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1
Warren, Joshua L., Wenjing Kong, Thomas J. Luben, and Howard H. Chang. "Critical window variable selection: estimating the impact of air pollution on very preterm birth." Biostatistics 21, no. 4 (2019): 790–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biostatistics/kxz006.
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Summary Understanding the impact that environmental exposure during different stages of pregnancy has on the risk of adverse birth outcomes is vital for protection of the fetus and for the development of mechanistic explanations of exposure–disease relationships. As a result, statistical models to estimate critical windows of susceptibility have been developed for several different reproductive outcomes and pollutants. However, these current methods fail to adequately address the primary objective of this line of research; how to statistically identify a critical window of susceptibility. In this article, we introduce critical window variable selection (CWVS), a hierarchical Bayesian framework that directly addresses this question while simultaneously providing improved estimation of the risk parameters. Through simulation, we show that CWVS outperforms existing competing techniques in the setting of highly temporally correlated exposures in terms of (i) correctly identifying critical windows and (ii) accurately estimating risk parameters. We apply all competing methods to a case/control analysis of pregnant women in North Carolina, 2005–2008, with respect to the development of very preterm birth and exposure to ambient ozone and particulate matter $<$ 2.5 $\mu$m in aerodynamic diameter, and identify/estimate the critical windows of susceptibility. The newly developed method is implemented in the R package CWVS.
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Whitesell, Amy, Nirma D. Bustamante, Miles Stewart, et al. "Development and implementation of the Ebola Exposure Window Calculator: A tool for Ebola virus disease outbreak field investigations." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (2021): e0255631. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255631.
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During an Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak, calculating the exposure window of a confirmed case can assist field investigators in identifying the source of infection and establishing chains of transmission. However, field investigators often have difficulty calculating this window. We developed a bilingual (English/French), smartphone-based field application to assist field investigators in determining the exposure window of an EVD case. The calculator only requires the reported date of symptoms onset and the type of symptoms present at onset or the date of death. Prior to the release of this application, there was no similar electronic capability to enable consistent calculation of EVD exposure windows for field investigators. The Democratic Republic of the Congo Ministry of Health endorsed the application and incorporated it into trainings for field staff. Available for Apple and Android devices, the calculator continues to be downloaded even as the eastern DRC outbreak resolved. We rapidly developed and implemented a smartphone application to estimate the exposure window for EVD cases in an outbreak setting
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Dixit, Daksha, T. C. Singel, Dhaval Talsaniya, and Mohit Changani. "Anatomical skin incisions for window dissections." National Journal of Clinical Anatomy 03, no. 02 (2014): 100–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3401741.
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AbstractSkin incisions for comprehensive study dissection, composite dissection, composite window corridor dissection and comprehensive window dissections are different. Many authors/practical volumes have described skin incisions for comprehensive study dissections. There is great need to establish, describe and define the incisions for comprehensive window dissections. The authors have studied and practiced their skin incisions for window dissections of various regions of limbs, during the last three years(2010-2012). The authors have established superior, inferior and vertical incision lines and skin was incised according to that. Skin incisions for various regions are made on the basic principle of windows. Superior and inferior incision lines limit the dissection area and vertical incision line provides better scope of expansion and exposure in a window view. The authors have established, described and defined the incisions for various dissection topics which gives better exposure and scope for expansion of dissection layer wise and in better window manner.
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Lee, Hyo Jin, Eunhye Bae, Hong Yeul Lee, Sang-Min Lee, and Jinwoo Lee. "Association of natural light exposure and delirium according to the presence or absence of windows in the intensive care unit." Acute and Critical Care 36, no. 4 (2021): 332–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4266/acc.2021.00556.
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Background: Patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) have increased risks of delirium, which is associated with worse outcomes. As pharmacologic treatments for delirium are ineffective, prevention is important. Nonpharmacologic preventive strategies include exposure to natural light and restoring circadian rhythm. We investigated the effect of exposure to natural light through windows on delirium in the ICU.Methods: This retrospective cohort study assessed all patients admitted to the medical ICU of a university-affiliated hospital between January and June 2020 for eligibility. The ICU included 12 isolation rooms, six with and six without windows. Patients with ICU stays of >48 hours were included and were divided into groups based on their admission to a single room with (window group) or without windows (windowless group). The primary outcome was the cumulative incidence of delirium. The secondary outcomes were the numbers of delirium- and mechanical ventilation-free days, ICU and hospital length of stay, and in-ICU and 28-day mortalities.Results: Of the 150 included patients (window group: 83 [55.3%]; windowless group: 67 [44.7%]), the cumulative incidence of delirium was significantly lower in the window group than in the windowless group (21.7% vs. 43.3%; relative risk, 1.996; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.220–3.265). Other secondary outcomes did not differ between groups. Admission to a room with a window was independently associated with a decreased risk of delirium (adjusted odds ratio, 0.318; 95% CI, 0.125–0.805).Conclusions: Exposure to natural light through windows was associated with a lower incidence of delirium in the ICU.
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Nascimento, Luiz Fernando Costa, Adrian Blanco Machin, and Djalma Antonio Almeida dos Santos. "Are there differences in birth weight according to sex and associations with maternal exposure to air pollutants? A cohort study." Sao Paulo Medical Journal 135, no. 4 (2017): 347–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1516-3180.2016.0262100317.
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ABSTRACT CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Several effects of exposure to air pollutants on human health are known. The aim of this study was to identify whether exposure of pregnant women to air pollutants contributes towards low birth weight and which sex is more affected. DESIGN AND SETTING: Longitudinal study using data on newborns from mothers living in São José do Rio Preto (SP) who were exposed to air pollutants in 2012-2013. METHODS: A hierarchical model on three levels was built using maternal and newborn variables and environmental concentrations of particulate matter, ozone and nitrogen dioxide in quartiles. Preterm new-borns, twins and newborns with birth defects were excluded and exposure windows of 30, 60 and 90 days before delivery were considered. RESULTS: 8,948 newborns were included: 4,491 males (50.2%) and 4,457 females (49.8%); 301 newborns presented low birth weight (3.4%). The mean weight differed between males (3281.0 g) and females (3146.4 g) (P < 0.001). Exposure to ozone was significantly associated with low birth weight in both sexes in the 30-day window (odds ratio, OR = 1.38) and 90-day window (OR = 1.48); and among females, in the 30-day window (OR = 1.58) and 90-day window (OR = 1.59). Exposure to particulate matter had a paradoxical protective effect. No association was found among male newborns. CONCLUSIONS: Female newborns showed greater susceptibility to maternal exposure to air pollutants. Studies on low birth weight in relation to maternal exposure to air pollutants should deal with males and females separately.
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Boston, Kelley M., Luis Ostrosky-Zeichner, Misti G. Ellsworth, and Tawanna A. McInnis-Cole. "1623. Implementation of Electronic Readmission Alert for Discharged Patients Reduces Risk of Secondary Measles Exposure Events." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (2019): S592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.1487.
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Abstract Background Measles is a highly infectious illness that is causing increased numbers of outbreaks in the United States. Patients involved in a healthcare measles exposure and who have been discharged before identification of exposure are at risk of becoming infectious in the community, and may seek healthcare within their infectious window, creating a secondary exposure risk for healthcare systems. A measles exposure in an integrated healthcare system occurred, resulting in patient exposures in multiple locations at three campuses, including two community-based emergency departments and three inpatient units. There were 159 patients who were included in the exposure group; 123 were exposed in an ED, and 36 were exposed in an inpatient setting. Ninety-four percent (149/159) of the patients had been discharged at the time of measles case identification and were in the pre-infectious phase of illness. Of those, 36 percent (54/149) presented back to the healthcare system within the potentially infectious window; these 54 patients had 97 individual healthcare contacts in the potentially infectious period following the exposure event. Sixty-one of the 97 return visits (63%) were within the window in which the exposed patients were potentially infectious. Return locations included the three exposure facilities and inpatient and outpatient locations at 10 other system campuses. Methods An alert system was developed within the electronic medical record that identified patients that were involved in the exposure, and guided clinicians to mask and place in airborne isolation until measles immunity was verified. Results The alert activated 13 days after the exposure was identified, and identified 100% of returns to healthcare at all sites within the system, representing 48% of all potential secondary exposure events (29 /61). No secondary exposures or transmission occurred. Conclusion Measles exposures are an enormous burden on healthcare organizations and public health systems. When exposures occur, healthcare organizations need systems to rapidly identify discharged patients who may return within the potentially infectious window. Rapid development of electronic readmission alerts can help standardize identification and reduce the risk of subsequent exposure. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Gilbert, Kathleen M., William Woodruff, and Sarah J. Blossom. "Differential Immunotoxicity Induced by Two Different Windows of Developmental Trichloroethylene Exposure." Autoimmune Diseases 2014 (2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/982073.
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Developmental exposure to environmental toxicants may induce immune system alterations that contribute to adult stage autoimmune disease. We have shown that continuous exposure of MRL+/+ mice to trichloroethylene (TCE) from gestational day (GD) 0 to postnatal day (PND) 49 alters several aspects of CD4+T cell function. This window of exposure corresponds to conception-adolescence/young adulthood in humans. More narrowly defining the window of TCE developmental exposure causes immunotoxicity that would establish the stage at which avoidance and/or intervention would be most effective. The current study divided continuous TCE exposure into two separate windows, namely, gestation only (GD0 to birth (PND0)) and early-life only (PND0-PND49). The mice were examined for specific alterations in CD4+T cell function at PND49. One potentially long-lasting effect of developmental exposure, alterations in retrotransposon expression indicative of epigenetic alterations, was found in peripheral CD4+T cells from both sets of developmentally exposed mice. Interestingly, certain other effects, such as alterations in thymus cellularity, were only found in mice exposed to TCE during gestation. In contrast, expansion of memory/activation cell subset of peripheral CD4+T cells were only found in mice exposed to TCE during early life. Different windows of developmental TCE exposure can have different functional consequences.
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Linet, Martha S., Ethel S. Gilbert, Roel Vermeulen, et al. "Benzene Exposure Response and Risk of Myeloid Neoplasms in Chinese Workers: A Multicenter Case–Cohort Study." JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute 111, no. 5 (2018): 465–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djy143.
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Abstract Background There is international consensus that benzene exposure is causally related to acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and more recent evidence of association with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). However, there are uncertainties about the exposure response, particularly risks by time since exposure and age at exposure. Methods In a case–cohort study in 110 631 Chinese workers followed up during 1972–1999 we evaluated combined MDS/AML (n = 44) and chronic myeloid leukemia (n = 18). We estimated benzene exposures using hierarchical modeling of occupational factors calibrated with historical routine measurements, and evaluated exposure response for cumulative exposure and average intensity using Cox regression; P values were two-sided. Results Increased MDS/AML risk with increasing cumulative exposure in our a priori defined time window (2 to <10 years) before the time at risk was suggested (Ptrend = 08). For first exposure (within the 2 to <10-year window) before age 30 years, the exposure response was stronger (P = .004) with rate ratios of 1.12 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.27 to 4.29), 5.58 (95% CI = 1.65 to 19.68), and 4.50 (95% CI = 1.22 to 16.68) for cumulative exposures of more than 0 to less than 40, 40 to less than 100, and at least 100 ppm-years, respectively, compared with no exposure. There was little evidence of exposure response after at least 10 years (Ptrend = .94), regardless of age at first exposure. Average intensity results were generally similar. The risk for chronic myeloid leukemia was increased in exposed vs unexposed workers, but appeared to increase and then decrease with increasing exposure. Conclusion For myeloid neoplasms, the strongest effects were apparent for MDS/AML arising within 10 years of benzene exposure and for first exposure in the 2 to less than 10-year window before age 30 years.
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Turuban, Maxime, Hans Kromhout, Javier Vila, et al. "Occupational exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields and brain tumor risk: Application of the INTEROCC job‐exposure matrix." International Journal of Cancer 156, no. 3 (2024): 538–51. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.35182.
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AbstractRadiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF‐EMF, 100 kHz to 300 GHz) are classified by IARC as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B). This study evaluates the potential association between occupational RF‐EMF exposure and brain tumor risk, utilizing for the first time, a RF‐EMF job‐exposure matrix (RF‐JEM) developed in the multi‐country INTEROCC case–control study. Cumulative and time‐weighted average (TWA) occupational RF‐EMF exposures were estimated for study participants based on lifetime job histories linked to the RF‐JEM using three different methods: (1) by considering RF‐EMF intensity among all exposed jobs, (2) by considering RF‐EMF intensity among jobs with an exposure prevalence ≥ the median exposure prevalence of all exposed jobs, and (3) by considering RF‐EMF intensity of jobs of participants who reported RF‐EMF source use. Stratified conditional logistic regression models were used, considering various lag periods and exposure time windows defined a priori. Generally, no clear associations were found for glioma or meningioma risk. However, some statistically significant positive associations were observed including in the highest exposure categories for glioma for cumulative and TWA exposure in the 1‐ to 4‐year time window for electric fields (E) in the first JEM application method (odds ratios [ORs] = 1.36, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.08, 1.72 and 1.27, 95% CI 1.01, 1.59, respectively), as well as for meningioma for cumulative exposure in the 5‐ to 9‐year time window for electric fields (E) in the third JEM application method (OR = 2.30, 95% CI 1.11, 4.78). We did not identify convincing associations between occupational RF‐EMF exposure and risk of glioma or meningioma.
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Boulais, Denis. "Sex Offspring Ratio and Radiofrequency Radiation Exposure." Journal of System Safety 53, no. 1 (2017): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.56094/jss.v53i1.100.
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Radiofrequency (RF) radiation is a silent and invisible hazard for both high-access window cleaners and telecommunications riggers that can heat body tissue, resulting in injury. In this study, a total of 68 high-access window cleaners were interviewed to establish their sex offspring ratio. Results indicated that there was no significant variance to that of the general Australian population.
 The high-access window cleaning industry has a lower awareness of this hazard than the telecommunications industry. This study compares and contrasts its outcomes against a similar study within the telecommunications industry (n = 68), which also identified no significant variance.
 As mobile telecommunication networks expand, the risk for high-access window cleaners will increase. Therefore, the study recommended that high-access window cleaning companies should revise their safety systems to ensure this hazard is addressed. A further recommendation was that this study should be repeated in the future to determine if expanding telecommunications networks and increased potential exposure has affected sex offspring ratios.
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Lin, Yi-An, Ying-Chieh Chan, and Wan-Chen Lee. "Effects of Window Position and Exhaust Flow Rate on Residential Kitchen Hood Performance: A Validated Numerical Approach." Indoor Air 2024 (April 17, 2024): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2024/8834373.
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Previous studies showed that opening windows could help with kitchen ventilation in pollutant removal. However, no studies have systematically examined the impacts of window positions on kitchen hood performance, and there is insufficient information on indoor airflow characteristics and pollutant distribution from makeup air through open windows. Therefore, the objective of this study was to use a validated computational fluid dynamics approach with CO2 as an indoor air quality indicator (a surrogate for cooking emissions) to understand the impacts of exhaust flow rate and the window opening position on the flow characteristics, concentration distribution, and capture efficiency (CE) of the hood. We conducted four-point validation tests of the numerical models based on CO2 concentration and temperature measurements under steady-state conditions. The validated models were subsequently used in simulations to understand the effects of six different window opening positions and the two exhaust flow rates on exposure. We found that the CO2 concentration could be better reduced by having windows open at the higher location. Generally, the front windows were more effective with CE>80%, followed by the back and the side windows, respectively. We also found that as the exhaust flow rate increased from 6.72 to 12.16 m3/min, CE reached >75% for all window positions, where the most significant increase was 1.58 times for the lower side window. To sum up, changing the relative position of the window and the exhaust hood could help disperse the incoming airflow from the window, improve the kitchen’s overall ventilation, and reduce pollutant concentration.
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Sharpe, Richard M. "Androgens and the masculinization programming window: human–rodent differences." Biochemical Society Transactions 48, no. 4 (2020): 1725–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20200200.
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Human male reproductive disorders are common and may have a fetal origin — the testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS) hypothesis. In rats, experimentally induced TDS disorders result from disruption of fetal androgen production/action specifically in the masculinization programming window (MPW). MPW androgen action also programs longer anogenital distance (AGD) in male versus female rats; shorter male AGD is correlated with risk and severity of induced TDS disorders. AGD thus provides a lifelong, calibrated readout of MPW androgen exposure and predicts likelihood of reproductive dysfunction. Pregnant rat exposure to environmental chemicals, notably certain phthalates (e.g. diethyl hexl phthalate, DEHP; dibutyl phthalate, DBP), pesticides or paracetamol, can reduce fetal testis testosterone and AGD and induce TDS disorders, provided exposure includes the MPW. In humans, AGD is longer in males than females and the presumptive MPW is 8–14 weeks’ gestation. Some, but not all, epidemiological studies of maternal DEHP (or pesticides) exposure reported shorter AGD in sons, but this occurred at DEHP exposure levels several thousand-fold lower than are effective in rats. In fetal human testis culture/xenografts, DEHP/DBP do not reduce testosterone production, whereas therapeutic paracetamol exposure does. In humans, androgen production in the MPW is controlled differently (human chorionic gonadotrophin-driven) than in rats (paracrine controlled), and other organs (placenta, liver, adrenals) contribute to MPW androgens, essential for normal masculinization, via the ‘backdoor pathway’. Consequently, early placental dysfunction, which is affected by maternal lifestyle and diet, and maternal painkiller use, may be more important than environmental chemical exposures in the origin of TDS in humans.
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López-Cervantes, Juan Pablo, Marianne Lønnebotn, Nils Oskar Jogi, et al. "The Exposome Approach in Allergies and Lung Diseases: Is It Time to Define a Preconception Exposome?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 23 (2021): 12684. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312684.
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Emerging research suggests environmental exposures before conception may adversely affect allergies and lung diseases in future generations. Most studies are limited as they have focused on single exposures, not considering that these diseases have a multifactorial origin in which environmental and lifestyle factors are likely to interact. Traditional exposure assessment methods fail to capture the interactions among environmental exposures and their impact on fundamental biological processes, as well as individual and temporal factors. A valid estimation of exposure preconception is difficult since the human reproductive cycle spans decades and the access to germ cells is limited. The exposome is defined as the cumulative measure of external exposures on an organism (external exposome), and the associated biological responses (endogenous exposome) throughout the lifespan, from conception and onwards. An exposome approach implies a targeted or agnostic analysis of the concurrent and temporal multiple exposures, and may, together with recent technological advances, improve the assessment of the environmental contributors to health and disease. This review describes the current knowledge on preconception environmental exposures as related to respiratory health outcomes in offspring. We discuss the usefulness and feasibility of using an exposome approach in this research, advocating for the preconception exposure window to become included in the exposome concept.
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Brian, Johnny E., Frank M. Faraci, and Steven A. Moore. "COX-2-dependent delayed dilatation of cerebral arterioles in response to bradykinin." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 280, no. 5 (2001): H2023—H2029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.2001.280.5.h2023.
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Bradykinin (BK) is released in the brain during injury and inflammation. Activation of endothelial BK receptors produces acute dilatation of cerebral arterioles that is mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS can also modulate gene expression, including expression of the inducible isoform of cyclooxygenase (COX-2). We hypothesized that exposure of the brain to BK would produce acute dilatation, which would be followed by a delayed dilatation mediated by COX-2. To test this hypothesis in anesthetized rats, BK was placed twice in cranial windows for 7 min, after which the windows were flushed to remove residual BK. The two BK exposures were separated by 30 min. Each BK exposure produced acute dilatation of cerebral arterioles, after which diameter rapidly returned to baseline. Over the subsequent 4.5 h after the second BK exposure, arterioles dilated 48 ± 8%. Treatment of the cranial window with NS-398, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, or dexamethasone, significantly attenuated the delayed dilatation. Aminoguanidine, a selective inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase, did not alter the delayed dilatation. Cotreatment of cranial windows with BK, superoxide dismutase, and catalase also prevented the delayed dilatation. In separate experiments, exposure of the cortical surface to BK upregulated leptomeningeal expression of COX-2 mRNA. Our results suggest that acute, time-limited exposure of the brain to BK produces delayed dilatation of cerebral arterioles dependent on expression and activity of COX-2.
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Farivar, Shiva, and Shabnam Teimourtash. "Impact of Window Design on Dynamic Daylight Performance in an Office Building in Iran." Journal of Daylighting 10, no. 1 (2023): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15627/jd.2023.3.
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Window design affects the building's appearance. Besides, it has a significant impact on daylight performance and the visual comfort of interior spaces. Therefore, choosing the shape and position of windows can be a challenge for architects. This research aims to investigate the impact of window design on dynamic daylight performance to enhance visual comfort. The research examines five common window shapes that are located in two different positions on the southern-facing side. The most common dynamic daylight metrics of LEED v4.1 were used to investigate the spatial daylight autonomy (sDA), and annual sunlight exposure (ASE). Furthermore, useful daylight illuminance (UDI) was considered a complementary approach to assess useful daylight levels. The metrics are examined in three cities including Mashhad, Isfahan, and Bandar Abbas, which are located in the northeast, center, and south of Iran, respectively. Thirty simulations in each city are conducted by Grasshopper Graphical editor as a parametric interface and its plugins, ladybug, and honeybee for dynamic daylight analysis. The results emphasize that window design has a significant impact on dynamic daylight performance. The square window meets the LEED needs in three cities by achieving maximum sDA and minimum ASE by up to 68.8% and 20% in both positions, respectively. Moreover, the centrally positioned square window presents the lowest ASE level of 14.4% among other cases. However, the windows in a higher position, especially horizontal windows obtain the highest values of sDA, UDI, and ASE by up to 77%, 59%, and 30%, respectively. Therefore, the ASE rates deteriorate by increasing the sill height and head height of windows. This paper can provide window design recommendations based on the comparison of dynamic daylight metrics for five common window shapes.
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Natarajan, Rama, Dana Aljaber, Dawn Au, et al. "Environmental Exposures during Puberty: Window of Breast Cancer Risk and Epigenetic Damage." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 2 (2020): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020493.
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During puberty, a woman’s breasts are vulnerable to environmental damage (“window of vulnerability”). Early exposure to environmental carcinogens, endocrine disruptors, and unhealthy foods (refined sugar, processed fats, food additives) are hypothesized to promote molecular damage that increases breast cancer risk. However, prospective human studies are difficult to perform and effective interventions to prevent these early exposures are lacking. It is difficult to prevent environmental exposures during puberty. Specifically, young women are repeatedly exposed to media messaging that promotes unhealthy foods. Young women living in disadvantaged neighborhoods experience additional challenges including a lack of access to healthy food and exposure to contaminated air, water, and soil. The purpose of this review is to gather information on potential exposures during puberty. In future directions, this information will be used to help elementary/middle-school girls to identify and quantitate environmental exposures and develop cost-effective strategies to reduce exposures.
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Jain, Varsha, Mika Takayanagi, and Edward Carl Malthouse. "Effects of show windows on female consumers’ shopping behaviour." Journal of Consumer Marketing 31, no. 5 (2014): 380–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcm-04-2014-0946.
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Purpose – The purpose of this study if to investigate the effects of show windows on shopping behaviour among female consumers to provide insights that a manager can use to encourage purchase behaviour. Design/methodology/approach – On the basis of 20 in-depth interviews, we developed a survey, which we administered to female consumers (n = 209). The survey was based on a stimulus–organism–response framework. Each respondent was exposed to an image of a show window (images were taken from apparel departments of well-known department stores) and rated her perceptions of the window and intentions to purchase items sold in the store. Findings – Using factor analysis, we identify five components of the show window: social, hedonic, informational, image and “feel-good” factors. The first four factors are aggregated into a “show window” metric, which is shown to influence purchase intentions; this influence is fully mediated by the feel-good factor. The image factor and the social and hedonic factors each significantly influence the feel-good factor. Practical implications – When developing show windows, brand managers should aim to touch on all factors of the show window to make shoppers “feel good”; these positive feelings might intensify shoppers’ purchase intentions. Originality/value – This study identifies five factors that make up consumers’ perceptions of show windows. It shows that exposure to a show window affects consumers’ purchase intentions, and that this influence is determined primarily by the extent to which consumers “feel good” about the store.
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Dashnyam, Ulzii, Nicole Warburton, Rossa Brugha, et al. "Personal Exposure to Fine-particle Black Carbon Air Pollution Among Schoolchildren Living in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia." Central Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 1, no. 1 (2015): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.24079/cajms.2015.01.011.
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Objectives: To measure personal exposure to air pollution in children, in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Methods: Since coal burning for domestic heating causes severe air pollution in Ulaanbaatar, we measured personal PM2.5 exposure for children aged 5-12 years during the winter 2013-2014. Results: Peak levels of black carbon PM2.5 exposure >200 µg/m3 between November and March varied significantly with time of day, with the highest peak 18:00-02:00, a nadir 02:00-07:00, followed by a second peak 07:00 -12:00, with another afternoon nadir 12:00-18:00. Children living in Ger districts in a Ger or wooden house, had the highest levels of PM2.5, >500 µg/m3 , with duration of personal peak exposure in Gers 8-fold longer than in wooden houses. Conclusion: Peak exposures in Gers were related to going outside, fire lighting and cooking, whereas in wooden houses peak exposures were related to going outside or opening the door. The least exposure for children was in an apartment or school with the windows shut. Significant levels of personal exposure also occurred during the commute to school, outside playtime, shopping trips and car rides. Opening the window of steam heated apartments for “fresh air cooling” as well as indoor smoking also produced important levels of personal exposure.
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Carbullido, Mary K., Paul Samuel Page, and Amgad Hanna. "Clavicular window for brachial plexus schwannoma removal." Surgical Neurology International 15 (April 19, 2024): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/sni_824_2023.
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Background: Schwannomas are benign nerve sheath tumors that can either be sporadic or part of neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2). Tumors of the brachial plexus (BP) with both supra- and infraclavicular components are uncommon and represent a challenge to complete surgical resection. There are few reports on single clavicular osteotomies for BP exposure; however, there are currently no reports of utilization of a clavicular window for a large schwannoma resection. Case Description: We report a case of a patient with a schwannoma spanning the BP roots to the cords, with the majority involving the retro clavicular inferior trunk in the setting of NF2. The patient underwent previous subtotal resection and had postoperative enlargement of the residual mass. A gross total resection was made possible by the creation of a clavicular window to expose the BP. A 2 cm segment piece of the mid-clavicle was removed, allowing for roughly 6 cm of mediolateral exposure through clavicular distraction. This clavicular window facilitated complete exposure of the BP schwannoma underneath the clavicle as well as unobstructed exposure of supraclavicular and infraclavicular tumor. The segment was then refixed with a plate after resection of the tumor. Conclusion: The use of a clavicular window allowed for extensive exposure of the trunks and divisions of the BP to achieve a gross total resection in this case. The clavicular window approach may provide a benefit for optimizing exposure in the setting of lesions involving the trunks and divisions that the clavicle would traditionally obstruct.
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Kim, Soon-hwa, Sung-ok Kwon, and Ki Baek Lee. "Radiation Exposure Dose Reduction according to ECG Window Acquisition Range Setting in Coronary Artery CT Angiography." Korean Society of Computed Tomographic Technology 25, no. 2 (2023): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31320/jksct.2023.25.2.31.
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This study was to reduce the radiation exposure dose of recipients by setting the ECG window acquisition range appropriately during Coronary artery CT Angiography (CCTA) examination. Group 1 (control group) opened ECG window acquisition range to 65% to 75% using the relative delay scan (RDS), which is divided by percentage (%) based on the R-R peak interval of recipient's Average HR, and tested by setting pitch to auto. Group 2 fixed the pitch according to the recipient's HR under the same conditions as Group 1. Group 3 used absolute delay scan (ADS), which is divided by milliseconds (ms) based on the R-R peak interval of recipient's Average HR and fixed the ECG window acquisition range by 60 ms intervals. Group 4 narrowed the scan range from 68% to 73% under the same conditions as Group 1. The values of the mean, minimum, maximum, the volume CT dose index (CTDIvol), and dose length product (DLP) were compared. The exposure dose was reduced by more than 10% when acquired with ADS, not RDS mainly obtained from CCTA. Also, compared to the existing RDS, when the scan range was reduced by half, it was reduced by more than 20%. In conclusion, In CCTA testing, setting the ECG window acquisition range to 5% or 60 ms can reduce radiation exposure without compromising the best phase image acquisition and image quality.
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Horve, Patrick F., Leslie G. Dietz, Suzanne L. Ishaq, Jeff Kline, Mark Fretz, and Kevin G. Van Den Wymelenberg. "Viable bacterial communities on hospital window components in patient rooms." PeerJ 8 (July 27, 2020): e9580. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9580.
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Previous studies demonstrate an exchange of bacteria between hospital room surfaces and patients, and a reduction in survival of microorganisms in dust inside buildings from sunlight exposure. While the transmission of microorganisms between humans and their local environment is a continuous exchange which generally does not raise cause for alarm, in a hospital setting with immunocompromised patients, these building-source microbial reservoirs may pose a risk. Window glass is often neglected during hospital disinfection protocols, and the microbial communities found there have not previously been examined. This pilot study examined whether living bacterial communities, and specifically the pathogens Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile), were present on window components of exterior-facing windows inside patient rooms, and whether relative light exposure (direct or indirect) was associated with changes in bacterial communities on those hospital surfaces. Environmental samples were collected from 30 patient rooms in a single ward at Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU) in Portland, Oregon, USA. Sampling locations within each room included the window glass surface, both sides of the window curtain, two surfaces of the window frame, and the air return grille. Viable bacterial abundances were quantified using qPCR, and community composition was assessed using Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene V3/V4 region. Viable bacteria occupied all sampled locations, but was not associated with a specific hospital surface or relative sunlight exposure. Bacterial communities were similar between window glass and the rest of the room, but had significantly lower Shannon Diversity, theorized to be related to low nutrient density and resistance to bacterial attachment of glass compared to other surface materials. Rooms with windows that were facing west demonstrated a higher abundance of viable bacteria than those facing other directions, potentially because at the time of sampling (morning) west-facing rooms had not yet been exposed to sunlight that day. Viable C. difficile was not detected and viable MRSA was detected at very low abundance. Bacterial abundance was negatively correlated with distance from the central staff area containing the break room and nursing station. In the present study, it can be assumed that there is more human traffic in the center of the ward, and is likely responsible for the observed gradient of total abundance in rooms along the ward, as healthcare staff both deposit more bacteria during activities and affect microbial transit indoors. Overall, hospital window components possess similar microbial communities to other previously identified room locations known to act as reservoirs for microbial agents of hospital-associated infections.
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Scalbert, Augustin, Lorraine Brennan, Claudine Manach, et al. "The food metabolome: a window over dietary exposure." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 99, no. 6 (2014): 1286–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.076133.
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Sood, Aditya K. "From vulnerability to patch: the window of exposure." Network Security 2009, no. 2 (2009): 14–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1353-4858(09)70018-2.
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O'Connor, Brian P., Heather Davidson, and Robert Gifford. "Window View, Social Exposure and Nursing Home Adaptation." Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement 10, no. 3 (1991): 216–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0714980800005298.
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RÉSUMÉDeux études ont examiné la relation entre l'environnement physique et ses conséquences sur l'état des résidents de centre d'accueil pour personnes âgées. La première, une étude longitudinale, a établi qu'une vue plus naturelle avec des fenêtres extérieures était associée à des conséquences négatives, alors qu'un emplacement en contact avec les autres donnait des résultats positifs, en ce qui concerne les résidents nouvellement admis. Ces résultats qui entrent en contradiction avec ceux d'une précédente recherche laissent entendre que l'« emplacement social » est important au cours de la première période d'adaptation à la vie en centre d'accueil. Cependant, une étude sur dossiers, portant sur d'anciens résidents du même centre d'accueil, a établi que l'« emplacement social » était associé à des séjours plus courts, juste avant un décès ou un transfert pour des soins hospitaliers. L'« emplacement social » apparaît alors comme un facteur positif au cours de la période initiale d'adaptation, mais comme un élément négatif à plus long terme.
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Morrison, Glenn, Daniel Oerther, Andrew Schriner, Lauren Banks, and Montana Puckett. "Window opening behavior and exposure in the U.S." ISEE Conference Abstracts 2013, no. 1 (2013): 4396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/isee.2013.o-2-41-03.
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Jaworski, Sophia. "Requiem to Window Sealant." UnderCurrents: Journal of Critical Environmental Studies 21 (October 18, 2022): 38–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/2292-4736/40305.
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Requiem to Window Sealant is an autobiographical exploration of chemical sensitivity. Rather than framing her experiences explicitly within illness or suffering, the author gestures towards the sensory implications and the co-materiality of life in plastic worlds. The photograph is a multiple exposure of a body filled with a raft of grass, trash, and detritus floating out to Lake Ontario. It was taken at the mouth of the Don River.
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Welsh, Michelle, Philippa T. K. Saunders, and Richard M. Sharpe. "The Critical Time Window for Androgen-Dependent Development of the Wolffian Duct in the Rat." Endocrinology 148, no. 7 (2007): 3185–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2007-0028.
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Androgens are thought to separately regulate stabilization and differentiation of the Wolffian duct (WD), but the time windows for these effects are unclear. To address this, fetal rats were exposed to flutamide within either an early window (EW) [embryonic day 15.5 (E15.5) to E17.5], when the WD degenerates in the female, or a later window (LW) (E19.5–E21.5), when the WD morphologically differentiates in the male, or during the full window of WD development (FW) (E15.5–21.5). WDs were examined for abnormalities during fetal (E21.5) or postnatal life, and anogenital distance and prostate presence/absence were recorded. Exposure to FW- or EW-flutamide, but not to LW-flutamide, induced comparable abnormalities in the fetal WD at E21.5, namely reduced WD coiling, reduced cell proliferation, reduced epithelial cell height, altered epithelial vimentin expression, and reduced expression of smooth muscle actin in the WD inner stroma. Exposure to EW- or FW-flutamide, but not to LW-flutamide, resulted in incomplete/absent WDs in more than 50% of males by adulthood, although such abnormalities were infrequent in fetal life. These findings suggest that androgen action during the EW is sufficient to promote WD morphological differentiation several days later. Because the androgen receptor is expressed in the WD stroma but not in the epithelium during this EW, WD differentiation is likely to be dependent on androgen-mediated signaling from the stroma to the epithelium. In conclusion, the critical window for androgen action in regulating WD development in the rat is between E15.5 and E17.5. This window is also important for prostate formation and anogenital distance masculinization.
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Tapiainen, V., S. Hartikainen, H. Taipale, J. Tiihonen, and A. M. Tolppanen. "Hospital-treated mental and behavioral disorders and risk of Alzheimer's disease: A nationwide nested case-control study." European Psychiatry 43 (June 2017): 92–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.486.
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AbstractBackground:Studies investigating psychiatric disorders as Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk factors have yielded heterogeneous findings. Differences in time windows between the exposure and outcome could be one explanation. We examined whether (1) mental and behavioral disorders in general or (2) specific mental and behavioral disorder categories increase the risk of AD and (3) how the width of the time window between the exposure and outcome affects the results.Methods:A nationwide nested case-control study of all Finnish clinically verified AD cases, alive in 2005 and their age, sex and region of residence matched controls (n of case-control pairs 27,948). History of hospital-treated mental and behavioral disorders was available since 1972.Results:Altogether 6.9% (n = 1932) of the AD cases and 6.4% (n = 1784) of controls had a history of any mental and behavioral disorder. Having any mental and behavioral disorder (adjusted OR = 1.07, 95% CI = 1.00–1.16) or depression/other mood disorder (adjusted OR = 1.17, 95% CI = 1.05–1.30) were associated with higher risk of AD with 5-year time window but not with 10-year time window (adjusted OR, 95% CI 0.99, 0.91–1.08 for any disorder and 1.08, 0.96–1.23 for depression).Conclusions:The associations between mental and behavioral disorders and AD were modest and dependent on the time window. Therefore, some of the disorders may represent misdiagnosed prodromal symptoms of AD, which underlines the importance of proper differential diagnostics among older persons. These findings also highlight the importance of appropriate time window in psychiatric and neuroepidemiology research.
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Náfrádi, Bálint, Hannah Kiiver, Subas Neupane, Natalie C. Momen, Kai N. Streicher, and Frank Pega. "Estimating the population exposed to a risk factor over a time window: A microsimulation modelling approach from the WHO/ILO Joint Estimates of the Work-related Burden of Disease and Injury." PLOS ONE 17, no. 12 (2022): e0278507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278507.
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Objectives Burden of disease estimation commonly requires estimates of the population exposed to a risk factor over a time window (yeart to yeart+n). We present a microsimulation modelling approach for producing such estimates and apply it to calculate the population exposed to long working hours for one country (Italy). Methods We developed a three-model approach: Model 1, a multilevel model, estimates exposure to the risk factor at the first year of the time window (yeart). Model 2, a regression model, estimates transition probabilities between exposure categories during the time window (yeart to yeart+n). Model 3, a microsimulation model, estimates the exposed population over the time window, using the Monte Carlo method. The microsimulation is carried out in three steps: (a) a representative synthetic population is initiated in the first year of the time window using prevalence estimates from Model 1, (b) the exposed population is simulated over the time window using the transition probabilities from Model 2; and (c) the population is censored for deaths during the time window. Results We estimated the population exposed to long working hours (i.e. 41–48, 49–54 and ≥55 hours/week) over a 10-year time window (2002–11) in Italy. We populated all three models with official data from Labour Force Surveys, United Nations population estimates and World Health Organization life tables. Estimates were produced of populations exposed over the time window, disaggregated by sex and 5-year age group. Conclusions Our modelling approach for estimating the population exposed to a risk factor over a time window is simple, versatile, and flexible. It however requires longitudinal exposure data and Model 3 (the microsimulation model) is stochastic. The approach can improve accuracy and transparency in exposure and burden of disease estimations. To improve the approach, a logical next step is changing Model 3 to a deterministic microsimulation method, such as modelling of microflows.
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Upadhyay, Bharat, and N. C. Gupta. "Exposure of commuters to particulate matter for various modes of commuting in the Delhi-National Capital Region (NCR)." Ecology, Environment and Conservation 30, no. 02 (2024): 694–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2024.v30i02.048.
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In India, traffic is the main cause of air pollution in urban areas. While commuting, commuters are substantially exposed to pollutants. This study was carried out on one of the busiest routes of Delhi – NCR to measure personal exposure to PM1 , PM2.5, and PM10 in four transportation modes, such as motorcycle, auto-rickshaw, car-open window, and car-AC (Air conditioner). Using a transportable aerosol spectrometer, Particulate Matter (PM) measurements were repeated for five weekdays during peak and off-peak hours for all transportation modes. Trip averaged exposure to pollution to commuters for PM1 in decreasing order was motorcycle, auto rickshaw, car -open window and car - AC in peak hour and motorcycle, auto rickshaw, car -open window and car - AC in non-peak hour. For PM2.5 it was motorcycle, auto rickshaw, car- open window and car - AC in peak hour and motorcycle, auto rickshaw, car - open window and carAC in non-peak hour. Whereas for PM10 it was motorcycle, auto rickshaw, car- open window and car - AC in peak hour and motorcycle, auto rickshaw, car- open window and car -AC in non-peak hour. Size fractions (fine/coarse) varied from 32 to 78% in the peak hour and 24 to 60% in the non–peak hour. The findings of this study can be utilized to focus efforts on lowering personal exposure.
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Benet, Arnau, Shawn L. Hervey-Jumper, Jose Juan González Sánchez, Michael T. Lawton, and Mitchel S. Berger. "Surgical assessment of the insula. Part 1: surgical anatomy and morphometric analysis of the transsylvian and transcortical approaches to the insula." Journal of Neurosurgery 124, no. 2 (2016): 469–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2014.12.jns142182.
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OBJECT Transcortical and transsylvian corridors have been previously described as the main surgical approaches to the insula, but there is insufficient evidence to support one approach versus the other. The authors performed a cadaveric comparative study regarding insular exposure, surgical window and freedom, between the transcortical and transsylvian approaches (with and without cutting superficial sylvian bridging veins). Surgical anatomy and skull surface reference points to the different insular regions are also described. METHODS Sixteen cadaveric specimens were embalmed with a customized formula to enhance neurosurgical simulation. Two different blocks were defined in the study: first, transsylvian without (TS) and with the superficial sylvian bridging veins cut (TSVC) and transcortical (TC) approaches to the insula were simulated in all (16) specimens. Insular surface exposure, surgical window and surgical freedom were calculated for each procedure and related to the Berger-Sanai insular glioma classification (Zones I–IV) in 10 specimens. Second, the venous drainage pattern and anatomical landmarks considered critical for surgical planning were studied in all specimens. RESULTS In the insular Zone I (anterior-superior), the TC approach provided the best insular exposure compared with both TS and TSVC. The surgical window obtained with the TC approach was also larger than that obtained with the TS. The TC approach provided 137% more surgical freedom than the TS approach. Only the TC corridor provided complete insular exposure. In Zone II (posterior-superior), results depended on the degree of opercular resection. Without resection of the precentral gyrus in the operculum, insula exposure, surgical windows and surgical freedom were equivalent. If the opercular cortex was resected, the insula exposure and surgical freedom obtained through the TC approach was greater to that of the other groups. In Zone III (posterior-inferior), the TC approach provided better surgical exposure than the TS, yet similar to the TSVC. The TC approach provided the best insular exposure, surgical window, and surgical freedom if components of Heschl’s gyrus were resected. In Zone IV (anterior-inferior), the TC corridor provided better exposure than both the TS and the TSVC. The surgical window was equivalent. Surgical freedom provided by the TC was greater than the TS approach. This zone was completely exposed only with the TC approach. A dominant anterior venous drainage was found in 87% of the specimens. In this group, 50% of the specimens had good alternative venous drainage. The sylvian fissure corresponded to the superior segment of the squamosal suture in 14 of 16 specimens. The foramen of Monro was 1.9 cm anterior and 4.42 cm superior to the external acoustic meatus. The M2 branch over the central sulcus of the insula became the precentral M4 (rolandic) artery in all specimens. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the TC approach to the insula provided better insula exposure and surgical freedom compared with the TS and the TSVC. Cortical and subcortical mapping is critical during the TC approach to the posterior zones (II and III), as the facial motor and somatosensory functions (Zone II) and language areas (Zone III) may be involved. The evidence provided in this study may help the neurosurgeon when approaching insular gliomas to achieve a greater extent of tumor resection via an optimal exposure.
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Mosher, James F., and Maia E. D’Andrea. "Engaging youth in alcohol policy: The Lee Law Project." International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research 4, no. 2 (2015): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v4i2.206.
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Mosher, J., & D’Andrea, M. (2015). Engaging youth in alcohol policy: The Lee Law Project. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 4(2), 113-118. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v4i2.206Aims: (1) Conduct a pilot project to test the effectiveness of a youth development “toolkit” designed to reduce youth exposure tosignage on liquor store windows; (2) Highlight the disparity in violation rates of a state law limiting window signage on liquorstore windows between low income communities of color and higher income, predominantly Anglo communities.Design: Pilot project/case study. Participating young people, working with adult coaches, photographed liquor store windows inthree communities and determined level of compliance with state law limiting liquor store window signage to 33 percent of totalwindow area and requiring clear view of cash register area in the store.Setting: Three communities in Santa Cruz County, California, with diverse income and racial/ethnic compositions.Participants: 71 liquor stores.Measures: Compliance rates of participating liquor stores with state law limiting the amount and placement of window signage.Findings: Low income, predominantly Latino community had significantly lower compliance rates than two nearby higherincome, Anglo communities. Youth participants successfully engaged community organizations and policy makers in advocatingfor voluntary compliance.Conclusions: The toolkit provides a promising model for engaging youth in alcohol policy reform and reducing youth exposureto liquor store signage.
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Rahme, Ralph, Almaz Kurbanov, Jeffrey T. Keller, et al. "The Interlenticulostriate Approach to Very High-Riding Distal Basilar Trunk Aneurysms." Operative Neurosurgery 13, no. 3 (2017): 338–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ons/opw029.
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Abstract BACKGROUND: Most high-riding distal basilar trunk aneurysms can be surgically approached via the transsylvian route and its orbitozygomatic variant. However, on rare occasions, the basilar bifurcation may be unusually high and an approach above the carotid terminus may be required. OBJECTIVE: In this cadaveric study, we sought to determine the feasibility and exposure limits of the interlenticulostriate approach (ILSA). METHODS: A standard transsylvian approach was performed in 10 cerebral hemispheres of 5 formalin-fixed, silicone-injected cadaver heads. The interpeduncular cistern was exposed via the opticocarotid window, carotid-oculomotor window, and supracarotid ILSA window. The latter was measured and an aneurysm clip or ventriculostomy stylet was placed as high as possible through each corridor. Using noncontrast 3-D rotational angiography, clip/stylet positions were measured relative to the dorsum sellae. RESULTS: ILSA provided a 9.4 × 4.6 mm mean surgical corridor, just enough room for a standard clip applier. This space was limited by the carotid bifurcation inferiorly, the lenticulostriate arteries medially and laterally, and the optic tract superiorly. There was no difference between opticocarotid and carotid-oculomotor windows, in terms of clip position (+8.9 vs +8.6 mm, respectively; P = .78). In contrast, ILSA provided significantly improved superior exposure, compared with either approaches (mean stylet position: +14.3 mm; P = .005). The exposure benefit afforded by ILSA was consistent across all 10 hemispheres, ranging from +2.5 to +8 mm. CONCLUSION: For high-riding distal basilar trunk aneurysms that cannot be reached via the frontotemporal orbitozygomatic approach, ILSA can provide a viable route of access. Vascular neurosurgeons should be familiarized with this approach.
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Ahmad, Sarfraz, Umer Mahboob Malik, Kashif Riaz, and Faizan Saeed. "The influence of window orientation on daylight penetration: A simulation-based study in Lahore." Social Sciences Spectrum 4, no. 1 (2025): 506–16. https://doi.org/10.71085/sss.04.01.234.
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The research deploys Velux daylight analysis software to analyse daylight performance across north, south, east and west orientations using a 6' x 7'-6" double-glazed window. The research examines three fundamental daylight parameters between daylight factor, illuminance quantity and uniformity ratios in order to identify optimal window positioning for daylight optimization and indoor comfort management. The research shows south-looking windows enable maximal daylight entrance through reaching a daylight factor of 6.90% and peak illuminance levels of 690 Lux. North exposure windows provide a stable illumination with 142 Lux lighting that makes them optimal for situations needing uniform natural light. The daylight peak occurs first in east-facing windows but west-facing windows reach it during afternoon hours causing discomfort because of strong brightness. The investigation shows double-glazed windows function as an effective solution to enhance daylight quality together with reduced heat gain and decreased brightness levels. The study demonstrates that building windows strategically affect daylight performance while cutting back on artificial illumination and creating better building conditions. The study provides essential knowledge to help architects build sustainable residential buildings that achieve improved daylight autonomy with urban planners.
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Mason, Howard, Frank Gallagher, and Dil Sen. "Window renovation and exposure to lead—an observational study." Occupational Medicine 55, no. 8 (2005): 631–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqi159.
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Sundar, Jasmine S., and Hema Priya A. S. "Impact of ambient and indoor air pollution on birth weight: a systematic review." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 11, no. 7 (2024): 2887–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20241853.
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The global burden of disease caused by particulate matter exposure has increased significantly. Increasing epidemiological evidence indicates that ambient particulate matter pollution is associated with unfavorable health outcomes, including adverse birth outcomes. In addition to several determinants studies have correlated birth weight with prenatal exposure to particulate matter. This review aims to examine the relationship of pollutants with low birth weight. A systematic literature search was performed using PubMed and Google Scholar electronic databases. A total of 96 studies were reviewed and 18 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. In India exposure to ambient PM2.5 is strongly associated with low birth-weight. In Thailand, the entire pregnancy exposure was associated with reduced birth weight both for PM10 and biomass burning. The multiple GAM model have shown a direct and significant relationship between exposure to PM10 and SO2 on low birth weight. A 10 μg/m3 increase in gap-filled satellite-based whole-pregnancy PM2.5 exposures was associated with a change in birth weight. The critical window period for exposure varied between the geographical locations. All of this research is subjected to several limitations regarding the assessment of outcome-exposure. We demonstrated that, maternal exposure to particulate matter during the pregnancy could increase the risk of low birth weight, and the critical window period differed for geographical locations. These findings expand our knowledge of the harmful effects of PM2.5 and biomass burning on new-born weight. Therefore, pregnant women should be informed about the negative consequences of air pollution and avoid exposure to polluted air during pregnancy.
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Tseng, Heng-Yi, Li-Min Chang, Kuan-Wu Lin, et al. "Smart Window with Active-Passive Hybrid Control." Materials 13, no. 18 (2020): 4137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13184137.
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Dimming and scattering control are two of the major features of smart windows, which provide adjustable sunlight intensity and protect the privacy of people in a building. A hybrid photo- and electrical-controllable smart window that exploits salt and photochromic dichroic dye-doped cholesteric liquid crystal was developed. The photochromic dichroic dye causes a change in transmittance from high to low upon exposure to sunlight. When the light source is removed, the smart window returns from colored to colorless. The salt-doped cholesteric liquid crystal can be bi-stably switched from transparent into the scattering state by a low-frequency voltage pulse and switched back to its transparent state by a high-frequency voltage pulse. In its operating mode, an LC smart window can be passively dimmed by sunlight and the haze can be actively controlled by applying an electrical field to it; it therefore exhibits four optical states—transparent, scattering, dark clear, and dark opaque. Each state is stable in the absence of an applied voltage. This smart window can automatically dim when the sunlight gets stronger, and according to user needs, actively adjust the haze to achieve privacy protection.
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Kuan, Yi-Chun, Kuang-Wei Huang, Cheng-Li Lin, Jiing-Chyuan Luo, and Chia-Hung Kao. "Short-Term Proton Pump Inhibitor Use and Hepatic Encephalopathy Risk in Patients with Decompensated Cirrhosis." Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 8 (2019): 1108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8081108.
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Objective: A window period of approximately 3–6 months is usually adopted in studies that evaluate hepatic encephalopathy (HE) risk in proton pump inhibitor (PPI) users. However, HE risk after short-term PPI exposure remains unclear. We explored the effect of short-term PPI exposure using a case-crossover study design. Design: Records of patients with decompensated cirrhosis who had received an HE diagnosis were retrieved from the National Health Insurance Research Database. PPI use rates were compared for case and control with window periods of 7, 14, and 28 days. The adjusted self-matched odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) from a conditional logistic regression model were used to determine the association between PPI use and HE risk. Results: Overall, 13 195 patients were analyzed. The adjusted OR for HE risk after PPI exposure was 3.13 (95% CI = 2.33–4.20) for the 7-day window, 4.77 (95% CI = 3.81–5.98) for the 14-day window, and 5.60 (95% CI = 4.63–6.78) for the 28-day window. All PPI categories, except omeprazole and pantoprazole, were associated with an increased HE risk. Irrespective of other precipitating factors, such as recent gastrointestinal bleeding or infection, PPI significantly increased HE risk. Conclusion: Short-term PPI use is significantly associated with HE in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. Physicians should use PPI in these patients for appropriate indications, and carefully monitor signs of HE even after short-term exposure. Owing to the limitations of retrospective design in the current study, further study is warranted to confirm our findings.
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Schelleman, Alexandra, and Chris Boyd. "X-Rays through the Looking Glass: Mobile Imaging Dosimetry and Image Quality of Suspected COVID-19 Patients." Journal of Radiation Protection and Research 46, no. 3 (2021): 120–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.14407/jrpr.2020.00269.
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Background: This paper aims to evaluate the clinical utility and radiation dosimetry, for the mobile X-ray imaging of patients with known or suspected infectious diseases, through the window of an isolation room. The suitability of this technique for imaging coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients is of particular focus here, although it is expected to have equal relevance to many infectious respiratory disease outbreaks.Materials and Methods: Two exposure levels were examined, a “typical” mobile exposure of 100 kVp/1.6 mAs and a “high” exposure of 120 kVp/5 mAs. Exposures of an anthropomorphic phantom were made, with and without a glass window present in the beam. The resultant phantom images were provided to experienced radiographers for image quality evaluation, using a Likert scale to rate the anatomical structure visibility.Results and Discussion: The incident air kerma doubled using the high exposure technique, from 29.47 μGy to 67.82 μGy and scattered radiation inside and outside the room increased. Despite an increase in beam energy, high exposure technique images received higher image quality scores than images acquired using lower exposure settings.Conclusion: Increased scattered radiation was very low and can be further mitigated by ensuring surrounding staff are appropriately distanced from both the patient and X-ray tube. Although an increase in incident air kerma was observed, practical advantages in infection control and personal protective equipment conservation were identified. Sites are encouraged to consider the use of this technique where appropriate, following the completion of standard justification practices.
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Akubue, Jideofor. "Window Design for Mosquito Control: An Architectural Solution for Reducing Malaria Burden in Tropical African Homes." Journal of Architectural Environment & Structural Engineering Research 7, no. 2 (2024): 10–19. https://doi.org/10.30564/jaeser.v7i2.7634.
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Housing design in tropical regions of Africa necessitates that windows are created for natural ventilation and aeration of indoor spaces. However, the menace of malaria carrying mosquitos makes natural ventilation more risky that comforting. Naturally in most buildings in this region, windows are designed to integrate both the functions of passive (natural) ventilation and mosquito repelling, which is achieved by the adoption of mosquito netted-screens. However, review of existing mosquito screening designs identified in the study region, indicates the existence of interlude periods between operating the netted screens and opening of windows panels. These minute interlude periods when the windows are exposed to the open environment, is responsible for the admittance of mosquitos and other harmful insects. This study presents a design option for mosquito screening which provides homes with constant aeration periods and zero contact with vectors via the windows. While a typical/conventional window design in this region consists of Mosquito screening systems (MSS) comprising of two or more layers of openings which harbor tendencies of exposure to the outdoor malaria vectors, the optimized design presented in this study nullifies this tendency of exposure. During the course of operating the netted and main window panels of a typical two layered MSS, the interlude period provides sufficient time frame (mostly within the range of 10 seconds) for the influx of vectors, this timeframe is totally eliminated by the optimized MSS, which provided zero obstruction timeframe while operating the system. Comparative review of the screening systems showed significant mosquito repelling capability by the optimized MSS compared to conventional ones. This is a significant result as most homes in tropical environments depend largely on open windows for natural cooling and ventilation and thus, the option of operating windows without interruption from the MSS is indispensable in achieving mosquito-free indoor spaces.
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Londhe, Ajit A., Chantal E. Holy, James Weaver, Sergio Fonseca, Angelina Villasis-Keever, and Daniel Fife. "Risk of retinal detachment and exposure to fluoroquinolones, common antibiotics, and febrile illness using a self-controlled case series study design: Retrospective analyses of three large healthcare databases in the US." PLOS ONE 17, no. 10 (2022): e0275796. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0275796.
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Objective The risk of retinal detachment (RD) following exposure to fluoroquinolone (FQ) has been assessed in multiple studies, however, results have been mixed. This study was designed to estimate the risk of RD following exposure to FQ, other common antibiotics, and febrile illness not treated with antibiotics (FINTA) using a self-controlled case series (SCCS) study design to reduce risk of confounding from unreported patient characteristics. Design Retrospective database analysis–SCCS. Setting Primary and Secondary Care. Study population 40,981 patients across 3 US claims databases (IBM® MarketScan® commercial and Medicare databases, Optum Clinformatics). Outcome RD. Methods Exposures included FQ as a class of drugs, amoxicillin, azithromycin, trimethoprim with and without sulfamethoxazole, and FINTA. For the primary analysis, all drug formulations were included. For the post hoc sensitivity analyses, only oral tablets were included. Risk windows were defined as exposure period (or FINTA duration) plus 30 days. Patients of all ages with RD and exposures in 3 US claims databases between 2012 to 2017 were included. Diagnostics included p value calibration and pre-exposure outcome analyses. Incidence rate ratios (IRR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) comparing risk window time with other time were calculated. Results Our primary analysis showed an increased risk for RD in the 30 days prior to exposure to FQ or trimethoprim without sulfamethoxazole. This risk decreased but remained elevated for 30 days following first exposure. Our post-hoc analysis, which excluded ophthalmic drops, showed no increased risk for RD at any time, with FQ and other antibiotics. Conclusion Our results did not suggest an association between FQ and RD. Oral FQ was not associated with an increased risk for RD during the pre- or post-exposure period. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03479736-March 21, 2018.
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Demets, R., M. Bertrand, A. Bolkhovitinov, et al. "Window contamination on Expose-R." International Journal of Astrobiology 14, no. 1 (2014): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1473550414000536.
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AbstractExpose is a multi-user instrument for astrobiological and astrochemical experiments in space. Installed at the outer surface of the International Space Station, it enables investigators to study the impact of the open space environment on biological and biochemical test samples. Two Expose missions have been completed so far, designated as Expose-E (Rabbow et al. 2012) and Expose-R (Rabbow et al. this issue). One of the space-unique environmental factors offered by Expose is full-spectrum, ultraviolet (UV)-rich electromagnetic radiation from the Sun. This paper describes and analyses how on Expose-R, access of the test samples to Solar radiation degraded during space exposure in an unpredicted way. Several windows in front of the Sun-exposed test samples acquired a brown shade, resulting in a reduced transparency in visible light, UV and vacuum UV (VUV). Post-flight investigations revealed the discolouration to be caused by a homogenous film of cross-linked organic polymers at the inside of the windows. The chemical signature varied per sample carrier. No such films were found on windows from sealed, pressurized compartments, or on windows that had been kept out of the Sun. This suggests that volatile compounds originating from the interior of the Expose facility were cross-linked and photo-fixed by Solar irradiation at the rear side of the windows. The origin of the volatiles was not fully identified; most probably there was a variety of sources involved including the biological test samples, adhesives, plastics and printed circuit boards. The outer surface of the windows (pointing into space) was chemically impacted as well, with a probable effect on the transparency in VUV. The reported analysis of the window contamination on Expose-R is expected to help the interpretation of the scientific results and offers possibilities to mitigate this problem on future missions – in particular Expose-R2, the direct successor of Expose-R.
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McGuinn, Laura A., Iván Gutiérrez-Avila, Maria José Rosa, et al. "Association between prenatal and childhood PM2.5 exposure and preadolescent anxiety and depressive symptoms." Environmental Epidemiology 8, no. 1 (2023): e283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ee9.0000000000000283.
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Background: Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure has been linked to anxiety and depression in adults; however, there is limited research in the younger populations, in which symptoms often first arise. Methods: We examined the association between early-life PM2.5 exposure and symptoms of anxiety and depression in a cohort of 8–11-year-olds in Mexico City. Anxiety and depressive symptoms were assessed using the Spanish versions of the Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale and Children’s Depression Inventory. Daily PM2.5 was estimated using a satellite-based exposure model and averaged over several early and recent exposure windows. Linear and logistic regression models were used to estimate the change in symptoms with each 5-µg/m3 increase in PM2.5. Models were adjusted for child’s age, child’s sex, maternal age, maternal socioeconomic status, season of conception, and temperature. Results: Average anxiety and depressive symptom T-scores were 51.0 (range 33–73) and 53.4 (range 44–90), respectively. We observed consistent findings for exposures around the fourth year of life, as this was present for both continuous and dichotomized anxiety symptoms, in both independent exposure models and distributed lag modeling approaches. This window was also observed for elevated depressive symptoms. An additional consistent finding was for PM2.5 exposure during early pregnancy in relation to both clinically elevated anxiety and depressive symptoms, this was seen in both traditional and distributed lag modeling approaches. Conclusion: Both early life and recent PM2.5 exposure were associated with higher mental health symptoms in the child highlighting the role of PM2.5 in the etiology of these conditions.
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Bartels, Susanne, Mikael Ögren, Jeong-Lim Kim, Sofie Fredriksson, and Kerstin Persson Waye. "The impact of nocturnal road traffic noise, bedroom window orientation, and work-related stress on subjective sleep quality: results of a cross-sectional study among working women." International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 94, no. 7 (2021): 1523–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00420-021-01696-w.
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Abstract Objective To examine the effect of work-related stress and road noise exposure on self-rated sleep and potential additive interaction effects. Methods Sleep and predictor variables were surveyed within two subsamples with 2191 and 1764 working women in a cross-sectional study. Sleep was assessed using a single question on general sleep quality and four questions on specific sleep problems and subsequently dichotomized (poor sleep vs. no poor sleep). Work-related stress was operationalized by job strain and effort-reward imbalance. Nocturnal exposure to road traffic noise was assessed as (a) the orientation of the bedroom window to a quiet façade vs. a low-, medium- or high-trafficked street and (b) energy-equivalent sound pressure levels for night-time modelled at the most exposed façade (Lnight). We distinguished between low (< 45 dB(A)), medium (45–50 dB(A)) and high exposure (> 50 dB(A)). Results Poor sleep was associated with job strain and effort-reward imbalance. The prevalence of poor sleep did not increase with increasing Lnight, but bedroom window orientation showed a non-significant trend. A quiet façade had a protective effect on sleep in each Lnight category. We found a non-significant trend for an additive interaction between bedroom window orientation and job strain. Conclusion Noise levels modelled for the most exposed façade likely overestimate the actual exposure and thus may not be a precise predictor of poor sleep. Bedroom window orientation seems more relevant. Potential additive interaction effects between bedroom window orientation and job strain should be considered when interpreting epidemiological study results on noise-induced sleep disturbances.
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Cao, Changsheng, Jun Gao, Li Wu, Xihui Ding, and Xu Zhang. "Ventilation improvement for reducing individual exposure to cooking-generated particles in Chinese residential kitchen." Indoor and Built Environment 26, no. 2 (2016): 226–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x16673215.
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This paper investigates the situation of residential kitchen ventilation and individual exposure in China and attempts to reduce the exposure through organizing local make-up airflow. Measurements were conducted in a kitchen chamber to reproduce the real exposure to the cooking-generated particles under the mode of natural make-up airflow surveyed. Measurements results show that an individual cooking in a kitchen could be exposed to a concentration of airborne particles at ∼10 mg/m3 within a simplified cooking process of oil heating, in the case of an experimental kitchen chamber with an open window or closed window/door. Local make-up airflow through upward make-up air supply or downward make-up air supply was further investigated to determine the effectiveness for reduction of the exposure level. When the air-supply velocity at the outlet of the upward make-up air supply or downward make-up air supply mode was well defined, the individual exposure level could be reduced by 2–3 orders of magnitude, as compared to the baseline case when all the make-up air was from open window. Intake fraction of cooking-generated particles could be as low as ∼10−5 and ∼10−6 under the two modes. This finding has illustrated that well-organized local make-up airflow could largely reduce an individual’s exposure to the cooking-generated particles in Chinese residential kitchen.
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Liu, Zhongyang, Yue Chen, Xuanyu Li, Luwei Wang, and Junle Qu. "Effects of Electron Beam Lithography Process Parameters on the Structure of Nanoscale Devices Across Three Substrate Materials." Photonics 12, no. 3 (2025): 226. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12030226.
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Electron beam lithography (EBL) is a pivotal technology in the fabrication of nanoscale devices, renowned for its high precision and resolution capabilities. This paper explores the effect of EBL process parameters on various substrate materials, including silicon dioxide, silicon-on-insulator (SOI), and silicon nitride. We specifically investigate the impact of the charging effect and reveal the narrow exposure dose windows necessary to achieve optimal pattern fidelity. Based on the measurement results of linewidth, the relationship between exposure dose and the width of the structure pattern after development was analyzed. The optimum exposure dose window for each substrate is identified. Furthermore, through simulations of the charge effect, we demonstrate strategies for mitigating this effect on different substrates, even in complex structural configurations. Our findings contribute to enhancing the capabilities of EBL in semiconductor and insulator manufacturing and research.
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Perinpalingam, Birunthan, Anthony Ariyanayagam, and Mahen Mahendran. "Experimental and Numerical Studies of Window Shutters Under Bushfire Radiant Heat Exposure." Fire 8, no. 3 (2025): 94. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire8030094.
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The growing intensity and frequency of bushfires across the globe pose serious threats to building safety when it comes to the vulnerability of glass windows. During bushfires, extreme heat can cause significant damage to these windows, creating openings that allow embers, radiant heat, and flames to enter buildings. This study investigated the effectiveness of various construction materials, including thin steel sheets, glass fibre blankets, aluminium foil layers, and intumescent layers on glass fibre blankets, as bushfire-resistant shutters for protecting windows in bushfire-prone areas. The shutters were tested under two scenarios of radiant heat exposure: rapid and prolonged exposures of 11 and 47 min, respectively. Heat transfer models of the tested shutters were developed and validated using fire test results, and then comparisons of the performance of materials were made through parametric studies for bushfire radiant heat exposure. The results show that a 0.4 mm glass fibre blanket with aluminium foil performed best, with very low glass temperatures and ambient heat fluxes due to the reflective properties of the foil. Similarly, a thin steel sheet (1.2 mm) also effectively maintained low glass temperatures and ambient heat fluxes. Additionally, graphite-based intumescent coating on a glass fibre blanket reduced the ambient heat flux. These results highlight the importance of bushfire-resistant shutters and provide valuable insights for improving their design and performance.
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Kamineni, Srinath, Eric Abbenhaus, and Ryan Snowden. "“Triple Window” Surgical Approach to the Elbow: A Hybrid Exposure." Techniques in Shoulder & Elbow Surgery 21, no. 4 (2020): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/bte.0000000000000207.
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Kim, Keewan, and Alexandra Purdue-Smithe. "Dietary patterns and ovarian reserve: What’s the relevant exposure window?" Fertility and Sterility 114, no. 3 (2020): 512–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.06.001.
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Martz, D. H., M. Selin, O. von Hofsten, et al. "High average brightness water window source for short-exposure cryomicroscopy." Optics Letters 37, no. 21 (2012): 4425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.37.004425.
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