enable spatial management of human activities. Two sympatric marine predators, grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) and harbour seals (Phoca vitulina), have overlapping ranges but contrasting population dynamics around the UK; whilst grey seals have generally increased, harbour seals have shown significant regional declines. A robust analytical methodology was developed to produce maps of grey and harbour seal usage estimates with corresponding uncertainty, and scales of spatial partitioning between the species were found. Throughout their range, both grey and harbour seals spend the majority of their time within 50 km of the coast. The scalability of the analytical approach was enhanced and environmental information to enable spatial predictions was included. The resultant maps have been applied to inform consent and licensing of marine renewable developments of wind farms and tidal turbines. For harbour seals around Orkney, northern Scotland, distance from haul out, proportion of sand in seabed sediment, and annual mean power were important predictors of space-use. Utilising seal usage maps, a framework was produced to allow shipping noise, an important marine anthropogenic stressor, to be explicitly incorporated into spatial planning. Potentially sensitive areas were identified through quantifying risk of exposure of shipping traffic to marine species. Individual noise exposure was predicted with associated uncertainty in an area with varying rates of co-occurrence. Across the UK, spatial overlap was highest within 50 km of the coast, close to seal haul outs. Areas identified with high risk of exposure included 11 Special Areas of Conservation (from a possible 25). Risk to harbour seal populations was highest, affecting half of all SACs associated with the species. For 20 of 28 animals in the acoustic exposure study, 95% CI for M-weighted cumulative Sound Exposure Levels had upper bounds above levels known to induce Temporary Threshold Shift. Predictions of broadband received sound pressure levels were underestimated on average by 0.7 dB re 1μPa (± 3.3). An analytical methodology was derived to allow ecological maps to be quantitatively compared. The Structural Similarity (SSIM) index was enhanced to incorporate uncertainty from underlying spatial models, and a software algorithm was developed to correct for internal edge effects so that loss of spatial information from the map comparison was limited. The application of the approach was demonstrated using a case study of sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus, Linneaus 1758) in the Mediterranean Sea to identify areas where local-scale differences in space-use between groups and singleton whales occurred. SSIM is applicable to a broad range of spatial ecological data, providing a novel tool for map comparison.
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Ruini, Mattia. "Modellazione di un sistema per la dissipazione delle vibrazioni generate dall'installazione delle fondazioni delle turbine eoliche." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021.
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L’infissione nel fondale marino di pali in acciaio di grandi dimensioni costituenti la sottostruttura delle turbine eoliche provoca la nascita e la propagazione di un campo di vibrazioni inquinanti. Tali vibrazioni, le quali possono raggiungere elevate distanze, se al di sopra di particolari soglie di intensità, possono causare danni temporanei o permanenti, di natura fisiologica o comportamentale, alle forme di vita acquatiche circostanti il sito di collocamento dell’elemento strutturale. Tuttavia, diverse soluzioni sono state ideate per ridurne gli effetti nocivi: una di queste è il sistema air-bubble curtain. Tramite questo elaborato, si procede, in un primo momento, allo studio ed all’approfondimento delle equazioni governanti il problema vibro-acustico unitamente all’interazione con il sistema di dissipazione. Successivamente, si sfrutta il software di calcolo COMSOL Multiphysics per la creazione dei modelli necessari allo studio delle caratteristiche del sistema dissipativo. L’indagine ha interessato i parametri di distanza dal palo di fondazione, spessore della cortina di bolle, frazione di volume d’aria nella miscela, numero degli strati attorno al palo e forma di modellazione. Si è così riscontrato che il fattore che incide maggiormente sull’attenuazione del segnale è la frazione di volume d’aria nella miscela acqua-aria (poco influiscono spessore ed il numero di strati). Tuttavia, un’adeguata distanza tra dispositivo e sorgente sonora garantisce un’efficace azione smorzante unitamente ad uno spazio di lavoro modesto. L’assunzione di una forma più prossima a quella reale lascia comunque dei dubbi relativamente ad una maggiore efficacia.
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Kolla, Durga. "Developmental Exposure to Xenoestrogens: Effects on the Mouse Mammary Gland Development and Response to Estrogen." 2018. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/masters_theses_2/652.
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Humans experience ubiquitous exposures to estrogenic environmental chemicals from food, personal care products, and other industrial and consumer goods. Bisphenol A (BPA), a well-studied xenoestrogen, is known to alter development of estrogen-sensitive organs including the brain, reproductive tract, and mammary gland. Bisphenol S (BPS), which has a similar chemical structure to BPA, is also used in many consumer products, but its effects on estrogen-sensitive organs in mammals has not been thoroughly examined. In our study, pregnant CD-1 mice were orally exposed to BPS or ethinyl estradiol (EE2, a positive control for estrogenicity) from gestational day 9 through postnatal day (PND) 2, the period when many estrogen-sensitive organs are developing. After weaning, the offspring were administered either oil (vehicle) or an estrogen challenge (1 μg EE2/kg/day) for ten days starting at PND21 (prior to puberty), PND80 (early adulthood), or PND260 (later adulthood). Timing of puberty was evaluated in females by noting the date on which vaginal opening occurred. After the 10 day estrogen challenge, we evaluated the response of endocrine sensitive organs through measurements of organ weight, tissue morphology, and gene expression in both males and females. We observed dose- and sex-specific effects of BPS and EE2 treatment, as well as alterations in the responses of males and females to the estrogen challenge. This study sheds light on the effects of low dose xenoestrogen exposures on estrogen-sensitive organs including the reproductive tract and mammary gland. Furthermore, it improves our understanding of the influence of environmental chemicals on secular trends of earlier age of puberty in girls reported over the past few decades.
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He, Mike Zhongyu. "Air pollution and adverse health effects: Assessing exposure windows and sensitivity to modeling choices." Thesis, 2020. https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-dc4c-z009.
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Air pollution is one of the leading environmental problems of the 21st century, and the rise of global urbanization has increasingly exacerbated air pollution’s public health impact. Existing epidemiologic studies have tackled the relationship between air pollution and health from a variety of perspectives, but many areas of research remain lacking, including studies originating from developing countries, the assessment of exposure windows and sensitivity of modeling choices, and a better understanding of the climate change impacts on air pollution and health. In this dissertation, I address all of the issues mentioned above. Chapter 1 formally introduces the topics of this dissertation and summarizes background information on several major air pollutants. It then provides an overview of existing research on air pollution epidemiology and describes key knowledge gaps. In Chapter 2, we conduct a systematic review of the scientific literature for data on fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in China, where historical PM2.5 data are not widely available prior to 2013. Using the 574 PM2.5 measurements we identified from the literature, we detected differences in PM2.5 levels across both geographic and economic regions of China. In Chapter 3, we investigate the associations between short- and intermediate-term exposure of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and mortality in 42 counties in China from 2013 to 2015, and find evidence of significant associations up to seven days prior to exposure. In Chapter 4, we investigate the association between PM2.5 and hospitalizations in New York State using five separate exposure datasets from 2002 to 2012. We find that despite some fluctuations in effect estimates, the majority of models yielded consistently significantly harmful associations. In Chapter 5, we utilize a global chemistry-climate model to project ozone levels in 2050 under a variety of emissions scenarios and quantify the mortality impact associated with changes in ozone concentrations between 2015 and 2050 according to each scenario. We find that under climate change alone and adherence to current legislation, ozone-related deaths would increase. However, under a best-case scenario of maximum technologically feasible reductions in emissions, over 300,000 premature deaths related to ozone can be avoided. Finally, Chapter 6 summarizes the findings of this dissertation and discusses potential directions in future research. While much work remains to be done, this dissertation work takes an important step forward in closing existing knowledge gaps in the field of air pollution epidemiology. More importantly, we hope that our work sends a strong public health message on the importance of continuing research on air pollution and health.
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Garrett, Kelly. "Echo Chambers or Windows on the World? Partisan Selective Exposure and the Online News Environment." 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/105964.
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How will people use the Internet and other emerging information and communication technologies (ICTs) to shape their exposure to political information? Will Internet users be inclined to fashion an information environment that reflects their own political predispositions, or will they continue to encounter a range of perspectives online?
In this talk Garrett addresses these questions using two interconnected research projects. The first project uses nationally representative survey data to examine how contemporary use of the Internet is influencing citizens' overall exposure to political information. The second project focuses on individual choices about exposure to news items in an online environment that affords enhanced control over partisanship. Taken together, these projects clarify the contemporary dynamic of selective political exposure, providing evidence about citizens' underlying preferences regarding political information.
The results suggest that individuals' preference for support and their aversion to challenge are different. People (1) seek out sources that support their viewpoints; (2) are interested in news items with which they agree; and (3) use online sources to increase their repertoire of opinion-supporting arguments. They do not, however, systematically exclude exposure to other viewpoints. Ultimately, this research suggests that individuals value awareness of other perspectives, while simultaneously wanting to limit their contact with them.
Books on the topic "Window of exposure"
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1950-, Eribo Festus, and East Carolina University. Center for International Programs., eds. Window on Africa: Democratization and media exposure. East Carolina University, 1993.
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He, Mike Zhongyu. Air pollution and adverse health effects: Assessing exposure windows and sensitivity to modeling choices. [publisher not identified], 2020.
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Oskar, Sabine. Exposure to Phthalates during Critical Windows of Susceptibility and Breast Tissue Composition: Implications for Breast Cancer Risk. [publisher not identified], 2021.
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M, Stanislas, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Study by double exposure holography of the three-dimensional character of the flow around an airfoil profile in a wind tunnel. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1986.
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Peterson, Bryan. Understanding Exposure: How to Shoot Great Photographs : Macintosh and Windows Version. Amphoto, 1995.
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Developing brain and environment: Critical windows of exposure for children. National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, 2000.
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Patisaul, Heather B., and Scott M. Belcher. Defining Endocrine Disruption. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199935734.003.0002.
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Chapter 2 reviews the origin of the concept of endocrine disruption and presents a comprehensive treatment of the changing and often competing definitions of endocrine disruptors. The factors influencing the different definitions, impacts of including specific terms, such as “adverse” or “harm,” in this definition, and the important influences surrounding a specific definition are examined. Building on this background, the concept and definition of “neuroendocrine disruption” as “an exogenous chemical substance or mixture that alters the structure or function(s) of the neuroendocrine system” are presented. The distinctions between neurotoxicity and neuroendocrine disruption are delineated, and sources of endocrine-disrupting compound (EDC) exposures from man-made chemicals and “natural” compounds are discussed. Key concepts related to EDC action, including critical windows of sensitivity, early life exposure and later in life disease, multigenerational effects, non-linear and non-monotonic dose responses, low-dose and sex-specific effects, along with key toxicological definitions, are presented.
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Wahrhaftig, Alexandre de Macêdo. La portada del corregidor. Brazil Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-060-1.
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This is a preliminary examination related to a portal faced of a public building in the city of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain, carved in the mid-sixteenth century, of rich lines and architectural symbols characteristic of the Renaissance early stage. It was set up in ashlars, of chemical composition and granulometry that gave to it the classification of toba basaltic volcanic, compact granular, reddish in colour. Its high chemical resistance was not able to withstand the 450 years of exposure and at the time of diagnosis its surface had a high degree of dirt adhered and a profound loss of material by disaggregation and breakdowns, what had partially destroyed valuable elements of its characterization. This preliminary investigation fell exclusively on the stone material that composed the faced, although could be observed other elements like roof tile in the ceiling, and carpentry on the window and door. For that reason, the focus of this work has been directed to the stylistic symbolism and diagnose of the main element, being restricted to the stonework, where was the essence of the centennial facade. Therefore, this previous analysis was performed objecting to prepare the base for a restoration work considering the archaeological line of thought, in order to retrieve and maintain its forms and volumes, working on fundamental architectural elements to rescue and ensure to future generations the true message that was exteriorized.
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Francis, Charles. Primer of Radiographic Exposure Technique (CD-ROM for Windows 3.1 or Later, 11-100 Users). F.A. Davis Company, 1996.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Window of exposure"
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Arnoldner, Christoph, Vincent Y. W. Lin, and Joseph M. Chen. "Round Window Exposure." In Manual of Otologic Surgery. Springer Vienna, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1490-2_5.
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Marki, Ferenc, Peter Rucz, Nico van Oosten, Emir Ganić, and Ingrid Legriffon. "Towards Mapping of Noise Impact." In Aviation Noise Impact Management. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91194-2_11.
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AbstractNoise impact management goes hand in hand with the capability to predict the noise impact on exposed communities. Three tools to that purpose are presented in this chapter: the Noise Management Toolset (NMT), the Demo Virtual Community Tool (VCT) and Dynamic Noise Mapping. The NMT is a web-based tool giving stakeholders the opportunity to evaluate scenarios through not only noise exposure, but also noise impact, by introducing annoyance related metrics like the awakening index, with an easy-to-use interface. The VCT is the underlying research tool exploring and testing new indicators and options that might be of relevance to target audiences, such as land use planning information about location dependent activities or window insulation. The third approach, Dynamic Noise Mapping, adds the important aspect of population movement to classical noise mapping approaches where temporal changes of noise maps are tracked and included in noise exposure evaluation.
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Sminia, Peter, Olivier Guipaud, Kristina Viktorsson, et al. "Clinical Radiobiology for Radiation Oncology." In Radiobiology Textbook. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18810-7_5.
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AbstractThis chapter is focused on radiobiological aspects at the molecular, cellular, and tissue level which are relevant for the clinical use of ionizing radiation (IR) in cancer therapy. For radiation oncology, it is critical to find a balance, i.e., the therapeutic window, between the probability of tumor control and the probability of side effects caused by radiation injury to the healthy tissues and organs. An overview is given about modern precision radiotherapy (RT) techniques, which allow optimal sparing of healthy tissues. Biological factors determining the width of the therapeutic window are explained. The role of the six typical radiobiological phenomena determining the response of both malignant and normal tissues in the clinic, the 6R’s, which are Reoxygenation, Redistribution, Repopulation, Repair, Radiosensitivity, and Reactivation of the immune system, is discussed. Information is provided on tumor characteristics, for example, tumor type, growth kinetics, hypoxia, aberrant molecular signaling pathways, cancer stem cells and their impact on the response to RT. The role of the tumor microenvironment and microbiota is described and the effects of radiation on the immune system including the abscopal effect phenomenon are outlined. A summary is given on tumor diagnosis, response prediction via biomarkers, genetics, and radiomics, and ways to selectively enhance the RT response in tumors. Furthermore, we describe acute and late normal tissue reactions following exposure to radiation: cellular aspects, tissue kinetics, latency periods, permanent or transient injury, and histopathology. Details are also given on the differential effect on tumor and late responding healthy tissues following fractionated and low dose rate irradiation as well as the effect of whole-body exposure.
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Piazena, H., W. Müller, and Peter Vaupel. "Physical and Photobiological Basics of wIRA-Hyperthermia." In Water-filtered Infrared A (wIRA) Irradiation. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92880-3_3.
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AbstractInformation regarding physical and photobiological basics of wIRA-HT has been derived under in vivo conditions in piglets and human tissues. Since wIRA fits into the optical window of tissues, direct conversion of absorbed radiation into heat (T >39 °C) has been proven up to tissue depths of 26 mm. Tissue heating cannot sufficiently be characterized by the specification of the radiant exposure (dose) due to its dependence on the thermal impact of irradiance and exposure time and on heat dissipation and metabolic heat production. If irradiations of identical doses are used, resulting tissue hyperthermia levels are the higher, the shorter the exposure time and the higher the irradiance. To comply with the ESHO criteria, incident wIRA irradiances should exceed ≈ 110 mWcm−2 (IR-A). At higher irradiances, steady-state temperatures (SST) ≥ 39 °C have been observed to tissue depths >20 mm in piglets and up to 26 mm in humans. SST values ≥40 °C have been measured up to tissue depths >20 mm (piglets) and up to 16 mm (humans), and SSTs ≥41 °C up to 16 mm (piglets) and up to 8 mm (humans). Post-heating temperature decay times limit optimal intervals between hyperthermia (HT) and subsequent radiotherapy (RT) sessions to periods ≤5 min.
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Guo, Xingtong, Shujie Yan, Chao Wang, Shichao Liu, and Liangzhu Leon Wang. "The Impact of Window-Opening Behaviors on Indoor Air Quality and Human Exposure During a Wildfire." In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Building Energy and Environment. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9822-5_248.
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Ningsih, Tria Amalia, Abraham Chintianto, Cahyo Pratomo, Muhammad Haikal Milleza, Muhammad Arif Rahman, and Intan Chairunnisa. "Hexagonal Responsive Facade Prototype in Responding Sunlight." In Computational Design and Robotic Fabrication. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8637-6_36.
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AbstractThis paper discusses an architectural responsive façade system using hexagonal parametric forms and kinetic mechanism which responds sunlight. Its purposes are to buffer excessive sun exposure that goes through interior space and maximize the covering area with an incremental rotational joint system. The study aims to explore responsive façade system as second skin for architectural building, focusing on design, mechanism, and fabrication processes. The prototype consists of three parts: the hexagonal modules where the membranes and its frames are compacted; a series of levers to synchronize the movement of opening the membranes from each module; and a structural framework to hold each module as united kinetic façade system. As a preliminary prototype, the system can potentially be applied to several types of existing buildings and easily installed in various sizes and configuration. This kinetic mechanism can decrease sun radiation up to 50% than unprotected window façade.
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Mejía-Aranguré, Juan Manuel. "Model for the Origin of Acute Leukemias in Children: Interaction of Three Factors—Susceptibility, Exposure, and Window of Vulnerability." In Etiology of Acute Leukemias in Children. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05798-9_6.
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Birindelli, Giuliana, and Antonia Patrizia Iannuzzi. "The Systemic Importance of Cyber Risk in Banks." In New Economic Windows. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-64916-5_16.
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AbstractThis chapter aims to analyse cyber risk with specific regard to the banking and financial sector by highlighting the progress made in academic studies (section “The Cyber Risk in Banks: A Literature Review”), the systemic impacts of this risk (section “Cyber Risk as a Systemic Risk”) as well as the point of view of supervisory authorities (section “The Point of View of Financial Regulators”). At the end of the chapter, data provided by the ORBIS database are reported in order to understand current bank (and other financial institutions) exposure to this new and sophisticated risk (section “Banks’ Exposure to Cyber Risk: Some Empirical Evidence”).
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Glover, Robert. "Corrosion Processes of Steel-Hulled Potentially Polluting Wrecks." In Threats to Our Ocean Heritage: Potentially Polluting Wrecks. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-57960-8_4.
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AbstractSubmerged metals are continuously affected by the chemical processes of corrosion, the destructive degradation of metal by chemical or electrochemical reactions within the marine environment (Valenca et al., 2022:2–3; Venugopal, 1994:35). Over time, metal ions at anodic sites defuse into electrolytic solutions from the oxidising reactions occurring at cathodic sites, causing the creation of corrosion byproducts, like rust on iron, and the loss of structural mass. The different reduction reactions in the microstructures of alloys and the imperfections found within refined materials, like carbon slag in steel, are targeted by this process, essentially reverting the chemically unstable materials back to their more stable original forms (Moore III, 2015:192; MacLeod 2016:90–92). The deterioration of metallic shipwreck hulls has become a growing concern within the field of marine conservation as many of the fuel tankers deliberately targeted in WWII threaten to release trapped fuel and chemical cargoes after nearly eight decades of exposure to a range of corrosive environments (Barrett, 2011:4–5). With the deterioration rate of ship hulls averaging at around ±0.1–0.4 mm of loss per year and the thickness of ship deck plates from the 1940s to the 1960s ranging generally from 1–4 cm in thickness, the window to act on the majority of potentially polluting shipwrecks (PPW) before a catastrophic breach occurs is closing (MacLeod, 2016a:8; Beldowski, 2018:249; Masetti, 2012:33; Masetti & Calder, 2014:139).
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Labini, Stefania Sylos, Elisabetta D’Apolito, and Iryna Nyenno. "Systemic Risk and the Insurance Sector: A Network Perspective." In New Economic Windows. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-64916-5_12.
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AbstractUnlike the banking sector, whose impact on systemic risk has been amply proven, it remains unclear whether the insurance business constitutes a source of systemic risk. The aim of this chapter is to contribute to the debate and attempt to answer this question by examining the role of insurance companies in the financial system, the existing interconnections between insurance operators, and the vulnerability factors, i.e. the elements that increase the exposure of institutions to systemic risks. In recent years, attention to systemic risk has been focused on the insurance sector and the financial activity of insurance companies, which depends heavily on the performance of the financial markets as well as the phenomenon of bancassurance in the search for new investment methods, which inevitably increases the transmission channels of systemic risk. From this perspective, the insurance sector is significant in the network of financial relations and in the global economic system where a crisis can certainly cause systemic effects and repercussions due to the highly interconnected financial activities in place. The International Association of Insurance Supervisors (IAIS) in the Global Insurance Market Report (GIMAR) of 2022 highlights how systemic risk in the global insurance sector is still moderate overall, albeit with an upward trend in insurers’ scores due to increased illiquid exposures and assets, over-the-counter derivatives, short-term loans and intra-financial assets. The role of regulators and supervisory authorities is crucial in this context. Therefore, the chapter analyses both the main and most recent European regulatory and supervisory interventions in the field of systemic risk management in insurance and the possible macro- and micro-systemic supervisory tools envisaged for the insurance sector. Based on the data available on the Acharya Volatility Lab (V-Lab) website and the Bureau van Dijk Orbis database, the insurance sector is explored in terms of systemic risk management and in relation to the global economic and financial system.
Conference papers on the topic "Window of exposure"
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Morana, Roberto, Laura Alleva, Giuseppe Mortali, Stefano Crippa, Federico Tintori, and Mariano Armengol Lamazares. "Material Behavior in Extreme Conditions: L450Q (X65Q) Corrosion Resistance, Strength and Toughness Variation Following Exposure to Environments with Elevated H2S Partial Pressure." In CORROSION 2012. NACE International, 2012. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2012-01547.
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Abstract Italy Oil and natural gas transporting plants in arctic field (i.e. North America, Kashagan, Karachaganak) normally operate at temperatures up to 100°C or eve n more. During the shut down operations, in winter time, pipelines materials reach very low temperatures (-40°C) and are subjected to a severe environment with high concentration of hydrogen sulfide (5-20%) and to an important step in pressure in the subsequent re-starting operations. Therefore, there is the need of assessing material performances in presence of H2S partial pressure up to 20 bar (2 MPa) or more. The present work assessed the following issues for L450Q (X65Q) grade Carbon steel for linepipe: the effect of hydrogen on material strength and toughness at low temperatures.the general corrosion and stress corrosion cracking resistance in extreme conditions with high pressure of H2S looking for a window of applicability. Ductile-brittle transition curve and mechanical properties were evaluated by means of Charpy-V, tensile and Crack Tip Opening Displacement (CTOD) methods for as received materials and after exposure to H2S containing environment. Furthermore autoclave exposures of coupons and stressed samples (Four Point Bent Beam, FPB) in environment containing elevated values of H2S partial pressure (10 (1 MPa) and 16 bar (1.6 MPa)) at different pH (3.5, 4.5) were carried out.
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Vasanth, Kunigahalli L., Marcia Golub, Herman Pandana, and Romel Gomez. "Effect of Vapor Phase Corrosion Inhibitor (VCI) on the Reliability of Thin Film Inductive Magnetic Recording Heads." In CORROSION 2003. NACE International, 2003. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2003-03370.
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Abstract The reliability of thin film inductive magnetic recording heads under exposure to an elevated temperature and high humidity condition with and without saturated NaCl solution in the absence of a Vapor Phase Corrosion Inhibitor (VCI) emitter, and again in the presence of a VCI emitter has been studied. In the process all heads were characterized by spin stand tests and the chemical composition of the heads was analyzed before and after the exposure using a JEOL 8900 Electron Probe Microanalyzer with a Noran thin window Electron Dispersion Spectroscopy (EDS) Detector. A thin film magnetic recording head exposed to 80°C and 100%RH with distilled water failed after 21 days. Addition of salt water solution to above conditions accelerated the corrosion and resulted in head failure in 4 days. The cause of failure was mainly due to residue formation on magnetic poles, and formation of salt crystals in the presence of salt water. Exposing a thin film magnetic recording head to 80°C, 100%RH, distilled water and a VCI protected the head so that it was operable after 24 days. Finally, exposure of a thin film magnetic recording head to 80°C and 100%RH with NaCl solution and in the presence of a VCI resulted in head failure after 8 days. The failure of the head resulted from the corrosion of wires that connect magnetic poles to the rest of the assembly, because VCI could not protect microscopically thin wires from corrosion.
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Othman, Ts Hashim, Ir Ts Hambali Chik, and Nurul Hana Kamaruzaman. "Boiler and Fired Heater's Real-Time Creep Life Prediction." In CONFERENCE 2023. AMPP, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2023-19571.
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Abstract The overwhelming majority of steam boilers and fired heater tubes that operate at elevated temperatures are ageing and within creep threshold temperature with an inherent potential risk of stress rupture if not adequately monitored. Traditionally, degradation rates (i.e., creep damage) of these components can only be assessed during shutdown through non-destructive testing to determine the metallurgical conditions upon exposure to elevated temperatures. Typically, in the past creep damage cumulation is evaluated and predicted reactively using single maximum operating data when observable anomalies and incidences occur, leading to very conservative results. Furthermore, a piecemeal manual calculation method would require specific skills in material performance behavior at elevated temperatures. This paper presents a real-time creep life prediction system for steam boilers and fired heaters using available online operating data and develops creep modelling to provide dynamic creep damage accumulation and remnant life prediction. This solution deploys data analytics to proactively notify plant operators in the event of online monitoring parameters deviating from the preset integrity operating window parameters. By having real-time dynamic calculation from a continuous data feed from online operating data, it empowers plant operators to evaluate multiple scenarios feeding into plant operation for optimum planned maintenance and shutdown windows which is a game changer to the industry.
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Morana, Roberto, Eugenio Lo Piccolo, Lucrezia Scoppio, and Perry Ian Nice. "Environmental Cracking Performance of Super Martensitic Stainless Steels 13Cr in High Chloride Reservoir Fluids Containing H2S/CO2." In CORROSION 2011. NACE International, 2011. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2011-11103.
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Abstract Within the Oil & Gas industry high strength tubing alloys category 13-5-2, group 1 steels are typically used in HPHT fields containing CO2 and small amount of H2S. The alloy application limits have not been fully defined with respect to parameters such as chloride concentration, pH, temperature and H2S partial pressure. These parameters influence both localized corrosion resistance and Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) susceptibility. The present work has been aimed at evaluating the SCC resistance of Alloy UNS S41426 grade 110 ksi (tubular). The following environmental resistance topics are addressed: ○Influence of load applied○Definition of working window in terms of temperature○Influence of brine composition○Test duration (1 month versus long term 3 months tests): evolution of crack initiation sites of a few microns observed after 1 month of exposure. Furthermore, tubing steel performances have been compared with forged bar UNS S41425 grade 110 ksi, for selected cases.
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Smith, Viviane C. M., John W. Martin, Gareth Hinds, et al. "HIC Resistance of Heritage Pipelines Exposed to Mildly Sour Environments." In CORROSION 2013. NACE International, 2013. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2013-02630.
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Abstract Carbon and low alloy steel notionally sweet pipelines could be in danger of sudden and/or severe cracking and, consequently, loss of containment if H2S is introduced into the media, even for a short time and/or at very low partial pressures. For ‘mildly sour’ conditions i.e. Region 0 as defined in NACE MR0175/ISO 15156, the main threat is hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) and this needs to be considered even for trace amounts of H2S. The effect of long-term exposure at such low levels of H2S is not well defined and the window of safe operation for HIC resistance is yet to be established. Recent work carried out by the European Pipeline Research Group suggested that there is a threshold below which HIC may not be a credible threat. This work however used modern seam-welded linepipe, which is inherently cleaner and thus potentially less susceptible to HIC than heritage materials manufactured decades ago. The present paper is aimed at defining a threshold and assessing the applicability of the standard test methodology for the HIC resistance of heritage pipelines (i.e. manufactured decades ago).
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John, R. C., A. L. Young, and W. T. Thompson. "A Computer Program for Engineering Assessment of Alloy Corrosion in Complex, High Temperature Gases." In CORROSION 1997. NACE International, 1997. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1997-97142.
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Abstract A user-friendly Windows program has been developed with the capability to assess corrosion of commercial alloys in complex gases at high temperatures. Thermochemical predictions of the stable alloy corrosion products are used to infer the likely corrosion mechanism. Regression analysis is used to produce correlations of alloy corrosion with exposure conditions. A large data collection has been compiled and represents nearly 4.7 million hours of exposure time for 71 alloys. The data represent total metal penetration (sound metal loss by surface scale plus internal corrosion) and have been collected from public plus private sources representing a time period of nearly 40 years. The data originate from well-defined exposures with known concentrations of H2, H2S, H2O, CO, CO2, COS, O2, N2, and CH4, temperature, exposure time, and alloy. A large amount of information is now available to predict corrosion for the conditions of interest. The capabilities of the program are reviewed in this presentation for corrosion by oxidation, sulfidation, oxidation/ sulfidation, and carburization.
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Buchheit, R. G., F. D. Wall, G. E. Stoner, and J. P. Moran. "Stress Corrosion Cracking of Al-Li-Cu-Zr Alloy 2090 in Aqueous Cl− and Mixed CO32−/Cl− Environments." In CORROSION 1991. NACE International, 1991. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1991-91099.
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Abstract A comparison of the short-tranverse SCC behavior of 2090 in pH 5.5 Cl− and alkaline CO32−/Cl− solutions using a static load smooth bar SCC technique was made. In the alkaline CO32−/Cl− solutions, Ebr for the α-Al matrix phase was 0.130 V more positive than the Ebr of the subgrain boundary T1 phase. In this environment, stress corrosion cracking test specimens subjected to potentials in the window defined by the two breakaway potentials failed along an intersubgranular path in less than an hour. In the Cl− environment, the Ebr values for the two phases were nearly equal and this rapid SCC condition could not be satisfied; accordingly SCC failures were not observed. Rapid SCC failure of 2090 in CO32−/C1− in our static load, constant immersion experiments appear to be related to recently reported "pre-exposure embrittlement" failures induced by immersing stressed specimens removed into ambient laboratory air after immersion in aerated NaCl solution for 7 days. In those experiments, specimens failed in less than 24 hours after removal from solution. Our polarization experiments have shown that the corrosion behavior of T1, residing at the crack tip, is relatively unaffected by the alkaline CO32−/Cl− environments, but the α-Al phase crack walls, is rapidly passivated. X-ray diffraction of the films which formed in simulated crevices suggests that this passivating film belongs to a class of compounds known as hydrotalcites.
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Shields, Kirk R. "Painted Aluminum – Concerns with Fabrication Details and Exposure." In SSPC 2013 Greencoat. SSPC, 2013. https://doi.org/10.5006/s2013-00061.
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Abstract Painted aluminum extrusions are a common architectural material used in the manufacture of windows and door frames. The applied coatings, typically in a shop atmosphere, may not always work once installed in the field due to a variety of fabrication defects and or exposures. The correct coatings may be selected, though without careful attention to the fabrication process, the coating may fail miserably, even before installation is completed. In addition, the expected exposure of the aluminum is not always provided to the architect/designer which can result in selecting an improper coating material. Both actions result in premature coating failures. This paper illustrates examples of these concerns and the resulting options to correct these coating defects in the field.
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Taylor, Christopher D., David Borth, and Douglas C. Hansen. "Environmental Exposure Profiles for Atmospheric Corrosion." In CONFERENCE 2023. AMPP, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2023-19416.
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Abstract Atmospheric corrosion of aluminum alloy AA2024-T3 samples was monitored at three different sites in Florida: NRL-Key West, Kennedy Space Center and Daytona Beach/Battelle site. The samples were exposed over different periods of exposure and for different time periods. A systematic approach was used to correlate exposure conditions with the amount of corrosion as measured by mass loss. An analytical approach was developed that involved collecting meteorological data for the three sites from multiple sources, performing data quality checks, and analyzing the trends in both the corrosion data and the meteorological data. Machine learning through feature selection and regression approaches was used to identify leading meteorological factors that quantitatively control extent of corrosion. Key features determined to have a quantitative effect on corrosion rate and mass loss per unit area were collected and include mean precipitation, the range of temperatures, the minimum wind speed, the standard deviation of ozone exposure, and the maximum solar irradiance. This approach could be applied to other materials of interest, different locations, and adapted to other corrosion metrics such as localized corrosion depth and pit volumes.
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Pedersen, Anette, Kari Lønvik, Erik Krogstad Sverre, Lars Lichtenstein, Anders W. B. Skilbred, and Andreas Løken. "Splash Zone Coating Performance after Long Term Offshore Exposure." In CONFERENCE 2023. AMPP, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2023-19143.
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Abstract Several operators in the Oil&Gas industry have good experience with the use of glass flake reinforced polyester (GFP) coatings, however, limited information of documented long-term performance can be found in the open literature. During decommissioning of an aged Oil&Gas installation, a visual inspection was carried out at a decommissioning yard and a brace cut out from the splash zone of the jacket structure was examined in laboratory. The examination has included visual inspection, inspection in microscope, adhesion testing and EIS measurements. The durability and service life of GFP coating in offshore splash zone environment have in this work been documented to be good after 25-30 years exposure without any maintenance. Based on experience from Oil&Gas industry, it may in future update of design codes for offshore wind foundation structures be considered to explicitly define a higher coating design useful life and a lower corrosion allowance in splash zone for GFP coated structures.
Reports on the topic "Window of exposure"
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James, Christian, Stephen J. James, Bukola A. Onarinde, Ronald A. Dixon, and Nicola Williams. Critical review of AMR risks arising as a consequence of using biocides and certain heavy metals in food animal production. Food Standards Agency, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.ich936.
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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is the resistance of a microorganism to an antimicrobial agent (a substance that kills or stops the growth of microorganisms) that was originally effective for treatment of infections caused by it. As a result standard antimicrobial drug treatments may become ineffective, lead to infections persisting, increasing the risk of spread to others, and negative clinical outcomes. AMR is a major public health issue worldwide and it is estimated that unless action is taken to tackle AMR, the global impact of AMR could be 10 million deaths annually from drug-resistant infections by 2050 and cost up to US $100 trillion in terms of cumulative lost global production (O’Neill, 2016). Addressing the public health threat posed by AMR is a national strategic priority for the UK and led to the Government publishing both a 20-year vision of AMR (Opens in a new window) and a 5-year (2019 to 2024) AMR National Action Plan (NAP) (Opens in a new window), which sets out actions to slow the development and spread of AMR. Intensive food animal production plays an important role in the development and spread of AMR and is one of many routes by which consumers can be exposed to antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. This review was carried out to help increase our understanding of whether, and to what extent, the use of biocides (disinfectants and sanitisers) and heavy metals (used in feed and other uses) in animal production leads to the development and spread of AMR within the food chain (a subject highlighted in the NAP). Whether this could potentially lead to greater consumer exposure to antimicrobial-resistant bacteria present in our food, either directly through consumption of foods derived from animals that have undergone treatment (for example from the use of heavy metals in animal feed) or indirectly (for example from exposure of crops to contaminated soil or ground water) is not known. Focused searching of three literature databases (Web of Science (Opens in a new window), Scopus (Opens in a new window), and MEDLINE (Opens in a new window)) was undertaken, supplemented by additional records identified through other sources. Due to the range of publications identified and different laboratory methodologies used in these studies no statistical analysis was possible, so instead, a narrative approach was taken to their review and to the review of supplementary materials. We conclude that there is published evidence that the release of chemicals like biocides (in particular disinfectants) and/or heavy metals from food animal production have the potential to contribute to the selection, emergence, and spread of AMR (as bacteria or genes) that could be acquired by consumers, and that this could present a potential risk to the consumer as a result. The published evidence is sparse and there are significant knowledge gaps (as detailed in this report). Currently there are insufficient data for a comprehensive and quantitative assessment of risk, and a need for focussed in-field studies (as detailed in this report) to be carried out to fill these knowledge gaps and confirm whether there is an actual risk.
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Palmer-Quinn, Kerri, Alice Di Pasquale, Margaret Wexler, and Hannah Moody. Critical windows of susceptibility for breast development. Breast Cancer UK, 2023. https://doi.org/10.71450/80329044.
Full textAbstract:
The normal growth and development of the human body is a critical and highly sensitive process. Despite humans continuously developing throughout life, there are certain periods of development which are more sensitive to adverse factors. These are known as critical windows of susceptibility and include development in utero (in the womb), the postnatal period, puberty, pregnancy and menopause. During these periods the mammary gland (breast) undergoes extensive development. Research suggests that exposure to harmful chemicals such as Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) during these critical periods may adversely affect normal development. In the case of in utero exposure, these effects may be programmed during early development but not manifest until adulthood. Limited research is available on how chemical exposure during these periods affects breast cancer risk. Yet some studies suggest that risk may be increased, likely due to the altered development of the mammary gland.
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Arrizaga, Rubí, Damian Clarke, Pedro P. Cubillos, and Cristóbal Ruiz-Tagle V. Wildfires and Human Health: Evidence from 15 Wildfire Seasons in Chile. Inter-American Development Bank, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005003.
Full textAbstract:
Wildfires are increasing in frequency and intensity. We study the impact of exposure to wildfires on air pollutants and on human health in Chile, finding substantial impacts on both classes of outcomes. We use data on 15 wildfire seasons (2004-2018) matched with granular (intra-day) records of wind direction and air quality, as well as administrative records of all hospitalizations in the country. By combining the precise location of fires with wind direction at the moment in which fires occur, we estimate causal impacts of exposure to wildfires. We find considerable impacts. Exposure to a large wildfire (250 Ha) is observed to increase PM2:5 concentrations by 10% on average in municipalities up to 200km from the epicenter of the wildfire. These effects have appreciable impacts on rates of hospitalization. A one standard deviation increase in exposure to large wildfires is estimated to increase rates of respiratory hospitalizations by 0.75%, while the effect of exposure to the most extreme week of wildfires observed is estimated to increase hospitalizations by as much as a third. Effects are found to be particularly acute for infants, and to grow with the size of the exposure to wildfire (both in terms of duration and area burned).
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Pelli, Martino, and Jeanne Tschopp. Storms, Early Education, and Human Capital. Asian Development Bank, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps240462-2.
Full textAbstract:
Using wind exposure histories, the paper shows that exposure to an average storm can cause a 2.4 percentage point increase in educational delays, a 2 percentage point drop in post-secondary education attainment, and a 1.6 percentage point decline in regular salaried employment. The study also highlights the role of damaged school infrastructure and declining household income in driving these outcomes.
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Kintz, Erica, Erin Lewis, and Victoria Cohen. Qualitative assessment of the risk of SARS-CoV-2 to human health through food exposures to deer in the UK. Food Standards Agency, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.jip603.
Full textAbstract:
SARS-CoV-2, the coronavirus responsible for the infectious disease COVID-19 (Gorbalenya et al 2020 (Opens in a new window)), was first detected in the human population in December 2019 (Zhu et al 2020 (Opens in a new window)). It has since spread to become a global pandemic. Previously, two other novel coronaviruses caused illness in the human population. The first, SARS-CoV (for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) was recognised as a new illness in 2004 and the second, MERS-CoV (for Middle East respiratory syndrome) in 2012 (de Wit et al. 2016). These previous coronavirus outbreaks in humans occurred after bat coronaviruses passed through intermediate hosts (civet cats and camels, respectively) and then transmitted to infect humans (de Wit et al. 2016). SARS-CoV-2 infections in companion animals such as dogs, cats and ferrets and also in captive or farmed animals such as tigers and mink have been observed, likely as spill over events from contact with infected humans (WOAH 2022). There is now a large body of evidence from the United States that SARS-CoV-2 is capable of infecting white-tailed deer and that it can then spread further in the deer population (details in “What is the risk of SARS-CoV-2 being introduced into the cervid population in Great Britain?” (Defra, 2022). Assuming a worst-case scenario where SARS-CoV-2 is circulating within the UK deer population, this risk assessment was performed to determine whether handling and/or consuming UK-produced deer meat and/or offal may pose a risk of contracting SARS-CoV-2 in humans.
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McAllister, Jamie, Brendan McCarrick, and Zelda Zhao. Environmental and Health Impacts of Thermal Runaway Events in Outdoor Lithium-Ion Battery Energy Storage System Installations. SFPE Foundation, 2025. https://doi.org/10.64167/3d04-pax1.
Full textAbstract:
This research presents a methodology to assess the health and environmental impacts from thermal runaway events in outdoor, large-scale, Li-ion BESS units. Through application of the methodology, a relationship between exposure limit distance and wind speed, ambient temperature, event duration, cell chemistry, and toxic gas species can be established. This study did not consider other health factors, such as thermal exposure. The methodology involves a literature review to aggregate data, plume dispersion modeling, and a risk analysis of the model results.
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Pelli, Martino, and Jeanne Tschopp. Storms, Early Education and Human Capital. CIRANO, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54932/houf2464.
Full textAbstract:
This paper explores how school-age exposure to storms impacts the education and primary activity status of young adults in India. Using a cross-sectional cohort study based on wind exposure histories, we find evidence of a significant deskilling of areas vulnerable to climate change-related risks. Specifically, our results show a 2.4 percentage point increase in the probability of accruing educational delays, a 2 percentage point decline in post-secondary education achievement, and a 1.6 percentage point reduction in obtaining regular salaried jobs. Additionally, our study provides evidence that degraded school infrastructure and declining household income contribute to these findings.
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Backstrom, Robert, and David Dini. Firefighter Safety and Photovoltaic Systems Summary. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/kylj9621.
Full textAbstract:
Under the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Assistance to Firefighter Grant Fire Prevention and Safety Research Program, Underwriters Laboratories examined fire service concerns of photovoltaic (PV) systems. These concerns include firefighter vulnerability to electrical and casualty hazards when mitigating a fire involving photovoltaic (PV) modules systems. The need for this project is significant acknowledging the increasing use of photovoltaic systems, growing at a rate of 30% annually. As a result of greater utilization, traditional firefighter tactics for suppression, ventilation and overhaul have been complicated, leaving firefighters vulnerable to potentially unrecognized exposure. Though the electrical and fire hazards associated with electrical generation and distribution systems is well known, PV systems present unique safety considerations. A very limited body of knowledge and insufficient data exists to understand the risks to the extent that the fire service has been unable to develop safety solutions and respond in a safe manner. This fire research project developed the empirical data that is needed to quantify the hazards associated with PV installations. This data provides the foundation to modify current or develop new firefighting practices to reduce firefighter death and injury. A functioning PV array was constructed at Underwriters Laboratories in Northbrook, IL to serve as a test fixture. The main test array consisted of 26 PV framed modules rated 230 W each (5980 W total rated power). Multiple experiments were conducted to investigate the efficacy of power isolation techniques and the potential hazard from contact of typical firefighter tools with live electrical PV components. Existing fire test fixtures located at the Delaware County Emergency Services Training Center were modified to construct full scale representations of roof mounted PV systems. PV arrays were mounted above Class A roofs supported by wood trusses. Two series of experiments were conducted. The first series represented a room of content fire, extending into the attic space, breaching the roof and resulting in structural collapse. Three PV technologies were subjected to this fire condition – rack mounted metal framed, glass on polymer modules, building integrated PV shingles, and a flexible laminate attached to a standing metal seam roof. A second series of experiments was conducted on the metal frame technology. These experiments represented two fire scenarios, a room of content fire venting from a window and the ignition of debris accumulation under the array. The results of these experiments provide a technical basis for the fire service to examine their equipment, tactics, standard operating procedures and training content. Several tactical considerations were developed utilizing the data from the experiments to provide specific examples of potential electrical shock hazard from PV installations during and after a fire event.
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Backstrom, Robert, and David Backstrom. Firefighter Safety and Photovoltaic Installations Research Project. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/viyv4379.
Full textAbstract:
Under the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Assistance to Firefighter Grant Fire Prevention and Safety Research Program, Underwriters Laboratories examined fire service concerns of photovoltaic (PV) systems. These concerns include firefighter vulnerability to electrical and casualty hazards when mitigating a fire involving photovoltaic (PV) modules systems. The need for this project is significant acknowledging the increasing use of photovoltaic systems, growing at a rate of 30% annually. As a result of greater utilization, traditional firefighter tactics for suppression, ventilation and overhaul have been complicated, leaving firefighters vulnerable to potentially unrecognized exposure. Though the electrical and fire hazards associated with electrical generation and distribution systems is well known, PV systems present unique safety considerations. A very limited body of knowledge and insufficient data exists to understand the risks to the extent that the fire service has been unable to develop safety solutions and respond in a safe manner. This fire research project developed the empirical data that is needed to quantify the hazards associated with PV installations. This data provides the foundation to modify current or develop new firefighting practices to reduce firefighter death and injury. A functioning PV array was constructed at Underwriters Laboratories in Northbrook, IL to serve as a test fixture. The main test array consisted of 26 PV framed modules rated 230 W each (5980 W total rated power). Multiple experiments were conducted to investigate the efficacy of power isolation techniques and the potential hazard from contact of typical firefighter tools with live electrical PV components. Existing fire test fixtures located at the Delaware County Emergency Services Training Center were modified to construct full scale representations of roof mounted PV systems. PV arrays were mounted above Class A roofs supported by wood trusses. Two series of experiments were conducted. The first series represented a room of content fire, extending into the attic space, breaching the roof and resulting in structural collapse. Three PV technologies were subjected to this fire condition – rack mounted metal framed, glass on polymer modules, building integrated PV shingles, and a flexible laminate attached to a standing metal seam roof. A second series of experiments was conducted on the metal frame technology. These experiments represented two fire scenarios, a room of content fire venting from a window and the ignition of debris accumulation under the array. The results of these experiments provide a technical basis for the fire service to examine their equipment, tactics, standard operating procedures and training content. Several tactical considerations were developed utilizing the data from the experiments to provide specific examples of potential electrical shock hazard from PV installations during and after a fire event.
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Journeay, M., P. LeSueur, W. Chow, and C L Wagner. Physical exposure to natural hazards in Canada. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/330012.
Full textAbstract:
Natural hazard threats occur in areas of the built environment where buildings, people, and related financial assets are exposed to the physical effects of earth system processes that have a potential to cause damage, injuries, losses, and related socioeconomic disruption. As cities, towns, and villages continue to expand and densify in response to the pressures of urban growth and development, so too do the levels of exposure and susceptibility to natural hazard threat. While our understanding of natural hazard processes has increased significantly over the last few decades, the ability to assess both overall levels of physical exposure and the expected impacts and consequences of future disaster events (i.e., risk) is often limited by access to an equally comprehensive understanding of the built environment and detailed descriptions of who and what are situated in harm's way. This study addresses the current gaps in our understanding of physical exposure to natural hazards by presenting results of a national model that documents characteristics of the built environment for all settled areas in Canada. The model (CanEM) includes a characterization of broad land use patterns that describe the form and function of cities, towns, and villages of varying size and complexity, and the corresponding portfolios of people, buildings and related financial assets that make up the internal structure and composition of these communities at the census dissemination area level. Outputs of the CanEM model are used to carry out a preliminary assessment of exposure and susceptibility to significant natural hazard threats in Canada including earthquake ground shaking; inundation of low-lying areas by floods and tsunami; severe winds associated with hurricanes and tornados; wildland urban interface fire (wildfire); and landslides of various types. Results of our assessment provide important new insights on patterns of development and defining characteristics of the built environment for major metropolitan centres, rural and remote communities in different physiographic regions of Canada, and the effects of ongoing urbanization on escalating disaster risk trends at the community level. Profiles of physical exposure and hazard susceptibility described in this report are accompanied by open-source datasets that can be used to inform local and/or regional assessments of disaster risk, community planning and emergency management activities for all areas in Canada. Study outputs contribute to broader policy goals and objectives of the International Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 2015-2030; Un General Assembly, 2015) and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR 2015-2030; United Nations Office for Disaster Reduction [UNDRR], 2015), of which Canada is a contributing member. These include a more complete understanding of natural hazard risk at all levels of government, and the translation of this knowledge into actionable strategies that are effective in reducing intrinsic vulnerabilities of the built environment and in strengthening the capacity of communities to withstand and recover from future disaster events.