Relevant bibliographies by topics / Window-to-wall ratio

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Window-to-wall ratio'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Window-to-wall ratio"

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Li, Chun E., Ya Jun Wang, and Ying Cai. "Influences of Exterior Windows on Heating and Air-Conditioning System Energy Consumption in Residential Building." Applied Mechanics and Materials 521 (February 2014): 714–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.521.714.

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The energy consumption of a typical design of a building in Lanzhou was simulated by the software DeST-h to gain the changing regulation of rooms load index with different window-wall ratio, shading coefficient and the heat transfer coefficient. Research shows that the optimal window-wall ratio is 0.5 in the south orientation. In the other orientations, the smaller radio of window-wall could assure less energy consumption.
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Dwiana, Melisa Imam, Agus Budi Purnomo, and Nuzuliar Rahmah. "STUDI WINDOW-TO-WALL RATIO PADA KANTOR PEMERINTAH DI JAKARTA SELATAN." Idealog: Ide dan Dialog Desain Indonesia 5, no. 1 (March 26, 2021): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.25124/idealog.v5i1.2749.

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Kantor pemerintah merupakan bangunan yang diharapkan dapat menjadi contoh sebagai bangunan hemat energi yang baik. Banyak usaha yang dapat dilakukan untuk menghemat energi, salah satunya memperhatikan desain fasade. Jendela sebagai bukaan pada fasade dapat diatur sedemikian rupa sehingga panas matahari tidak membuat peningkatan energi untuk mendinginkan ruangan sekaligus mengurangi penggunaan lampu pada siang hari. Salah satu aspek yang dapat digunakan untuk menilai kinerja bukaan jendela adalah Window-to-Wall Ratio (WWR). Rasio diperoleh dengan membagi total luas bukaan pada dinding yang menggunakan kaca dengan luas permukaan keseluruhan bidang selubung bangunan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mempelajari nilai WWR dari bangunan kantor pemerintahan yang ada di Jakarta Selatan. Penelitian ini menggunakan tampak bangunan dari 20 gedung kantor pemerintahan di Jakarta Selatan sebagai kasus studi. Hasil penelitian berupa nilai rata rata WWR kantor pemerintahan yang nantinya dibandingkan dengan rata-rata WWR kantor sejenis dari literatur lain. Dari hasil penelitian, diperoleh rata rata nilai WWR sama dengan 24.6%, yang mana masih berada di rentang WWR dalam penelitian lain.Kata kunci : Hemat Energi, Selubung Bangunan, Kantor Pemerintah, Window-to-Wall Ratio (WWR)
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Wang, Gang. "Study on Effect of the External Wall and Windows Heat Load Ratio to the Total Heat Load on the Indoor Heat Comfortability." Applied Mechanics and Materials 353-356 (August 2013): 3005–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.353-356.3005.

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To study the relation between the heat load ratio of the external wall and window to the total heat load and the indoor heat comfortability index PMV, putting up the numerical calculation to a radiator heating room. It gains the value of the PMV when the heat load ratio of the external wall and window to the total heat load is separately 0.2 and 0.8, 0.3 and 0.7, 0.4 and 0.6, 0.5 and 0.5, 0.6 and 0.4. And it draws the curve about the PMV and the different heat load ratio of the external wall and window to the total heat load. The curve shows that when the heat load ratio of the external wall and window to the total heat load is 0.4 and 0.6, the indoor heat comfortability index PMV is maximal.
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Shao, Teng, Hong Jin, Wuxing Zheng, and Jin Wang. "The Influence of Window-Wall Ratio on Heating Energy Consumption of Rural House in Severe Cold Regions of China." E3S Web of Conferences 173 (2020): 03008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017303008.

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Rural houses in severe cold areas of China are mostly single-storey independent buildings with large shape coefficient. Compared with urban residential, it has larger contact area between envelope and outdoor environment of each household. Meanwhile, the heat transfer coefficient of window is usually greater than that of external wall and roof. The window-wall ratio is one of the important indicators affecting the energy consumption of rural house. This paper takes window-wall ratio as the main variable, building orientation, thermal performance of envelope and window heat transfer coefficient as the auxiliary variables, and applies DesignBuilder software to quantitatively analyse the mechanism of window-wall ratio on rural house’s heating energy consumption under the interactive influence of multiple factors. Results show that the influence rule of window-wall ratio with different orientations on heating energy consumption will change when the thermal performance of envelope or window heat transfer coefficient changed. The synthetic effect of various factors should be considered in the design to reasonably determine the windowwall ratio of rural house.
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Yu, Zhen, Wei Lin Zhang, and Ting Yong Fang. "Impact of Building Orientation and Window-Wall Ratio on the Office Building Energy Consumption." Applied Mechanics and Materials 409-410 (September 2013): 606–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.409-410.606.

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Using the energy consumption simulation software to research the HVAC in fall air conditioning mode, different building orientation and window-wall ratio of the office building energy consumption. The study found that the heating energy consumption, air-conditioning energy consumption and total energy consumption is gradually increased with the increase of the window-wall ratio under the same orientation. The result provides some reference for public buildings in setting of building orientation and window-wall ratio.
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Yang, Qiaoxia, Meng Liu, Chang Shu, Daniel Mmereki, Md Uzzal Hossain, and Xiang Zhan. "Impact Analysis of Window-Wall Ratio on Heating and Cooling Energy Consumption of Residential Buildings in Hot Summer and Cold Winter Zone in China." Journal of Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/538254.

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In order to assess the optimal window-wall ratio and the proper glazing type in different air conditioning system operation modes of residential buildings for each orientation in three typical cities in hot summer and cold winter zone: Chongqing, Shanghai, and Wuhan simulation models were built and analyzed using Designer’s Simulation Toolkit (DeST). The study analyzed the variation of annual heating energy demand, annual cooling energy demand, and the annual total energy consumption in different conditions, including different orientations, patterns of utilization of air conditioning system, window-wall ratio, and types of windows. The results show that the total energy consumption increased when the window-wall ratio is also increased. It appears more obvious when the window orientation is east or west. Furthermore, in terms of energy efficiency, low-emissivity (Low-E) glass performs better than hollow glass. From this study, it can be concluded that the influence and sensitivity of window-wall ratio on the total energy consumption are related to the operation mode of air conditioning system, the orientation of outside window, and the glazing types of window. The influence of the factors can be regarded as reference mode for the window-wall ratio when designing residential buildings.
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Wang, Qiao Ning, Yan Ling Guan, and Qi Hai Liao. "Experimental Study on Discharge Coefficients of Windward Window in Buildings with Wind-Driven Cross Ventilation." Advanced Materials Research 1008-1009 (August 2014): 1061–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1008-1009.1061.

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Focus on the prediction of flow rates in buildings under natural ventilation, the investigation conducted a series of model rooms with cross ventilation. The impact of window-wall ratios, windows configurations as well as corresponding flow rates was investigated. The object of this investigation is to analyze characteristics of windward window opening discharge coefficient by measuring static pressure difference and the flow rate through windows. The conclusion are as follows: For large openings, the discharge coefficient of windward window opening increases as the window-wall ratio grows up; With windward window-wall ratio of 44.4% and 11.1%, the discharge coefficient of windward openings is almost irrelevant to flow rate and less affected by leeward window area; However, with windward window-wall ratio of 2.78%, the discharge coefficient increases slightly as flow rate rises, and the larger the area of leeward opening is, the smaller the discharge coefficient of windward opening becomes.
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Li, Jiayu, Bohong Zheng, Xiao Chen, Yihua Zhou, Jifa Rao, and Komi Bernard Bedra. "Research on Annual Thermal Environment of Non-Hvac Building Regulated by Window-to-Wall Ratio in a Chinese City (Chenzhou)." Sustainability 12, no. 16 (August 17, 2020): 6637. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12166637.

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As the window-to-wall ratio, a microclimatic factor in residential districts, regulates the indoor thermal environment and implicates the energy consumption, this research was aimed at interpreting the microclimate effects of the window-to-wall ratio on the indoor thermal environment of the non-Hvac building located in the block from the view of a full year. Urban built parameters and building material parameters applied in Chenzhou were investigated, with the ENVI-met model serving as the analytical tool calculating the meteorological data recorded in the local national meteorological station. The thermal perception criterion of Chenzhou citizens was investigated, and thermal isotherms were employed to interpret the thermal perception distribution throughout the year. Analytical results revealed that the annual indoor thermal environment would deteriorate along with the growth of the window-to-wall ratio in Chenzhou, with the very hot thermal perception environment covering the months from March to October once the window-to-wall ratio outnumbered 60.00%. Furthermore, the hot and very hot thermal perception environments originated in the ranges of 0.00% to 20.00% and that of 20.00% to 40.00%, respectively. Furthermore, if the window-to-wall ratios (WWRs) outnumbered 40%, their effects on the indoor thermal perception environment would gradually decrease and be powerless once that exceeded 80%.
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Lee, Na-Eun, Byung-Lip Ahn, Hak-Geun Jeong, Jong-Hun Kim, and Cheol-Yong Jang. "Optimum Method of Windows Remodeling of Existing Residential according to the Window Properties and Window Wall Ratio." Journal of the Korea Institute of Ecological Architecture and Environment 13, no. 3 (June 30, 2013): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.12813/kieae.2013.13.3.071.

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Li, Xiao Lei, Huan Li, and Jian Ping Gao. "Impact Analysis to Building Energy Consumption of Daylighting Combined Lighting Control." Applied Mechanics and Materials 260-261 (December 2012): 202–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.260-261.202.

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A study on the building energy consumption analysis of daylighting-based lighting control strategy was carried out. A circle type of building was mainly simulated by using the eQUEST energy simulating software. By setting various window-wall ratios, we try to find the relationship between the energy saved by daylighting-based lighting control and the other main energy consumptions, such as the cooling and heating energies. The data shows that the energy saving potential of daylighting-based lighting control strategy can be 40% under the proper window-wall ratio, and in the meanwhile, the total energy saving of the whole building can be 8%. A formula is given to get the best window-wall ratio of various cities according to its geographical information and local climate factors.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Window-to-wall ratio"

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Zolfaghari, Zahra. "Study of the Effect of Light Emitting Diode (LED) on the Optimum Window-to-Wall Ratio and Whole-Building Energy Consumption in Open Offices." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/100642.

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Daylight harvesting is an essential strategy that is often used to enhance both the design and performance of an architectural project. Windows, as crucial architectural elements, not only admit natural light into spaces but also provide the occupants with visual connections. However, the excessive usage of windows brings an uncontrolled amount of solar energy to the spaces and negatively affect the building's energy performance. When utilizing passive design strategies such as daylight harvesting, several parameters, including the electrical lighting system, can impact the outcome. The current study investigates the role of lighting systems on daylight harvesting's effectiveness and their impact on window dimension and total energy consumption. In this study, the optimum window-to-wall ratio of an open office in the presence of two different light sources (LED and fluorescent) is explored through a computer simulation method. A combination of tools including AGi32, ElumTools, OpenStudio, EnergyPlus, Radiance, and MATLAB helps to conduct the simulation and deliver optimal results. In the results and conclusion chapter, the study provides guidelines to specify optimal window percentages considering two lighting systems in each cardinal direction. Importantly, the guideline focuses only on energy performance and not on the spatial quality of the design.
Master of Architecture
Harnessing daylight with the use of windows helps to offset parts of the electric lighting needs, and decrease the total building energy consumption. This is accomplished by using glazed materials to admit daylight and lighting control systems, which can respond to the dynamic light level. However, improper implementation of a passive daylighting strategy may cause increased energy consumption. Sunlight is accompanied by solar heat radiation which can increase the HVAC load of a space and compromise the energy savings achieved by daylighting. Therefore, a balance between solar heat and light gain is required to fully take advantage of solar energy without reverse impacts. Concerning the mentioned balance, recent advancements in lighting technology question the effectiveness of natural light in reducing whole-building energy consumption. Due to the high energy efficiency of LED luminaires, lighting power consumption is rather low, even when the lighting system operates at full capacity. Therefore, it is unclear whether the solar energy coming through glazed materials works to the advantage or disadvantage of total building energy consumption. This study hypothesized that the total energy consumption of an open office with LED luminaires would be less in absence of solar energy compared to a scenario which utilizes the solar energy. A simulation-based methodology, using a combination of photometric computation and building energy simulation tools, was utilized to examine the hypothesis and explore the impacts of lighting systems on the optimum window-to-wall ratio. The results provide a helpful guideline which highlights the impact of lighting systems on window dimensions and their mutual effect on whole-building energy consumption. Although the optimum window-to-wall ratios suggested by this study only concern energy consumption, integration of them with occupants' preferences can propose an acceptable window-to-wall ratio that satisfies both design quality and performance of a building.
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Rathi, Priyanka. "Optimization of Energy Efficient Windows in Office Buildings for Different Climate Zones of the United States." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1334603394.

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Memon, Saim. "Design, fabrication and performance analysis of vacuum glazing units fabricated with low and high temperature hermetic glass edge sealing materials." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2013. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/14562.

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Vacuum glazing is a vital development in the move to more energy efficient buildings. In vacuum glazing, an evacuated cavity supresses gaseous conduction and convection to provide high thermal resistance. A high vacuum pressure (less than 0.1 Pa) is required and must be maintained by a hermetic seal around the periphery, currently formed with either indium (i.e. low temperature sealing method) or solder glass (i.e. high temperature sealing method). This thesis reports the results of an experimental and theoretical investigation into the development of new low temperature (less than 200°C) and novel high temperature (up to 450°C) glass edge seals. A new low temperature composite edge seal was developed in which double and triple vacuum glazings each of dimensions 300x300mm were fabricated with measured vacuum pressures of 4.6x10-2Pa and 4.8x10-2Pa achieved respectively. A three dimensional finite element model of the fabricated design of composite edge sealed triple vacuum glazing was developed.
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Srinivasan, Barani Dharan. "Why do considerable number of Swedish workplaces lack daylight? Effects of obstruction angles in achieving required daylight in Swedish workplaces." Thesis, KTH, Ljusdesign, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-280023.

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Contribution of daylight to employees in terms of health, productivity, and overall wellness in the office spaces are undeniable. Apart from the psychological and biological benefits of employees, embracing daylight in office spaces increases the energy-efficiency of the building which leads to the sustainable development of a city. However, a considerable number of employees in Sweden lack daylight in their workspaces according to a report by the Swedish Work Environment Authority [Arbetsmiljöverket (Swedish)] (Lowden, 2019). Professionals like Architects, Lighting Designers, and students of architecture and lighting design across Sweden were asked their opinions pertaining to lack of daylight in a considerable number of office spaces in Sweden based on their experience through online questionnaires/ interviews to get to know the overview of this subject. Out of all the possible reasons, window design and economy were the two macro factors according to them that influenced daylight in an office building in Sweden but often, obstruction angle in a building due to urban densification is overlooked when it comes to daylight in an office building. This thesis discusses the influence of obstruction angles with an illustrated office building in Stockholm. Diva for Rhino was the software used for the modelling and daylight simulation.
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Santesso, Caroline Antonelli. "Integração da ventilação híbrida e da iluminação natural em saletas comerciais na cidade de São Paulo: influência de parâmetros de projeto." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/102/102131/tde-23012017-112928/.

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Atualmente, os edifícios selados hermeticamente e com as chamadas \"peles de vidro\" estão presentes em diversos países, e possuem, como consequência, um elevado consumo de energia elétrica para conseguir manter o conforto ambiental dos usuários. Contudo, é possível se beneficiar de uma maior eficiência energética nesses espaços através da combinação de soluções ativas e passivas. Esse estudo tem como objetivo principal avaliar a influência de parâmetros de projetos, tais como o formato da sala, tamanho e orientação das aberturas na fachada, no consumo de energia e no conforto visual em saletas comerciais com ventilação híbrida e integração da iluminação natural com a artificial na cidade de São Paulo. As saletas comerciais analisadas possuem uma área média, diferentes formatos e diferentes aberturas em uma só fachada, representando a solução arquitetônica mais comum encontrada nesse tipo de edifício. Através de análise energética realizada por meio do programa EnergyPlus e da análise lumínica com o programa DIVA-for-Rhino, verificou-se que o formato da sala é essencial para a decisão de um percentual de área de abertura na fachada (PAF) que consuma menos energia. Os resultados mostraram que o uso da ventilação híbrida sempre representou uma economia, atingindo uma redução de até 51% do consumo do ar condicionado para resfriamento e até 26% do consumo de energia total, com os PAF´s de 40, 70 e 100%. Seria interessante considerar elementos de proteção solar que não diminuam a eficácia da ventilação e iluminação naturais nesses ambientes, para se aliar o baixo consumo de energia com menores riscos de ofuscamento. Desta forma, o trabalho auxilia a incorporação destas estrategias para uma maior economia de energia no desenvolvimento do projeto arquitetônico desta tipologia de edifício comercial.
Nowadays, sealed airtight office buildings and so-called \"glass curtain wall\" are present in many countries, and have as a result a high consumption of electric energy to be able to maintain the environmental comfort of the users. However, the combination of passive and active strategies could improve the energy efficiency in these spaces. This study aims to evaluate the design parameters influence, such as rooms shape, the openings size and orientation, in the energy consumption and in the visual comfort in cellular offices with hybrid ventilation system and the integration of daylight and artificial lighting in São Paulo. The analyzed cellular offices have an average area, different shapes and different openings in one facade, representing the more common architectural characteristics found in this type of building in that context. Energy analyses in EnergyPlus and daylight studies using DIVA-for-Rhino were conducted. It was found that the rooms shape is essential for the determination of the window-to-wall-ratio (WWR) for reducing energy consumption. The results showed that the hybrid ventilation use always represented an economy, reaching reduction values up to 51% in the consumption of air conditioning for cooling and up to 26% in cellular offices total consumption, with a WWR of 40, 70 and 100%. It would be interesting to consider sun shading elements that do not reduce the effectiveness of natural ventilation and daylighting in these environments to combine low power consumption with a lower risk of glare. In this way, the work helps the incorporation of these strategies for save energy in the development of the architectural design of this type of commercial building.
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Khanh, Mai Phu, and 梅富慶. "Energy Efficiency of Double-Glazed Windows and Their Effects on Window-to-Wall Ratio." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/98953422563714871502.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
土木工程學研究所
101
Glass is always an important building material, especially in modern era in which the amount of high building has been significantly increased for several decades. However, the use of single-glazed windows has been generating the rise of building energy consumption. Thus, double-glazed window or insulated glazing was invented to minimize heating and cooling loads of building which is a major consumer of energy. This product has been commonly used in cold, hot and arid climate for several decades. This study discusses the effects of double-glazed windows on building’s energy efficiency and their effects on different window to wall ratio in hot humid climate. Five insulated glasses include clear glass; tinted glass; clear reflective glass; low emissivity (low-e) glass and low-e spectral selective glass are examined by DesignBuilder software in a hypothetical building in Taipei to choose appropriate glass units for building in term of reducing energy consumption while changing the window to wall ratio. Afterwards, building energy analysis will be assessed in each double-glazed window unit to investigate the energy efficiency of each one. Subsequently, these assessments will be used to determine energy efficiency of double-glazed units in an exist building located in Taipei.
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Book chapters on the topic "Window-to-wall ratio"

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Li, Zhengrong, Heyu Wang, and Qun Zhao. "Influence of Window-to-Wall Ratio on Calculation Methods for Building Surface Reflectivity." In Environmental Science and Engineering, 777–86. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9528-4_79.

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Shadram, Farshid, Jani Mukkavaara, Jutta Schade, Marcus Sandberg, and Thomas Olofsson. "Trade-Off Optimization of Embodied Versus Operational Carbon Impact for Insulation and Window to Wall Ratio Design Choices: A Case Study." In Sustainability in Energy and Buildings 2018, 12–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04293-6_2.

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"A new reflection on the window to wall area ratio from an energy conservation view." In Sustainable Buildings and Structures, 211–16. CRC Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b19239-36.

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Conference papers on the topic "Window-to-wall ratio"

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YUKSEL, Ahmet, Muslum ARICI, and Hasan KARABAY. "Investigation of Effect of Window-to-Wall Ratio on the Indoor Air Temperature by Lumped Capacitance Approach." In 2019 4th International Conference on Smart and Sustainable Technologies (SpliTech). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/splitech.2019.8783048.

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Léger, Jérémie, and Daniel R. Rousse. "THE USE OF VIRTUAL HEATERS IN ASSESSING THE EFFECT OF WINDOW GLAZING, WINDOW-TO-WALL RATIO AND AIR EXCHANGE RATE ON OPTIMAL INDOOR HEAT DISTRIBUTION." In International Heat Transfer Conference 16. Connecticut: Begellhouse, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/ihtc16.nee.022452.

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Pappas, Alexandra, Eric Loew, Tim Scotland-Stewart, and Moncef Krarti. "Impact of Shape on Residential Buildings Energy Performance." In ASME 2005 International Solar Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isec2005-76175.

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The impact of the shape on energy performance for residential buildings has been investigated using a series of simulation analyses. The shape of a building is quantified by its compactness relative to a reference building. In this paper, the performance of a prototypical residential building with various shapes is investigated for selected locations in the US. Various window-to-wall ratios are considered in the analysis. The findings indicate that significant energy can be saved when the shape and the window-to-wall ratio of the building are optimized. A simplified evaluation method is provided to help designers assess the impact of basic building architectural features on the energy performance of residential buildings.
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El Mohimen, Mostafa Abd, George Hanna, and Moncef Krarti. "Analysis of Daylighting Benefits for Office Buildings in Egypt." In ASME 2004 International Solar Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isec2004-65041.

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This paper summarizes the results of a simulation analysis to determine the effectiveness of daylighting in reducing electrical energy consumption for office buildings in Egypt. Specifically, the impact on daylighting performance is investigated of window size, building size, daylighting control, and glazing type for three geographical locations in Egypt. It was determined that a window to wall area ratio of 0.20 minimizes the total annual electricity use for office buildings in three Egyptian locations, Cairo, Alexandria, and Aswan. A simplified analysis method is developed based on the analysis results to estimate the annual electrical energy savings attributed to daylighting.
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Oosthuizen, Patrick H. "Natural Convective Flow in a Three Enclosure System Involving Two High Aspect Ratio Side Enclosures Joined to a Large Square Enclosure With Interfacial Heat Generation." In ASME 2003 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2003-47115.

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A numerical study of free convective flow in a vertical joined three enclosure arrangement has been undertaken. In this arrangement, a vertical heated wall kept at a uniform high temperature is contained in a high aspect ratio rectangular side enclosure. This enclosure is joined to a second high aspect ratio rectangular side enclosure which has the same height as the first side enclosure, the two enclosures being separated by a vertical impermeable dividing wall which offers no resistance to heat transfer. The second side enclosure is joined to a larger square enclosure, the vertical dividing wall between these two enclosures also being impermeable and offering no resistance to heat transfer. The vertical wall of the square main flow enclosure opposite to the dividing wall is maintained at a uniform lower temperature. There is a uniform rate of heat generation in the dividing wall between the inner side enclosure and the main enclosure. The situation considered is an approximate model of a double-paned window exposed to a hot outside environment and covered by a plane blind which in turn is exposed to cooled room. In some such cases there can be significant heat generation in the blind due to the absorbtion of solar energy, this being modeled by the heat generation in the one dividing wall. The flow has been assumed to be laminar and two-dimensional and results have been obtained for a Prandtl number of 0.7. The effects of Rayleigh number, dimensionless width of the side enclosures and dimensionless heat generation rate in the blind on the Nusselt number have been investigated. The results show that for a fixed Rayleigh number and for a given dimensionless first (i.e., outer) side enclosure width, there is a minimum in the Nusselt number variation with the dimensionless width of the second side enclosure. An approximate solution for the Nusselt number variation with the dimensionless width of the second side enclosure for small values of this dimensionless width has also been derived.
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Krarti, Moncef. "Estimation of Lighting Energy Savings From Atrium Daylighting for Office Buildings." In ASME 2014 8th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2014-6614.

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Atria can offer several benefits to deep plan commercial and office buildings. This includes passive heating and cooling, ventilation, and daylighting. In order to use daylight effectively in atrium buildings, the characteristics that affect the light levels and distribution must be taken into account and analyzed. These elements include roofs, shapes, well geometries, surface finishes, and glazing types. The analysis outlined in this paper shows that a larger atrium area, higher window-to-wall ratio, clear windows, and a multi-story building provide the highest energy savings. The paper also presents a simplified calculation method to determine the percent lighting energy reduction attributed to atria in office buildings with continuous dimming. The lighting energy savings due to daylighting from atria can be up to 40%.
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Ergin, F. Go¨khan, Bo Beltoft Watz, Kaspars Erglis, and Andrejs Cebers. "Poor-Contrast Particle Image Processing in Microscale Mixing." In ASME 2010 10th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2010-24900.

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Particle image velocimetry (PIV) often employs the cross-correlation function to identify average particle displacement in an interrogation window. The quality of correlation peak has a strong dependence on the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), or contrast of the particle images. In fact, variable-contrast particle images are not uncommon in the PIV community: Strong light sheet intensity variations, wall reflections, multiple scattering in densely-seeded regions and two-phase flow applications are likely sources of local contrast variations. In this paper, we choose an image pair obtained in a micro-scale mixing experiment with severe local contrast gradients. In regions where image contrast is sufficiently poor, the noise peaks cast a shadow on the true correlation peak, producing erroneous velocity vectors. This work aims to demonstrate that two image pre-processing techniques — local contrast normalization and Difference of Gaussian (DoG) filter — improve the correlation results significantly in poor-contrast regions.
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8

Sweeney, Patrick C., and Jeffrey F. Rhodes. "An Infrared Technique for Evaluating Turbine Airfoil Cooling Designs." In ASME 1999 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/99-gt-142.

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An experimental approach is used to evaluate turbine airfoil cooling designs for advanced gas turbine engine applications by incorporating double-wall film-cooled design features into large scale flat plate specimens. An infrared (IR) imaging system is used to make detailed, two-dimensional steady state measurements of flat plate surface temperature with spatial resolution on the order of 0.4 mm. The technique employs a cooled zinc selenide window transparent to infrared radiation and calibrates the IR temperature readings to reference thermocouples embedded in each specimen, yielding a surface temperature measurement accuracy of ±4 °C. With minimal thermocouple installation required, the flat plate/IR approach is cost effective, essentially non-intrusive, and produces abundant results quickly. Design concepts can proceed from art to part to data in a manner consistent with aggressive development schedules. The infrared technique is demonstrated here by considering the effect of film hole injection angle for a staggered array of film cooling holes integrated with a highly effective internal cooling pattern. Heated freestream air and room temperature cooling air are used to produce a nominal temperature ratio of 2 over a range of blowing ratios from 0.7 to 1.5. Results were obtained at hole angles of 90° and 30° for two different hole spacings and are presented in terms of overall cooling effectiveness.
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Zu, Y. Q., S. Gedupudi, Y. Y. Yan, T. G. Karayiannis, and D. B. R. Kenning. "Numerical Simulation and Experimental Observations of Confined Bubble Growth During Flow Boiling in a Microchannel With Rectangular Cross-Section of High Aspect Ratio." In ASME 2009 7th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2009-82118.

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Bubble nucleation and growth to confinement during flow boiling in microchannels lead to high heat transfer coefficients. They may also create pressure fluctuations that change the superheat driving evaporation and cause flow reversals that promote transient dry-out and uneven distribution of flow between parallel channels. The work described in this paper is part of a programme to develop models for these processes that will aid the design of evaporative cooling systems for devices operating at high heat fluxes. Video observations of water boiling in a single copper channel of rectangular cross-section, 0.38 × 1.6 mm and a heated length 40 mm, were performed. The top side of the channel was a glass window. Results are presented for a heat flux, averaged over the area of the three metal sides, of 210 and 173 W/m2K for incompressible and compressible inlet flow conditions. The inlet pressure was about 1.12 bar and the mass flux was 747.5 kg/m2s for both conditions examined. The results demonstrated the strong influence of compressibility on the mode of bubble detachment and growth and therefore on flow patterns, pressure fluctuations and heat transfer rates. The fluid mechanics of boiling in this size channel were also successfully investigated by 3-D numerical simulation for bubbles growing at a defined rate with a fixed inlet flow rate using the 3-D CFD code FLUENT 6 (no upstream compressibility). The study examined the fluid mechanics of bubble motion with heat transfer, but the mass transfer across the bubble-liquid interface was not simulated in the present work. A small vapour bubble was injected at the wall to ensure the bubble generation is under a quasi nucleation condition. Its growth was driven by an internal source of vapour, at a rate derived by analysis of the experimental measurements of growth. The simulation reproduced well the observed motion and shape of the bubble. The simulation was then extended to model bubbles generated and growing randomly in a 2-D channel.
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10

Robinson, Brian S., and M. Keith Sharp. "A Reconfigureable Passive Solar Test Facility." In ASME 2012 6th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2012 10th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2012-91290.

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A 12′ by 24′ passive solar test building has been constructed on the campus of the University of Louisville. The building envelope is comprised of structural insulated panels (SIPs), 12″ thick, (R-value of 45 ft2F/Btu) for the floor and walls and 16″ (R-63) for the roof. The building is divided into two symmetrical rooms with a 12″ SIPs wall separating the rooms. All joints between panels are caulked to reduce infiltration. Each room contains one window (R-9) on the north side wall, and two windows (also R-9) facing south for ventilation and daylighting, but which will also provide some direct gain heating. The south wall of each room features an opening that will accommodate a passive solar heating system so that performance of two systems can be compared side-by-side. The overhang above the south openings is purposely left short to accommodate an awning to provide adjustable shading. The calculated loss coefficient (UA) for each room of the building is 6.07 W/K. Each room is also equipped with a data acquisition system consisting on an SCXI 1600 16 bit digitizer and an SCXI 1102B isolation amplifier with an SCXI 1303 thermocouple module. Pyranometers are placed on the south wall and the clerestory wall to measure insolation on the solar apertures. For initial tests, one room is equipped with an original heat pipe system previously tested in another building, while the other is equipped with a modified heat pipe system. Changes to the modified system include copper absorbers versus aluminum, an adiabatic section constructed of considerably less thermally-conductive DPM rubber than the copper used for the original design, and one of the five condenser sections of the heat pipes is exposed directly to the room air to provide early-morning heating. Experimental results will be compared to simulations with as-built building characteristics and actual weather data. Previous simulations with a load to collector ratio of 10 W/m2K, a defined room comfort temperature range between 65°F to 75°F, and TMY3 weather data for Louisville, KY, showed that the modified heat pipe wall design improves annual solar fraction by 16% relative to the original design.
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