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Journal articles on the topic 'Window Performance'
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1
Kim, Seok-Hyun, Hakgeun Jeong, and Soo Cho. "A Study on Changes of Window Thermal Performance by Analysis of Physical Test Results in Korea." Energies 12, no. 20 (October 10, 2019): 3822. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12203822.
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The interest in zero energy buildings is increasing in South Korea. Zero energy buildings need to save energy by using passive technology. The window performance is important to the thermal insulation of the building. Also, the government regulates the window performance through regulation and standards. However, it is difficult to predict window performance because the components of the window have become complicated due to the various materials used in the glass and frame. Based on window performance standards and regulations, the quality of window performance was managed. In this research, to consider thermal performance in proper window design in South Korea, we confirmed the impact on the thermal performance of the window through various kinds of materials and shapes. The authors also propose a window shape classification and frame calculation method based on actual test results. The authors analyzed the thermal performance data of the windows provided by the Korea Energy Agency and confirmed the change in the thermal performance of the windows by year and by frame material. The average U-value of the window decreased from 2012 to 2015 and maintained similar values until 2017. In 2018, this value was decreased to comply. Also, the authors confirmed the U-value of the windows through actual physical experiments and confirmed the change in thermal performance by the construction of the windows based on the results. The results show, in the case of aluminum windows, the U-value corresponding to Grade 3 (1.4–2.1 W/m2·K) was as high as about 60%. Regarding the analyzed results of the U-values of PVC windows, Grade 3 (U-value of 1.4–2.1 W/m2·K) accounted for about 35%, and Grade 2 (U-value of 1.0–1.4 W/m2·K) for about 29%. This paper also confirmed that the frame U-value of the PVC windows is lower than the frame U-value of the aluminum windows. Therefore, the authors proposed the performance index of the glazing part in PVC and aluminum window design. The results of this research can be used as basic data to identify problems in the method of determining the performance of windows in Korea.
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Perkins, Raymond T., David D. Allred, Larry V. Knight, and James M. Thorne. "Design of High Performance Soft X-ray Windows." Advances in X-ray Analysis 33 (1989): 615–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800020085.
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X-ray windows are used in sources and detectors to separate the neighborhood of the x-ray generation or detection from the use environment. While each use has its own requirements, there are some principles that should be used in designing an optimal x-ray window. Because x rays are absorbed to some extent by all materials, minimizing absorption is one criterion in preparing windows. Also, for most uses there is a pressure difference across the window so that ensuring pinhole-free structure and sufficient mechanical strength to support the differential is another criterion for window design. Traditionally, absorption, is minimized by fabricating the window with lower atomic number (low Z) elements such as Be, B or C. However, the wavelength (energy) region of interest becomes a very important complicating factor.
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Iordache, Florin, Iulian Clita, and Arthur-Sebastian Klepş. "Energy Performance Analysis of Insulating Windows." Mathematical Modelling in Civil Engineering 9, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mmce-2013-0006.
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Abstract The present paper thematically fits in the current concern for reducing energy consumption to ensure normal thermal comfort in residential and tertiary building heated spaces. Windows are an important area of the building envelope through which heat dissipates from the interior space to the exterior. As it is known the new insulating window types significantly reduce energy dissipation by both transmission and infiltration. This paper aims to establish the theoretical correlations that exist between different constructive functional parameters of insulating windows, such as gas or gases located between two or three window sheets and low-ε films to be applied on interior faces of the transparent elements. The theoretical work procedures as well as the tabulated and graphical results regarding the thermal resistances for various insulated window structures are presented. The results are analyzed in comparison with the values contained in the C107 regulation for building heat calculations.
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No, Sang-Tae, and Jun-Sik Seo. "Analysis of Window Components Affecting U-Value Using Thermal Transmittance Test Results and Multiple Linear Regression Analysis." Advances in Civil Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1780809.
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Currently, global warming is accelerating, and many countries are trying to reduce greenhouse emission by enforcing low energy building. And the thermal performance of the windows is one of the factors that greatly influence the heating and cooling energy consumption of buildings. According to the development of the window system, the thermal performance of the windows is greatly improved. There are simulations and tests for window thermal performance evaluation techniques, but both are time consuming and costly. The purpose of this study is to develop a convenient method of predicting U-value at the window system design stage by multiple linear regression analysis. 532 U-value test results were collected, and window system components were set as independent values. As a result, the number of windows (single or double) among the components of the window has the greatest effect on the U-value. In this research, two regression equations for predicting U-value of window system were suggested, and the estimated standard errors of equations were 0.2569 in single window and 0.2039 in double window.
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Kalbe, Kristo, and Targo Kalamees. "Influence of Window Details on the Energy Performance of an nZEB." Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering 24, no. 1 (April 17, 2019): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sace.24.1.23234.
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One of the largest sources of heat loss in buildings are the windows. However, windows are alsoimportant to increase solar heat gain and provide daylight. It is necessary to understand how windowdetails influence the energy performance of very energy efficient houses. This is valuable informationfor the design decision making process and may lead to further research or product development. Thispaper examines the influence of window frame thermal transmittance, window frame width and windowinstallation depth on the energy demand of the building. A single-family prefabricated timber nZEBlocated in Estonia was used as a reference building for this study. The results show that decreasing thethermal transmittance and width of the window frame have a remarkable effect on the energy demandof the nZEB (a variation of 42% and 25% respectively). The effect of optimising window installation depthis insignificant (ca 3% variation of heat demand on most of the window placement range and up to 10%of increase in heat demand when comparing the optimal placement to the least effective one). However,it can further improve the energy performance.
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Samad, Md Abdus, Jia Uddin, and Md Razu Ahmed. "FIR Filter Design Using Modified Lanczos Window Function." Advanced Materials Research 566 (September 2012): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.566.49.
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Attenuated side lobe peak in the range of around ~-45dB is required in many applications of signal processing and measurements. However, the problem is usual window based FIR filter design lies in its side lobes amplitudes that are higher than the requirement of application. We propose a modified Lanczos window function by heuristic by examining the Lanczos window, which has better performance like equiripple, minimum side lobe compared to the several commonly used windows. The proposed window has slightly larger main lobe width of the commonly used Hamming window, while featuring 5.1~18.5 dB smaller side lobe peak. The proposed modified Lanczos window maintains its maximum side lobe peak about -55.2~-51.9 dB compared to -39~-36.7 dB of Hamming window for M=10~14, while offering roughly equal main lobe width. Our simulated results also show significant performance upgrading of the proposed modified Lanczos window compared to the Kaiser, Gaussian, and Lanczos windows. The proposed modified Lanczos window also shows better performance than Dolph-Chebyshev window. Finally, the example of designed low pass FIR filter confirms the efficiency of the proposed modified Lanczos window.
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Najaf Khosravi, Shiva, and Ardeshir Mahdavi. "A CFD-Based Parametric Thermal Performance Analysis of Supply Air Ventilated Windows." Energies 14, no. 9 (April 23, 2021): 2420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14092420.
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Ventilated windows have the potential to contribute to both indoor air quality and energy efficiency in cold climates. A typical ventilated window functions as a solar collector under inward air flow direction and incident solar radiation. The ventilated window is a modification of the multiple pane windows in which air is drawn in from outside and is heated through conduction, convection, and radiation in the cavity. In this study, a detailed parametric analysis was conducted to investigate the thermal performance of ventilated windows and their capacity to preheat ventilation air. High-resolution 3D steady RANS computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations were performed for six ventilated window geometries. Model results were compared with measurements. The following geometric characteristics were evaluated in detail: (i) The height of the window, (ii) the width of the cavity, (iii) the location of double-layered glazing, and (iv) the width of the supply air opening. The results suggested that taller cavities and a smaller cavity depth can provide higher incoming air temperature. Windows with inner double-layered glazing and a smaller width of supply air opening displayed a better thermal performance.
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Park, Jaesung, Myunghwan Oh, and Chul-sung Lee. "Thermal Performance Optimization and Experimental Evaluation of Vacuum-Glazed Windows Manufactured via the In-Vacuum Method." Energies 12, no. 19 (September 24, 2019): 3634. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12193634.
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Windows are essential in buildings; however, they have poor thermal performance, so extensive research has been conducted on improving their performance. In this study, we developed vacuum-glazed windows with excellent insulation via the in-vacuum method, which shortens the manufacturing time and vacuuming degree considerably. In addition, the configuration of the pillars, low-emissivity (low-e) coating, and frame from a thermal performance perspective was experimentally optimized. The results revealed that the optimal pillar placement spacing is 40 mm and that the low-e coating surface must be located inside the vacuum layer to maximize insulation performance. The vacuum-glazed window produced by the in-vacuum method was applied to an actual residential building to investigate its thermal performance, which was compared with that of a triple-glazed window. The results showed that the center-of-glazing heat flow of the vacuum-glazed window was approximately 0.8 W/m2K lower than that of the triple-glazed window. The difference between the average indoor and outdoor surface temperatures during the nighttime was found to be up to 35.1 °C for the vacuum-glazed window and 23.1 °C for the triple-glazed window. Therefore, the energy efficiency of the building can be greatly improved by applying vacuum windows manufactured via the in-vacuum method and optimized for the best thermal performance.
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Choi, Gyeong Seok, Tae Jung Kim, Jae Sik Kang, and Hyun Jung Choi. "Design and Energy Performance Evaluation of Energy Efficiency Windows with Nanotechnology Convergence Type." Applied Mechanics and Materials 521 (February 2014): 752–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.521.752.
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The purpose of this study, including an aluminum frame high efficiency window system is to develop and validate. In this study, simulation program based on the Window and Therm simulation program, aluminum frame profile, thermal bridges through optimization design of barrier efficiency of the 6type aluminum window system was constructed. In the results of high-efficiency windows system performance assessment, U value 0.8 ~ 1.1W/m2·K, air-tightness performance ratings of 1 showed the windows energy efficiency rating that meets the Class 1 or 2 ratings showed. This study is based on an aluminum frame with a high-efficiency windows were secure system design technology, future public housing, commercial buildings is expected to be applied to a variety of buildings.
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Rhee, S., S. Kim, H. R. Ahn, and T. Kim. "COMPARING STEREO IMAGE MATCHING PERFORMANCE BY MULTIDIMENSIONAL SEARCH WINDOWS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4 (September 19, 2018): 523–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-523-2018.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Image matching is a key technology for extraction of dense point cloud and 3D terrain information using satellite/aerial imagery. In image matching using brightness values of pixels, the size of search window is an important factor for determining the matching performance. In this study, we perform matching using multi-dimensional search windows applicable to area-based matching and compare the performance. Also, the search window is reconfigured by using the linear information existing on the image, and the matching is tried. Comparing the fixed search window and the multi-window matching results, it was confirmed that the multiple windows under the same conditions show relatively high accuracy. We can also see that the method of applying the line element has slightly better accuracy. As a result of applying the line element extraction technique, a large number of pixels are not extracted compared with the total image pixel amount. There was no significant difference in the results of visual analysis. However, we have confirmed that this technique has contributed to improving accuracy.</p>
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Ebanks, Peta-Gaye, and Russell Richman. "Towards harmonizing the NFRC and CEN window performance simulation methods." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 46, no. 8 (August 2019): 687–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2017-0636.
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Studies have found that the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) and National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC) methods produce different U-values for the same window resulting in confusion when comparing products. A comparative evaluation of the NFRC and CEN U-value calculation methods was conducted for North American residential high-performance window products with focus on the most influential parameters in determining the whole window U-value for high-performance windows. Using two-dimensional conduction simulation software, four North American high-performance frame types with double, triple, and quad glazing combinations were simulated and calculated according to the NFRC and CEN standard methods. Overall, the trend showed that for the specific window combinations of this study, the higher the performance of the insulated glazing unit (IGU), the lesser the differences in the whole window U-value of both methods. The results showed an overall difference of 1 to 11% in whole window U-value when using the NFRC and CEN standards, lower than other studies. Generally, the NFRC standard resulted in the lower U-value for each case. Recommendations for harmonization of the two standards include aligning boundary conditions, frame cavity models, and material conductivities.
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Wang, Yuanyuan, Yanzhe Yu, Tianzhen Ye, and Quan Bo. "Ventilation Characteristics and Performance Evaluation of Different Window-Opening Forms in a Typical Office Room." Applied Sciences 11, no. 19 (September 26, 2021): 8966. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11198966.
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As most existing office buildings in China lack fresh air systems for ventilation, natural ventilation with windows remains the main means of improving indoor air quality and adjusting indoor thermal comfort. However, knowledge of the ventilation characteristics of various window-opening forms in actual buildings is limited and current methods for evaluating ventilation performance lack a comprehensive consideration of ventilation rate and thermal comfort. In this study, the ventilation characteristics of different window-opening forms were systematically compared by conducting computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. A full-scale experiment was conducted in a typical office room in a university in Tianjin to validate the CFD simulation. Two ventilation modes (wind-driven cross-ventilation and temperature-driven single-sided ventilation), three window-opening angles, and seven window types were investigated. Additionally, the ratio of the ventilation rate to the absolute value of thermal sensation was used to quantify the indoor natural-ventilation performance. The results showed that a sliding window with a full opening has the highest discharge coefficients of 0.68 and 0.52 under wind-driven cross-ventilation and temperature-driven single-sided ventilation, respectively, and top-hung windows opening both inwards and outwards have better ventilation performance than other window types under the two ventilation modes. This study is applicable to the design and practice of natural ventilation.
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Kang, Jun-Gu, Jin-Hee Kim, and Jun-Tae Kim. "Performance Evaluation of DSC Windows for Buildings." International Journal of Photoenergy 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/472086.
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Interest in BIPV systems with dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) that can replace building windows has increased for zero energy buildings. Although DSCs have lower efficiency in terms of electricity generation than silicon solar cells, they allow light transmission and application of various colors; they also have low production costs, which make them especially suitable for BIPV systems. DSC research is interdisciplinary, involving electrical, chemical, material, and metal engineering. A considerable amount of research has been conducted on increasing the electrical efficiency of DSC and their modules. However, there has not been sufficient research on building applications of DSC systems. The aim of this study is to evaluate the optical performance and thermal performance of DSC windows in buildings. For this study, DSC experimental models with different thicknesses and dye colors were manufactured, and their optical properties, such as transmittance and reflectivity, were measured by a spectrometer. The thermal and optical characteristics of double-glazed windows with DSC were analyzed with a window performance analysis program, WINDOW 6.0.
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Kim, Jae-Hyang, and Seung-Hoon Han. "Energy Generation Performance of Window-Type Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells by Color and Transmittance." Sustainability 12, no. 21 (October 28, 2020): 8961. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12218961.
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Previous research has shown Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) to have excellent applicability for building exterior materials and windows, because they can be controlled in terms of Visible Light Transmittance (VLT) and color, and thus have good variability. However, windows with solar cells may not show ideal energy generation efficiency. This depends on a variety of factors, such as window composition, shadow, and light scattering. In this paper, through mock-up tests, the energy generation of DSSCs with various transmittances and colors was measured. Red, Green, and Blue (RGB)-based DSSCs of 7, 10, and 20% VLT were used, and Pmax values were measured for solar radiation for comparison. As a result of the comparison, performance estimates were made for each color and VLT when used as a window. In this study, the electrical energy generated by DSSCs was measured in an environment applied to a real window, not a virtual environment. Therefore, the study is meaningful, in that data that can estimate performance when applying various types of DSSCs in a real-world window environment were created.
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Wang, Hong Wei, Ya Dong Zheng, and Fang Wen Tu. "Influences of External Windows on Energy Consumption of Industrial Buildings in Cold Areas." Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (May 2011): 3055–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.3055.
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Shenyang is located in the cold areas and main industy city in China. The most current industrial buildings can’t meet the demand of energy-saving standard because of the thermal insulation performance of the windows.This paper aims at using DeST software to analyze industrial workshop energy consumption, according to different types of external windows and window-wall ratio of buildings to provide reference for energy saving design of industrial buildings in Shenyang area.The thermal performance of the windows has great effect on the heat load. The lower the heat transfer coefficient of windows is, the more beneficial for energy saving of the buildings. The window-wall ratio has great effect on the energy consumption, and different heat-transfer coefficients possess various sensitivity for window-wall ratio, and reflective glass varis smaller than the others.It is better for energy saving to replace the conventional windows with plastic-steel reflective glass windows.
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Li, Jie, and Fang Wang. "Study on Door & Window Energy-Saving Technology at Hot-Summer and Cold-Winter Zone." Applied Mechanics and Materials 672-674 (October 2014): 538–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.672-674.538.
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By combining the climate conditions of hot-summer and cold-winter zone, this paper has analyzed the characteristics for energy saving of windows and doors, and the approaches for energy-saving design are proposed in accordance with the functions of thermal insulation in summer, heat preservation in winter and lighting. Through the material of glass and window frame, it can provide reference to material selection for doors and windows, and various door & window energy-saving technologies are proposed, such as the structure and measures which can improve the thermal performance of window and the reasonable area ratio of window to wall.
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Wang, Zhiqiang, Qi Tian, and Jie Jia. "Numerical Study on Performance Optimization of an Energy-Saving Insulated Window." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (January 18, 2021): 935. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020935.
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Window energy consumption has become a key factor in designing buildings with optimal energy efficiency. To that end, herein, the use of an energy-saving insulated window (ESIW) is proposed, particularly for winter heat conservation. DeST software was used to evaluate the energy consumption properties of a house with an ESIW-structure window, as well as that of six other window structures currently on the market. The results were subsequently compared. Furthermore, a series of numerical simulations were carried out using Airpak software to investigate the insulation performance of four ESIW models (A, B, C, and D) under different influencing factors. Finally, the response surface method (RSM) was used to obtain the optimal ESIW structure installation conditions and the weight of each factor. The data shows that houses with ESIW-structure windows exhibit a more suitable indoor natural temperature; less heating load, cooling load, and cumulative annual load; and a more feasible price–load ratio than other energy-saving windows. Furthermore, the average temperature gradually decreased in response to decreasing the electric heater power and energy-saving standard, and increasing the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) and window-to-wall ratio (WWR). Thus, as the energy-saving standard (ESS) increases, the importance of the WWR increases in parallel. This study puts forward an HTC prediction formula that is applicable to different conditions. The optimal thermal efficiency conditions consisted of HTC = 1.07 W/m2 × K, WWR = 0.26, and an ESS of 75%. This study demonstrates that the ESIW system has optimal energy-saving properties and broad adaptability and operability, which can be applied in building insulation as a key insulation component.
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Carradine, David, Aman Kumar, Roger Fairclough, and Graeme Beattie. "Serviceability fragility functions for New Zealand residential windows." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 53, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.53.3.137-143.
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Glazing and window systems in New Zealand have been shown to be susceptible to significant damage as evidenced by the past decade of earthquakes. The seismic performance of glazing and window systems has resulted in considerable financial loss, disruption in business and physical injuries following earthquakes. In order to investigate the vulnerability of residential windows in typical light timber framed buildings racking testing was conducted on six wall configurations. Numerous observations of window performance were made during the testing and from these results fragility functions were developed for timber and aluminium framed windows. These fragility functions suggest that even at low displacement levels damage can occur to windows that can potentially affect weather-tightness and require repairs following an earthquake. These functions can inform decisions around designing for resiliency in residential structures in New Zealand.
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Li, Chunying, Haida Tang, Junyi Tan, Cuimin Li, Yinan Yang, and Fanbo Zeng. "Numerical simulation on year-round performance of water-flow window with different shading control modes." Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 42, no. 2 (November 3, 2020): 157–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143624420970397.
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Water-flow window combines the functions of transparent building envelop, solar collector, as well as sun shading. Coloured particles are added to the flowing water within window cavity in order to provide extra shading, prevent indoor glare and enhance solar collection. The energy consumption of both air-conditioning system and water heating device can be further reduced. The aim of present investigation is to predict and analyze the year-round energy performance of a well-insulated water-flow window with different shading control modes. Accordingly, physical model of water-flow window is built up. FORTRAN program is developed and utilized in the numerical simulation. Results show that water-flow window can achieve exceptional sun blocking and cooling load reduction without occupying extra space. The year-round solar energy collection efficiency is within the range of 17.95∼21.06%. At the same time, indoor heat gain through the window can be reduced by around 50% compared with common double-layer window. The water-flow window under discussion has great application potential in buildings with constant hot water demand and high-density air-conditioning cooling load. In practice, the shading control mode should be carefully decided, and factors including climate region, hot water demand, window size and occupants' preference on indoor light environment should be taken into consideration. Numerical simulation proves to be an efficient method in predicting the energy performance of similar innovative-designed windows and a good assist in decision-making of real projects.
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Jain, Shruti, and Dinesh Kumar Verma. "Performance Of Modified Cosh Window Function." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 9, no. 3 (July 25, 2013): 1111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v9i3.3336.
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In this paper, we have analyzed the performance of modified Cosh window function.A new parameter has been proposed to the previous 2-parameter Cosh window to improve its spectral characteristics in terms of ripple-ratio and transition width.It is observed by several iterations that by increasing the values of new parameter so proposed there is a significant variation in ripple ratio and transition width of the window spectrum.By the suitable combination of two parameters of the proposed window function, an optimum modified Cosh window is derived for N=51 and N=101.Optimum window provides better spectral characteristics. This modified window has applications in digital FIR designing, image processing as it provides better minimum stop band attenuation and contrast ratio respectively.An example has been taken to show the better performance of the proposed window for FIR filter designing for specified requirements.
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Ahn, Namhyuck, and Sanghoon Park. "Heat Transfer Analysis of Timber Windows with Different Wood Species and Anatomical Direction." Energies 13, no. 22 (November 19, 2020): 6050. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13226050.
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When assessing the hygrothermal performance of timber windows, it is important to apply the unique thermal conductivity of wood by each wood species as well as an anatomical direction within the same material as they affect the performance and long-term durability of products. A series of heat transfer analyses of window frames using THERM and WINDOW along with measurements on the thermal conductivity of five hardwoods using laser flash apparatus (LFA) was performed to compare and evaluate heat transmittance (U-value) and condensation resistance (CR) of three types of timber and hybrid timber windows. For each window type, 6.1 to 10.3% of the maximum difference in the heat transmittance among cases was calculated. Besides, a linear correlation was found between the U-value and the CR for most cases; thus, the selection of wood species and anatomical direction would improve the hygrothermal performance of timber windows overall. The results also indicated that there were some cases where the overall CR of windows did not improve because the U-value of the glazing system was not sufficiently low.
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Aguilar-Santana, Jorge Luis, Hasila Jarimi, Mariana Velasco-Carrasco, and Saffa Riffat. "Review on window-glazing technologies and future prospects." International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies 15, no. 1 (December 5, 2019): 112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijlct/ctz032.
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Abstract Windows are one of the significant indicators of the energy efficiency of a building and have undergone extensive research since the last decades. This paper reviews the performance of various window technologies covering the physical and optical properties of traditional windows and advanced window technologies. In window technologies, one of the most critical parameters is its thermal transmittance value or also known as U-value. In this paper, we discuss the relationship between the physical and optical parameters of the different types of windows and its U-value. Additionally, this paper will also provide interested readers with a wide range of information, including the research gaps in window technologies. Among the main conclusions, we found that, although several advancements have been achieved in this field in the last decade, further research is needed to develop window technologies that not only have high insulating properties but also can generate power.
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Jang, Min Seon, Gyeong Seok Choi, Jae Sik Kang, and Yumin Kim. "The Effects of Window Film on the Performance of Window System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 525 (February 2014): 408–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.525.408.
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Window film is generally attached the glazing in buildings to improve the thermal performance of the window system by addressing a range of problems such as indoor temperature rise, indoor temperature imbalance, degraded heating and cooling load due to excessive influx of solar radiation. To evaluate the performance of window films, window films are attached to 3mm or 6mm clear glass. However, window films are generally used on existing window systems for reducing the annual energy consumption. Therefore it is necessary to evaluate the performance of window films depending on the performance of glazing such as clear double glazing or low-e double glazing. Thus the purpose of this study is to analyze the performance of window systems when window film is attached. As a result, in the case of applying window films for reducing the SHGC of buildings, it is necessary to select window films suitable for the configuration and performance of the glazing to be installed, considering the SHGC of the entire glazing system.
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Abdullah, Hardi K., and Halil Z. Alibaba. "Window Design of Naturally Ventilated Offices in the Mediterranean Climate in Terms of CO2 and Thermal Comfort Performance." Sustainability 12, no. 2 (January 8, 2020): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12020473.
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Natural ventilation through window openings is an inexpensive and effective solution to bring fresh air into internal spaces and improve indoor environmental conditions. This study attempts to address the “indoor air quality–thermal comfort” dilemma of naturally ventilated office buildings in the Mediterranean climate through the effective use of early window design. An experimental method of computational modelling and simulation was applied. The assessments of indoor carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration and adaptive thermal comfort were performed using the British/European standard BS EN 15251:2007. The results indicate that when windows were opened, the first-floor zones were subjected to the highest CO2 levels, especially the north-facing window in the winter and the south-facing window in the summer. For a fully glazed wall, a 10% window opening could provide all the office hours inside category I of CO2 concentration. Such an achievement requires full and quarter window openings in the cases of 10% and 25% window-to-floor ratios (WFR), respectively. The findings of the European adaptive comfort showed that less than 50% of office hours appeared in category III with cross-ventilation. The concluding remarks and recommendations are presented.
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Abaza, Hussein, and Ihab Sa'ad. "Adaptive Low-e Double Glazing Window." Journal of Green Building 1, no. 4 (November 1, 2006): 104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.1.4.104.
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This paper investigates the thermal performance of a new adaptive window which is seasonally reversible. The new window is similar in construction to the regular double-hung low-e windows, but can reverse its properties. In this window, the low-e coating faces the inside during the heating season, which reflects the infrared radiation to the inside. During the cooling season, the low-e coating faces the outside to reflect the outside heat. This window was tested in two test cells to evaluate its thermal performance. WINDOW5.2a software was used to predict the window thermal properties and BEANS building simulation software was used to predict the energy savings of the new window design. The simulation results showed an increase in the heat gain through the new window of up to 38% over the conventional double-glazing low-e window during the heating period for heavy thermal mass buildings, and 14% for light weight thermal mass buildings. At the same time, the window maintained its low heat gain properties in the cooling season. When used in moderate climates, the new adaptive window will significantly reduce energy consumption in buildings during both the heating and the cooling seasons.
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Diomidov, Mikhail, Mikhail Nizovtsev, and Viktor Terekhov. "Ventilation of window interpane cavity aimed at a higher temperature of the inner pane." Thermal Science 6, no. 1 (2002): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci0201015d.
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An experimental study of the thermal performance of an air-flow window with triple glazing is described. The measurements were carried out in a climatic chamber under conditions close to a winter season. In the experiments, the temperature and heat-flux distributions on each pane surface, and also the air-temperature distribution over the window height at the middle of the ventilated cavity were determined. The thermal performances of forced and naturally ventilated windows with internal cavities of various thicknesses are reported for a wide range of air-flow rates.
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Kang, Jae Sik, Min Seon Jang, and Gyeong Seok Choi. "Analysis on the Optical Performances of Window Film in Korea." Advanced Materials Research 689 (May 2013): 333–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.689.333.
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Recently, high efforts have been exerted all over the world to reduce energy used in buildings and to prevent environmental pollution. However, despite the fact that windows on buildings cause the greatest amount of heat energy loss, the area of windows on buildings is increasing due to the preference of high buildings, increasing demand of comfort, extended balcony based on the maximum use of indoor area, view, lighting, etc. The increase in window area is causing a major social issue, as the cooling load in summer season increased significantly due to the solar heat gain. The Window Film maximally permits the penetration ratio of visible light inflow and blocks UV and infrared rays. In the summer time, it blocks the inflow of solar energy and in the winter time the warm indoor temperature is maintained to enhance heating efficiency. Consequently, this study will examine the current recognition standards of window films within and outside the nation and analyze the insulation performance and the cooling load reduction effects of window films distributed in the nation so as to develop a recognition standard for high-efficiency constructional window films.
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ARAI, Koichiro, Yoshiharu ASANO, Hideki TAKAMURA, Kazuhiro IWAI, Kohei SENPUKUJI, Yuta TOMIZAWA, and Koji FUKUSHIMA. "EVALUATION OF INSULATION PERFORMANCE OF WINDOW." AIJ Journal of Technology and Design 21, no. 49 (2015): 1107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijt.21.1107.
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Piccolo, Antonio, and Francesca Simone. "Performance requirements for electrochromic smart window." Journal of Building Engineering 3 (September 2015): 94–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2015.07.002.
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Dougal, Roger A., and Shengyi Liu. "High performance micropane electron beam window." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures 18, no. 6 (2000): 2750. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.1319694.
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DAS, J. "Performance evaluation by window control mechanisms." International Journal of Systems Science 17, no. 10 (October 1986): 1381–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207728608926894.
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McDonald, S., and A. M. Heine. "Development Centres: Another Window on Performance." Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources 29, no. 3 (March 1, 1992): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103841119202900306.
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Hariyama, Masanori, and Michitaka Kameyama. "Stereo Vision VLSI Processor Based on Pixel-Serial and Window-Parallel Architecture." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 12, no. 5 (October 20, 2000): 521–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2000.p0521.
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This article presents a stereo-matching algorithm to establish reliable correspondence between images by selecting a desirable window size for SAD (Sum of Absolute Differences) computation. In SAD computation, parallelism between pixels in a window changes depending on its window size, while parallelism between windows is predetermined by the input-image size. Based on this consideration, a window-parallel and pixel-serial architecture is proposed to achieve 100% utilization of processing elements. Performance of the VLSI processor is evaluated to be more than 10,000 times higher than that of a general-purpose processor.
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Lam, Bhan, Dongyuan Shi, Valiantsin Belyi, Shulin Wen, Woon-Seng Gan, Kelvin Li, and Irene Lee. "Active Control of Low-Frequency Noise through a Single Top-Hung Window in a Full-Sized Room." Applied Sciences 10, no. 19 (September 29, 2020): 6817. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10196817.
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The push for greater urban sustainability has increased the urgency of the search for noise mitigation solutions that allow for natural ventilation into buildings. Although a viable active noise control (ANC) solution with up to 10 dB of global attenuation between 100 Hz and 1000 Hz was previously developed for an open window, it had limited low-frequency performance below 300 Hz, owing to the small loudspeakers used. To improve the low-frequency attenuation, four passive radiator-based speakers were affixed around the opening of a top-hung ventilation window. The active control performance between 100 Hz and 700 Hz on a single top-hung window in a full-sized mock-up apartment room was examined. Active attenuation came close to the performance of the passive insulation provided by fully closing the window for expressway traffic and motorbike passing noise types. For a jet aircraft flyby, the performance of active attenuation with the window fully opened was similar to that of passive insulation with fully closed windows. In the case of low-frequency compressor noise, active attenuation’s performance was significantly better than the passive insulation. Overall, between 8 dB and 12 dB of active attenuation was achieved directly in front of the window opening, and up to 10.5 dB of attenuation was achieved across the entire room.
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Liu, Xiangfeng, Juanli Guo, and Jiehui Wang. "Numerical and experimental studies on the energy performance of thermal mass windows." Journal of Building Physics 42, no. 5 (July 26, 2018): 692–721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1744259118789452.
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Thermal mass window is a transparent water storage envelope for improving energy efficiency of building. Currently, the embedded algorithms in all energy simulation programs disable the explicit energy simulation of building zones with thermal mass windows. The energy simulation methodology for building zones with thermal mass windows, as well as the comparative experiment for testing their energy performance, is presented in the article. For solving the inherent energy simulation problem, the integrated numerical approach based on the simplified one-dimensional nodal thermal model and the optical model was proposed. In a case study, the numerical approach was applied to an office-building zone with a typical thermal mass window to investigate its energy performance. Meanwhile, a comparative experiment on two thermal boxes with and without thermal mass windows under the identical outdoor conditions was also performed for the verification of energy performance of thermal mass windows. Both the simulation and the experimental results reveal that thermal mass windows can outperform conventional glazing in terms of thermal performance and energy efficiency. Shaded thermal mass windows in summer can produce cooling load reduction, while exposed ones in sunny winter days contribute to heating load reduction, which is beneficial for building energy saving.
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Jung, Dong Eun, Chanuk Lee, Kwang Ho Lee, Minjae Shin, and Sung Lok Do. "Evaluation of Building Energy Performance with Optimal Control of Movable Shading Device Integrated with PV System." Energies 14, no. 7 (March 24, 2021): 1799. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14071799.
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Among the envelope components (e.g., walls, roofs, floors, and windows, etc.) affecting the cooling and heating load of buildings, windows are the most thermally vulnerable. Shading devices can minimize the thermal load on windows due to solar radiation and decrease radiation effects. However, the load changes due to convection and conduction should be considered. Therefore, when a shading device is applied to a window, control logic for thermal blocking and heat retention is necessary to prevent the load changes. In addition, by combining the opposite features of photovoltaic (PV) that require solar radiation and the shading device to block solar radiation, energy-saving and production can be achieved simultaneously. Therefore, this study minimized the thermal effects of windows using a movable shading device integrated with PV and evaluated the PV power generation. This study evaluated the effects on window heat transfer by applying artificial intelligence techniques, which have recently attracted attention, to system operation. To achieve this, artificial neural network (ANN)-based control logic was developed, and the control performance of the system was assessed using simulations. In ANN control, the window heat transfer was 86.3% lower in a cooling period and 9.7% lower in a heating period compared with that of a shading device fixed at 45°. Furthermore, the PV system produced 3.0 to 3.1% more electric power under optimal control during the cooling period.
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Ren, Jing, and Ming fang Tang. "Study on the Cooling Effect of Window Gardens." E3S Web of Conferences 172 (2020): 24009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017224009.
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Window gardens are known to provide a window view with psychological and physiological benefits, whether they can be used for passive cooling of buildings remains to be investigated. This paper aims to supplement the impact of window gardens on the thermal performance of windows, walls, and even indoor air temperatures, which previous research has ignored. A field experiment was conducted for two classrooms with integrated planting troughs outside the windows, with and without living plants. The indoor air temperature and the interior surface temperature of the two classrooms were measured on a typical hot summer day, with windows closed and air conditioners switched off. The results show that: Window garden with living plants can not only reduce the average temperature of the indoor air by 1.1 ℃, but also reduce the average temperature of the interior surface of the building envelope by 2.8 ℃, the reduction of interior surface temperature is more obvious, which is due to the formation of a cold bridge. Therefore, Window garden can improve the summer indoor thermal environment in hot summer and warm winter area in China.
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Nelson, Andrew J., David Tingey, Takashi Shoji, and Kazuaki Shimizu. "A Supported Ultrathin Window for Improved Performance in Gas Flow Proportional Counters." Advances in X-ray Analysis 39 (1995): 881–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800023363.
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Polypropylene windows stretched to 1-1.5 μm in thickness have been traditionally used for soft x-ray detection on gas flow proportional counters. Theoretical calculations show that significant transmission Improvement could result from a thinner window. The trade-offs to ultimate transmission have traditionally been reliability and durability. A 0.3 um window has been fabricated to show significant improvement for light element transmission, A supporting grid was used to back the film and provide additional support and durability to allow for pressure cycling during venting of the spectrometer chamber. Significant transmission improvements were observed for ultra soft x rays in the energy range below 1 KeV.
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Zhang, Wei, Wei Wang, Lingzhi Xie, Hao Tian, Mo Chen, Zihao Li, and Jianhui Li. "Cross-seasonal Experimental Study on the Comprehensive Performance of C-Si PV Window." Energies 13, no. 21 (October 30, 2020): 5684. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13215684.
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PV windows can potentially produce electricity, reduce the air-conditioning load, and provide natural light. Cross-seasonal experimental tests for long period could eliminate the gap between real outdoor test and simulation estimation. In this research, the lighting-thermal-electricity performance of high-efficiency c-silicon PV windows was tested, and the improvement has been put forward according to the conditions. The long-term experiment was conducted cross different seasons, including summer, autumn, and winter seasons. The highest average power generation, 50W/m2, could be found in autumn. The average outside surface temperature of the PV window would reach 48 °C in sunny days in the autumn, which was higher than other seasons. Although the c-Si PV window maybe block the partial daylighting, the daylighting requirement still could be satisfied with the most days. Furthermore, the average Useful Daylight Illuminance was the highest in summer up to 0.79, and the average illumination uniform could be achieved at a high level in all seasons. For the improvement suggestions, some measures could be taken to reduce the indoor cooling load in summer. During winter, appropriate inner shading measures might be taken to prevent excessive illumination in the building, and allow the electricity and thermal performance of PV window.
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Kruszka, Leopold, and Ryszard Rekucki. "Performance of Protective Doors and Windows under Impact and Explosive Loads." Applied Mechanics and Materials 82 (July 2011): 422–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.82.422.
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Experimental bullet-proof investigations for two types of steel protective doors under comparative perforation tests using various bullets shot from short and long typical fire-arms are presented. Protective windows are tested under soft impact of 30 kg mass and under aerial shock wave from explosion of an explosive blowing charge (aluminum cash desk windows) and a fuel-air mixture (steel protective windows of warship). The structural material of door leaves used is Polish standard building steel, while the window leaves - Polish architectural protective glass of P4A class in cash desk windows and duplex hardened glass in warship windows.
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Koo, So Young. "Comparative Analysis of Window Thermal Performance Calculation Method between Window Certification Systems." Journal of the architectural institute of Korea planning & design 31, no. 9 (September 30, 2015): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5659/jaik_pd.2015.31.9.119.
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Witoelar, A. W., A. Ghosh, J. J. G. de Vries, B. Hammer, and M. Biehl. "Window-Based Example Selection in Learning Vector Quantization." Neural Computation 22, no. 11 (November 2010): 2924–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_00030.
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A variety of modifications have been employed to learning vector quantization (LVQ) algorithms using either crisp or soft windows for selection of data. Although these schemes have been shown in practice to improve performance, a theoretical study on the influence of windows has so far been limited. Here we rigorously analyze the influence of windows in a controlled environment of gaussian mixtures in high dimensions. Concepts from statistical physics and the theory of online learning allow an exact description of the training dynamics, yielding typical learning curves, convergence properties, and achievable generalization abilities. We compare the performance and demonstrate the advantages of various algorithms, including LVQ 2.1, generalized LVQ (GLVQ), Learning from Mistakes (LFM) and Robust Soft LVQ (RSLVQ). We find that the selection of the window parameter highly influences the learning curves but not, surprisingly, the asymptotic performances of LVQ 2.1 and RSLVQ. Although the prototypes of LVQ 2.1 exhibit divergent behavior, the resulting decision boundary coincides with the optimal decision boundary, thus yielding optimal generalization ability.
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Li, Zhenhua, Tinghe Hu, and Ahmed Abu-Siada. "A Minimum Side-Lobe Optimization Window Function and Its Application in Harmonic Detection of an Electricity Gird." Energies 12, no. 13 (July 8, 2019): 2619. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12132619.
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Several window functions are currently applied to improve the performance of the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) harmonic detection method. These window functions exhibit poor accuracy in measuring the harmonic contents of a signal with high-order and weak-amplitude components when the power frequency fluctuates within a small range. In this paper, a minimum side-lobe optimization window function that is aimed at overcoming the abovementioned issue is proposed. Moreover, an improved DFT harmonic detection algorithm based on the six-term minimum side-lobe optimization window and four-spectrum-line interpolation method is proposed. In this context, the minimum side-lobe optimization window is obtained by optimizing the conventional cosine window function according to the optimization rules, and the characteristics of the new proposed window are provided to analyze its performance. Then, the proposed optimization window function is employed to improve the DFT harmonic detection algorithm based on the six-term minimum side-lobe optimization window and four-spectrum-line interpolation method. The proposed technique is used to detect harmonics of an electricity gird in which the six-term minimum side-lobe optimization window is utilized to eliminate the influence of spectrum leakage caused by nonsynchronous sampling of signal processing. The four-spectrum-line interpolation method is employed to eliminate or mitigate the fence effect caused by the inherent measurement error of the DFT method. Simulation experiments in two complex conditions and an experiment test are carried out to validate the improved performance of the proposed window. Results reveal that the six-term minimum side-lode optimization window has the smallest peak side lobe when compared with existing windows, which can effectively reduce the interaction influence of spectrum leakage, improve the measurement accuracy of the DFT harmonic detection method, and meet the standard requirement of harmonic measurement in complex situations.
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Syed Husin, Sharifah Nor Fairuz, and Zarina Yasmin Hanur Harith. "The Performance of Daylight through Various Windows for Residential Buildings." Asian Journal of Environment-Behaviour Studies 3, no. 6 (January 2, 2018): 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/aje-bs.v3i6.247.
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A good daylighting strategy is necessary in order to decrease energy consumption for artificial lighting. To provide effective internal illumination, the placing of the right openings in the right positions with suitable type of window and glazing is important. This study focused on the various types and materials of the glass and window, in order to identify the quantity and quality of daylight that penetrates into the residential buildings. Based on a series of measurement, it was identified that type of glazing and window gives major significance on the performance of daylight and thermal performance in residential buildings.
Keywords windows; illumination level; residential building; occupant’s perception.
eISSN 2514-751X © 2018. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open-access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.
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Kim, Jin-Hee, Seong-Koo Son, Gyeong-Seok Choi, Young-Tag Kim, Sung-Bum Kim, and Won-Ki Choi. "A Fundamental Study on the Development of New Energy Performance Index in Office Buildings." Energies 14, no. 8 (April 8, 2021): 2064. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082064.
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Recently, there have been significant concerns regarding excessive energy use in office buildings with a large window-to-wall ratio (WWR) because of the curtain wall structure. However, prior research has confirmed that the impact of the window area on energy consumption varies depending on building size. A newly proposed window-to-floor ratio (WFR) correlates better with energy consumption in the building. In this paper, we derived the correlation by analyzing a simulation using EnergyPlus, and the results are as follows. In the case of small buildings, the results of this study showed that the WWR and energy requirement increase proportionally, and the smaller the size is, the higher the energy sensitivity will be. However, results also confirmed that this correlation was not established for buildings approximately 3600 m2 or larger. Nevertheless, from analyzing the correlation between the WFR and the energy requirements, it could be deduced that energy required increased proportionally when the WFR was 0.1 or higher. On the other hand, the correlation between WWR, U-value, solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC), and material property values of windows had little effect on energy when the WWR was 20%, and the highest effect was seen at a WWR of 100%. Further, with an SHGC below 0.3, the energy requirement decreased with an increasing WWR, regardless of U-value. In addition, we confirmed the need for in-depth research on the impact of the windows’ U-value, SHGC, and WWR, and this will be verified through future studies. In future studies on window performance, U-value, SHGC, visible light transmittance (VLT), wall U-value as sensitivity variables, and correlation between WFR and building size will be examined.
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He, Ng, Hossain, and Skitmore. "Energy-Efficient Window Retrofit for High-Rise Residential Buildings in Different Climatic Zones of China." Sustainability 11, no. 22 (November 17, 2019): 6473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11226473.
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The building envelope plays a significant role in the energy performance of buildings and windows are a key element in transmitting heating and cooling between the indoor and outdoor environment, and hence an adequate window system is one of the most important retrofit strategies of existing buildings for energy conservation. Therefore, this study presents a method with a theoretical case study to examine the improvement of energy efficiency in a typical high-rise residential building through window retrofitting. A building energy design model in Designbuilder along with a building information modeling (BIM) model in Revit are developed, with 20 common potential glazing alternatives being analyzed to predict the potential energy savings in the same case building with identical orientation located in a variety of climate zones in China. Based on different parameters and considerations, the results demonstrated that the currently relatively expensive low-e window glazing has the best energy performance in all climate zones, but is sufficiently close to conventionally glazed windows in its energy efficiency to discourage its adoption at present, and that, instead, a single dark conventional glazed window is preferred in a hot summer/warm winter climate, double dark traditional glazing in a hot summer/cold winter climate, and a double clear conventional window in a cold climate. Based on the simulated results, an indicative suggestion was provided to select an adequate window system for residential building retrofitting in the studied climates or similar climatic regions.
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Ingeli, Rastislav, Boris Vavrovič, Miroslav Čekon, and Lucia Paulovičová. "Thermal Bridges Minimizing through Window Jamb in Low Energy Buildings." Advanced Materials Research 899 (February 2014): 66–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.899.66.
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Building envelopes with high thermal resistance are typical for low-energy buildings. Detailed specification and calculation of each thermal bridge in these buildings should be taken into account. This paper is focused on thermal bridges minimizing through typical window systems in building envelopes. The aim of this article is to analyze the window position influence, as regards on thermal performance and to point out the installation modality in accordance with the characterization of the windows performance. This can be done by quantifying the percentage increment of the window jamb thermal transmittance. The calculated results also demonstrate that there is significant difference between results obtained by various available calculation approaches. This can be significant especially in buildings with high thermal protection.
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Gonzalez, Evan S., and Gregory G. Davidson. "Choosing Transport Events for Initiating Splitting and Rouletting." Journal of Nuclear Engineering 2, no. 2 (March 26, 2021): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jne2020010.
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A study was performed to determine which transport events should be used to initiate a weight window lookup to achieve the best variance reduction performance. A weight window lookup potentially triggers particle splitting (in important regions of phase space) or rouletting (in unimportant regions), thereby optimizing computational effort. Potential initiating transport events include collisions (both pre- and post-collision), geometry surface crossings, traversing a mean-free path, and streaming across a weight window boundary. Permutations of these initiating events were tested on an urban model with background radiation sources and a spent fuel cask with a neutron dose mesh tally. Generally, all methods perform better with finer weight window meshes. Tracking on weight windows performs well for coarse weight window meshes, while a combination of splitting each mean-free path, geometric surface crossing, and before collisions performs well for fine weight window meshes.
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Omodaka, Yuichi, Kyosuke Hiyama, Thanyalak Srisamranrungruang, Yutaka Oura, and Yukiyasu Asaoka. "Application of Dynamic Insulation Technique to Airflow Window System." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 03041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911103041.
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It is necessary to improve solar blocking performance and reduce solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) of openings in office buildings in order to reduce the cooling loads. Airflow windows are often practiced in Japan’s office buildings. In this research, we apply a Dynamic Insulation (DI) technique into an airflow window system to improve the solar blocking performance. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analyses have been used to measure the thermal performance of the numerical opening model. In the case of using a conventional airflow window model, the inner-surface temperature of the inner glass is 29.4℃. In case the DI technique is applied, it is 27.0℃. The declination of the inner-surface temperature of the window improves the radiant environment in the building perimeter space. Moreover, the heat flux into the room is decreased due to the decline in the temperature difference between indoor temperature and the inner glass surface temperature.
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Eva, Charles, and Tara C. Hutchinson. "Experimental Evaluation of the In-Plane Seismic Behavior of Storefront Window Systems." Earthquake Spectra 27, no. 4 (November 2011): 997–1021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.3651407.
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Storefront window systems have been shown to suffer significant damage during earthquake loading, resulting in the potential for human injuries and significant economic losses. Despite the potential for film-coated windows to minimize seismic-induced damage to window systems, limited study has been undertaken. Furthermore, no thorough study of the effects of loading histories on window system performance has been performed to-date. Finally, previous studies have been limited in terms of their variation of window system geometry. In this work, three variables of interest were studied through in-plane seismic racking experiments of storefront window systems, namely: (i) loading protocol, (ii) window film type and attachment, and (iii) aspect ratio. This paper presents the overall experimental program, the identified damage modes and associated drift limits, and trends associated with variation of the window film and aspect ratio. A companion paper in this issue (Hutchinson et. al. 2011) summarizes studies of the effects of load protocol.